6 gitcredentials - Providing usernames and passwords to Git
11 git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername
12 git config credential.helper "$helper $options"
18 Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform
19 operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password
20 in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. This manual describes
21 the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials, as well as some
22 features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.
24 REQUESTING CREDENTIALS
25 ----------------------
27 Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following
28 strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords:
30 1. If the `GIT_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, the program
31 specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided
32 to the program on the command line, and the user's input is read
33 from its standard output.
35 2. Otherwise, if the `core.askPass` configuration variable is set, its
36 value is used as above.
38 3. Otherwise, if the `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, its
39 value is used as above.
41 4. Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal.
46 It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over. Git
47 provides two methods to reduce this annoyance:
49 1. Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context.
51 2. Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with
52 a system password wallet or keychain.
54 The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available
55 for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config:
57 ---------------------------------------
58 [credential "https://example.com"]
60 ---------------------------------------
62 Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can
63 request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure
64 storage provided by the OS or other programs.
66 To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently
67 includes the following helpers:
71 Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See
72 linkgit:git-credential-cache[1] for details.
76 Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See
77 linkgit:git-credential-store[1] for details.
79 You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for
80 `credential-*` in the output of `git help -a`, and consult the
81 documentation of individual helpers. Once you have selected a helper,
82 you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the
83 credential.helper variable.
87 -------------------------------------------
88 $ git help -a | grep credential-
90 -------------------------------------------
92 2. Read its description.
94 -------------------------------------------
95 $ git help credential-foo
96 -------------------------------------------
98 3. Tell Git to use it.
100 -------------------------------------------
101 $ git config --global credential.helper foo
102 -------------------------------------------
108 Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context
109 is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any
110 helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage.
112 For instance, imagine we are accessing `https://example.com/foo.git`. When Git
113 looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will
114 consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the
115 pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file:
117 --------------------------------------
118 [credential "https://example.com"]
120 --------------------------------------
122 then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and
123 the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this
124 context would not match:
126 --------------------------------------
127 [credential "https://kernel.org"]
129 --------------------------------------
131 because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match `foo.example.com`; Git
132 compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of
133 the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not
134 match: Git compares the protocols exactly. However, you may use wildcards in
135 the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<URL>.*`
138 If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match
139 exactly: the context `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` will match a config
140 entry for `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` (in addition to matching the config
141 entry for `https://example.com`) but will not match a config entry for
142 `https://example.com/bar`.
145 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
146 ---------------------
148 Options for a credential context can be configured either in
149 `credential.*` (which applies to all credentials), or
150 `credential.<URL>.*`, where <URL> matches the context as described
153 The following options are available in either location:
157 The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options.
158 If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string `git
159 credential-` is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the
160 shell (so, for example, setting this to `foo --option=bar` will execute
161 `git credential-foo --option=bar` via the shell. See the manual of
162 specific helpers for examples of their use.
164 If there are multiple instances of the `credential.helper` configuration
165 variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username,
166 password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a
167 password, no more helpers will be tried.
169 If `credential.helper` is configured to the empty string, this resets
170 the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a
171 lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper,
172 followed by whatever set of helpers you would like).
176 A default username, if one is not provided in the URL.
180 By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL
181 to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential
182 stored for `https://example.com/foo.git` will also be used for
183 `https://example.com/bar.git`. If you do want to distinguish these
184 cases, set this option to `true`.
190 You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in
191 which you keep credentials.
193 Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save
194 credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply
195 longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored
196 in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).
198 Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration
199 variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]).
200 The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using
203 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell
204 snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.
206 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the
207 verbatim helper string becomes the command.
209 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper
210 string, and the result becomes the command.
212 The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it
213 (see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.
215 Here are some example specifications:
217 ----------------------------------------------------
218 # run "git credential-foo"
222 # same as above, but pass an argument to the helper
224 helper = "foo --bar=baz"
226 # the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell
227 # quoting if necessary
229 helper = "foo --bar='whitespace arg'"
231 # you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper
233 helper = "/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments"
235 # or you can specify your own shell snippet
236 [credential "https://example.com"]
238 helper = "!f() { test \"$1\" = get && echo \"password=$(cat $HOME/.secret)\"; }; f"
239 ----------------------------------------------------
241 Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify.
242 Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their
243 users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in
244 the `$PATH` or `$GIT_EXEC_PATH` during installation, which will allow a
245 user to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`.
247 When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument
248 appended to its command line, which is one of:
252 Return a matching credential, if any exists.
256 Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.
260 Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage.
262 The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin
263 stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the
264 `git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT
265 FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification).
267 For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on
268 stdout in the same format (see linkgit:git-credential[1] for common
269 attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at
270 all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will
271 overwrite those already known about by Git's credential subsystem.
273 While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers
274 should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and
277 If a helper outputs a `quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`,
278 no further helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted
279 (if no credential has been provided, the operation will then fail).
281 Similarly, no more helpers will be consulted once both username and
282 password had been provided.
284 For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored.
286 If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify
287 the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.
289 If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store),
290 it should silently ignore the request.
292 If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
293 request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
294 helpers will just ignore the new requests).
298 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite