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2 <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//Samba-Team//DTD DocBook V4.2-Based Variant V1.0//EN" "http://www.samba.org/samba/DTD/samba-doc">
3 <chapter id="pwencrypt">
8 <firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Allison</surname>
10 <orgname>Samba Team</orgname>
12 <email>samba@lists.samba.org</email>
17 <pubdate>19 Apr 1999</pubdate>
20 <title>LanMan and NT Password Encryption</title>
23 <title>Introduction</title>
25 <para>With the development of LanManager and Windows NT
26 compatible password encryption for Samba, it is now able
27 to validate user connections in exactly the same way as
28 a LanManager or Windows NT server.</para>
30 <para>This document describes how the SMB password encryption
31 algorithm works and what issues there are in choosing whether
32 you want to use it. You should read it carefully, especially
33 the part about security and the "PROS and CONS" section.</para>
38 <title>How does it work?</title>
40 <para>LanManager encryption is somewhat similar to UNIX
41 password encryption. The server uses a file containing a
42 hashed value of a user's password. This is created by taking
43 the user's plaintext password, capitalising it, and either
44 truncating to 14 bytes or padding to 14 bytes with null bytes.
45 This 14 byte value is used as two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt
46 a 'magic' eight byte value, forming a 16 byte value which is
47 stored by the server and client. Let this value be known as
48 the "hashed password".</para>
50 <para>Windows NT encryption is a higher quality mechanism,
51 consisting of doing an MD4 hash on a Unicode version of the user's
52 password. This also produces a 16 byte hash value that is
53 non-reversible.</para>
55 <para>When a client (LanManager, Windows for WorkGroups, Windows
56 95 or Windows NT) wishes to mount a Samba drive (or use a Samba
57 resource), it first requests a connection and negotiates the
58 protocol that the client and server will use. In the reply to this
59 request the Samba server generates and appends an 8 byte, random
60 value - this is stored in the Samba server after the reply is sent
61 and is known as the "challenge". The challenge is different for
62 every client connection.</para>
64 <para>The client then uses the hashed password (16 byte values
65 described above), appended with 5 null bytes, as three 56 bit
66 DES keys, each of which is used to encrypt the challenge 8 byte
67 value, forming a 24 byte value known as the "response".</para>
69 <para>In the SMB call SMBsessionsetupX (when user level security
70 is selected) or the call SMBtconX (when share level security is
71 selected), the 24 byte response is returned by the client to the
72 Samba server. For Windows NT protocol levels the above calculation
73 is done on both hashes of the user's password and both responses are
74 returned in the SMB call, giving two 24 byte values.</para>
76 <para>The Samba server then reproduces the above calculation, using
77 its own stored value of the 16 byte hashed password (read from the
78 <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file - described later) and the challenge
79 value that it kept from the negotiate protocol reply. It then checks
80 to see if the 24 byte value it calculates matches the 24 byte value
81 returned to it from the client.</para>
83 <para>If these values match exactly, then the client knew the
84 correct password (or the 16 byte hashed value - see security note
85 below) and is thus allowed access. If not, then the client did not
86 know the correct password and is denied access.</para>
88 <para>Note that the Samba server never knows or stores the cleartext
89 of the user's password - just the 16 byte hashed values derived from
90 it. Also note that the cleartext password or 16 byte hashed values
91 are never transmitted over the network - thus increasing security.</para>
95 <title>The smbpasswd file</title>
96 <anchor id="SMBPASSWDFILEFORMAT"/>
97 <para>In order for Samba to participate in the above protocol
98 it must be able to look up the 16 byte hashed values given a user name.
99 Unfortunately, as the UNIX password value is also a one way hash
100 function (ie. it is impossible to retrieve the cleartext of the user's
101 password given the UNIX hash of it), a separate password file
102 containing this 16 byte value must be kept. To minimise problems with
103 these two password files, getting out of sync, the UNIX <filename>
104 /etc/passwd</filename> and the <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file,
105 a utility, <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command>, is provided to generate
106 a smbpasswd file from a UNIX <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.
110 <para>To generate the smbpasswd file from your <filename>/etc/passwd
111 </filename> file use the following command:</para>
113 <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>cat /etc/passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
114 > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para>
116 <para>If you are running on a system that uses NIS, use</para>
118 <para><prompt>$ </prompt><userinput>ypcat passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh
119 > /usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</userinput></para>
121 <para>The <command>mksmbpasswd.sh</command> program is found in
122 the Samba source directory. By default, the smbpasswd file is
125 <para><filename>/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</filename></para>
127 <para>The owner of the <filename>/usr/local/samba/private/</filename>
128 directory should be set to root, and the permissions on it should
129 be set to 0500 (<command>chmod 500 /usr/local/samba/private</command>).
132 <para>Likewise, the smbpasswd file inside the private directory should
133 be owned by root and the permissions on is should be set to 0600
134 (<command>chmod 600 smbpasswd</command>).</para>
137 <para>The format of the smbpasswd file is (The line has been
138 wrapped here. It should appear as one entry per line in
139 your smbpasswd file.)</para>
141 <para><programlisting>
142 username:uid:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:
143 [Account type]:LCT-<last-change-time>:Long name
144 </programlisting></para>
146 <para>Although only the <replaceable>username</replaceable>,
147 <replaceable>uid</replaceable>, <replaceable>
148 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX</replaceable>,
149 [<replaceable>Account type</replaceable>] and <replaceable>
150 last-change-time</replaceable> sections are significant
151 and are looked at in the Samba code.</para>
153 <para>It is <emphasis>VITALLY</emphasis> important that there by 32
154 'X' characters between the two ':' characters in the XXX sections -
155 the smbpasswd and Samba code will fail to validate any entries that
156 do not have 32 characters between ':' characters. The first XXX
157 section is for the Lanman password hash, the second is for the
158 Windows NT version.</para>
160 <para>When the password file is created all users have password entries
161 consisting of 32 'X' characters. By default this disallows any access
162 as this user. When a user has a password set, the 'X' characters change
163 to 32 ascii hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F). These are an ascii
164 representation of the 16 byte hashed value of a user's password.</para>
166 <para>To set a user to have no password (not recommended), edit the file
167 using vi, and replace the first 11 characters with the ascii text
168 <constant>"NO PASSWORD"</constant> (minus the quotes).</para>
170 <para>For example, to clear the password for user bob, his smbpasswd file
171 entry would look like :</para>
173 <para><programlisting>
174 bob:100:NO PASSWORDXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX:
175 [U ]:LCT-00000000:Bob's full name:/bobhome:/bobshell
176 </programlisting></para>
178 <para>If you are allowing users to use the smbpasswd command to set
179 their own passwords, you may want to give users NO PASSWORD initially
180 so they do not have to enter a previous password when changing to their
181 new password (not recommended). In order for you to allow this the
182 <command>smbpasswd</command> program must be able to connect to the
183 <command>smbd</command> daemon as that user with no password. Enable this
184 by adding the line :</para>
186 <para><command>null passwords = yes</command></para>
188 <para>to the [global] section of the smb.conf file (this is why
189 the above scenario is not recommended). Preferably, allocate your
190 users a default password to begin with, so you do not have
191 to enable this on your server.</para>
193 <para><emphasis>Note : </emphasis>This file should be protected very
194 carefully. Anyone with access to this file can (with enough knowledge of
195 the protocols) gain access to your SMB server. The file is thus more
196 sensitive than a normal unix <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file.</para>