6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
26 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
27 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
28 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
31 The '<command>' is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
32 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
35 documentation can be viewed at
36 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
42 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
43 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
44 branch of the `git.git` repository.
45 Documentation for older releases are available here:
47 * link:v1.7.9.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.4]
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
52 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
53 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
54 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
56 * link:v1.7.8.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.4]
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
65 * link:v1.7.7.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.6]
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
76 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
87 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
96 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
99 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
100 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
106 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
111 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
112 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
116 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
122 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
123 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
126 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
135 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
149 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
152 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
153 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
154 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
155 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
157 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
160 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
161 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
162 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
163 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
164 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
165 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
166 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
167 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
168 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
169 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
171 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
174 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
175 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
176 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
177 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
178 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
179 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
181 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
184 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
185 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
186 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
191 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
192 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
193 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
198 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
204 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
206 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
215 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
217 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
220 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
221 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
222 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
223 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
224 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
225 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
226 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
228 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
231 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
232 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
233 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
234 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
235 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
236 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
237 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
239 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
242 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
243 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
244 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
245 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
246 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
247 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
248 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
249 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
251 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
254 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
261 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
262 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
264 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
272 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
274 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
285 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
296 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
297 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
298 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
299 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
308 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
311 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
312 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
313 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
314 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
316 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
317 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
318 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
322 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
323 given will override values from configuration files.
324 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
325 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
327 --exec-path[=<path>]::
328 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
329 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
330 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
331 the current setting and then exit.
334 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
335 documentation is installed and exit.
338 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
339 this version of git and exit.
342 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
343 version of git are installed and exit.
347 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
348 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
349 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
353 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
356 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
357 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
358 path or relative path to current working directory.
361 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
362 or a path relative to the current working directory.
363 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
364 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
365 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
366 more detailed discussion).
369 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
370 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
374 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
375 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
378 --no-replace-objects::
379 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
380 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
383 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
384 ---------------------
386 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
387 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
389 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
390 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
391 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
393 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
395 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
398 The internals are documented in the
399 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
404 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
405 ("plumbing") commands.
407 High-level commands (porcelain)
408 -------------------------------
410 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
411 ancillary user utilities.
413 Main porcelain commands
414 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
416 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
422 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
426 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
429 Interacting with Others
430 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
432 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
433 people via patch over e-mail.
435 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
438 Low-level commands (plumbing)
439 -----------------------------
441 Although git includes its
442 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
443 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
444 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
445 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
447 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
448 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
449 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
450 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
451 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
454 The following description divides
455 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
456 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
457 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
461 Manipulation commands
462 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
464 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
467 Interrogation commands
468 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
470 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
472 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
476 Synching repositories
477 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
479 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
481 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
482 typically do not use them directly.
484 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
487 Internal helper commands
488 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
490 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
491 users typically do not use them directly.
493 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
496 Configuration Mechanism
497 -----------------------
499 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
500 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
501 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
502 people. Here is an example:
506 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
511 ; Don't trust file modes
516 name = "Junio C Hamano"
517 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
521 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
522 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
526 Identifier Terminology
527 ----------------------
529 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
532 Indicates a blob object name.
535 Indicates a tree object name.
538 Indicates a commit object name.
541 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
542 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
543 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
544 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
547 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
548 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
549 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
550 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
553 Indicates that an object type is required.
554 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
557 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
558 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
562 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
566 indicates the head of the current branch.
570 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
574 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
576 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
577 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
580 File/Directory Structure
581 ------------------------
583 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
585 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
587 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
593 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
596 Environment Variables
597 ---------------------
598 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
602 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
603 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
604 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
607 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
608 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
611 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
612 If the object storage directory is specified via this
613 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
614 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
617 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
618 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
619 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
620 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
621 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
622 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
625 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
626 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
627 for the base of the repository.
630 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
631 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
632 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
633 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
634 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
637 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
638 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
640 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
641 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
642 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
643 up into while looking for a repository directory.
644 It will not exclude the current working directory or
645 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
646 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
648 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
649 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
650 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
651 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
652 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
653 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
654 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
655 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
663 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
664 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
665 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
667 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
672 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
673 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
674 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
675 value passed on the git diff command line.
677 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
678 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
679 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
680 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
681 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
683 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
687 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
688 contents of <old|new>,
689 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
690 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
692 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
693 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
694 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
695 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
696 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
698 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
703 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
704 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
705 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
706 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
709 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
710 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
711 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
712 linkgit:git-config[1].
715 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
716 and 'git push' will use this command instead
717 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
718 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
719 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
720 shell command to execute on that remote system.
722 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
723 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
724 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
726 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
727 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
731 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
732 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
733 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
734 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
735 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
738 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
739 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
740 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
741 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
742 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
743 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
744 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
745 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
748 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
749 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
750 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
751 execution and external command execution.
752 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
753 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
754 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
755 trace messages into this file descriptor.
756 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
757 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
758 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
761 Discussion[[Discussion]]
762 ------------------------
764 More detail on the following is available from the
765 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
766 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
768 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
769 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
770 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
771 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
772 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
773 as tags and branch heads.
775 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
776 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
777 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
778 and some number of parent commits.
780 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
781 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
782 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
783 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
785 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
786 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
787 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
788 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
791 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
792 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
794 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
795 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
796 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
797 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
798 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
799 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
801 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
802 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
803 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
804 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
805 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
806 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
807 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
808 content stored in the index.
810 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
811 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
812 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
816 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
817 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
818 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
819 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
820 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
821 the authors for specific parts of the project.
826 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
827 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
828 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
832 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
833 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
834 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
835 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
836 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
840 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite