6 git - the stupid content tracker
12 'git' [--version] [--help] [-c <name>=<value>]
13 [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
14 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
15 [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
20 Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
21 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
22 and full access to internals.
24 See linkgit:gittutorial[7] to get started, then see
25 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git] for a useful minimum set of
26 commands. The link:user-manual.html[Git User's Manual] has a more
27 in-depth introduction.
29 After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
30 page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
31 individual Git commands with "git help command". linkgit:gitcli[7]
32 manual page gives you an overview of the command line command syntax.
34 Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest Git documentation
35 can be viewed at `http://git-htmldocs.googlecode.com/git/git.html`.
41 You are reading the documentation for the latest (possibly
42 unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
43 branch of the `git.git` repository.
44 Documentation for older releases are available here:
46 * link:v1.8.2/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.2]
49 link:RelNotes/1.8.2.txt[1.8.2].
51 * link:v1.8.1.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.1.5]
54 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.5.txt[1.8.1.5],
55 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.4.txt[1.8.1.4],
56 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.3.txt[1.8.1.3],
57 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.2.txt[1.8.1.2],
58 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.1.txt[1.8.1.1],
59 link:RelNotes/1.8.1.txt[1.8.1].
61 * link:v1.8.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.8.0.3]
64 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.3.txt[1.8.0.3],
65 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.2.txt[1.8.0.2],
66 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.1.txt[1.8.0.1],
67 link:RelNotes/1.8.0.txt[1.8.0].
69 * link:v1.7.12.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.12.4]
72 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.4.txt[1.7.12.4],
73 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.3.txt[1.7.12.3],
74 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.2.txt[1.7.12.2],
75 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.1.txt[1.7.12.1],
76 link:RelNotes/1.7.12.txt[1.7.12].
78 * link:v1.7.11.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.11.7]
81 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.7.txt[1.7.11.7],
82 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.6.txt[1.7.11.6],
83 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.5.txt[1.7.11.5],
84 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.4.txt[1.7.11.4],
85 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.3.txt[1.7.11.3],
86 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.2.txt[1.7.11.2],
87 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.1.txt[1.7.11.1],
88 link:RelNotes/1.7.11.txt[1.7.11].
90 * link:v1.7.10.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.10.5]
93 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.5.txt[1.7.10.5],
94 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.4.txt[1.7.10.4],
95 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.3.txt[1.7.10.3],
96 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.2.txt[1.7.10.2],
97 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt[1.7.10.1],
98 link:RelNotes/1.7.10.txt[1.7.10].
100 * link:v1.7.9.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.9.7]
103 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.7.txt[1.7.9.7],
104 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.6.txt[1.7.9.6],
105 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.5.txt[1.7.9.5],
106 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.4.txt[1.7.9.4],
107 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.3.txt[1.7.9.3],
108 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.2.txt[1.7.9.2],
109 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.1.txt[1.7.9.1],
110 link:RelNotes/1.7.9.txt[1.7.9].
112 * link:v1.7.8.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.8.6]
115 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.6.txt[1.7.8.6],
116 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.5.txt[1.7.8.5],
117 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.4.txt[1.7.8.4],
118 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.3.txt[1.7.8.3],
119 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.2.txt[1.7.8.2],
120 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.1.txt[1.7.8.1],
121 link:RelNotes/1.7.8.txt[1.7.8].
123 * link:v1.7.7.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.7.7]
126 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.7.txt[1.7.7.7],
127 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.6.txt[1.7.7.6],
128 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.5.txt[1.7.7.5],
129 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.4.txt[1.7.7.4],
130 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.3.txt[1.7.7.3],
131 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.2.txt[1.7.7.2],
132 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.1.txt[1.7.7.1],
133 link:RelNotes/1.7.7.txt[1.7.7].
135 * link:v1.7.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.6.6]
138 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.6.txt[1.7.6.6],
139 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.5.txt[1.7.6.5],
140 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.4.txt[1.7.6.4],
141 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.3.txt[1.7.6.3],
142 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.2.txt[1.7.6.2],
143 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.1.txt[1.7.6.1],
144 link:RelNotes/1.7.6.txt[1.7.6].
146 * link:v1.7.5.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.5.4]
149 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.4.txt[1.7.5.4],
150 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.3.txt[1.7.5.3],
151 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.2.txt[1.7.5.2],
152 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.1.txt[1.7.5.1],
153 link:RelNotes/1.7.5.txt[1.7.5].
155 * link:v1.7.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.4.5]
158 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.5.txt[1.7.4.5],
159 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.4.txt[1.7.4.4],
160 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.3.txt[1.7.4.3],
161 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.2.txt[1.7.4.2],
162 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.1.txt[1.7.4.1],
163 link:RelNotes/1.7.4.txt[1.7.4].
165 * link:v1.7.3.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.3.5]
168 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.5.txt[1.7.3.5],
169 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.4.txt[1.7.3.4],
170 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.3.txt[1.7.3.3],
171 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.2.txt[1.7.3.2],
172 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.1.txt[1.7.3.1],
173 link:RelNotes/1.7.3.txt[1.7.3].
175 * link:v1.7.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.2.5]
178 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.5.txt[1.7.2.5],
179 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.4.txt[1.7.2.4],
180 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.3.txt[1.7.2.3],
181 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.2.txt[1.7.2.2],
182 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.1.txt[1.7.2.1],
183 link:RelNotes/1.7.2.txt[1.7.2].
185 * link:v1.7.1.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.1.4]
188 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.4.txt[1.7.1.4],
189 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.3.txt[1.7.1.3],
190 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.2.txt[1.7.1.2],
191 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.1.txt[1.7.1.1],
192 link:RelNotes/1.7.1.txt[1.7.1].
194 * link:v1.7.0.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.7.0.9]
197 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.9.txt[1.7.0.9],
198 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.8.txt[1.7.0.8],
199 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.7.txt[1.7.0.7],
200 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.6.txt[1.7.0.6],
201 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.5.txt[1.7.0.5],
202 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.4.txt[1.7.0.4],
203 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.3.txt[1.7.0.3],
204 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.2.txt[1.7.0.2],
205 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.1.txt[1.7.0.1],
206 link:RelNotes/1.7.0.txt[1.7.0].
208 * link:v1.6.6.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.6.3]
211 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.3.txt[1.6.6.3],
212 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.2.txt[1.6.6.2],
213 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.1.txt[1.6.6.1],
214 link:RelNotes/1.6.6.txt[1.6.6].
216 * link:v1.6.5.9/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.5.9]
219 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.9.txt[1.6.5.9],
220 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.8.txt[1.6.5.8],
221 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.7.txt[1.6.5.7],
222 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.6.txt[1.6.5.6],
223 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.5.txt[1.6.5.5],
224 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.4.txt[1.6.5.4],
225 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.3.txt[1.6.5.3],
226 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.2.txt[1.6.5.2],
227 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.1.txt[1.6.5.1],
228 link:RelNotes/1.6.5.txt[1.6.5].
230 * link:v1.6.4.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.4.5]
233 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.5.txt[1.6.4.5],
234 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.4.txt[1.6.4.4],
235 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.3.txt[1.6.4.3],
236 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.2.txt[1.6.4.2],
237 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.1.txt[1.6.4.1],
238 link:RelNotes/1.6.4.txt[1.6.4].
240 * link:v1.6.3.4/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.3.4]
243 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.4.txt[1.6.3.4],
244 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.3.txt[1.6.3.3],
245 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.2.txt[1.6.3.2],
246 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.1.txt[1.6.3.1],
247 link:RelNotes/1.6.3.txt[1.6.3].
250 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.5.txt[1.6.2.5],
251 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.4.txt[1.6.2.4],
252 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.3.txt[1.6.2.3],
253 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.2.txt[1.6.2.2],
254 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.1.txt[1.6.2.1],
255 link:RelNotes/1.6.2.txt[1.6.2].
257 * link:v1.6.1.3/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.1.3]
260 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.3.txt[1.6.1.3],
261 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.2.txt[1.6.1.2],
262 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.1.txt[1.6.1.1],
263 link:RelNotes/1.6.1.txt[1.6.1].
265 * link:v1.6.0.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.6.0.6]
268 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.6.txt[1.6.0.6],
269 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.5.txt[1.6.0.5],
270 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.4.txt[1.6.0.4],
271 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.3.txt[1.6.0.3],
272 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.2.txt[1.6.0.2],
273 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.1.txt[1.6.0.1],
274 link:RelNotes/1.6.0.txt[1.6.0].
276 * link:v1.5.6.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.6.6]
279 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.6.txt[1.5.6.6],
280 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.5.txt[1.5.6.5],
281 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.4.txt[1.5.6.4],
282 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.3.txt[1.5.6.3],
283 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.2.txt[1.5.6.2],
284 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.1.txt[1.5.6.1],
285 link:RelNotes/1.5.6.txt[1.5.6].
287 * link:v1.5.5.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.5.6]
290 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.6.txt[1.5.5.6],
291 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.5.txt[1.5.5.5],
292 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.4.txt[1.5.5.4],
293 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.3.txt[1.5.5.3],
294 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.2.txt[1.5.5.2],
295 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.1.txt[1.5.5.1],
296 link:RelNotes/1.5.5.txt[1.5.5].
298 * link:v1.5.4.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.4.7]
301 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.7.txt[1.5.4.7],
302 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.6.txt[1.5.4.6],
303 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.5.txt[1.5.4.5],
304 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.4.txt[1.5.4.4],
305 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.3.txt[1.5.4.3],
306 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.2.txt[1.5.4.2],
307 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.1.txt[1.5.4.1],
308 link:RelNotes/1.5.4.txt[1.5.4].
310 * link:v1.5.3.8/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.3.8]
313 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.8.txt[1.5.3.8],
314 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.7.txt[1.5.3.7],
315 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.6.txt[1.5.3.6],
316 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.5.txt[1.5.3.5],
317 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.4.txt[1.5.3.4],
318 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.3.txt[1.5.3.3],
319 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.2.txt[1.5.3.2],
320 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.1.txt[1.5.3.1],
321 link:RelNotes/1.5.3.txt[1.5.3].
323 * link:v1.5.2.5/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.2.5]
326 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.5.txt[1.5.2.5],
327 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.4.txt[1.5.2.4],
328 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.3.txt[1.5.2.3],
329 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.2.txt[1.5.2.2],
330 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.1.txt[1.5.2.1],
331 link:RelNotes/1.5.2.txt[1.5.2].
333 * link:v1.5.1.6/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.1.6]
336 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.6.txt[1.5.1.6],
337 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.5.txt[1.5.1.5],
338 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.4.txt[1.5.1.4],
339 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.3.txt[1.5.1.3],
340 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.2.txt[1.5.1.2],
341 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.1.txt[1.5.1.1],
342 link:RelNotes/1.5.1.txt[1.5.1].
344 * link:v1.5.0.7/git.html[documentation for release 1.5.0.7]
347 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.7.txt[1.5.0.7],
348 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.6.txt[1.5.0.6],
349 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.5.txt[1.5.0.5],
350 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.3.txt[1.5.0.3],
351 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.2.txt[1.5.0.2],
352 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.1.txt[1.5.0.1],
353 link:RelNotes/1.5.0.txt[1.5.0].
355 * documentation for release link:v1.4.4.4/git.html[1.4.4.4],
356 link:v1.3.3/git.html[1.3.3],
357 link:v1.2.6/git.html[1.2.6],
358 link:v1.0.13/git.html[1.0.13].
367 Prints the Git suite version that the 'git' program came from.
370 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
371 commands. If the option '--all' or '-a' is given then all
372 available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this
373 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
375 Other options are available to control how the manual page is
376 displayed. See linkgit:git-help[1] for more information,
377 because `git --help ...` is converted internally into `git
381 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
382 given will override values from configuration files.
383 The <name> is expected in the same format as listed by
384 'git config' (subkeys separated by dots).
386 --exec-path[=<path>]::
387 Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed.
388 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
389 environment variable. If no path is given, 'git' will print
390 the current setting and then exit.
393 Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git's HTML
394 documentation is installed and exit.
397 Print the manpath (see `man(1)`) for the man pages for
398 this version of Git and exit.
401 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
402 version of Git are installed and exit.
406 Pipe all output into 'less' (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
407 output is a terminal. This overrides the `pager.<cmd>`
408 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
412 Do not pipe Git output into a pager.
415 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
416 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
417 path or relative path to current working directory.
420 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
421 or a path relative to the current working directory.
422 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
423 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
424 variable (see core.worktree in linkgit:git-config[1] for a
425 more detailed discussion).
428 Set the Git namespace. See linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for more
429 details. Equivalent to setting the `GIT_NAMESPACE` environment
433 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
434 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
437 --no-replace-objects::
438 Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
439 linkgit:git-replace[1] for more information.
441 --literal-pathspecs::
442 Treat pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. This is
443 equivalent to setting the `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS` environment
450 We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
451 ("plumbing") commands.
453 High-level commands (porcelain)
454 -------------------------------
456 We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
457 ancillary user utilities.
459 Main porcelain commands
460 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
462 include::cmds-mainporcelain.txt[]
468 include::cmds-ancillarymanipulators.txt[]
472 include::cmds-ancillaryinterrogators.txt[]
475 Interacting with Others
476 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
478 These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
479 people via patch over e-mail.
481 include::cmds-foreignscminterface.txt[]
484 Low-level commands (plumbing)
485 -----------------------------
487 Although Git includes its
488 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
489 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
490 might start by reading about linkgit:git-update-index[1] and
491 linkgit:git-read-tree[1].
493 The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
494 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
495 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
496 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
497 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
500 The following description divides
501 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
502 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
503 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
507 Manipulation commands
508 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
510 include::cmds-plumbingmanipulators.txt[]
513 Interrogation commands
514 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
516 include::cmds-plumbinginterrogators.txt[]
518 In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
522 Synching repositories
523 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
525 include::cmds-synchingrepositories.txt[]
527 The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
528 typically do not use them directly.
530 include::cmds-synchelpers.txt[]
533 Internal helper commands
534 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
536 These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
537 users typically do not use them directly.
539 include::cmds-purehelpers.txt[]
542 Configuration Mechanism
543 -----------------------
545 Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per
546 repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look
551 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
556 ; Don't trust file modes
561 name = "Junio C Hamano"
562 email = "gitster@pobox.com"
566 Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
567 their operation accordingly. See linkgit:git-config[1] for a
568 list and more details about the configuration mechanism.
571 Identifier Terminology
572 ----------------------
574 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
577 Indicates a blob object name.
580 Indicates a tree object name.
583 Indicates a commit object name.
586 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
587 command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
588 operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
589 <commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
592 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
593 command that takes a <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to
594 operate on a <commit> object but automatically dereferences
595 <tag> objects that point at a <commit>.
598 Indicates that an object type is required.
599 Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
602 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
603 root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
607 Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
611 indicates the head of the current branch.
615 (i.e. a `refs/tags/<tag>` reference).
619 (i.e. a `refs/heads/<head>` reference).
621 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
622 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
625 File/Directory Structure
626 ------------------------
628 Please see the linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] document.
630 Read linkgit:githooks[5] for more details about each hook.
632 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
638 Please see linkgit:gitglossary[7].
641 Environment Variables
642 ---------------------
643 Various Git commands use the following environment variables:
647 These environment variables apply to 'all' core Git commands. Nb: it
648 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
649 Git so take care if using Cogito etc.
652 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
653 index file. If not specified, the default of `$GIT_DIR/index`
656 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'::
657 If the object storage directory is specified via this
658 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
659 underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
662 'GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES'::
663 Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be
664 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
665 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
666 of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
667 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
670 If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
671 specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
672 for the base of the repository.
673 The '--git-dir' command-line option also sets this value.
676 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
677 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
678 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
679 This can also be controlled by the '--work-tree' command line
680 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
683 Set the Git namespace; see linkgit:gitnamespaces[7] for details.
684 The '--namespace' command-line option also sets this value.
686 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES'::
687 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
688 set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
689 into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
690 excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
691 exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
692 command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
693 the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that
694 might be present in order to compare them with the current
695 directory. However, if even this access is slow, you
696 can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the
697 subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn't be resolved;
699 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink'.
701 'GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM'::
702 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
703 directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
704 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
705 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
706 can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem
707 boundaries. Like 'GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES', this will not affect
708 an explicit repository directory set via 'GIT_DIR' or on the
716 'GIT_COMMITTER_NAME'::
717 'GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL'::
718 'GIT_COMMITTER_DATE'::
720 see linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
725 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
726 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
727 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
728 value passed on the Git diff command line.
730 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF'::
731 When the environment variable 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is set, the
732 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
733 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
734 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 7 parameters:
736 path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode
740 <old|new>-file:: are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
741 contents of <old|new>,
742 <old|new>-hex:: are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
743 <old|new>-mode:: are the octal representation of the file modes.
745 The file parameters can point at the user's working file
746 (e.g. `new-file` in "git-diff-files"), `/dev/null` (e.g. `old-file`
747 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. `old-file` in the
748 index). 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' should not worry about unlinking the
749 temporary file --- it is removed when 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' exits.
751 For a path that is unmerged, 'GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF' is called with 1
756 'GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY'::
757 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
758 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
759 See linkgit:git-merge[1]
762 This environment variable overrides `$PAGER`. If it is set
763 to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch
764 a pager. See also the `core.pager` option in
765 linkgit:git-config[1].
768 This environment variable overrides `$EDITOR` and `$VISUAL`.
769 It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode,
770 an editor is to be launched. See also linkgit:git-var[1]
771 and the `core.editor` option in linkgit:git-config[1].
774 If this environment variable is set then 'git fetch'
775 and 'git push' will use this command instead
776 of 'ssh' when they need to connect to a remote system.
777 The '$GIT_SSH' command will be given exactly two or
778 four arguments: the 'username@host' (or just 'host')
779 from the URL and the shell command to execute on that
780 remote system, optionally preceded by '-p' (literally) and
781 the 'port' from the URL when it specifies something other
782 than the default SSH port.
784 To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
785 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
786 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.
788 Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
789 personal `.ssh/config` file. Please consult your ssh documentation
793 If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to
794 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
795 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
796 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the 'core.askpass'
797 option in linkgit:git-config[1].
799 'GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM'::
800 Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
801 `$(prefix)/etc/gitconfig` file. This environment variable can
802 be used along with `$HOME` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` to create a
803 predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it
804 temporarily to avoid using a buggy `/etc/gitconfig` file while
805 waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it.
808 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
809 as 'git blame' (in incremental mode), 'git rev-list', 'git log',
810 and 'git whatchanged' will force a flush of the output stream
811 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
812 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
813 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
814 not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
815 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
818 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
819 is case insensitive), Git will print `trace:` messages on
820 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
821 execution and external command execution.
822 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
823 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this
824 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
825 trace messages into this file descriptor.
826 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
827 (starting with a '/' character), Git will interpret this
828 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
831 GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS::
832 Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
833 pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example,
834 running `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git log -- '*.c'` will search
835 for commits that touch the path `*.c`, not any paths that the
836 glob `*.c` matches. You might want this if you are feeding
837 literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by
838 `git ls-tree`, `--raw` diff output, etc).
841 Discussion[[Discussion]]
842 ------------------------
844 More detail on the following is available from the
845 link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
846 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7].
848 A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
849 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
850 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
851 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
852 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
853 as tags and branch heads.
855 The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
856 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
857 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
858 and some number of parent commits.
860 The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
861 "version", represents a step in the project's history, and each parent
862 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
863 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.
865 All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
866 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
867 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
868 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
871 When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
872 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".
874 Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
875 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
876 with names beginning `ref/head/` contain the SHA1 name of the most
877 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
878 tags of interest are stored under `ref/tags/`. A special ref named
879 `HEAD` contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.
881 The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
882 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
883 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
884 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
885 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
886 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
887 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
888 content stored in the index.
890 The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
891 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
892 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.
894 FURTHER DOCUMENTATION
895 ---------------------
897 See the references in the "description" section to get started
898 using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
899 for a first-time user.
901 The link:user-manual.html#git-concepts[Git concepts chapter of the
902 user-manual] and linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7] both provide
903 introductions to the underlying Git architecture.
905 See linkgit:gitworkflows[7] for an overview of recommended workflows.
907 See also the link:howto-index.html[howto] documents for some useful
910 The internals are documented in the
911 link:technical/api-index.html[Git API documentation].
913 Users migrating from CVS may also want to
914 read linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7].
919 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
920 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
921 <git@vger.kernel.org>. http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
922 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
924 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
925 output of linkgit:git-shortlog[1] and linkgit:git-blame[1] can show you
926 the authors for specific parts of the project.
931 Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org> where the
932 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
933 subscribed to the list to send a message there.
937 linkgit:gittutorial[7], linkgit:gittutorial-2[7],
938 link:everyday.html[Everyday Git], linkgit:gitcvs-migration[7],
939 linkgit:gitglossary[7], linkgit:gitcore-tutorial[7],
940 linkgit:gitcli[7], link:user-manual.html[The Git User's Manual],
941 linkgit:gitworkflows[7]
945 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite