5 dnspython is a DNS toolkit for Python. It supports almost all record
6 types. It can be used for queries, zone transfers, and dynamic
7 updates. It supports TSIG authenticated messages and EDNS0.
9 dnspython provides both high and low level access to DNS. The high
10 level classes perform queries for data of a given name, type, and
11 class, and return an answer set. The low level classes allow direct
12 manipulation of DNS zones, messages, names, and records.
14 To see a few of the ways dnspython can be used, look in the examples/
17 dnspython originated at Nominum where it was developed to facilitate
18 the testing of DNS software. Nominum has generously allowed it to be
19 open sourced under a BSD-style license, and helps support its future
20 development by continuing to employ the author :).
25 This is dnspython 1.9.2
31 Bugs fixed since 1.9.1:
33 The dns.dnssec module didn't work at all due to missing
34 imports that escaped detection in testing because the test
35 suite also did the imports. The third time is the charm!
41 Bugs fixed since 1.9.0:
43 The dns.dnssec module didn't work with DSA due to namespace
44 contamination from a "from"-style import.
48 dnspython now uses poll() instead of select() when available.
50 Basic DNSSEC validation can be done using dns.dnsec.validate()
51 and dns.dnssec.validate_rrsig() if you have PyCrypto 2.3 or
52 later installed. Complete secure resolution is not yet
55 Added key_id() to the DNSSEC module, which computes the DNSSEC
56 key id of a DNSKEY rdata.
58 Added make_ds() to the DNSSEC module, which returns the DS RR
59 for a given DNSKEY rdata.
61 dnspython now raises an exception if HMAC-SHA284 or
62 HMAC-SHA512 are used with a Python older than 2.5.2. (Older
63 Pythons do not compute the correct value.)
65 Symbolic constants are now available for TSIG algorithm names.
67 Bugs fixed since 1.8.0
69 dns.resolver.zone_for_name() didn't handle a query response
70 with a CNAME or DNAME correctly in some cases.
72 When specifying rdata types and classes as text, Unicode
73 strings may now be used.
75 Hashlib compatibility issues have been fixed.
77 dns.message now imports dns.edns.
79 The TSIG algorithm value was passed incorrectly to use_tsig()
84 Support for hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384
85 and hmac-sha512 has been contributed by Kevin Chen.
87 The tokenizer's tokens are now Token objects instead of (type,
90 Bugs fixed since 1.7.1:
92 Escapes in masterfiles now work correctly. Previously they
93 were only working correctly when the text involved was part of
96 When constructing a DDNS update, if the present() method was
97 used with a single rdata, a zero TTL was not added.
99 The entropy pool needed locking to be thread safe.
101 The entropy pool's reading of /dev/random could cause
104 The entropy pool did buffered reads, potentially consuming more
105 randomness than we needed.
107 The entropy pool did not seed with high quality randomness on
110 SRV records were compared incorrectly.
112 In the e164 query function, the resolver parameter was not
119 Bugs fixed since 1.7.0:
121 The 1.7.0 kitting process inadventently omitted the code for the
124 Negative DDNS prerequisites are now handled correctly.
128 Rdatas now have a to_digestable() method, which returns the
129 DNSSEC canonical form of the rdata, suitable for use in
130 signature computations.
132 The NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, DLV, and HIP RR types are now supported.
134 An entropy module has been added and is used to randomize query ids.
136 EDNS0 options are now supported.
138 UDP IXFR is now supported.
140 The wire format parser now has a 'one_rr_per_rrset' mode, which
141 suppresses the usual coalescing of all RRs of a given type into a
144 Various helpful DNSSEC-related constants are now defined.
146 The resolver's query() method now has an optional 'source' parameter,
147 allowing the source IP address to be specified.
149 Bugs fixed since 1.6.0:
151 On Windows, the resolver set the domain incorrectly.
153 DS RR parsing only allowed one Base64 chunk.
155 TSIG validation didn't always use absolute names.
157 NSEC.to_text() only printed the last window.
159 We did not canonicalize IPv6 addresses before comparing them; we
160 would thus treat equivalent but different textual forms, e.g.
161 "1:00::1" and "1::1" as being non-equivalent.
163 If the peer set a TSIG error, we didn't raise an exception.
165 Some EDNS bugs in the message code have been fixed (see the ChangeLog
169 Added dns.inet.is_multicast().
171 Bugs fixed since 1.5.0:
173 If select() raises an exception due to EINTR, we should just
176 If the queried address is a multicast address, then don't
177 check that the address of the response is the same as the
180 NAPTR comparisons didn't compare the preference field due to a
183 Testing of whether a Windows NIC is enabled now works on Vista
184 thanks to code contributed by Paul Marks.
188 Answer objects now support more of the python sequence
189 protocol, forwarding the requests to the answer rrset.
190 E.g. "for a in answer" is equivalent to "for a in
191 answer.rrset", "answer[i]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i]",
192 and "answer[i:j]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i:j]".
194 Making requests using EDNS, including indicating DNSSEC awareness,
195 is now easier. For example, you can now say:
197 q = dns.message.make_query('www.dnspython.org', 'MX',
200 dns.query.xfr() can now be used for IXFR.
202 Support has been added for the DHCID, IPSECKEY, and SPF RR types.
204 UDP messages from unexpected sources can now be ignored by
205 setting ignore_unexpected to True when calling dns.query.udp.
207 Bugs fixed since 1.4.0:
209 If /etc/resolv.conf didn't exist, we raised an exception
210 instead of simply using the default resolver configuration.
212 In dns.resolver.Resolver._config_win32_fromkey(), we were
213 passing the wrong variable to self._config_win32_search().
217 You can now convert E.164 numbers to/from their ENUM name
221 >>> n = dns.e164.from_e164("+1 555 1212")
223 <DNS name 2.1.2.1.5.5.5.1.e164.arpa.>
224 >>> dns.e164.to_e164(n)
227 You can now convert IPv4 and IPv6 address to/from their
228 corresponding DNS reverse map names:
230 >>> import dns.reversename
231 >>> n = dns.reversename.from_address("127.0.0.1")
233 <DNS name 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.>
234 >>> dns.reversename.to_address(n)
237 You can now convert between Unicode strings and their IDN ACE
240 >>> n = dns.name.from_text(u'les-\u00e9l\u00e8ves.example.')
242 <DNS name xn--les-lves-50ai.example.>
244 u'les-\xe9l\xe8ves.example.'
246 The origin parameter to dns.zone.from_text() and dns.zone.to_text()
247 is now optional. If not specified, the origin will be taken from
248 the first $ORIGIN statement in the master file.
250 Sanity checking of a zone can be disabled; this is useful when
251 working with files which are zone fragments.
253 Bugs fixed since 1.3.5:
255 The correct delimiter was not used when retrieving the
256 list of nameservers from the registry in certain versions of
259 The floating-point version of latitude and longitude in LOC RRs
260 (float_latitude and float_longitude) had incorrect signs for
261 south latitudes and west longitudes.
263 BIND 8 TTL syntax is now accepted in all TTL-like places (i.e.
264 SOA fields refresh, retry, expire, and minimum; SIG/RRSIG
267 TTLs are now bounds checked when their text form is parsed,
268 and their values must be in the closed interval [0, 2^31 - 1].
272 In the resolver, if time goes backward a little bit, ignore
275 zone_for_name() has been added to the resolver module. It
276 returns the zone which is authoritative for the specified
277 name, which is handy for dynamic update. E.g.
280 print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('www.dnspython.org')
282 will output "dnspython.org." and
284 print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('a.b.c.d.e.f.example.')
288 The default resolver can be fetched with the
289 get_default_resolver() method.
291 You can now get the parent (immediate superdomain) of a name
292 by using the parent() method.
294 Zone.iterate_rdatasets() and Zone.iterate_rdatas() now have
295 a default rdtype of dns.rdatatype.ANY like the documentation
298 A Dynamic DNS example, ddns.py, has been added.
302 The source address and port may now be specified when calling
303 dns.query.{udp,tcp,xfr}.
305 The resolver now does exponential backoff each time it runs
306 through all of the nameservers.
308 Rcodes which indicate a nameserver is likely to be a
309 "permanent failure" for a query cause the nameserver to be removed
310 from the mix for that query.
314 dns.message.Message.find_rrset() now uses an index, vastly
315 improving the from_wire() performance of large messages such
318 Added dns.message.make_response(), which creates a skeletal
319 response for the specified query.
321 Added opcode() and set_opcode() convenience methods to the
322 dns.message.Message class. Added the request_payload
323 attribute to the Message class.
325 The 'file' parameter of dns.name.Name.to_wire() is now
326 optional; if omitted, the wire form will be returned as the
327 value of the function.
329 dns.zone.from_xfr() in relativization mode incorrectly set
330 zone.origin to the empty name.
332 The masterfile parser incorrectly rejected TXT records where a
333 value was not quoted.
337 The NSEC format doesn't allow specifying types by number, so
338 we shouldn't either. (Using the unknown type format is still
341 The resolver wasn't catching dns.exception.Timeout, so a timeout
342 erroneously caused the whole resolution to fail instead of just
343 going on to the next server.
345 The renderer module didn't import random, causing an exception
346 to be raised if a query id wasn't provided when a Renderer was
349 The conversion of LOC milliseconds values from text to binary was
350 incorrect if the length of the milliseconds string was not 3.
354 Added support for the SSHFP type.
358 Added support for new DNSSEC types RRSIG, NSEC, and DNSKEY.
360 This release fixes all known bugs.
362 See the ChangeLog file for more detailed information on changes since
373 To build and install dnspython, type
375 python setup.py install
380 For the latest in releases, documentation, and information, visit the
381 dnspython home page at
383 http://www.dnspython.org/
389 Documentation is sparse at the moment. Use pydoc, or read the HTML
390 documentation at the dnspython home page, or download the HTML
396 Bug reports may be sent to bugs@dnspython.org
401 A number of mailing lists are available. Visit the dnspython home
402 page to subscribe or unsubscribe.