6 git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
11 'git-blame' [-c] [-l] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-p] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
12 [-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
13 [<rev> | --contents <file>] [--] <file>
18 Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which
19 last modified the line. Optionally, start annotating from the given revision.
21 Also it can limit the range of lines annotated.
23 This report doesn't tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or
24 replaced; you need to use a tool such as gitlink:git-diff[1] or the "pickaxe"
25 interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
27 Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the
28 development history for when a code snippet occurred in a change. This makes it
29 possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied
30 between files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for
31 a text string in the diff. A small example:
33 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
34 $ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
35 5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
36 ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
37 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 include::blame-options.txt[]
44 Use the same output mode as gitlink:git-annotate[1] (Default: off).
47 Include debugging information related to the movement of
48 lines between files (see `-C`) and lines moved within a
49 file (see `-M`). The first number listed is the score.
50 This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected
51 to be moved between or within files. This must be above
52 a certain threshold for git-blame to consider those lines
53 of code to have been moved.
56 Show filename in the original commit. By default
57 filename is shown if there is any line that came from a
58 file with different name, due to rename detection.
61 Show line number in the original commit (Default: off).
66 In this format, each line is output after a header; the
67 header at the minimum has the first line which has:
69 - 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
70 - the line number of the line in the original file;
71 - the line number of the line in the final file;
72 - on a line that starts a group of line from a different
73 commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
74 group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
76 This header line is followed by the following information
77 at least once for each commit:
79 - author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time
80 ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly
82 - filename in the commit the line is attributed to.
83 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
85 The contents of the actual line is output after the above
86 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
87 header elements later.
93 Unlike `git-blame` and `git-annotate` in older git, the extent
94 of annotation can be limited to both line ranges and revision
95 ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for
96 ll. 40-60 for file `foo`, you can use `-L` option like these
97 (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at
100 git blame -L 40,60 foo
101 git blame -L 40,+21 foo
103 Also you can use regular expression to specify the line range.
105 git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
107 would limit the annotation to the body of `hello` subroutine.
109 When you are not interested in changes older than the version
110 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
111 range specifiers similar to `git-rev-list`:
113 git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
114 git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
116 When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation,
117 lines that have not changed since the range boundary (either the
118 commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3
119 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for that range
122 A particularly useful way is to see if an added file have lines
123 created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes this
124 indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not
125 refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit that
126 introduced the file with:
128 git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
130 and then annotate the change between the commit and its
131 parents, using `commit{caret}!` notation:
133 git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
139 When called with `--incremental` option, the command outputs the
140 result as it is built. The output generally will talk about
141 lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will
142 be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used by
145 The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it
146 does not contain the actual lines from the file that is being
149 . Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
151 <40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
153 Line numbers count from 1.
155 . The first time that commit shows up in the stream, it has various
156 other information about it printed out with a one-word tag at the
157 beginning of each line about that "extended commit info" (author,
158 email, committer, dates, summary etc).
160 . Unlike Porcelain format, the filename information is always
161 given and terminates the entry:
163 "filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
165 and thus it's really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented
166 parser (which should be quite natural for most scripting languages).
169 For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any
170 lines in between the first and last one ("<sha1>" and "filename" lines)
171 where you don't recognize the tag-words (or care about that particular
172 one) at the beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if
173 there is ever added information (like the commit encoding or extended
174 commit commentary), a blame viewer won't ever care.
179 gitlink:git-annotate[1]
183 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
187 Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite