4 The parse-options API is used to parse and massage options in Git
5 and to provide a usage help with consistent look.
10 The argument vector `argv[]` may usually contain mandatory or optional
11 'non-option arguments', e.g. a filename or a branch, and 'options'.
12 Options are optional arguments that start with a dash and
13 that allow to change the behavior of a command.
15 * There are basically three types of options:
17 options with (mandatory) 'arguments' and
18 options with 'optional arguments'
19 (i.e. a boolean option that can be adjusted).
21 * There are basically two forms of options:
22 'Short options' consist of one dash (`-`) and one alphanumeric
24 'Long options' begin with two dashes (`--`) and some
25 alphanumeric characters.
27 * Options are case-sensitive.
28 Please define 'lower-case long options' only.
30 The parse-options API allows:
32 * 'stuck' and 'separate form' of options with arguments.
33 `-oArg` is stuck, `-o Arg` is separate form.
34 `--option=Arg` is stuck, `--option Arg` is separate form.
36 * Long options may be 'abbreviated', as long as the abbreviation
39 * Short options may be bundled, e.g. `-a -b` can be specified as `-ab`.
41 * Boolean long options can be 'negated' (or 'unset') by prepending
42 `no-`, e.g. `--no-abbrev` instead of `--abbrev`. Conversely,
43 options that begin with `no-` can be 'negated' by removing it.
44 Other long options can be unset (e.g., set string to NULL, set
45 integer to 0) by prepending `no-`.
47 * Options and non-option arguments can clearly be separated using the `--`
48 option, e.g. `-a -b --option -- --this-is-a-file` indicates that
49 `--this-is-a-file` must not be processed as an option.
51 Steps to parse options
52 ----------------------
54 . `#include "parse-options.h"`
56 . define a NULL-terminated
57 `static const char * const builtin_foo_usage[]` array
58 containing alternative usage strings
60 . define `builtin_foo_options` array as described below
61 in section 'Data Structure'.
63 . in `cmd_foo(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)`
66 argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_foo_options, builtin_foo_usage, flags);
68 `parse_options()` will filter out the processed options of `argv[]` and leave the
69 non-option arguments in `argv[]`.
70 `argc` is updated appropriately because of the assignment.
72 You can also pass NULL instead of a usage array as the fifth parameter of
73 parse_options(), to avoid displaying a help screen with usage info and
74 option list. This should only be done if necessary, e.g. to implement
75 a limited parser for only a subset of the options that needs to be run
76 before the full parser, which in turn shows the full help message.
78 Flags are the bitwise-or of:
80 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH`::
81 Keep the `--` that usually separates options from
84 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION`::
85 Usually the whole argument vector is massaged and reordered.
86 Using this flag, processing is stopped at the first non-option
89 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0`::
90 Keep the first argument, which contains the program name. It's
91 removed from argv[] by default.
93 `PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN`::
94 Keep unknown arguments instead of erroring out. This doesn't
95 work for all combinations of arguments as users might expect
96 it to do. E.g. if the first argument in `--unknown --known`
97 takes a value (which we can't know), the second one is
98 mistakenly interpreted as a known option. Similarly, if
99 `PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION` is set, the second argument in
100 `--unknown value` will be mistakenly interpreted as a
101 non-option, not as a value belonging to the unknown option,
102 the parser early. That's why parse_options() errors out if
103 both options are set.
105 `PARSE_OPT_NO_INTERNAL_HELP`::
106 By default, parse_options() handles `-h`, `--help` and
107 `--help-all` internally, by showing a help screen. This option
108 turns it off and allows one to add custom handlers for these
109 options, or to just leave them unknown.
114 The main data structure is an array of the `option` struct,
115 say `static struct option builtin_add_options[]`.
116 There are some macros to easily define options:
118 `OPT__ABBREV(&int_var)`::
119 Add `--abbrev[=<n>]`.
121 `OPT__COLOR(&int_var, description)`::
122 Add `--color[=<when>]` and `--no-color`.
124 `OPT__DRY_RUN(&int_var, description)`::
127 `OPT__FORCE(&int_var, description)`::
130 `OPT__QUIET(&int_var, description)`::
133 `OPT__VERBOSE(&int_var, description)`::
136 `OPT_GROUP(description)`::
137 Start an option group. `description` is a short string that
138 describes the group or an empty string.
139 Start the description with an upper-case letter.
141 `OPT_BOOL(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
142 Introduce a boolean option. `int_var` is set to one with
143 `--option` and set to zero with `--no-option`.
145 `OPT_COUNTUP(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
146 Introduce a count-up option.
147 Each use of `--option` increments `int_var`, starting from zero
148 (even if initially negative), and `--no-option` resets it to
149 zero. To determine if `--option` or `--no-option` was encountered at
150 all, initialize `int_var` to a negative value, and if it is still
151 negative after parse_options(), then neither `--option` nor
152 `--no-option` was seen.
154 `OPT_BIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
155 Introduce a boolean option.
156 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-ored with `mask`.
158 `OPT_NEGBIT(short, long, &int_var, description, mask)`::
159 Introduce a boolean option.
160 If used, `int_var` is bitwise-anded with the inverted `mask`.
162 `OPT_SET_INT(short, long, &int_var, description, integer)`::
163 Introduce an integer option.
164 `int_var` is set to `integer` with `--option`, and
165 reset to zero with `--no-option`.
167 `OPT_STRING(short, long, &str_var, arg_str, description)`::
168 Introduce an option with string argument.
169 The string argument is put into `str_var`.
171 `OPT_STRING_LIST(short, long, &struct string_list, arg_str, description)`::
172 Introduce an option with string argument.
173 The string argument is stored as an element in `string_list`.
174 Use of `--no-option` will clear the list of preceding values.
176 `OPT_INTEGER(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
177 Introduce an option with integer argument.
178 The integer is put into `int_var`.
180 `OPT_MAGNITUDE(short, long, &unsigned_long_var, description)`::
181 Introduce an option with a size argument. The argument must be a
182 non-negative integer and may include a suffix of 'k', 'm' or 'g' to
183 scale the provided value by 1024, 1024^2 or 1024^3 respectively.
184 The scaled value is put into `unsigned_long_var`.
186 `OPT_DATE(short, long, ×tamp_t_var, description)`::
187 Introduce an option with date argument, see `approxidate()`.
188 The timestamp is put into `timestamp_t_var`.
190 `OPT_EXPIRY_DATE(short, long, ×tamp_t_var, description)`::
191 Introduce an option with expiry date argument, see `parse_expiry_date()`.
192 The timestamp is put into `timestamp_t_var`.
194 `OPT_CALLBACK(short, long, &var, arg_str, description, func_ptr)`::
195 Introduce an option with argument.
196 The argument will be fed into the function given by `func_ptr`
197 and the result will be put into `var`.
198 See 'Option Callbacks' below for a more elaborate description.
200 `OPT_FILENAME(short, long, &var, description)`::
201 Introduce an option with a filename argument.
202 The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
203 the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`.
205 `OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
206 Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
208 `OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`::
209 Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
210 if it was an argument to the function given by `func_ptr`.
211 The result will be put into `var`. There can be only one such
212 option definition. It cannot be negated and it takes no
213 arguments. Short options that happen to be digits take
216 `OPT_COLOR_FLAG(short, long, &int_var, description)`::
217 Introduce an option that takes an optional argument that can
218 have one of three values: "always", "never", or "auto". If the
219 argument is not given, it defaults to "always". The `--no-` form
220 works like `--long=never`; it cannot take an argument. If
221 "always", set `int_var` to 1; if "never", set `int_var` to 0; if
222 "auto", set `int_var` to 1 if stdout is a tty or a pager,
225 `OPT_NOOP_NOARG(short, long)`::
226 Introduce an option that has no effect and takes no arguments.
227 Use it to hide deprecated options that are still to be recognized
228 and ignored silently.
230 `OPT_PASSTHRU(short, long, &char_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
231 Introduce an option that will be reconstructed into a char* string,
232 which must be initialized to NULL. This is useful when you need to
233 pass the command-line option to another command. Any previous value
234 will be overwritten, so this should only be used for options where
235 the last one specified on the command line wins.
237 `OPT_PASSTHRU_ARGV(short, long, &argv_array_var, arg_str, description, flags)`::
238 Introduce an option where all instances of it on the command-line will
239 be reconstructed into an argv_array. This is useful when you need to
240 pass the command-line option, which can be specified multiple times,
243 `OPT_CMDMODE(short, long, &int_var, description, enum_val)`::
244 Define an "operation mode" option, only one of which in the same
245 group of "operating mode" options that share the same `int_var`
246 can be given by the user. `enum_val` is set to `int_var` when the
247 option is used, but an error is reported if other "operating mode"
248 option has already set its value to the same `int_var`.
251 The last element of the array must be `OPT_END()`.
253 If not stated otherwise, interpret the arguments as follows:
255 * `short` is a character for the short option
256 (e.g. `'e'` for `-e`, use `0` to omit),
258 * `long` is a string for the long option
259 (e.g. `"example"` for `--example`, use `NULL` to omit),
261 * `int_var` is an integer variable,
263 * `str_var` is a string variable (`char *`),
265 * `arg_str` is the string that is shown as argument
266 (e.g. `"branch"` will result in `<branch>`).
267 If set to `NULL`, three dots (`...`) will be displayed.
269 * `description` is a short string to describe the effect of the option.
270 It shall begin with a lower-case letter and a full stop (`.`) shall be
276 The function must be defined in this form:
278 int func(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
280 The callback mechanism is as follows:
282 * Inside `func`, the only interesting member of the structure
283 given by `opt` is the void pointer `opt->value`.
284 `*opt->value` will be the value that is saved into `var`, if you
285 use `OPT_CALLBACK()`.
286 For example, do `*(unsigned long *)opt->value = 42;` to get 42
287 into an `unsigned long` variable.
289 * Return value `0` indicates success and non-zero return
290 value will invoke `usage_with_options()` and, thus, die.
292 * If the user negates the option, `arg` is `NULL` and `unset` is 1.
294 Sophisticated option parsing
295 ----------------------------
297 If you need, for example, option callbacks with optional arguments
298 or without arguments at all, or if you need other special cases,
299 that are not handled by the macros above, you need to specify the
300 members of the `option` structure manually.
302 This is not covered in this document, but well documented
303 in `parse-options.h` itself.
308 See `test-parse-options.c` and
315 for real-world examples.