1 Git Commit Graph Design Notes
2 =============================
4 Git walks the commit graph for many reasons, including:
6 1. Listing and filtering commit history.
7 2. Computing merge bases.
9 These operations can become slow as the commit count grows. The merge
10 base calculation shows up in many user-facing commands, such as 'merge-base'
11 or 'status' and can take minutes to compute depending on history shape.
13 There are two main costs here:
15 1. Decompressing and parsing commits.
16 2. Walking the entire graph to satisfy topological order constraints.
18 The commit graph file is a supplemental data structure that accelerates
19 commit graph walks. If a user downgrades or disables the 'core.commitGraph'
20 config setting, then the existing ODB is sufficient. The file is stored
21 as "commit-graph" either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info
22 directory of an alternate.
24 The commit graph file stores the commit graph structure along with some
25 extra metadata to speed up graph walks. By listing commit OIDs in lexi-
26 cographic order, we can identify an integer position for each commit and
27 refer to the parents of a commit using those integer positions. We use
28 binary search to find initial commits and then use the integer positions
29 for fast lookups during the walk.
31 A consumer may load the following info for a commit from the graph:
34 2. The list of parents, along with their integer position.
37 5. The generation number (see definition below).
39 Values 1-4 satisfy the requirements of parse_commit_gently().
41 Define the "generation number" of a commit recursively as follows:
43 * A commit with no parents (a root commit) has generation number one.
45 * A commit with at least one parent has generation number one more than
46 the largest generation number among its parents.
48 Equivalently, the generation number of a commit A is one more than the
49 length of a longest path from A to a root commit. The recursive definition
50 is easier to use for computation and observing the following property:
52 If A and B are commits with generation numbers N and M, respectively,
53 and N <= M, then A cannot reach B. That is, we know without searching
54 that B is not an ancestor of A because it is further from a root commit
57 Conversely, when checking if A is an ancestor of B, then we only need
58 to walk commits until all commits on the walk boundary have generation
59 number at most N. If we walk commits using a priority queue seeded by
60 generation numbers, then we always expand the boundary commit with highest
61 generation number and can easily detect the stopping condition.
63 This property can be used to significantly reduce the time it takes to
64 walk commits and determine topological relationships. Without generation
65 numbers, the general heuristic is the following:
67 If A and B are commits with commit time X and Y, respectively, and
68 X < Y, then A _probably_ cannot reach B.
70 This heuristic is currently used whenever the computation is allowed to
71 violate topological relationships due to clock skew (such as "git log"
72 with default order), but is not used when the topological order is
73 required (such as merge base calculations, "git log --graph").
75 In practice, we expect some commits to be created recently and not stored
76 in the commit graph. We can treat these commits as having "infinite"
77 generation number and walk until reaching commits with known generation
80 We use the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_INFINITY = 0xFFFFFFFF to mark commits not
81 in the commit-graph file. If a commit-graph file was written by a version
82 of Git that did not compute generation numbers, then those commits will
83 have generation number represented by the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_ZERO = 0.
85 Since the commit-graph file is closed under reachability, we can guarantee
86 the following weaker condition on all commits:
88 If A and B are commits with generation numbers N amd M, respectively,
89 and N < M, then A cannot reach B.
91 Note how the strict inequality differs from the inequality when we have
92 fully-computed generation numbers. Using strict inequality may result in
93 walking a few extra commits, but the simplicity in dealing with commits
94 with generation number *_INFINITY or *_ZERO is valuable.
96 We use the macro GENERATION_NUMBER_MAX = 0x3FFFFFFF to for commits whose
97 generation numbers are computed to be at least this value. We limit at
98 this value since it is the largest value that can be stored in the
99 commit-graph file using the 30 bits available to generation numbers. This
100 presents another case where a commit can have generation number equal to
106 - The commit graph file is stored in a file named 'commit-graph' in the
107 .git/objects/info directory. This could be stored in the info directory
110 - The core.commitGraph config setting must be on to consume graph files.
112 - The file format includes parameters for the object ID hash function,
113 so a future change of hash algorithm does not require a change in format.
118 - The commit graph feature currently does not honor commit grafts. This can
119 be remedied by duplicating or refactoring the current graft logic.
121 - The 'commit-graph' subcommand does not have a "verify" mode that is
122 necessary for integration with fsck.
124 - After computing and storing generation numbers, we must make graph
125 walks aware of generation numbers to gain the performance benefits they
126 enable. This will mostly be accomplished by swapping a commit-date-ordered
127 priority queue with one ordered by generation number. The following
128 operations are important candidates:
133 - Currently, parse_commit_gently() requires filling in the root tree
134 object for a commit. This passes through lookup_tree() and consequently
135 lookup_object(). Also, it calls lookup_commit() when loading the parents.
136 These method calls check the ODB for object existence, even if the
137 consumer does not need the content. For example, we do not need the
138 tree contents when computing merge bases. Now that commit parsing is
139 removed from the computation time, these lookup operations are the
140 slowest operations keeping graph walks from being fast. Consider
141 loading these objects without verifying their existence in the ODB and
142 only loading them fully when consumers need them. Consider a method
143 such as "ensure_tree_loaded(commit)" that fully loads a tree before
146 - The current design uses the 'commit-graph' subcommand to generate the graph.
147 When this feature stabilizes enough to recommend to most users, we should
148 add automatic graph writes to common operations that create many commits.
149 For example, one could compute a graph on 'clone', 'fetch', or 'repack'
152 - A server could provide a commit graph file as part of the network protocol
153 to avoid extra calculations by clients. This feature is only of benefit if
154 the user is willing to trust the file, because verifying the file is correct
155 is as hard as computing it from scratch.
159 [0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=8
160 Chromium work item for: Serialized Commit Graph
162 [1] https://public-inbox.org/git/20110713070517.GC18566@sigill.intra.peff.net/
163 An abandoned patch that introduced generation numbers.
165 [2] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908033403.q7e6dj7benasrjes@sigill.intra.peff.net/
166 Discussion about generation numbers on commits and how they interact
169 [3] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170908034739.4op3w4f2ma5s65ku@sigill.intra.peff.net/
170 More discussion about generation numbers and not storing them inside
171 commit objects. A valuable quote:
173 "I think we should be moving more in the direction of keeping
174 repo-local caches for optimizations. Reachability bitmaps have been
175 a big performance win. I think we should be doing the same with our
176 properties of commits. Not just generation numbers, but making it
177 cheap to access the graph structure without zlib-inflating whole
178 commit objects (i.e., packv4 or something like the "metapacks" I
179 proposed a few years ago)."
181 [4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20180108154822.54829-1-git@jeffhostetler.com/T/#u
182 A patch to remove the ahead-behind calculation from 'status'.