4 If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
5 is not 'oneline', 'email' or 'raw', an additional line is
6 inserted before the 'Author:' line. This line begins with
7 "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
8 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
9 necessarily be the list of the *direct* parent commits if you
10 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
11 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
14 There are several built-in formats, and you can define
15 additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
16 config option to either another format name, or a
17 'format:' string, as described below (see
18 linkgit:git-config[1]). Here are the details of the
25 This is designed to be as compact as possible.
58 AuthorDate: <author-date>
60 CommitDate: <committer-date>
68 <abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)
70 This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
71 is the same as `--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'`. By default,
72 the date is formatted with `--date=short` unless another `--date` option
73 is explicitly specified. As with any `format:` with format
74 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
75 `--decorate` and `--walk-reflogs`.
82 Subject: [PATCH] <title-line>
88 Like 'email', but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
89 (preceded by zero or more ">") are quoted with ">" so they aren't
90 confused as starting a new commit.
94 The 'raw' format shows the entire commit exactly as
95 stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are
96 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
97 --no-abbrev are used, and 'parents' information show the
98 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
99 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
100 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
101 `git log --raw`. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
104 * 'format:<format-string>'
106 The 'format:<format-string>' format allows you to specify which information
107 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
108 with the notable exception that you get a newline with '%n'
111 E.g, 'format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"'
112 would show something like this:
115 The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
116 The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
120 The placeholders are:
122 - Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
125 '%x00':: print a byte from a hex code
127 - Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
128 '%Cred':: switch color to red
129 '%Cgreen':: switch color to green
130 '%Cblue':: switch color to blue
131 '%Creset':: reset color
132 '%C(...)':: color specification, as described under Values in the
133 "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1]. By
134 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
135 (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting
136 the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a
137 terminal). `%C(auto,...)` is accepted as a historical
138 synonym for the default (e.g., `%C(auto,red)`). Specifying
139 `%C(always,...)` will show the colors even when color is
140 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
141 `--color=always` to enable color for the whole output,
142 including this format and anything else git might color).
143 `auto` alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring
144 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
146 '%m':: left (`<`), right (`>`) or boundary (`-`) mark
147 '%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])':: switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
148 linkgit:git-shortlog[1].
149 '%<(<N>[,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])':: make the next placeholder take at
150 least N columns, padding spaces on
151 the right if necessary. Optionally
152 truncate at the beginning (ltrunc),
153 the middle (mtrunc) or the end
154 (trunc) if the output is longer than
155 N columns. Note that truncating
156 only works correctly with N >= 2.
157 '%<|(<N>)':: make the next placeholder take at least until Nth
158 columns, padding spaces on the right if necessary
159 '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)':: similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)' respectively,
160 but padding spaces on the left
161 '%>>(<N>)', '%>>|(<N>)':: similar to '%>(<N>)', '%>|(<N>)'
162 respectively, except that if the next
163 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
164 there are spaces on its left, use those
166 '%><(<N>)', '%><|(<N>)':: similar to '%<(<N>)', '%<|(<N>)'
167 respectively, but padding both sides
168 (i.e. the text is centered)
170 - Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
172 '%h':: abbreviated commit hash
174 '%t':: abbreviated tree hash
176 '%p':: abbreviated parent hashes
178 '%aN':: author name (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1]
179 or linkgit:git-blame[1])
181 '%aE':: author email (respecting .mailmap, see linkgit:git-shortlog[1]
182 or linkgit:git-blame[1])
183 '%al':: author email local-part (the part before the '@' sign)
184 '%aL':: author local-part (see '%al') respecting .mailmap, see
185 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
186 '%ad':: author date (format respects --date= option)
187 '%aD':: author date, RFC2822 style
188 '%ar':: author date, relative
189 '%at':: author date, UNIX timestamp
190 '%ai':: author date, ISO 8601-like format
191 '%aI':: author date, strict ISO 8601 format
192 '%as':: author date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`)
193 '%ah':: author date, human style (like the `--date=human` option of
194 linkgit:git-rev-list[1])
195 '%cn':: committer name
196 '%cN':: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
197 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
198 '%ce':: committer email
199 '%cE':: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
200 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
201 '%cl':: committer email local-part (the part before the '@' sign)
202 '%cL':: committer local-part (see '%cl') respecting .mailmap, see
203 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
204 '%cd':: committer date (format respects --date= option)
205 '%cD':: committer date, RFC2822 style
206 '%cr':: committer date, relative
207 '%ct':: committer date, UNIX timestamp
208 '%ci':: committer date, ISO 8601-like format
209 '%cI':: committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
210 '%cs':: committer date, short format (`YYYY-MM-DD`)
211 '%ch':: committer date, human style (like the `--date=human` option of
212 linkgit:git-rev-list[1])
213 '%d':: ref names, like the --decorate option of linkgit:git-log[1]
214 '%D':: ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.
215 '%(describe[:options])':: human-readable name, like
216 linkgit:git-describe[1]; empty string for
217 undescribable commits. The `describe` string
218 may be followed by a colon and zero or more
219 comma-separated options. Descriptions can be
220 inconsistent when tags are added or removed at
223 ** 'tags[=<bool-value>]': Instead of only considering annotated tags,
224 consider lightweight tags as well.
225 ** 'abbrev=<number>': Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
226 (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
227 default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many
228 digits as needed to form a unique object name.
229 ** 'match=<pattern>': Only consider tags matching the given
230 `glob(7)` pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
231 ** 'exclude=<pattern>': Do not consider tags matching the given
232 `glob(7)` pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
234 '%S':: ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
235 (like `git log --source`), only works with `git log`
238 '%f':: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
240 '%B':: raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
241 ifndef::git-rev-list[]
243 endif::git-rev-list[]
244 '%GG':: raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
245 '%G?':: show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
246 "B" for a bad signature,
247 "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
248 "X" for a good signature that has expired,
249 "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
250 "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
251 "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
252 and "N" for no signature
253 '%GS':: show the name of the signer for a signed commit
254 '%GK':: show the key used to sign a signed commit
255 '%GF':: show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
256 '%GP':: show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
257 to sign a signed commit
258 '%GT':: show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
259 '%gD':: reflog selector, e.g., `refs/stash@{1}` or `refs/stash@{2
260 minutes ago}`; the format follows the rules described for the
261 `-g` option. The portion before the `@` is the refname as
262 given on the command line (so `git log -g refs/heads/master`
263 would yield `refs/heads/master@{0}`).
264 '%gd':: shortened reflog selector; same as `%gD`, but the refname
265 portion is shortened for human readability (so
266 `refs/heads/master` becomes just `master`).
267 '%gn':: reflog identity name
268 '%gN':: reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
269 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
270 '%ge':: reflog identity email
271 '%gE':: reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
272 linkgit:git-shortlog[1] or linkgit:git-blame[1])
273 '%gs':: reflog subject
274 '%(trailers[:options])':: display the trailers of the body as
276 linkgit:git-interpret-trailers[1]. The
277 `trailers` string may be followed by a colon
278 and zero or more comma-separated options.
279 If any option is provided multiple times the
280 last occurrence wins.
282 ** 'key=<key>': only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
283 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
284 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
285 shown. This option automatically enables the `only` option so that
286 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
287 desired it can be disabled with `only=false`. E.g.,
288 `%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)` shows trailer lines with key
290 ** 'only[=<bool>]': select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
291 block should be included.
292 ** 'separator=<sep>': specify a separator inserted between trailer
293 lines. When this option is not given each trailer line is
294 terminated with a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain
295 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
296 separator one must use `%x2C` as it would otherwise be parsed as
297 next option. E.g., `%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )`
298 shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
300 ** 'unfold[=<bool>]': make it behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold`
301 option was given. E.g.,
302 `%(trailers:only,unfold=true)` unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
303 ** 'keyonly[=<bool>]': only show the key part of the trailer.
304 ** 'valueonly[=<bool>]': only show the value part of the trailer.
305 ** 'key_value_separator=<sep>': specify a separator inserted between
306 trailer lines. When this option is not given each trailer key-value
307 pair is separated by ": ". Otherwise it shares the same semantics
308 as 'separator=<sep>' above.
310 NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
311 revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will
312 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
313 `git log -g`). The `%d` and `%D` placeholders will use the "short"
314 decoration format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command
317 The boolean options accept an optional value `[=<bool-value>]`. The values
318 `true`, `false`, `on`, `off` etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
319 sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in linkgit:git-config[1]. If a boolean
320 option is given with no value, it's enabled.
322 If you add a `+` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed
323 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
324 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
326 If you add a `-` (minus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, all consecutive
327 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
328 placeholder expands to an empty string.
330 If you add a ` ` (space) after '%' of a placeholder, a space
331 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
332 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
336 The 'tformat:' format works exactly like 'format:', except that it
337 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
338 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
339 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
340 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
341 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
344 ---------------------
345 $ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
346 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
348 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
350 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
351 | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
354 ---------------------
356 In addition, any unrecognized string that has a `%` in it is interpreted
357 as if it has `tformat:` in front of it. For example, these two are
360 ---------------------
361 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
362 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
363 ---------------------