6 gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions
16 This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.
18 Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
19 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
20 arguments. Here are the rules:
22 * Options come first and then args.
23 A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
24 arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments. You SHOULD
25 give dashed options first and then arguments. Some commands may
26 accept dashed options after you have already given non-option
27 arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
28 not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
29 these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).
31 * Revisions come first and then paths.
32 E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
33 `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86`
36 * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
37 they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
38 E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
39 tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
40 and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference
41 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
42 `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
44 * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
45 out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
46 file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
47 you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
50 * Because `--` disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
51 cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
52 You can use `--end-of-options` for this (it also works for commands
53 that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
54 is simply an alias for `--`).
56 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
57 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
58 disambiguating `--` at appropriate places.
60 * Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
61 them from getting globbed by the shell. These two mean different
64 --------------------------------
67 --------------------------------
69 The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
70 the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
71 in the index. The latter passes the `*.c` to Git, and you are asking
72 the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
73 working tree. After running `git add hello.c; rm hello.c`, you will _not_
74 see `hello.c` in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
77 * Just as the filesystem '.' (period) refers to the current directory,
78 using a '.' as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
79 path and means your current repository.
81 Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
84 * Splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b`
85 to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work).
87 * When a command-line option takes an argument, use the 'stuck' form. In
88 other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short
89 options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg`
90 for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
91 written in the 'stuck' form.
93 * When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
94 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
95 `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work
96 if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree.
98 * Many commands allow a long option `--option` to be abbreviated
99 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
100 whose name begins with `opt`, you may be able to spell `--opt` to
101 invoke the `--option` flag), but you should fully spell them out
102 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
103 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. `--optimize`,
104 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.
107 ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
108 ----------------------
109 From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
110 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
112 Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
117 Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
118 couple of magic command-line options:
121 gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
123 ---------------------------------------------
125 usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
126 or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
128 --contains find the tag that comes after the commit
129 --debug debug search strategy on stderr
131 --tags use any tag, even unannotated
132 --long always use long format
133 --abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
134 ---------------------------------------------
136 Note that some subcommand (e.g. `git grep`) may behave differently
137 when there are things on the command line other than `-h`, but `git
138 subcmd -h` without anything else on the command line is meant to
139 consistently give the usage.
142 Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
143 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
144 option gives the full list of options.
149 Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For
150 example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You
151 can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color`
155 Aggregating short options
156 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
157 Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
158 options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or
162 Abbreviating long options
163 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
164 Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
165 prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
166 with a caution. For example, `git commit --amen` behaves as if you
167 typed `git commit --amend`, but that is true only until a later version
168 of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
169 e.g. `git commit --amenity` option.
172 Separating argument from the option
173 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
174 You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
175 word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:
177 ----------------------------
178 $ git foo --long-opt=Arg
179 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
182 ----------------------------
184 However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
185 'stuck' form must be used:
186 ----------------------------
187 $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
188 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
189 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
190 ----------------------------
193 NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
194 ------------------------------------
196 Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
197 and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index`
198 options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
199 the index was originally called cache, these two are
200 synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very
203 * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that
204 usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work
205 with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used
206 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
207 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
208 but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in
211 * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that
212 usually works on files in the working tree to *also*
213 affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually
214 merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
215 but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to
218 `git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and
219 `--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command
220 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
221 `--index`, it patches both the files and their index
222 entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index
225 See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and
226 https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further
229 Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
230 in the index can take `--staged` and/or `--worktree`.
232 * `--staged` is exactly like `--cached`, which is used to ask a
233 command to only work on the index, not the working tree.
235 * `--worktree` is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
236 working tree only, not the index.
238 * The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
239 on both the index and the working tree.
243 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite