6 git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects
12 'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
13 [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream]
14 [<repository> [<refspec>...]]
19 Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects
20 necessary to complete the given refs.
22 You can make interesting things happen to a repository
23 every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there. See
24 documentation for linkgit:git-receive-pack[1].
30 The "remote" repository that is destination of a push
31 operation. This parameter can be either a URL
32 (see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name
33 of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below).
36 The format of a <refspec> parameter is an optional plus
37 `+`, followed by the source ref <src>, followed
38 by a colon `:`, followed by the destination ref <dst>.
39 It is used to specify with what <src> object the <dst> ref
40 in the remote repository is to be updated.
42 The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but
43 it can be any arbitrary "SHA-1 expression", such as `master~4` or
44 `HEAD` (see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]).
46 The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this
47 push. Arbitrary expressions cannot be used here, an actual ref must
48 be named. If `:`<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src> will be
51 The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference
52 on the remote side, but by default this is only allowed if the
53 update can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `+`,
54 you can tell git to update the <dst> ref even when the update is not a
55 fast-forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See
56 EXAMPLES below for details.
58 `tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`.
60 Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from
61 the remote repository.
63 The special refspec `:` (or `+:` to allow non-fast-forward updates)
64 directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
65 the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
66 already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode
67 if no explicit refspec is found (that is neither on the command line
68 nor in any Push line of the corresponding remotes file---see below).
71 Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
72 refs under `refs/heads/` be pushed.
75 Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example
76 a remote branch `tmp` will be removed if a local branch with the same
77 name doesn't exist any more. This also respects refspecs, e.g.
78 `git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*` would
79 make sure that remote `refs/tmp/foo` will be removed if `refs/heads/foo`
83 Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all
84 refs under `refs/` (which includes but is not
85 limited to `refs/heads/`, `refs/remotes/`, and `refs/tags/`)
86 be mirrored to the remote repository. Newly created local
87 refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs
88 will be force updated on the remote end, and deleted refs
89 will be removed from the remote end. This is the default
90 if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is
95 Do everything except actually send the updates.
98 Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref
99 will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full
100 symbolic names of the refs will be given.
103 All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is
104 the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
107 All refs under `refs/tags` are pushed, in
108 addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
111 --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>::
112 --exec=<git-receive-pack>::
113 Path to the 'git-receive-pack' program on the remote
114 end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote
115 repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in
116 a directory on the default $PATH.
120 Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is
121 not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
122 This flag disables the check. This can cause the
123 remote repository to lose commits; use it with care.
125 --repo=<repository>::
126 This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is
127 passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git push' derives the
128 remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote
129 branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise,
130 the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option
131 can be used to override the name "origin". In other words,
132 the difference between these two commands
134 --------------------------
136 git push --repo=public #2
137 --------------------------
139 is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public"
140 only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is
141 useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'.
145 For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
146 upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
147 linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
148 see 'branch.<name>.merge' in linkgit:git-config[1].
152 These options are passed to linkgit:git-send-pack[1]. A thin transfer
153 significantly reduces the amount of sent data when the sender and
154 receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
159 Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs,
160 unless an error occurs. Progress is not reported to the standard
168 Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
169 by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
170 is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
171 standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
173 --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand::
174 Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be
175 pushed are available on a remote tracking branch. If 'check' is
176 used git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in
177 the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote
178 of the submodule. If any commits are missing the push will be
179 aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'on-demand' is used
180 all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will
181 be pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary
182 revisions it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status.
185 include::urls-remotes.txt[]
190 The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this
191 section describes the output when pushing over the git protocol (either
194 The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line
195 representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:
197 -------------------------------
198 <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)
199 -------------------------------
201 If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:
203 -------------------------------
204 <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)
205 -------------------------------
207 The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose
211 A single character indicating the status of the ref:
212 (space);; for a successfully pushed fast-forward;
213 `+`;; for a successful forced update;
214 `-`;; for a successfully deleted ref;
215 `*`;; for a successfully pushed new ref;
216 `!`;; for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and
217 `=`;; for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.
220 For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
221 values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
222 `git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and
223 `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates).
225 For a failed update, more details are given:
229 Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it
230 is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.
233 The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook
234 on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one
235 of the following safety options in effect:
236 `receive.denyCurrentBranch` (for pushes to the checked out
237 branch), `receive.denyNonFastForwards` (for forced
238 non-fast-forward updates), `receive.denyDeletes` or
239 `receive.denyDeleteCurrent`. See linkgit:git-config[1].
242 The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref,
243 perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a
244 break in the network connection, or other transient error.
248 The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its
249 `refs/<type>/` prefix. In the case of deletion, the
250 name of the local ref is omitted.
253 The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its
254 `refs/<type>/` prefix.
257 A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed
258 refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
259 failure is described.
261 Note about fast-forwards
262 ------------------------
264 When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to
265 point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
266 fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.
268 In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original
269 commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B
270 builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.
272 In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example,
273 suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built
274 a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history
275 leading to commit A. The history looks like this:
285 Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A
286 back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X.
288 The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at
289 commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
291 But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that
292 now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did
293 so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody
294 will now start building on top of B.
296 The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward
297 to prevent such loss of history.
299 If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by
300 the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the
301 history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done
302 by both parties, and push the result back.
304 You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
305 the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
316 Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
317 push will be accepted.
319 Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
320 with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will
321 create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
332 Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be
335 There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward
336 rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are
337 pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit
338 A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git
339 commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because
340 forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if
341 you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A
342 (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to
343 overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for
344 a case where you do mean to lose history.
351 Works like `git push <remote>`, where <remote> is the
352 current branch's remote (or `origin`, if no remote is
353 configured for the current branch).
356 Without additional configuration, works like
359 The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be
360 configured by setting the `push` option of the remote.
362 For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to `origin`
363 use `git config remote.origin.push HEAD`. Any valid <refspec> (like
364 the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for
367 `git push origin :`::
368 Push "matching" branches to `origin`. See
369 <refspec> in the <<OPTIONS,OPTIONS>> section above for a
370 description of "matching" branches.
372 `git push origin master`::
373 Find a ref that matches `master` in the source repository
374 (most likely, it would find `refs/heads/master`), and update
375 the same ref (e.g. `refs/heads/master`) in `origin` repository
376 with it. If `master` did not exist remotely, it would be
379 `git push origin HEAD`::
380 A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the
383 `git push origin master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev`::
384 Use the source ref that matches `master` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`)
385 to update the ref that matches `satellite/master` (most probably
386 `refs/remotes/satellite/master`) in the `origin` repository, then
387 do the same for `dev` and `satellite/dev`.
389 `git push origin HEAD:master`::
390 Push the current branch to the remote ref matching `master` in the
391 `origin` repository. This form is convenient to push the current
392 branch without thinking about its local name.
394 `git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental`::
395 Create the branch `experimental` in the `origin` repository
396 by copying the current `master` branch. This form is only
397 needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when
398 the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise,
399 the ref name on its own will work.
401 `git push origin :experimental`::
402 Find a ref that matches `experimental` in the `origin` repository
403 (e.g. `refs/heads/experimental`), and delete it.
405 `git push origin +dev:master`::
406 Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch,
407 allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced
408 commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the
409 following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
412 o---o---o---A---B origin/master
417 The above command would change the origin repository to
420 A---B (unnamed branch)
422 o---o---o---X---Y---Z master
425 Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name,
426 and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by
427 a `git gc` command on the origin repository.
431 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite