2 !== security_level.txt for Samba release 2.0.0beta3 08 Dec 1998
4 Contributor: Andrew Tridgell
8 Subject: Description of SMB security levels.
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11 Samba supports the following options to the global smb.conf parameter
15 Note: Samba-2.0.0 now adds the "domain" security mode. Please refer to
16 the smb.conf man page for usage information and to the document
17 docs/textdocs/DOMAIN_MEMBER.txt for further background details.
19 Of the above, "security = server" means that Samba reports to clients that
20 it is running in "user mode" but actually passes off all authentication
21 requests to another "user mode" server. This requires an additional
22 parameter "password server =" that points to the real authentication server.
23 That real authentication server can be another Samba server or can be a
24 Windows NT server, the later natively capable of encrypted password support.
26 Below is a more complete description of security levels.
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29 A SMB server tells the client at startup what "security level" it is
30 running. There are two options "share level" and "user level". Which
31 of these two the client receives affects the way the client then tries
32 to authenticate itself. It does not directly affect (to any great
33 extent) the way the Samba server does security. I know this is
34 strange, but it fits in with the client/server approach of SMB. In SMB
35 everything is initiated and controlled by the client, and the server
36 can only tell the client what is available and whether an action is
39 I'll describe user level security first, as its simpler. In user level
40 security the client will send a "session setup" command directly after
41 the protocol negotiation. This contains a username and password. The
42 server can either accept or reject that username/password
43 combination. Note that at this stage the server has no idea what
44 share the client will eventually try to connect to, so it can't base
45 the "accept/reject" on anything other than:
47 - the username/password
48 - the machine that the client is coming from
50 If the server accepts the username/password then the client expects to
51 be able to mount any share (using a "tree connection") without
52 specifying a password. It expects that all access rights will be as
53 the username/password specified in the "session setup".
55 It is also possible for a client to send multiple "session setup"
56 requests. When the server responds it gives the client a "uid" to use
57 as an authentication tag for that username/password. The client can
58 maintain multiple authentication contexts in this way (WinDD is an
59 example of an application that does this)
62 Ok, now for share level security. In share level security (the default
63 with samba) the client authenticates itself separately for each
64 share. It will send a password along with each "tree connection"
65 (share mount). It does not explicitly send a username with this
66 operation. The client is expecting a password to be associated with
67 each share, independent of the user. This means that samba has to work
68 out what username the client probably wants to use. It is never
69 explicitly sent the username. Some commercial SMB servers such as NT actually
70 associate passwords directly with shares in share level security, but
71 samba always uses the unix authentication scheme where it is a
72 username/password that is authenticated, not a "share/password".
74 Many clients send a "session setup" even if the server is in share
75 level security. They normally send a valid username but no
76 password. Samba records this username in a list of "possible
77 usernames". When the client then does a "tree connection" it also adds
78 to this list the name of the share they try to connect to (useful for
79 home directories) and any users listed in the "user =" smb.conf
80 line. The password is then checked in turn against these "possible
81 usernames". If a match is found then the client is authenticated as
84 Finally "server level" security. In server level security the samba
85 server reports to the client that it is in user level security. The
86 client then does a "session setup" as described earlier. The samba
87 server takes the username/password that the client sends and attempts
88 to login to the "password server" by sending exactly the same
89 username/password that it got from the client. If that server is in
90 user level security and accepts the password then samba accepts the
91 clients connection. This allows the samba server to use another SMB
92 server as the "password server".
94 You should also note that at the very start of all this, where the
95 server tells the client what security level it is in, it also tells
96 the client if it supports encryption. If it does then it supplies the
97 client with a random "cryptkey". The client will then send all
98 passwords in encrypted form. You have to compile samba with encryption
99 enabled to support this feature, and you have to maintain a separate
100 smbpasswd file with SMB style encrypted passwords. It is
101 cryptographically impossible to translate from unix style encryption
102 to SMB style encryption, although there are some fairly simple management
103 schemes by which the two could be kept in sync.