6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--exec-path[=GIT_EXEC_PATH]]
13 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager]
14 [--bare] [--git-dir=GIT_DIR] [--work-tree=GIT_WORK_TREE]
15 [--help] COMMAND [ARGS]
19 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
20 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
21 and full access to internals.
23 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
24 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of commands, and
25 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
26 also want to read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7]. See
27 the link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] for a more in-depth
30 The COMMAND is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
31 as defined in the configuration file (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
33 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
34 documentation can be viewed at
35 `http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.6.1/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1]
49 link:RelNotes-1.6.1.txt[1.6.1],
50 link:RelNotes-1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
52 * link:v1.5.6.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.5]
55 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
56 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
57 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
58 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
59 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
60 link:RelNotes-1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
62 * link:v1.5.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.4]
65 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
66 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
67 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
68 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
69 link:RelNotes-1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
71 * link:v1.5.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.5]
74 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
75 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
76 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
77 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
78 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
79 link:RelNotes-1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
81 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
84 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
85 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
86 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
87 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
88 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
89 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
90 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
91 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
92 link:RelNotes-1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
94 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
97 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
98 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
99 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
100 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
101 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
102 link:RelNotes-1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
104 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
107 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
108 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
109 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
110 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
111 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
112 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
113 link:RelNotes-1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
115 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
118 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
119 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
120 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
121 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
122 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
123 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
124 link:RelNotes-1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
126 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
127 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
128 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
129 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
138 Prints the git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
141 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
142 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
143 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
144 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
146 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
147 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
148 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
152 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
153 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
154 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
155 the current setting and then exit.
159 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER).
162 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
165 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
166 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
167 path or relative path to current working directory.
170 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
171 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
172 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
173 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
174 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
175 variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
176 the directory specified by --git-dir or GIT_DIR.
177 Note: If --git-dir or GIT_DIR are specified but none of
178 --work-tree, GIT_WORK_TREE and core.worktree is specified,
179 the current working directory is regarded as the top directory
180 of your working tree.
183 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
184 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
188 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
189 ---------------------
191 See the references above to get started using git. The following is
192 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.
194 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
195 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
196 introductions to the underlying git architecture.
198 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
201 The internals are documented in the
202 link:technical/api-index.html[GIT API documentation].
207 We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
208 ("plumbing") commands.
210 High-level commands (porcelain)
211 -------------------------------
213 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
214 ancillary user utilities.
216 Main porcelain commands
217 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
219 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
225 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
229 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
232 Interacting with Others
233 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
235 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
236 people via patch over e-mail.
238 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
241 Low-level commands (plumbing)
242 -----------------------------
244 Although git includes its
245 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
246 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
247 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
248 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
250 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
251 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
252 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
253 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
254 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
257 The following description divides
258 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
259 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
260 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
264 Manipulation commands
265 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
267 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
270 Interrogation commands
271 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
273 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
275 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
279 Synching repositories
280 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
282 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
284 The following are helper programs used by the above; end users
285 typically do not use them directly.
287 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
290 Internal helper commands
291 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
293 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
294 users typically do not use them directly.
296 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
299 Configuration Mechanism
300 -----------------------
302 Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
303 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
304 simple text file modeled after `.ini` format familiar to some
305 people. Here is an example:
309 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
314 ; Don't trust file modes
319 name = "Junio C Hamano"
320 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"
324 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
325 their operation accordingly.
328 Identifier Terminology
329 ----------------------
331 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
334 Indicates a blob object name.
337 Indicates a tree object name.
340 Indicates a commit object name.
343 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
344 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
345 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
346 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
349 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
350 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
351 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
352 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
355 Indicates that an object type is required.
356 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
359 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
360 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
364 Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
368 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
369 contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
373 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
377 (i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
379 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
380 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:git-rev-parse[1].
383 File/Directory Structure
384 ------------------------
386 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
388 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
390 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
396 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
399 Environment Variables
400 ---------------------
401 Various git commands use the following environment variables:
405 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
406 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
407 git so take care if using Cogito etc.
410 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
411 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
414 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
415 If the object storage directory is specified via this
416 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
417 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
420 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
421 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
422 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
423 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
424 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
425 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
428 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
429 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
430 for the base of the repository.
433 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
434 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
435 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
436 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
437 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
439 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
440 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
441 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
442 up into while looking for a repository directory.
443 It will not exclude the current working directory or
444 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
445 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
452 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
453 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
454 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
456 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
461 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
462 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
463 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
464 value passed on the git diff command line.
466 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
467 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
468 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
469 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
470 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
472 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
476 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
477 contents of <old|new>,
478 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
479 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
482 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
483 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
484 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
485 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
486 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
488 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
493 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
494 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
495 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
496 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
499 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
500 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
501 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
502 linkgit:git-config[1].
505 If this environment variable is set then 'git-fetch'
506 and 'git-push' will use this command instead
507 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
508 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two arguments:
509 the 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the
510 shell command to execute on that remote system.
512 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
513 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
514 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
516 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
517 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
521 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
522 as 'git-blame' (in incremental mode), 'git-rev-list', 'git-log',
523 and 'git-whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
524 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
525 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
526 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
527 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
528 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
531 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
532 is case insensitive), git will print `trace:` messages on
533 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
534 execution and external command execution.
535 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
536 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
537 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
538 trace messages into this file descriptor.
539 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
540 (starting with a '/' character), git will interpret this
541 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
544 Discussion[[Discussion]]
545 ------------------------
547 More detail on the following is available from the
548 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[git concepts chapter of the
549 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
551 A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
552 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
553 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
554 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
555 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
556 as tags and branch heads.
558 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
559 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
560 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
561 and some number of parent commits.
563 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
564 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
565 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
566 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
568 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
569 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
570 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
571 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
574 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
575 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
577 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
578 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
579 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
580 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
581 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
582 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
584 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
585 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
586 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
587 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
588 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
589 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
590 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
591 content stored in the index.
593 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
594 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
595 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
599 * git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
600 * The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>.
601 * The git potty was written by Andreas Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
602 * General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
606 The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
607 <david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
608 contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
612 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
613 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
614 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
615 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual]
619 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite