4 Network Working Group O. Gsenger
5 Internet-Draft May 2008
6 Expires: November 2, 2008
9 secure anycast tunneling protocol (SATP)
10 draft-gsenger-secure-anycast-tunneling-protocol-02
14 By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
15 applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
16 have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
17 aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
19 Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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33 http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
35 This Internet-Draft will expire on November 2, 2008.
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62 The secure anycast tunneling protocol (SATP) defines a protocol used
63 for communication between any combination of unicast and anycast
64 tunnel endpoints. It allows tunneling of every ETHER TYPE protocol
65 (ethernet, ip ...). SATP directly includes cryptography and message
66 authentication based on the methods used by the Secure Real-time
67 Transport Protocol(SRTP) [RFC3711]. It can be used as an encrypted
68 alternative to IP Encapsulation within IP [RFC2003] and Generic
69 Routing Encapsulation (GRE) [RFC2784]. Both anycast receivers and
70 senders are supported.
75 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
76 1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
77 2. Motivation and usage scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
78 2.1. Usage scenarions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
79 2.1.1. Tunneling from unicast hosts over anycast routers
80 to other unicast hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
81 2.1.2. Tunneling from unicast hosts to anycast networks . . . 5
82 2.1.3. Redundant tunnel connection of 2 networks . . . . . . 5
83 2.2. Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
84 3. Using SATP on top of IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
85 3.1. Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
86 3.2. ICMP messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
87 4. Protocol specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
88 4.1. Header format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
89 4.2. sequence number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
90 4.3. sender ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
91 4.4. MUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
92 4.5. payload type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
93 4.6. payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
94 4.7. padding (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
95 4.8. padding count (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
96 4.9. MKI (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
97 4.10. authentication tag (RECOMMENDED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
98 4.11. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
99 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
100 5.1. Replay protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
101 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
102 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
103 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
104 7.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
105 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
106 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 17
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118 SATP is a mixture of a generic encapsulation protocol like GRE
119 [RFC2784] and a secure tunneling protocol as IPsec [RFC2401] in
120 tunnel mode. It can be used to build redundant virtual private
121 network (VPN) connections. It supports peer-to-peer tunnels, where
122 tunnel endpoints can be any combination of unicast, multicast or
123 anycast hosts, so it defines a Host Anycast Service [RFC1546].
124 Encryption is done per packet, so the protocol is robust against
125 packet loss and routing changes. To reduce header overhead,
126 encryption techniques of SRTP [RFC3711] are being used.
128 1.1. Notational Conventions
130 The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
131 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
132 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119].
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172 2. Motivation and usage scenarios
174 This section gives an overview of possible usage scenarios. Please
175 note that the protocols used in the figures are only examples and
176 that SATP itself does not care about either transport protocols or
177 encapsulated protocols. Routing is not done by SATP and each
178 implemetation MAY choose it's own way of doing this task (e.g. using
179 functions provided by the operating system). SATP is used only to
180 encapsulate and encrypt data.
182 2.1. Usage scenarions
184 2.1.1. Tunneling from unicast hosts over anycast routers to other
187 An example of SATP used to tunnel in a unicast client - anycast
190 --------- router -----------
192 unicast ------+---------- router ------------+------ unicast
194 --------- router -----------
196 unicast | encrypted | anycast | encrypted | unicast
197 tunnel | communication | tunnel | communication | tunnel
198 endpoint | using SATP | endpoint | using SATP | endpoint
202 In this scenario the payload is encapsuleted into a SATP packet by a
203 unicast host and gets transmitted to one of the anycast routers.
204 After transmisson the packet gets decapsulated by the router. This
205 router makes a routing descision based on the underlying protocol and
206 transmits a new SATP package to one or more unicast hosts depending
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228 2.1.2. Tunneling from unicast hosts to anycast networks
230 An example of SATP used to encrypt data between a unicast host and
233 -------Router -+---- DNS Server
237 unicast -------+----------Router --+--- DNS Server
241 -------Router -+---- DNS Server
245 unicast | encrypted | anycast | plaintext
246 tunnel | communication | tunnel | anycast
247 endpoint | using SATP | endpoint | services
252 When the unicast hosts wants to transmit data to one of the anycast
253 DNS servers, it encapsulates the data and sends a SATP packet to the
254 anycast address of the routers. The packet arrives at one of the
255 routers, gets decapsulated and is then forwarded to the DNS server.
256 This method can be used to tunnel between clients and networks
257 providing anycast services. It can also be used the other way to
258 virtually locate a unicast service within anycasted networks.
260 2.1.3. Redundant tunnel connection of 2 networks
262 An example of SATP used to connect 2 networks
264 Router ----------- ---------------Router
266 Network - Router ------------x Network
268 Router ----------- ---------------Router
270 | packets | packets | packets |
271 plaintext | get | take a | get | plaintext
272 packets | de/encrypted | random | de/encrypted | packets
273 |de/encapsulated| path |de/encapsulated|
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286 Network A has multiple routers which act as gateway/tunnel endpoints
287 to another network B. This way a redundant encrypted tunnel
288 connection between the two networks is built up. All tunnel
289 endpoints of network A share the same anycast address and all tunnel
290 endpoints of network B share another anycast address. When a packet
291 from network A is transmitted to network B, it first arrives on one
292 of network A's border routers. Which router is used is determined by
293 network A's internal routing. This router encapsulates the package
294 and sends it to the anycast address of network B's routers. After
295 arrival the SATP packet gets decapsulated and routed to its
296 destination within network B.
300 SATP does not depend on the lower layer protocol. This section only
301 gives an example of how packets could look like.
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340 Examples of SATP used with different lower layer and payload
343 +------+-----+-------------------------------+
344 | | | +----------------+-----+ |
345 | IPv6 | UDP | SATP | Ethernet 802.3 | ... | |
346 | | | +----------------+-----+ |
347 +------+-----+-------------------------------+
349 Tunneling of Ethernet over UDP/IPv6
351 +------+-----+---------------------------+
352 | | | +------+-----+-----+ |
353 | IPv4 | UDP | SATP | IPv6 | UDP | RTP | |
354 | | | +------+-----+-----+ |
355 +------+-----+---------------------------+
357 Tunneling of IPv6 over UDP/IPv4 with RTP payload
359 +------+-------------------------------+
360 | | +----------------+-----+ |
361 | IPv6 | SATP | Ethernet 802.3 | ... | |
362 | | +----------------+-----+ |
363 +------+-------------------------------+
365 Tunneling of Ethernet over IPv6
367 +------+---------------------------+
368 | | +------+-----+-----+ |
369 | IPv4 | SATP | IPv6 | UDP | RTP | |
370 | | +------+-----+-----+ |
371 +------+---------------------------+
373 Tunneling of IPv6 over IPv4 with RTP payload
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396 3. Using SATP on top of IP
400 The only way of fully supporting fragmentation would be to
401 synchronise fragments between all anycast servers. This is
402 considered to be too much overhead, so there are two non-perfect
403 solutions for these problems. Either fragmentation HAS TO be
404 disabled or if not all fragments arrive at the same server the IP
405 datagramm HAS TO be discarded. As routing changes are not expected
406 to occur very frequently, the encapsulated protocol can do a
407 retransmission and all fragments will arrive at the new server.
409 If the payload type is IP and the IP headers' Don't Fragment (DF) bit
410 is set, then the DF bit of the outer IP header HAS TO be set as well.
414 ICMP messages MUST be relayed according to rfc2003 section 4
415 [RFC2003]. This is needed for path MTU detection.
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452 4. Protocol specification
459 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
460 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
461 | sequence number | |
462 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
463 | sender ID | MUX | |
464 +#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+ |
465 | | payload type | | |
466 | +-------------------------------+ | |
467 | | .... payload ... | |
468 | | +-------------------------------+ |
469 | | | padding (OPT) | pad count(OPT)| |
470 +#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+-+
471 | ~ MKI (OPTIONAL) ~ |
472 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
473 | : authentication tag (RECOMMENDED) : |
474 | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
476 +- Encrypted Portion Authenticated Portion ---+
482 The sequence number is a 32 bit unsigned integer in network byte
483 order. It starts with a random value and is increased by 1 for every
484 sent packet. After the maximum value it starts over from 0. This
485 overrun causes the ROC to be increased.
489 The sender ID is a 16 bit unsigned integer. It HAS TO be unique for
490 every sender sharing the same anycast address.
494 The MUX (multiplex) field is a 16 bit unsigned integer. It is used
495 to distinguish multiple tunnel connections.
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510 The payload type field defines the payload protocol. ETHER TYPE
511 protocol numbers are used. See IANA assigned ethernet numbers [1] .
512 The values 0000-05DC are reserverd and MUST NOT be used.
514 Some examples for protocol numbers
520 0800 Internet IP (IPv4)
521 6558 transparent ethernet bridging
528 A packet of type payload type (e.g. an IP packet).
530 4.7. padding (OPTIONAL)
532 Padding of max 255 octets. None of the pre-defined encryption
533 transforms uses any padding; for these, the plaintext and encrypted
534 payload sizes match exactly. Transforms are based on transforms of
535 the SRTP protocol and therefore might use the RTP padding format, so
536 a RTP-like padding is supported. If the padding count field is
537 present, the padding count field MUST be set to the padding length.
539 4.8. padding count (OPTIONAL)
541 The number of octets of the padding field. This field is optional.
542 Its presence is signaled by the key management and not by this
543 protocol. If this field isn't present, the padding field MUST NOT be
548 The MKI (Master Key Identifier) is OPTIONAL and of configurable
549 length. See SRTP Section 3.1 [RFC3711] for details.
551 4.10. authentication tag (RECOMMENDED)
553 The authentication tag is RECOMMENDED and of configurable length. It
554 contains a cryptographic checksum of the sender ID, sequence number
555 and the encrypted portion, but not of the MKI. On transmitter side
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564 encryption HAS TO be done before calculating the authentication tag.
565 A receiver HAS TO calculate the authentication tag before decrypting
566 the encrypted portion.
570 Encryption is done in the same way as for SRTP [RFC3711]. This
571 section will only discuss some small changes that HAVE TO be made.
572 Please read SRTP RFC3711 section 3-9 [RFC3711] for details.
574 The least significant bits of SSRC are replaced by the sender ID and
575 the most significant bits are replaced by the MUX. For the SRTP SEQ
576 the 16 least significant bits of the SATP sequence number are used
577 and the 16 most significant bits of the sequence number replace the
578 16 least significant bits of the SRTP ROC.
580 Difference between SRTP and SATP
583 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
584 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
585 | SATP sequence number |
586 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
588 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
589 | SRTP ROC least significant | SRTP SEQ |
590 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
594 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
595 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
596 | SATP MUX | SATP sender ID |
597 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
599 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
601 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
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620 5. Security Considerations
622 As SATP uses the same encryption techniques as SRTP [RFC3711], it
623 shares the same security issues. This section will only discuss some
624 small changes. Please read SRTP RFC3711 section 9 [RFC3711] for
627 5.1. Replay protection
629 Replay protection is done by a replay list. Every anycast receiver
630 has its own replay list, which SHOULDN'T be syncronised because of
631 massive overhead. This leads to an additional possible attack. An
632 attacker is able to replay a captured packet once to every anycast
633 receiver. This attack is considered be very unlikely because
634 multiple attack hosts in different locations are needed to reach
635 seperate anycast receivers and the number of replays is limited to
636 count of receivers - 1. Such replays might also happen because of
637 routing problems, so a payload protocol HAS TO be robust against a
638 small number of duplicated packages. The window size and position
639 HAS TO be syncronised between multiple anycast receivers to limit
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676 6. IANA Considerations
678 The protocol is intended to be used on top of IP or on top of UDP (to
679 be compatible with NAT routers), so UDP and IP protocol numbers have
680 to be assiged by IANA.
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734 7.1. Normative References
736 [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
737 Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
738 RFC 3711, March 2004.
740 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
741 Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
743 [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003,
746 7.2. Informational References
748 [RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
749 Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
752 [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
753 Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
755 [RFC1546] Partridge, C., Mendez, T., and W. Milliken, "Host
756 Anycasting Service", RFC 1546, November 1993.
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790 [1] <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ethernet-numbers>
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852 Email: satp@gsenger.com
853 URI: http://www.gsenger.com/satp/
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900 Full Copyright Statement
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