6 gitcli - git command line interface and conventions
16 This manual describes the convention used throughout git CLI.
18 Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
19 "tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
20 arguments. Here are the rules:
22 * Revisions come first and then paths.
23 E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
24 `v1.0` and `v2.0` are revisions and `arch/x86` and `include/asm-x86`
27 * When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
28 they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
29 E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
30 tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
31 and what I have in the work tree for that file". not "show difference
32 between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say
33 `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
35 * Without disambiguating `--`, git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
36 out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a
37 file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
38 you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
41 When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
42 a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
43 disambiguating `--` at appropriate places.
45 Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
48 * it's preferred to use the non dashed form of git commands, which means that
49 you should prefer `git foo` to `git-foo`.
51 * splitting short options to separate words (prefer `git foo -a -b`
52 to `git foo -ab`, the latter may not even work).
54 * when a command line option takes an argument, use the 'sticked' form. In
55 other words, write `git foo -oArg` instead of `git foo -o Arg` for short
56 options, and `git foo --long-opt=Arg` instead of `git foo --long-opt Arg`
57 for long options. An option that takes optional option-argument must be
58 written in the 'sticked' form.
60 * when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
61 not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write
62 `git log -1 HEAD` but write `git log -1 HEAD --`; the former will not work
63 if you happen to have a file called `HEAD` in the work tree.
65 * many commands allow a long option "--option" to be abbreviated
66 only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
67 whose name begins with "opt", you may be able to spell "--opt" to
68 invoke the "--option" flag), but you should fully spell them out
69 when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
70 new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. "--optimize",
71 to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.
74 ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
75 ----------------------
76 From the git 1.5.4 series and further, many git commands (not all of them at the
77 time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
79 Here is an exhaustive list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
84 Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
85 couple of magic command line options:
88 gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
90 ---------------------------------------------
92 usage: git describe [options] <committish>*
94 --contains find the tag that comes after the commit
95 --debug debug search strategy on stderr
96 --all use any ref in .git/refs
97 --tags use any tag in .git/refs/tags
98 --abbrev [<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
99 --candidates <n> consider <n> most recent tags (default: 10)
100 ---------------------------------------------
103 Some git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
104 are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
105 option gives the full list of options.
110 Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing `--no-`. For
111 example, `git branch` has the option `--track` which is 'on' by default. You
112 can use `--no-track` to override that behaviour. The same goes for `--color`
116 Aggregating short options
117 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
118 Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
119 options. This means that you can for example use `git rm -rf` or
123 Separating argument from the option
124 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
125 You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
126 word on the command line. That means that all the following uses work:
128 ----------------------------
129 $ git foo --long-opt=Arg
130 $ git foo --long-opt Arg
133 ----------------------------
135 However, this is *NOT* allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
136 'sticked' form must be used:
137 ----------------------------
138 $ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
139 $ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
140 $ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
141 ----------------------------
144 NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
145 ------------------------------------
147 Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
148 and/or in the index can take `--cached` and/or `--index`
149 options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
150 the index was originally called cache, these two are
151 synonyms. They are *not* -- these two options mean very
154 * The `--cached` option is used to ask a command that
155 usually works on files in the working tree to *only* work
156 with the index. For example, `git grep`, when used
157 without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
158 strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
159 but with the `--cached` option, it looks for strings in
162 * The `--index` option is used to ask a command that
163 usually works on files in the working tree to *also*
164 affect the index. For example, `git stash apply` usually
165 merges changes recorded in a stash to the working tree,
166 but with the `--index` option, it also merges changes to
169 `git apply` command can be used with `--cached` and
170 `--index` (but not at the same time). Usually the command
171 only affects the files in the working tree, but with
172 `--index`, it patches both the files and their index
173 entries, and with `--cached`, it modifies only the index
176 See also http://marc.info/?l=git&m=116563135620359 and
177 http://marc.info/?l=git&m=119150393620273 for further
182 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite