6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.7.12.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
50 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
51 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
53 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
56 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
57 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
58 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
59 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
60 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
61 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
62 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
63 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
65 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
68 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
69 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
70 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
71 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
75 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
78 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
79 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
80 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
87 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
90 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
91 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
92 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
98 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
101 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
102 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
110 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
113 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
114 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
121 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
124 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
125 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
130 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
134 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
135 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
136 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
137 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
140 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
145 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
146 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
147 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
148 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
150 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
154 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
155 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
156 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
157 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
160 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
164 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
165 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
166 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
167 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
169 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
174 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
175 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
176 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
177 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
183 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
186 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
187 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
188 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
189 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
191 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
194 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
195 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
196 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
197 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
198 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
199 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
200 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
201 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
202 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
203 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
205 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
208 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
209 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
210 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
215 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
218 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
229 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
230 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
232 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
240 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
248 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
249 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
251 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
254 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
255 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
256 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
257 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
258 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
259 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
260 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
262 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
265 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
266 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
267 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
268 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
269 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
270 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
271 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
273 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
276 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
277 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
278 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
285 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
288 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
289 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
298 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
308 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
311 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
312 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
319 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
322 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
323 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
324 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
325 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
330 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
331 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
332 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
333 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
342 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
345 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
346 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
347 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
348 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
350 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
351 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
352 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
356 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
357 given will override values from configuration files.
358 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
359 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
361 --exec-path[=<path>]::
362 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
363 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
364 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
365 the current setting and then exit.
368 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git's HTML
369 documentation is installed and exit.
372 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
373 this version of git and exit.
376 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
377 version of git are installed and exit.
381 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
382 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
383 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
387 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
390 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
391 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
392 path or relative path to current working directory.
395 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
396 or a path relative to the current working directory.
397 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
398 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
399 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
400 more detailed discussion).
403 Set the git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
404 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
408 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
409 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
412 --no-replace-objects::
413 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
414 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
420 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
421 ("plumbing") commands.
423 High-level commands (porcelain)
424 -------------------------------
426 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
427 ancillary user utilities.
429 Main porcelain commands
430 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
432 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
438 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
442 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
445 Interacting with Others
446 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
448 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
449 people via patch over e-mail.
451 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
454 Low-level commands (plumbing)
455 -----------------------------
457 Although git includes its
458 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
459 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
460 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
461 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
463 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
464 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
465 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
466 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
467 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
470 The following description divides
471 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
472 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
473 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
477 Manipulation commands
478 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
480 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
483 Interrogation commands
484 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
486 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
488 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
492 Synching repositories
493 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
495 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
497 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
498 typically do not use them directly.
500 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
503 Internal helper commands
504 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
506 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
507 users typically do not use them directly.
509 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
512 Configuration Mechanism
513 -----------------------
515 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
516 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
517 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
518 people. Here is an example:
522 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
527 ; Don't trust file modes
532 name = "Junio C Hamano"
533 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
537 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
538 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
542 Identifier Terminology
543 ----------------------
545 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
548 Indicates a blob object name.
551 Indicates a tree object name.
554 Indicates a commit object name.
557 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
558 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
559 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
560 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
563 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
564 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
565 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
566 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
569 Indicates that an object type is required.
570 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
573 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
574 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
578 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
582 indicates the head of the current branch.
586 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
590 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
592 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
593 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
596 File/Directory Structure
597 ------------------------
599 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
601 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
603 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
609 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
612 Environment Variables
613 ---------------------
614 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
618 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
619 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
620 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
623 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
624 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
627 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
628 If the object storage directory is specified via this
629 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
630 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
633 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
634 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
635 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
636 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
637 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
638 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
641 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
642 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
643 for the base of the repository.
646 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
647 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
648 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
649 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
650 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
653 Set the git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
654 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
656 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
657 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
658 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
659 up into while looking for a repository directory.
660 It will not exclude the current working directory or
661 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
662 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
664 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
665 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
666 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
667 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
668 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
669 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
670 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
671 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
679 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
680 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
681 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
683 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
688 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
689 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
690 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
691 value passed on the git diff command line.
693 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
694 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
695 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
696 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
697 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
699 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
703 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
704 contents of <old|new>,
705 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
706 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
708 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
709 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
710 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
711 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
712 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
714 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
719 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
720 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
721 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
722 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
725 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
726 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
727 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
728 linkgit:git-config[1].
731 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
732 It is used by several git commands when, on interactive mode,
733 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
734 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
737 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
738 and 'git push' will use this command instead
739 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
740 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
741 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
742 shell command to execute on that remote system.
744 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
745 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
746 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
748 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
749 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
753 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
754 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
755 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
756 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
757 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
760 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
761 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
762 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
763 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
764 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
765 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
766 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
767 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
770 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
771 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
772 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
773 execution and external command execution.
774 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
775 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
776 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
777 trace messages into this file descriptor.
778 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
779 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
780 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
783 Discussion[[Discussion]]
784 ------------------------
786 More detail on the following is available from the
787 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
788 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
790 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
791 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
792 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
793 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
794 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
795 as tags and branch heads.
797 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
798 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
799 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
800 and some number of parent commits.
802 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
803 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
804 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
805 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
807 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
808 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
809 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
810 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
813 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
814 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
816 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
817 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
818 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
819 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
820 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
821 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
823 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
824 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
825 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
826 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
827 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
828 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
829 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
830 content stored in the index.
832 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
833 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
834 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
836 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
837 ---------------------
839 See the references in the "description" section to get started
840 using git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
841 for a first-time user.
843 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
844 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
845 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
847 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
849 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
852 The internals are documented in the
853 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
855 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
856 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
861 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
862 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
863 <git@vger.kernel.org>. For a more complete list of contributors, see
864 http://git-scm.com/about. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
865 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
866 the authors for specific parts of the project.
871 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
872 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
873 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
877 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
878 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
879 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
880 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
881 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
885 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite