6 gitcredentials - Providing usernames and passwords to Git
11 git config credential.https://example.com.username myusername
12 git config credential.helper "$helper $options"
18 Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform
19 operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password
20 in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. Some remotes accept
21 a personal access token or OAuth access token as a password. This
22 manual describes the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials,
23 as well as some features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.
25 REQUESTING CREDENTIALS
26 ----------------------
28 Without any credential helpers defined, Git will try the following
29 strategies to ask the user for usernames and passwords:
31 1. If the `GIT_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, the program
32 specified by the variable is invoked. A suitable prompt is provided
33 to the program on the command line, and the user's input is read
34 from its standard output.
36 2. Otherwise, if the `core.askPass` configuration variable is set, its
37 value is used as above.
39 3. Otherwise, if the `SSH_ASKPASS` environment variable is set, its
40 value is used as above.
42 4. Otherwise, the user is prompted on the terminal.
47 It can be cumbersome to input the same credentials over and over. Git
48 provides two methods to reduce this annoyance:
50 1. Static configuration of usernames for a given authentication context.
52 2. Credential helpers to cache or store passwords, or to interact with
53 a system password wallet or keychain.
55 The first is simple and appropriate if you do not have secure storage available
56 for a password. It is generally configured by adding this to your config:
58 ---------------------------------------
59 [credential "https://example.com"]
61 ---------------------------------------
63 Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can
64 request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure
65 storage provided by the OS or other programs. Alternatively, a
66 credential-generating helper might generate credentials for certain servers via
69 To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently
70 includes the following helpers:
74 Cache credentials in memory for a short period of time. See
75 linkgit:git-credential-cache[1] for details.
79 Store credentials indefinitely on disk. See
80 linkgit:git-credential-store[1] for details.
82 You may also have third-party helpers installed; search for
83 `credential-*` in the output of `git help -a`, and consult the
84 documentation of individual helpers. Once you have selected a helper,
85 you can tell Git to use it by putting its name into the
86 credential.helper variable.
90 -------------------------------------------
91 $ git help -a | grep credential-
93 -------------------------------------------
95 2. Read its description.
97 -------------------------------------------
98 $ git help credential-foo
99 -------------------------------------------
101 3. Tell Git to use it.
103 -------------------------------------------
104 $ git config --global credential.helper foo
105 -------------------------------------------
111 Git considers each credential to have a context defined by a URL. This context
112 is used to look up context-specific configuration, and is passed to any
113 helpers, which may use it as an index into secure storage.
115 For instance, imagine we are accessing `https://example.com/foo.git`. When Git
116 looks into a config file to see if a section matches this context, it will
117 consider the two a match if the context is a more-specific subset of the
118 pattern in the config file. For example, if you have this in your config file:
120 --------------------------------------
121 [credential "https://example.com"]
123 --------------------------------------
125 then we will match: both protocols are the same, both hosts are the same, and
126 the "pattern" URL does not care about the path component at all. However, this
127 context would not match:
129 --------------------------------------
130 [credential "https://kernel.org"]
132 --------------------------------------
134 because the hostnames differ. Nor would it match `foo.example.com`; Git
135 compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of
136 the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not
137 match: Git compares the protocols exactly. However, you may use wildcards in
138 the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<URL>.*`
141 If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match
142 exactly: the context `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` will match a config
143 entry for `https://example.com/bar/baz.git` (in addition to matching the config
144 entry for `https://example.com`) but will not match a config entry for
145 `https://example.com/bar`.
148 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
149 ---------------------
151 Options for a credential context can be configured either in
152 `credential.*` (which applies to all credentials), or
153 `credential.<URL>.*`, where <URL> matches the context as described
156 The following options are available in either location:
160 The name of an external credential helper, and any associated options.
161 If the helper name is not an absolute path, then the string `git
162 credential-` is prepended. The resulting string is executed by the
163 shell (so, for example, setting this to `foo --option=bar` will execute
164 `git credential-foo --option=bar` via the shell. See the manual of
165 specific helpers for examples of their use.
167 If there are multiple instances of the `credential.helper` configuration
168 variable, each helper will be tried in turn, and may provide a username,
169 password, or nothing. Once Git has acquired both a username and a
170 non-expired password, no more helpers will be tried.
172 If `credential.helper` is configured to the empty string, this resets
173 the helper list to empty (so you may override a helper set by a
174 lower-priority config file by configuring the empty-string helper,
175 followed by whatever set of helpers you would like).
179 A default username, if one is not provided in the URL.
183 By default, Git does not consider the "path" component of an http URL
184 to be worth matching via external helpers. This means that a credential
185 stored for `https://example.com/foo.git` will also be used for
186 `https://example.com/bar.git`. If you do want to distinguish these
187 cases, set this option to `true`.
193 You can write your own custom helpers to interface with any system in
194 which you keep credentials.
196 Credential helpers are programs executed by Git to fetch or save
197 credentials from and to long-term storage (where "long-term" is simply
198 longer than a single Git process; e.g., credentials may be stored
199 in-memory for a few minutes, or indefinitely on disk).
201 Each helper is specified by a single string in the configuration
202 variable `credential.helper` (and others, see linkgit:git-config[1]).
203 The string is transformed by Git into a command to be executed using
206 1. If the helper string begins with "!", it is considered a shell
207 snippet, and everything after the "!" becomes the command.
209 2. Otherwise, if the helper string begins with an absolute path, the
210 verbatim helper string becomes the command.
212 3. Otherwise, the string "git credential-" is prepended to the helper
213 string, and the result becomes the command.
215 The resulting command then has an "operation" argument appended to it
216 (see below for details), and the result is executed by the shell.
218 Here are some example specifications:
220 ----------------------------------------------------
221 # run "git credential-foo"
225 # same as above, but pass an argument to the helper
227 helper = "foo --bar=baz"
229 # the arguments are parsed by the shell, so use shell
230 # quoting if necessary
232 helper = "foo --bar='whitespace arg'"
234 # you can also use an absolute path, which will not use the git wrapper
236 helper = "/path/to/my/helper --with-arguments"
238 # or you can specify your own shell snippet
239 [credential "https://example.com"]
241 helper = "!f() { test \"$1\" = get && echo \"password=$(cat $HOME/.secret)\"; }; f"
242 ----------------------------------------------------
244 Generally speaking, rule (3) above is the simplest for users to specify.
245 Authors of credential helpers should make an effort to assist their
246 users by naming their program "git-credential-$NAME", and putting it in
247 the `$PATH` or `$GIT_EXEC_PATH` during installation, which will allow a
248 user to enable it with `git config credential.helper $NAME`.
250 When a helper is executed, it will have one "operation" argument
251 appended to its command line, which is one of:
255 Return a matching credential, if any exists.
259 Store the credential, if applicable to the helper.
263 Remove a matching credential, if any, from the helper's storage.
265 The details of the credential will be provided on the helper's stdin
266 stream. The exact format is the same as the input/output format of the
267 `git credential` plumbing command (see the section `INPUT/OUTPUT
268 FORMAT` in linkgit:git-credential[1] for a detailed specification).
270 For a `get` operation, the helper should produce a list of attributes on
271 stdout in the same format (see linkgit:git-credential[1] for common
272 attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at
273 all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will
274 overwrite those already known about by Git's credential subsystem.
275 Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.
277 While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers
278 should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and
281 If a helper outputs a `quit` attribute with a value of `true` or `1`,
282 no further helpers will be consulted, nor will the user be prompted
283 (if no credential has been provided, the operation will then fail).
285 Similarly, no more helpers will be consulted once both username and
286 password had been provided.
288 For a `store` or `erase` operation, the helper's output is ignored.
290 If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify
291 the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.
293 If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store
294 or generator), it should silently ignore the request.
296 If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
297 request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
298 helpers will just ignore the new requests).
302 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite