6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>]
16 [--help] <command> [<args>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.4.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.1]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
53 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
63 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
66 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
67 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
73 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
77 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
82 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
89 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
96 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
99 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
100 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
101 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
102 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
104 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
107 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
108 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
109 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
110 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
111 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
112 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
113 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
114 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
115 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
116 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
118 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
121 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
122 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
123 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
124 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
125 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
126 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
128 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
131 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
132 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
133 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
134 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
135 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
138 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
139 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
140 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
141 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
142 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
143 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
145 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
148 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
149 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
150 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
151 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
153 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
156 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
157 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
158 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
159 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
162 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
164 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
167 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
168 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
169 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
170 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
175 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
178 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
179 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
180 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
181 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
182 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
183 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
184 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
186 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
189 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
190 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
191 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
192 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
193 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
194 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
195 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
196 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
198 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
201 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
202 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
203 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
204 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
205 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
206 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
207 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
208 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
209 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
211 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
214 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
215 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
216 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
217 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
218 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
219 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
221 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
227 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
228 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
229 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
230 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
232 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
238 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
239 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
240 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
241 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
243 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
244 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
245 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
246 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
255 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
258 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
259 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
260 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
261 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
263 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
264 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
265 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
269 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
270 given will override values from configuration files.
271 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
272 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
274 --exec-path[=<path>]::
275 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
276 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
277 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
278 the current setting and then exit.
281 Print the path to wherever your git HTML documentation is installed
286 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
287 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
288 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
292 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
295 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
296 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
297 path or relative path to current working directory.
300 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
301 or a path relative to the current working directory.
302 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
303 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
304 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
305 more detailed discussion).
308 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
309 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
312 --no-replace-objects::
313 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
314 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
317 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
318 ---------------------
320 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
321 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
323 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
324 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
325 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
327 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
329 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
332 The internals are documented in the
333 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
338 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
339 ("plumbing") commands.
341 High-level commands (porcelain)
342 -------------------------------
344 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
345 ancillary user utilities.
347 Main porcelain commands
348 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
350 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
356 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
360 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
363 Interacting with Others
364 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
366 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
367 people via patch over e-mail.
369 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
372 Low-level commands (plumbing)
373 -----------------------------
375 Although git includes its
376 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
377 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
378 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
379 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
381 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
382 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
383 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
384 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
385 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
388 The following description divides
389 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
390 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
391 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
395 Manipulation commands
396 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
398 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
401 Interrogation commands
402 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
404 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
406 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
410 Synching repositories
411 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
413 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
415 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
416 typically do not use them directly.
418 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
421 Internal helper commands
422 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
424 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
425 users typically do not use them directly.
427 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
430 Configuration Mechanism
431 -----------------------
433 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
434 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
435 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
436 people. Here is an example:
440 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
445 ; Don't trust file modes
450 name = "Junio C Hamano"
451 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
455 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
456 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
460 Identifier Terminology
461 ----------------------
463 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
466 Indicates a blob object name.
469 Indicates a tree object name.
472 Indicates a commit object name.
475 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
476 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
477 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
478 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
481 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
482 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
483 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
484 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
487 Indicates that an object type is required.
488 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
491 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
492 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
496 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
500 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
501 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
505 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
509 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
511 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
512 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
515 File/Directory Structure
516 ------------------------
518 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
520 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
522 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
528 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
531 Environment Variables
532 ---------------------
533 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
537 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
538 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
539 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
542 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
543 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
546 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
547 If the object storage directory is specified via this
548 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
549 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
552 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
553 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
554 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
555 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
556 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
557 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
560 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
561 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
562 for the base of the repository.
565 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
566 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
567 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
568 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
569 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
571 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
572 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
573 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
574 up into while looking for a repository directory.
575 It will not exclude the current working directory or
576 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
577 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
579 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
580 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
581 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
582 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
583 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
584 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
585 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
586 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
594 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
595 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
596 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
598 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
603 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
604 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
605 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
606 value passed on the git diff command line.
608 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
609 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
610 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
611 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
612 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
614 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
618 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
619 contents of <old|new>,
620 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
621 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
624 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
625 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
626 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
627 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
628 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
630 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
635 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
636 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
637 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
638 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
641 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
642 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
643 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
644 linkgit:git-config[1].
647 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
648 and 'git push' will use this command instead
649 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
650 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
651 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
652 shell command to execute on that remote system.
654 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
655 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
656 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
658 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
659 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
663 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
664 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
665 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
666 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
667 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
670 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
671 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
672 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
673 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
674 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
675 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
676 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
677 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
680 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
681 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
682 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
683 execution and external command execution.
684 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
685 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
686 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
687 trace messages into this file descriptor.
688 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
689 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
690 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
693 Discussion[[Discussion]]
694 ------------------------
696 More detail on the following is available from the
697 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
698 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
700 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
701 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
702 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
703 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
704 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
705 as tags and branch heads.
707 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
708 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
709 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
710 and some number of parent commits.
712 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
713 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
714 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
715 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
717 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
718 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
719 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
720 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
723 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
724 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
726 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
727 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
728 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
729 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
730 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
731 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
733 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
734 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
735 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
736 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
737 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
738 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
739 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
740 content stored in the index.
742 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
743 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
744 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
748 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
749 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
750 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
751 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
752 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
753 the authors for specific parts of the project.
758 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
759 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
760 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
764 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
765 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
766 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
767 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
768 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
772 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite