6 git-rebase - Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
11 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] [--onto <newbase>]
13 'git rebase' [-i | --interactive] [options] --onto <newbase>
16 'git rebase' --continue | --skip | --abort
20 If <branch> is specified, 'git-rebase' will perform an automatic
21 `git checkout <branch>` before doing anything else. Otherwise
22 it remains on the current branch.
24 All changes made by commits in the current branch but that are not
25 in <upstream> are saved to a temporary area. This is the same set
26 of commits that would be shown by `git log <upstream>..HEAD` (or
27 `git log HEAD`, if --root is specified).
29 The current branch is reset to <upstream>, or <newbase> if the
30 --onto option was supplied. This has the exact same effect as
31 `git reset --hard <upstream>` (or <newbase>). ORIG_HEAD is set
32 to point at the tip of the branch before the reset.
34 The commits that were previously saved into the temporary area are
35 then reapplied to the current branch, one by one, in order. Note that
36 any commits in HEAD which introduce the same textual changes as a commit
37 in HEAD..<upstream> are omitted (i.e., a patch already accepted upstream
38 with a different commit message or timestamp will be skipped).
40 It is possible that a merge failure will prevent this process from being
41 completely automatic. You will have to resolve any such merge failure
42 and run `git rebase --continue`. Another option is to bypass the commit
43 that caused the merge failure with `git rebase --skip`. To restore the
44 original <branch> and remove the .git/rebase-apply working files, use the
45 command `git rebase --abort` instead.
47 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is "topic":
55 From this point, the result of either of the following commands:
59 git rebase master topic
69 The latter form is just a short-hand of `git checkout topic`
70 followed by `git rebase master`.
72 If the upstream branch already contains a change you have made (e.g.,
73 because you mailed a patch which was applied upstream), then that commit
74 will be skipped. For example, running `git rebase master` on the
75 following history (in which A' and A introduce the same set of changes,
76 but have different committer information):
92 Here is how you would transplant a topic branch based on one
93 branch to another, to pretend that you forked the topic branch
94 from the latter branch, using `rebase --onto`.
96 First let's assume your 'topic' is based on branch 'next'.
97 For example, a feature developed in 'topic' depends on some
98 functionality which is found in 'next'.
101 o---o---o---o---o master
103 o---o---o---o---o next
108 We want to make 'topic' forked from branch 'master'; for example,
109 because the functionality on which 'topic' depends was merged into the
110 more stable 'master' branch. We want our tree to look like this:
113 o---o---o---o---o master
117 o---o---o---o---o next
120 We can get this using the following command:
122 git rebase --onto master next topic
125 Another example of --onto option is to rebase part of a
126 branch. If we have the following situation:
138 git rebase --onto master topicA topicB
150 This is useful when topicB does not depend on topicA.
152 A range of commits could also be removed with rebase. If we have
153 the following situation:
156 E---F---G---H---I---J topicA
161 git rebase --onto topicA~5 topicA~3 topicA
163 would result in the removal of commits F and G:
166 E---H'---I'---J' topicA
169 This is useful if F and G were flawed in some way, or should not be
170 part of topicA. Note that the argument to --onto and the <upstream>
171 parameter can be any valid commit-ish.
173 In case of conflict, 'git-rebase' will stop at the first problematic commit
174 and leave conflict markers in the tree. You can use 'git-diff' to locate
175 the markers (<<<<<<) and make edits to resolve the conflict. For each
176 file you edit, you need to tell git that the conflict has been resolved,
177 typically this would be done with
183 After resolving the conflict manually and updating the index with the
184 desired resolution, you can continue the rebasing process with
187 git rebase --continue
190 Alternatively, you can undo the 'git-rebase' with
199 Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
200 rebase. False by default.
205 Starting point at which to create the new commits. If the
206 --onto option is not specified, the starting point is
207 <upstream>. May be any valid commit, and not just an
208 existing branch name.
211 Upstream branch to compare against. May be any valid commit,
212 not just an existing branch name.
215 Working branch; defaults to HEAD.
218 Restart the rebasing process after having resolved a merge conflict.
221 Restore the original branch and abort the rebase operation.
224 Restart the rebasing process by skipping the current patch.
228 Use merging strategies to rebase. When the recursive (default) merge
229 strategy is used, this allows rebase to be aware of renames on the
233 --strategy=<strategy>::
234 Use the given merge strategy.
235 If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
236 is used instead ('git-merge-recursive' when merging a single
237 head, 'git-merge-octopus' otherwise). This implies --merge.
241 Be quiet. Implies --no-stat.
245 Be verbose. Implies --stat.
248 Show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last rebase. The
249 diffstat is also controlled by the configuration option rebase.stat.
253 Do not show a diffstat as part of the rebase process.
256 This option bypasses the pre-rebase hook. See also linkgit:githooks[5].
259 Ensure at least <n> lines of surrounding context match before
260 and after each change. When fewer lines of surrounding
261 context exist they all must match. By default no context is
266 Force the rebase even if the current branch is a descendant
267 of the commit you are rebasing onto. Normally the command will
268 exit with the message "Current branch is up to date" in such a
271 --ignore-whitespace::
272 --whitespace=<option>::
273 These flag are passed to the 'git-apply' program
274 (see linkgit:git-apply[1]) that applies the patch.
275 Incompatible with the --interactive option.
277 --committer-date-is-author-date::
279 These flags are passed to 'git-am' to easily change the dates
280 of the rebased commits (see linkgit:git-am[1]).
284 Make a list of the commits which are about to be rebased. Let the
285 user edit that list before rebasing. This mode can also be used to
286 split commits (see SPLITTING COMMITS below).
290 Instead of ignoring merges, try to recreate them.
293 Rebase all commits reachable from <branch>, instead of
294 limiting them with an <upstream>. This allows you to rebase
295 the root commit(s) on a branch. Must be used with --onto, and
296 will skip changes already contained in <newbase> (instead of
297 <upstream>). When used together with --preserve-merges, 'all'
298 root commits will be rewritten to have <newbase> as parent
301 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
306 You should understand the implications of using 'git-rebase' on a
307 repository that you share. See also RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
310 When the git-rebase command is run, it will first execute a "pre-rebase"
311 hook if one exists. You can use this hook to do sanity checks and
312 reject the rebase if it isn't appropriate. Please see the template
313 pre-rebase hook script for an example.
315 Upon completion, <branch> will be the current branch.
320 Rebasing interactively means that you have a chance to edit the commits
321 which are rebased. You can reorder the commits, and you can
322 remove them (weeding out bad or otherwise unwanted patches).
324 The interactive mode is meant for this type of workflow:
326 1. have a wonderful idea
328 3. prepare a series for submission
331 where point 2. consists of several instances of
334 1. finish something worthy of a commit
337 1. realize that something does not work
341 Sometimes the thing fixed in b.2. cannot be amended to the not-quite
342 perfect commit it fixes, because that commit is buried deeply in a
343 patch series. That is exactly what interactive rebase is for: use it
344 after plenty of "a"s and "b"s, by rearranging and editing
345 commits, and squashing multiple commits into one.
347 Start it with the last commit you want to retain as-is:
349 git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
351 An editor will be fired up with all the commits in your current branch
352 (ignoring merge commits), which come after the given commit. You can
353 reorder the commits in this list to your heart's content, and you can
354 remove them. The list looks more or less like this:
356 -------------------------------------------
357 pick deadbee The oneline of this commit
358 pick fa1afe1 The oneline of the next commit
360 -------------------------------------------
362 The oneline descriptions are purely for your pleasure; 'git-rebase' will
363 not look at them but at the commit names ("deadbee" and "fa1afe1" in this
364 example), so do not delete or edit the names.
366 By replacing the command "pick" with the command "edit", you can tell
367 'git-rebase' to stop after applying that commit, so that you can edit
368 the files and/or the commit message, amend the commit, and continue
371 If you just want to edit the commit message for a commit, replace the
372 command "pick" with the command "reword".
374 If you want to fold two or more commits into one, replace the command
375 "pick" with "squash" for the second and subsequent commit. If the
376 commits had different authors, it will attribute the squashed commit to
377 the author of the first commit.
379 'git-rebase' will stop when "pick" has been replaced with "edit" or
380 when a command fails due to merge errors. When you are done editing
381 and/or resolving conflicts you can continue with `git rebase --continue`.
383 For example, if you want to reorder the last 5 commits, such that what
384 was HEAD~4 becomes the new HEAD. To achieve that, you would call
385 'git-rebase' like this:
387 ----------------------
388 $ git rebase -i HEAD~5
389 ----------------------
391 And move the first patch to the end of the list.
393 You might want to preserve merges, if you have a history like this:
403 Suppose you want to rebase the side branch starting at "A" to "Q". Make
404 sure that the current HEAD is "B", and call
406 -----------------------------
407 $ git rebase -i -p --onto Q O
408 -----------------------------
414 In interactive mode, you can mark commits with the action "edit". However,
415 this does not necessarily mean that 'git-rebase' expects the result of this
416 edit to be exactly one commit. Indeed, you can undo the commit, or you can
417 add other commits. This can be used to split a commit into two:
419 - Start an interactive rebase with `git rebase -i <commit>^`, where
420 <commit> is the commit you want to split. In fact, any commit range
421 will do, as long as it contains that commit.
423 - Mark the commit you want to split with the action "edit".
425 - When it comes to editing that commit, execute `git reset HEAD^`. The
426 effect is that the HEAD is rewound by one, and the index follows suit.
427 However, the working tree stays the same.
429 - Now add the changes to the index that you want to have in the first
430 commit. You can use `git add` (possibly interactively) or
431 'git-gui' (or both) to do that.
433 - Commit the now-current index with whatever commit message is appropriate
436 - Repeat the last two steps until your working tree is clean.
438 - Continue the rebase with `git rebase --continue`.
440 If you are not absolutely sure that the intermediate revisions are
441 consistent (they compile, pass the testsuite, etc.) you should use
442 'git-stash' to stash away the not-yet-committed changes
443 after each commit, test, and amend the commit if fixes are necessary.
446 RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE
447 -------------------------------
449 Rebasing (or any other form of rewriting) a branch that others have
450 based work on is a bad idea: anyone downstream of it is forced to
451 manually fix their history. This section explains how to do the fix
452 from the downstream's point of view. The real fix, however, would be
453 to avoid rebasing the upstream in the first place.
455 To illustrate, suppose you are in a situation where someone develops a
456 'subsystem' branch, and you are working on a 'topic' that is dependent
457 on this 'subsystem'. You might end up with a history like the
461 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
463 o---o---o---o---o subsystem
468 If 'subsystem' is rebased against 'master', the following happens:
471 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
473 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
478 If you now continue development as usual, and eventually merge 'topic'
479 to 'subsystem', the commits from 'subsystem' will remain duplicated forever:
482 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
484 o---o---o---o---o o'--o'--o'--o'--o'--M subsystem
486 *---*---*-..........-*--* topic
489 Such duplicates are generally frowned upon because they clutter up
490 history, making it harder to follow. To clean things up, you need to
491 transplant the commits on 'topic' to the new 'subsystem' tip, i.e.,
492 rebase 'topic'. This becomes a ripple effect: anyone downstream from
493 'topic' is forced to rebase too, and so on!
495 There are two kinds of fixes, discussed in the following subsections:
497 Easy case: The changes are literally the same.::
499 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase was a simple rebase and
502 Hard case: The changes are not the same.::
504 This happens if the 'subsystem' rebase had conflicts, or used
505 `\--interactive` to omit, edit, or squash commits; or if the
506 upstream used one of `commit \--amend`, `reset`, or
513 Only works if the changes (patch IDs based on the diff contents) on
514 'subsystem' are literally the same before and after the rebase
517 In that case, the fix is easy because 'git-rebase' knows to skip
518 changes that are already present in the new upstream. So if you say
519 (assuming you're on 'topic')
521 $ git rebase subsystem
523 you will end up with the fixed history
525 o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o master
527 o'--o'--o'--o'--o' subsystem
536 Things get more complicated if the 'subsystem' changes do not exactly
537 correspond to the ones before the rebase.
539 NOTE: While an "easy case recovery" sometimes appears to be successful
540 even in the hard case, it may have unintended consequences. For
541 example, a commit that was removed via `git rebase
542 \--interactive` will be **resurrected**!
544 The idea is to manually tell 'git-rebase' "where the old 'subsystem'
545 ended and your 'topic' began", that is, what the old merge-base
546 between them was. You will have to find a way to name the last commit
547 of the old 'subsystem', for example:
549 * With the 'subsystem' reflog: after 'git-fetch', the old tip of
550 'subsystem' is at `subsystem@\{1}`. Subsequent fetches will
551 increase the number. (See linkgit:git-reflog[1].)
553 * Relative to the tip of 'topic': knowing that your 'topic' has three
554 commits, the old tip of 'subsystem' must be `topic~3`.
556 You can then transplant the old `subsystem..topic` to the new tip by
557 saying (for the reflog case, and assuming you are on 'topic' already):
559 $ git rebase --onto subsystem subsystem@{1}
562 The ripple effect of a "hard case" recovery is especially bad:
563 'everyone' downstream from 'topic' will now have to perform a "hard
569 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com> and
570 Johannes E. Schindelin <johannes.schindelin@gmx.de>
574 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
578 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite