6 git-merge - Join two or more development histories together
12 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash]
13 [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>]
14 [--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] <commit>...
15 'git merge' <msg> HEAD <commit>...
19 Incorporates changes from the named commits (since the time their
20 histories diverged from the current branch) into the current
21 branch. This command is used by 'git pull' to incorporate changes
22 from another repository and can be used by hand to merge changes
23 from one branch into another.
25 Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
34 Then "`git merge topic`" will replay the changes made on the
35 `topic` branch since it diverged from `master` (i.e., `E`) until
36 its current commit (`C`) on top of `master`, and record the result
37 in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits and
38 a log message from the user describing the changes.
43 D---E---F---G---H master
46 The second syntax (<msg> `HEAD` <commit>...) is supported for
47 historical reasons. Do not use it from the command line or in
48 new scripts. It is the same as `git merge -m <msg> <commit>...`.
50 *Warning*: Running 'git merge' with uncommitted changes is
51 discouraged: while possible, it leaves you in a state that is hard to
52 back out of in the case of a conflict.
57 include::merge-options.txt[]
60 Set the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
63 If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
64 will be appended to the specified message.
66 The 'git fmt-merge-msg' command can be
67 used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
71 --no-rerere-autoupdate::
72 Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
73 result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
76 Commits, usually other branch heads, to merge into our branch.
77 You need at least one <commit>. Specifying more than one
78 <commit> obviously means you are trying an Octopus.
84 Before applying outside changes, you should get your own work in
85 good shape and committed locally, so it will not be clobbered if
86 there are conflicts. See also linkgit:git-stash[1].
87 'git pull' and 'git merge' will stop without doing anything when
88 local uncommitted changes overlap with files that 'git pull'/'git
89 merge' may need to update.
91 To avoid recording unrelated changes in the merge commit,
92 'git pull' and 'git merge' will also abort if there are any changes
93 registered in the index relative to the `HEAD` commit. (One
94 exception is when the changed index entries are in the state that
95 would result from the merge already.)
97 If all named commits are already ancestors of `HEAD`, 'git merge'
98 will exit early with the message "Already up-to-date."
103 Often the current branch head is an ancestor of the named commit.
104 This is the most common case especially when invoked from 'git
105 pull': you are tracking an upstream repository, you have committed
106 no local changes, and now you want to update to a newer upstream
107 revision. In this case, a new commit is not needed to store the
108 combined history; instead, the `HEAD` (along with the index) is
109 updated to point at the named commit, without creating an extra
112 This behavior can be suppressed with the `--no-ff` option.
117 Except in a fast-forward merge (see above), the branches to be
118 merged must be tied together by a merge commit that has both of them
121 A merged version reconciling the changes from all branches to be
122 merged is committed, and your `HEAD`, index, and working tree are
123 updated to it. It is possible to have modifications in the working
124 tree as long as they do not overlap; the update will preserve them.
126 When it is not obvious how to reconcile the changes, the following
129 1. The `HEAD` pointer stays the same.
130 2. The `MERGE_HEAD` ref is set to point to the other branch head.
131 3. Paths that merged cleanly are updated both in the index file and
132 in your working tree.
133 4. For conflicting paths, the index file records up to three
134 versions: stage 1 stores the version from the common ancestor,
135 stage 2 from `HEAD`, and stage 3 from `MERGE_HEAD` (you
136 can inspect the stages with `git ls-files -u`). The working
137 tree files contain the result of the "merge" program; i.e. 3-way
138 merge results with familiar conflict markers `<<<` `===` `>>>`.
139 5. No other changes are made. In particular, the local
140 modifications you had before you started merge will stay the
141 same and the index entries for them stay as they were,
142 i.e. matching `HEAD`.
144 If you tried a merge which resulted in complex conflicts and
145 want to start over, you can recover with `git reset --merge`.
147 HOW CONFLICTS ARE PRESENTED
148 ---------------------------
150 During a merge, the working tree files are updated to reflect the result
151 of the merge. Among the changes made to the common ancestor's version,
152 non-overlapping ones (that is, you changed an area of the file while the
153 other side left that area intact, or vice versa) are incorporated in the
154 final result verbatim. When both sides made changes to the same area,
155 however, git cannot randomly pick one side over the other, and asks you to
156 resolve it by leaving what both sides did to that area.
158 By default, git uses the same style as that is used by "merge" program
159 from the RCS suite to present such a conflicted hunk, like this:
162 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
163 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
164 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
165 Conflict resolution is hard;
168 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
169 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
170 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
173 The area where a pair of conflicting changes happened is marked with markers
174 `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>`. The part before the `=======`
175 is typically your side, and the part afterwards is typically their side.
177 The default format does not show what the original said in the conflicting
178 area. You cannot tell how many lines are deleted and replaced with
179 Barbie's remark on your side. The only thing you can tell is that your
180 side wants to say it is hard and you'd prefer to go shopping, while the
181 other side wants to claim it is easy.
183 An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictstyle"
184 configuration variable to "diff3". In "diff3" style, the above conflict
188 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
189 ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
190 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
191 Conflict resolution is hard;
194 Conflict resolution is hard.
196 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
197 >>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
198 And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
201 In addition to the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers, it uses
202 another `|||||||` marker that is followed by the original text. You can
203 tell that the original just stated a fact, and your side simply gave in to
204 that statement and gave up, while the other side tried to have a more
205 positive attitude. You can sometimes come up with a better resolution by
206 viewing the original.
209 HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS
210 ------------------------
212 After seeing a conflict, you can do two things:
214 * Decide not to merge. The only clean-ups you need are to reset
215 the index file to the `HEAD` commit to reverse 2. and to clean
216 up working tree changes made by 2. and 3.; `git-reset --hard` can
219 * Resolve the conflicts. Git will mark the conflicts in
220 the working tree. Edit the files into shape and
221 'git add' them to the index. Use 'git commit' to seal the deal.
223 You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
225 * Use a mergetool. `git mergetool` to launch a graphical
226 mergetool which will work you through the merge.
228 * Look at the diffs. `git diff` will show a three-way diff,
229 highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`
232 * Look at the diffs from each branch. `git log --merge -p <path>`
233 will show diffs first for the `HEAD` version and then the
234 `MERGE_HEAD` version.
236 * Look at the originals. `git show :1:filename` shows the
237 common ancestor, `git show :2:filename` shows the `HEAD`
238 version, and `git show :3:filename` shows the `MERGE_HEAD`
245 * Merge branches `fixes` and `enhancements` on top of
246 the current branch, making an octopus merge:
248 ------------------------------------------------
249 $ git merge fixes enhancements
250 ------------------------------------------------
252 * Merge branch `obsolete` into the current branch, using `ours`
255 ------------------------------------------------
256 $ git merge -s ours obsolete
257 ------------------------------------------------
259 * Merge branch `maint` into the current branch, but do not make
260 a new commit automatically:
262 ------------------------------------------------
263 $ git merge --no-commit maint
264 ------------------------------------------------
266 This can be used when you want to include further changes to the
267 merge, or want to write your own merge commit message.
269 You should refrain from abusing this option to sneak substantial
270 changes into a merge commit. Small fixups like bumping
271 release/version name would be acceptable.
274 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
278 include::merge-config.txt[]
280 branch.<name>.mergeoptions::
281 Sets default options for merging into branch <name>. The syntax and
282 supported options are the same as those of 'git merge', but option
283 values containing whitespace characters are currently not supported.
287 linkgit:git-fmt-merge-msg[1], linkgit:git-pull[1],
288 linkgit:gitattributes[5],
289 linkgit:git-reset[1],
290 linkgit:git-diff[1], linkgit:git-ls-files[1],
291 linkgit:git-add[1], linkgit:git-rm[1],
292 linkgit:git-mergetool[1]
296 Written by Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
301 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
305 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite