6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 linkgit:giteveryday[7] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from the 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v2.8.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.8.1]
49 link:RelNotes/2.8.1.txt[2.8.1].
50 link:RelNotes/2.8.0.txt[2.8].
52 * link:v2.7.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.7.3]
55 link:RelNotes/2.7.3.txt[2.7.3],
56 link:RelNotes/2.7.2.txt[2.7.2],
57 link:RelNotes/2.7.1.txt[2.7.1],
58 link:RelNotes/2.7.0.txt[2.7].
60 * link:v2.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 2.6.6]
63 link:RelNotes/2.6.6.txt[2.6.6],
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66 link:RelNotes/2.6.3.txt[2.6.3],
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68 link:RelNotes/2.6.1.txt[2.6.1],
69 link:RelNotes/2.6.0.txt[2.6].
71 * link:v2.5.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.5.5]
74 link:RelNotes/2.5.5.txt[2.5.5],
75 link:RelNotes/2.5.4.txt[2.5.4],
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78 link:RelNotes/2.5.1.txt[2.5.1],
79 link:RelNotes/2.5.0.txt[2.5].
81 * link:v2.4.11/git.html[documentation for release 2.4.11]
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85 link:RelNotes/2.4.10.txt[2.4.10],
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93 link:RelNotes/2.4.2.txt[2.4.2],
94 link:RelNotes/2.4.1.txt[2.4.1],
95 link:RelNotes/2.4.0.txt[2.4].
97 * link:v2.3.10/git.html[documentation for release 2.3.10]
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109 link:RelNotes/2.3.1.txt[2.3.1],
110 link:RelNotes/2.3.0.txt[2.3].
112 * link:v2.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.2.3]
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116 link:RelNotes/2.2.2.txt[2.2.2],
117 link:RelNotes/2.2.1.txt[2.2.1],
118 link:RelNotes/2.2.0.txt[2.2].
120 * link:v2.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 2.1.4]
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129 * link:v2.0.5/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.5]
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137 link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
139 * link:v1.9.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.9.5]
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160 * link:v1.8.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.4.5]
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170 * link:v1.8.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.3.4]
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179 * link:v1.8.2.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2.3]
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187 * link:v1.8.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.6]
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198 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
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206 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
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215 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
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225 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
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283 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
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345 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
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478 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
479 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
481 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
484 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
485 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
486 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
487 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
488 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
489 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
490 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
492 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
493 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
494 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
495 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
504 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
507 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
508 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
509 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
510 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
512 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
513 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
514 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
518 Run as if git was started in '<path>' instead of the current working
519 directory. When multiple `-C` options are given, each subsequent
520 non-absolute `-C <path>` is interpreted relative to the preceding `-C
523 This option affects options that expect path name like `--git-dir` and
524 `--work-tree` in that their interpretations of the path names would be
525 made relative to the working directory caused by the `-C` option. For
526 example the following invocations are equivalent:
528 git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
529 git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status
532 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
533 given will override values from configuration files.
534 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
535 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
537 Note that omitting the `=` in `git -c foo.bar ...` is allowed and sets
538 `foo.bar` to the boolean true value (just like `[foo]bar` would in a
539 config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like `git -c
540 foo.bar= ...`) sets `foo.bar` to the empty string.
542 --exec-path[=<path>]::
543 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
544 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
545 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
546 the current setting and then exit.
549 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
550 documentation is installed and exit.
553 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
554 this version of Git and exit.
557 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
558 version of Git are installed and exit.
562 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
563 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
564 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
568 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
571 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
572 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
573 path or relative path to current working directory.
576 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
577 or a path relative to the current working directory.
578 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
579 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
580 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
581 more detailed discussion).
584 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
585 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
589 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
590 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
593 --no-replace-objects::
594 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
595 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
597 --literal-pathspecs::
598 Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic).
599 This is equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
603 Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
604 the `GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Disabling
605 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
609 Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
610 the `GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`. Enabling
611 globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec
615 Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting
616 the `GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS` environment variable to `1`.
621 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
622 ("plumbing") commands.
624 High-level commands (porcelain)
625 -------------------------------
627 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
628 ancillary user utilities.
630 Main porcelain commands
631 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
633 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
639 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
643 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
646 Interacting with Others
647 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
649 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
650 people via patch over e-mail.
652 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
655 Low-level commands (plumbing)
656 -----------------------------
658 Although Git includes its
659 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
660 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
661 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
662 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
664 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
665 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
666 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
667 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
668 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
671 The following description divides
672 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
673 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
674 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
678 Manipulation commands
679 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
681 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
684 Interrogation commands
685 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
687 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
689 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
693 Synching repositories
694 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
696 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
698 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
699 typically do not use them directly.
701 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
704 Internal helper commands
705 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
707 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
708 users typically do not use them directly.
710 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
713 Configuration Mechanism
714 -----------------------
716 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
717 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
722 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
727 ; Don't trust file modes
732 name = "Junio C Hamano"
733 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
737 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
738 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
739 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
742 Identifier Terminology
743 ----------------------
745 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
748 Indicates a blob object name.
751 Indicates a tree object name.
754 Indicates a commit object name.
757 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
758 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
759 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
760 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
763 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
764 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
765 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
766 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
769 Indicates that an object type is required.
770 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
773 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
774 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
778 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
782 indicates the head of the current branch.
786 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
790 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
792 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
793 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
796 File/Directory Structure
797 ------------------------
799 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
801 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
803 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
809 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
812 Environment Variables
813 ---------------------
814 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
818 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
819 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
820 Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.
823 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
824 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
827 'GIT_INDEX_VERSION'::
828 This environment variable allows the specification of an index
829 version for new repositories. It won't affect existing index
830 files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See
831 linkgit:git-update-index[1] for more information.
833 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
834 If the object storage directory is specified via this
835 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
836 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
839 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
840 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
841 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
842 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
843 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
844 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
847 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
848 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
849 for the base of the repository.
850 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
853 Set the path to the root of the working tree.
854 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command-line
855 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
858 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
859 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
861 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
862 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
863 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
864 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
865 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
866 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
867 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
868 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
869 might be present in order to compare them with the current
870 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
871 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
872 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
874 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
876 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
877 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
878 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
879 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
880 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
881 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
882 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
883 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
887 If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are
888 normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
889 instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
890 taken from $GIT_DIR. See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] and
891 linkgit:git-worktree[1] for
892 details. This variable has lower precedence than other path
893 variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...
900 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
901 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
902 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
904 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
909 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
910 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
911 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
912 value passed on the Git diff command line.
914 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
915 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
916 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
917 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
918 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
920 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
924 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
925 contents of <old|new>,
926 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,
927 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
929 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
930 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
931 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
932 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
933 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
935 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
938 For each path 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called, two environment variables,
939 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER' and 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL' are set.
941 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER'::
942 A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.
944 'GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL'::
945 The total number of paths.
949 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
950 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
951 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
952 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
955 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
956 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
957 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
958 linkgit:git-config[1].
961 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
962 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
963 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
964 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
968 If either of these environment variables is set then 'git fetch'
969 and 'git push' will use the specified command instead of 'ssh'
970 when they need to connect to a remote system.
971 The command will be given exactly two or four arguments: the
972 'username@host' (or just 'host') from the URL and the shell
973 command to execute on that remote system, optionally preceded by
974 '-p' (literally) and the 'port' from the URL when it specifies
975 something other than the default SSH port.
977 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
978 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
979 `$GIT_SSH` on the other hand must be just the path to a program
980 (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are
983 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
984 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
988 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
989 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
990 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument
991 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askPass'
992 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
994 'GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT'::
995 If this environment variable is set to `0`, git will not prompt
996 on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication).
998 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
999 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
1000 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
1001 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
1002 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
1003 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
1004 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
1007 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
1008 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
1009 'git check-attr' and 'git check-ignore' will
1010 force a flush of the output stream after each record have been
1012 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
1013 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
1014 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
1015 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
1018 Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in
1019 command execution and external command execution.
1021 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
1022 is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to
1025 If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2
1026 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
1027 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
1028 trace messages into this file descriptor.
1030 Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
1031 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
1032 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
1035 Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
1036 "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.
1038 'GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS'::
1039 Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each
1040 access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
1041 recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
1042 pack-related performance problems.
1043 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1045 'GIT_TRACE_PACKET'::
1046 Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
1047 given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation
1048 or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet
1049 starting with "PACK" (but see 'GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE' below).
1050 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1052 'GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE'::
1053 Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a
1054 given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is
1055 verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
1056 certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
1057 `GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack`) rather than displaying it on
1058 the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.
1060 Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side
1061 of clones and fetches.
1063 'GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE'::
1064 Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution
1065 time of each Git command.
1066 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1069 Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current
1070 working directory after Git has completed its setup phase.
1071 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1073 'GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW'::
1074 Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
1075 cloning of shallow repositories.
1076 See 'GIT_TRACE' for available trace output options.
1078 'GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS'::
1079 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1080 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
1081 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
1082 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
1083 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
1084 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
1085 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
1087 'GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS'::
1088 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1089 pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic).
1091 'GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS'::
1092 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1093 pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).
1095 'GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS'::
1096 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
1097 pathspecs as case-insensitive.
1099 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION'::
1100 When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
1101 track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
1102 typically the name of the high-level command that updated
1103 the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref.
1104 A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action
1105 helper function in `git-sh-setup` to set its name to this
1106 variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the
1107 end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog.
1109 'GIT_REF_PARANOIA'::
1110 If set to `1`, include broken or badly named refs when iterating
1111 over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this
1112 does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and
1113 abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets
1114 this variable automatically when performing destructive
1115 operations like linkgit:git-prune[1]. You should not need to set
1116 it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure
1117 an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are
1118 cloning a repository to make a backup).
1120 'GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL'::
1121 If set, provide a colon-separated list of protocols which are
1122 allowed to be used with fetch/push/clone. This is useful to
1123 restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted
1124 repository. Any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e.,
1125 this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). If the variable is not
1126 set at all, all protocols are enabled. The protocol names
1127 currently used by git are:
1129 - `file`: any local file-based path (including `file://` URLs,
1132 - `git`: the anonymous git protocol over a direct TCP
1133 connection (or proxy, if configured)
1135 - `ssh`: git over ssh (including `host:path` syntax,
1138 - `http`: git over http, both "smart http" and "dumb http".
1139 Note that this does _not_ include `https`; if you want both,
1140 you should specify both as `http:https`.
1142 - any external helpers are named by their protocol (e.g., use
1143 `hg` to allow the `git-remote-hg` helper)
1146 Discussion[[Discussion]]
1147 ------------------------
1149 More detail on the following is available from the
1150 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1151 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
1153 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
1154 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
1155 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
1156 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
1157 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
1158 as tags and branch heads.
1160 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
1161 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
1162 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
1163 and some number of parent commits.
1165 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
1166 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
1167 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
1168 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
1170 All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally
1171 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
1172 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
1173 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
1176 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
1177 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
1179 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
1180 may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
1181 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA-1 name of the most
1182 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of
1183 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
1184 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
1186 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
1187 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
1188 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
1189 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
1190 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
1191 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
1192 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
1193 content stored in the index.
1195 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
1196 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
1197 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
1199 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
1200 ---------------------
1202 See the references in the "description" section to get started
1203 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
1204 for a first-time user.
1206 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
1207 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
1208 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
1210 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
1212 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
1215 The internals are documented in the
1216 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
1218 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
1219 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
1224 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
1225 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
1226 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
1227 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
1229 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
1230 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
1231 the authors for specific parts of the project.
1236 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
1237 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
1238 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
1242 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
1243 linkgit:giteveryday[7], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
1244 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
1245 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
1246 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
1250 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite