* clear out some warnings by gcc 9.3.1.
[alpine.git] / pith / IO.ReadMe
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1 Here's an attempt at a high-level description of the I/O flow and the
2 character set conversions for Alpine from the UNIX point of view. Pico and
3 Pine were developed separately so there is a big difference in the way
4 that Alpine handles stuff and the way the pico composer handles stuff.
6 INPUT
8 There's a low-level function called input_ready() that does a select
9 or a poll to see if an octet is ready to be read.  Alpine's read_char
10 and pico's GetKey call this:
12    read_char                     Alpine
13      check_for_timeout
14        input_ready
16    GetKey                        Pico
17      ReadyForKey
18        input_ready
20 Once they've decided an octet is ready to be read they use various versions
21 of ttgetc (ttgetc, simple_ttgetc, pine_simple_ttgetc) which all boil down
22 to a read of one octet from the keyboard. That incoming stream of
23 characters is a stream of multi-byte characters. For example, it might
24 be ASCII, UTF-8, ISO-8859-1, or EUC-JP. This would usually be configured
25 using the LANG or LC_CTYPE environment variables, or possibly using
26 the Alpine Keyboard-Character-Set or Display-Character-Set options.
27 The pith routine mbtow is used to convert this stream of bytes into
28 UCS-4 characters in the routine kbseq.
30    read_char
31      kbseq          (uses ttgetc to accumulate bytes)
32        mbtow
34    GetKey
35      kbseq          ( " )
36        mbtow
38 So read_char and GetKey both return UCS-4 characters from the keyboard.
39 They actually return a superset of a UCS-4 character (typedef UCS) that
40 is 32 bits wide. The superset comes about from the handling of
41 escape sequences and error conditions. Besides the 21 bits of UCS-4
42 characters other values that might be returned are values like KEY_UP,
43 KEY_RESIZE, F1-F12, PF1-PF12, NO_OP_COMMAND, NO_OP_IDLE, BADESC, KEY_JUNK,
44 and NODATA. The way that read_char and GetKey work are slightly different
45 from each other. GetKey has some special bits (CTRL, FUNC, MENU) that
46 it might OR together with a character and some of the return values
47 are possible in only one or the other function.
49 Pico is internally UCS-4. A CELL contains one character.
50 Alpine, on the other hand, uses UTF-8 internally. The input from read_char
51 is read by read_command, radio_buttons, and optionally_enter and is
52 then converted to UTF-8 before it is used internally in Alpine.
54 OUTPUT
56 All Alpine output to the display funnels through Writechar. The input to
57 Writechar is a stream of UTF-8 characters which are then converted to
58 the display's multi-byte character stream using c-client's utf8_get
59 to convert it to UCS-4 and then wtomb to convert to the multi-byte
60 representation.
61 The similar function in pico is ttputc (also known as t_putchar) which
62 takes an incoming stream of UCS-4 characters and converts it to multi-byte
63 characters for the display.
68 CHARACTER SET CONVERSIONS
70 Here is a simplified version of the complicated character set conversions
71 going on.
73     ----------                          |--read_char
74    | Keyboard |-ttgetc->-mbtow->-kbseq->|              (UCS-4)
75     ----------         (to UCS-4)       |--GetKey
78               |--optionally_enter               ----------------
79    read_char->|--read_command    ------------> | Alpine internal|
80               |--radio_buttons    (to UTF-8)   |     UTF-8      |
81                                                 ----------------
83               |--pico
84               |--LineEdit                       ---------- 
85       GetKey->|--mlyesno         ------------> | Composer |
86               |--mlreplyd                      |  UCS-4   |
87               |--FileBrowse                     ---------- 
90     ----------------                               ---------- 
91    | Alpine internal| <-------pico_readc--------- | Composer |
92    |    UTF-8       | --------pico_writec-------> |  UCS-4   |
93     ----------------                               ---------- 
96     ----------------                                   --------- 
97    | Alpine internal| -Writechar->-utf8_get->-wtomb-> | Display |
98    |    UTF-8       |                                 |  (LANG) |
99     ----------------                                   --------- 
101     ----------                                   ---------
102    | Composer | ---pputc-->ttputc->-----wtomb-> | Display |
103    |  UCS-4   |                                 |  (LANG) |
104     ----------                                   ---------
107     ----------------                                    -----------
108    | Alpine internal| <-decode_text--------<-c-client- | MailStore |
109    |    UTF-8       |   get_body_part_text             |           |
110     ----------------                                    -----------
113     ----------------                               ------------
114    | Alpine internal| <-------------------------- | FileSystem |
115    |    UTF-8       | --------------------------> |            |
116     ----------------  see flags READ_FROM_LOCALE   ------------
117                         and WRITE_TO_LOCALE
119     ----------                                   ------------
120    | Composer | <--------ffgetline------------- | FileSystem |
121    |  UCS-4   | ---------ffputline------------> |            |
122     ----------                                   ------------