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2 <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//Samba-Team//DTD DocBook V4.2-Based Variant V1.0//EN" "http://www.samba.org/samba/DTD/samba-doc">
3 <chapter id="domain-member">
11 <author>&person.gd;<contrib>LDAP updates</contrib></author>
14 <title>Domain Membership</title>
17 <indexterm><primary>domain member</primary></indexterm>
18 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
19 <indexterm><primary>domain security</primary></indexterm>
20 Domain membership is a subject of vital concern. Samba must be able to
21 participate as a member server in a Microsoft domain security context, and
22 Samba must be capable of providing domain machine member trust accounts;
23 otherwise it would not be able to offer a viable option for many users.
27 <indexterm><primary>domain membership</primary></indexterm>
28 <indexterm><primary>misinformation</primary></indexterm>
29 This chapter covers background information pertaining to domain membership,
30 the Samba configuration for it, and MS Windows client procedures for joining a
31 domain. Why is this necessary? Because both are areas in which there exists
32 within the current MS Windows networking world, and particularly in the
33 UNIX/Linux networking and administration world, a considerable level of
34 misinformation, incorrect understanding, and lack of knowledge. Hopefully
35 this chapter will fill the voids.
39 <title>Features and Benefits</title>
42 <indexterm><primary>domain security</primary></indexterm>
43 <indexterm><primary>single sign-on</primary></indexterm>
44 <indexterm><primary>SSO</primary></indexterm>
45 MS Windows workstations and servers that want to participate in domain security need to
46 be made domain members. Participating in domain security is often called
47 <emphasis>single sign-on</emphasis>, or <acronym>SSO</acronym> for short. This
48 chapter describes the process that must be followed to make a workstation
49 (or another server &smbmdash; be it an <application>MS Windows NT4/200x</application>
50 server) or a Samba server a member of an MS Windows domain security context.
54 <indexterm><primary>native member</primary></indexterm>
55 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
56 <indexterm><primary>domain control</primary></indexterm>
57 <indexterm><primary>Server Type</primary><secondary>Domain Member</secondary></indexterm>
58 Samba-3 can join an MS Windows NT4-style domain as a native member server, an
59 MS Windows Active Directory domain as a native member server, or a Samba domain
60 control network. Domain membership has many advantages:
65 <indexterm><primary>SAM</primary></indexterm>
66 MS Windows workstation users get the benefit of SSO.
70 <indexterm><primary>access rights</primary></indexterm>
71 <indexterm><primary>file ownership</primary></indexterm>
72 <indexterm><primary>access controls</primary></indexterm>
73 <indexterm><primary>SAM</primary></indexterm>
74 Domain user access rights and file ownership/access controls can be set
75 from the single Domain Security Account Manager (SAM) database
76 (works with domain member servers as well as with MS Windows workstations
77 that are domain members).
81 <indexterm><primary>domain members</primary></indexterm>
82 <indexterm><primary>network logon</primary></indexterm>
83 Only <application>MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional</application>
84 workstations that are domain members can use network logon facilities.
88 <indexterm><primary>domain member</primary></indexterm>
89 <indexterm><primary>policy files</primary></indexterm>
90 <indexterm><primary>NTConfig.POL</primary></indexterm>
91 <indexterm><primary>desktop profiles</primary></indexterm>
92 Domain member workstations can be better controlled through the use of
93 policy files (<filename>NTConfig.POL</filename>) and desktop profiles.
97 <indexterm><primary>logon script</primary></indexterm>
98 <indexterm><primary>transparent access</primary></indexterm>
99 <indexterm><primary>application servers</primary></indexterm>
100 Through the use of logon scripts, users can be given transparent access to network
101 applications that run off application servers.
105 <indexterm><primary>user access management</primary></indexterm>
106 <indexterm><primary>SAM</primary></indexterm>
107 <indexterm><primary>LDAP</primary></indexterm>
108 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
109 Network administrators gain better application and user access management
110 abilities because there is no need to maintain user accounts on any network
111 client or server other than the central domain database
112 (either NT4/Samba SAM-style domain, NT4 domain that is backend-ed with an
113 LDAP directory, or via an Active Directory infrastructure).
119 <sect1 id="machine-trust-accounts">
120 <title>MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</title>
123 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Accounts</primary></indexterm>
124 <indexterm><primary>authenticate</primary></indexterm>
125 <indexterm><primary>domain controller</primary></indexterm>
126 <indexterm><primary>rogue user</primary></indexterm>
127 A Machine Trust Account is an account that is used to authenticate a client machine (rather than a user) to
128 the domain controller server. In Windows terminology, this is known as a <quote>computer account.</quote> The
129 purpose of the machine trust account is to prevent a rogue user and domain controller from colluding to gain
130 access to a domain member workstation.
134 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary><secondary>password</secondary></indexterm>
135 <indexterm><primary>shared secret</primary></indexterm>
136 <indexterm><primary>unauthorized</primary></indexterm>
137 <indexterm><primary>Windows NT/200x/XP Professional</primary></indexterm>
138 <indexterm><primary>Windows 9x/Me/XP Home</primary></indexterm>
139 The password of a Machine Trust Account acts as the shared secret for secure communication with the domain
140 controller. This is a security feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name from
141 joining the domain, participating in domain security operations, and gaining access to domain user/group
142 accounts. Windows NT/200x/XP Professional clients use machine trust accounts, but Windows 9x/Me/XP Home
143 clients do not. Hence, a Windows 9x/Me/XP Home client is never a true member of a domain because it does not
144 possess a Machine Trust Account, and, thus, has no shared secret with the domain controller.
148 <indexterm><primary>Windows Registry</primary></indexterm>
149 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
150 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
151 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
152 A Windows NT4 PDC stores each Machine Trust Account in the Windows Registry.
153 The introduction of MS Windows 2000 saw the introduction of Active Directory,
154 the new repository for Machine Trust Accounts. A Samba PDC, however, stores
155 each Machine Trust Account in two parts,
160 <indexterm><primary>domain security account</primary></indexterm>
161 <indexterm><primary>account information</primary></indexterm>
162 <indexterm><primary>backend database</primary></indexterm>
163 A domain security account (stored in the <smbconfoption name="passdb backend"/>) that has been configured in
164 the &smb.conf; file. The precise nature of the account information that is stored depends on the type of
165 backend database that has been chosen.
169 <indexterm><primary>smbpasswd</primary></indexterm>
170 <indexterm><primary>UNIX login ID</primary></indexterm>
171 <indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm>
172 <indexterm><primary>LanMan</primary></indexterm>
173 <indexterm><primary>NT-encrypted password</primary></indexterm>
174 <indexterm><primary>UNIX user identifier</primary><see>UID</see></indexterm>
175 The older format of this data is the <filename>smbpasswd</filename> database
176 that contains the UNIX login ID, the UNIX user identifier (UID), and the
177 LanMan and NT-encrypted passwords. There is also some other information in
178 this file that we do not need to concern ourselves with here.
182 <indexterm><primary>database</primary></indexterm>
183 <indexterm><primary>ldapsam</primary></indexterm>
184 <indexterm><primary>smbpasswd</primary></indexterm>
185 <indexterm><primary>account controls</primary></indexterm>
186 The two newer database types are called ldapsam and tdbsam. Both store considerably more data than the older
187 <filename>smbpasswd</filename> file did. The extra information enables new user account controls to be
192 <indexterm><primary>UNIX account</primary></indexterm>
193 <indexterm><primary>/etc/passwd</primary></indexterm>
194 A corresponding UNIX account, typically stored in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. Work is in progress to
195 allow a simplified mode of operation that does not require UNIX user accounts, but this has not been a feature
196 of the early releases of Samba-3, and is not currently planned for release either.
203 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Accounts</primary><secondary>creating</secondary></indexterm>
204 There are three ways to create Machine Trust Accounts:
209 <indexterm><primary>manual UNIX account creation</primary></indexterm>
210 Manual creation from the UNIX/Linux command line. Here, both the Samba and
211 corresponding UNIX account are created by hand.
215 <indexterm><primary>Server Manager</primary></indexterm>
216 <indexterm><primary>Nexus toolkit</primary></indexterm>
217 Using the MS Windows NT4 Server Manager, either from an NT4 domain member
218 server or using the Nexus toolkit available from the Microsoft Web site.
219 This tool can be run from any MS Windows machine as long as the user is
220 logged on as the administrator account.
224 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
225 <indexterm><primary>joined client</primary></indexterm>
226 <quote>On-the-fly</quote> creation. The Samba Machine Trust Account is automatically
227 created by Samba at the time the client is joined to the domain.
228 (For security, this is the recommended method.) The corresponding UNIX
229 account may be created automatically or manually.
234 <indexterm><primary>enforcing</primary></indexterm>
235 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary><secondary>creation</secondary></indexterm>
236 Neither MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional, nor Samba, provide any method for enforcing the method of machine
237 trust account creation. This is a matter of the administrator's choice.
241 <title>Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</title>
244 <indexterm><primary>/etc/passwd</primary></indexterm>
245 <indexterm><primary></primary></indexterm>
246 <indexterm><primary>useradd</primary></indexterm>
247 <indexterm><primary>vipw</primary></indexterm>
248 The first step in manually creating a Machine Trust Account is to manually
249 create the corresponding UNIX account in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.
250 This can be done using <command>vipw</command> or another <quote>adduser</quote> command
251 that is normally used to create new UNIX accounts. The following is an example for
252 a Linux-based Samba server:
254 &rootprompt;<userinput>/usr/sbin/useradd -g machines -d /var/lib/nobody \
255 -c <replaceable>"machine nickname"</replaceable> \
256 -s /bin/false <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>$ </userinput>
258 &rootprompt;<userinput>passwd -l <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>$</userinput>
263 <indexterm><primary>primary group</primary></indexterm>
264 <indexterm><primary>GID</primary></indexterm>
265 <indexterm><primary>machine accounts</primary></indexterm>
266 In the example above there is an existing system group <quote>machines</quote> which is used
267 as the primary group for all machine accounts. In the following examples the <quote>machines</quote> group
272 <indexterm><primary>chpass</primary></indexterm>
273 <indexterm><primary>BSD</primary></indexterm>
274 On *BSD systems, this can be done using the <command>chpass</command> utility:
276 &rootprompt;<userinput>chpass -a \
277 '<replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>$:*:101:100::0:0:Windows <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin'</userinput>
282 <indexterm><primary>/etc/passwd</primary></indexterm>
283 <indexterm><primary>$</primary></indexterm>
284 <indexterm><primary>null shell</primary></indexterm>
285 <indexterm><primary>home directory</primary></indexterm>
286 The <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry will list the machine name
287 with a <quote>$</quote> appended, and will not have a password, will have a null shell and no
288 home directory. For example, a machine named <quote>doppy</quote> would have an
289 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry like this:
291 doppy$:x:505:100:<replaceable>machine_nickname</replaceable>:/dev/null:/bin/false
296 <indexterm><primary>machine_nickname</primary></indexterm>
297 <indexterm><primary>machine_name</primary></indexterm>
298 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
299 in which <replaceable>machine_nickname</replaceable> can be any
300 descriptive name for the client, such as BasementComputer.
301 <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> absolutely must be the NetBIOS
302 name of the client to be joined to the domain. The <quote>$</quote> must be
303 appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize
304 this as a Machine Trust Account.
308 <indexterm><primary>UNIX account</primary></indexterm>
309 <indexterm><primary>Samba account</primary></indexterm>
310 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary><secondary>password</secondary></indexterm>
311 Now that the corresponding UNIX account has been created, the next step is to create
312 the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial
313 Machine Trust Account password. This can be done using the
314 <command>smbpasswd</command> command
317 &rootprompt;<userinput>smbpasswd -a -m <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable></userinput>
322 <indexterm><primary>machine_name</primary></indexterm>
323 <indexterm><primary>NetBIOS name</primary></indexterm>
324 <indexterm><primary>RID</primary></indexterm>
325 <indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm>
326 where <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> is the machine's NetBIOS
327 name. The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of
328 the corresponding UNIX account.
332 <title>Join the client to the domain immediately</title>
335 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
336 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
337 <indexterm><primary>Server Manager</primary></indexterm>
338 <indexterm><primary>changes password</primary></indexterm>
339 <indexterm><primary>NetBIOS name</primary></indexterm>
340 Manually creating a Machine Trust Account using this method is the
341 equivalent of creating a Machine Trust Account on a Windows NT PDC using
342 <indexterm><primary>Server Manager</primary></indexterm>
343 the <application>Server Manager</application>. From the time at which the
344 account is created to the time the client joins the domain and
345 changes the password, your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining
346 your domain using a machine with the same NetBIOS name. A PDC inherently
347 trusts members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user
348 information to such clients. You have been warned!
354 <title>Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager</title>
357 <indexterm><primary>machine trust accounts</primary></indexterm>
358 <indexterm><primary>automatic account creation</primary></indexterm>
359 <indexterm><primary>Server Manager</primary></indexterm>
360 A working <smbconfoption name="add machine script"/> is essential
361 for machine trust accounts to be automatically created. This applies no matter whether
362 you use automatic account creation or the NT4 Domain Server Manager.
366 <indexterm><primary>SRVTOOLS.EXE</primary></indexterm>
367 <indexterm><primary>SrvMgr.exe</primary></indexterm>
368 <indexterm><primary>UsrMgr.exe</primary></indexterm>
369 <indexterm><primary>domain management tools</primary></indexterm>
370 If the machine from which you are trying to manage the domain is an
371 <application>MS Windows NT4 workstation or MS Windows 200x/XP Professional</application>,
372 the tool of choice is the package called <command>SRVTOOLS.EXE</command>.
373 When executed in the target directory it will unpack <command>SrvMgr.exe</command>
374 and <command>UsrMgr.exe</command> (both are domain management tools for MS Windows NT4 workstation).
378 <indexterm><primary>Nexus.exe</primary></indexterm>
379 <indexterm><primary>Microsoft Windows 9x/Me</primary></indexterm>
380 If your workstation is a <application>Microsoft Windows 9x/Me</application> family product,
381 you should download the <command>Nexus.exe</command> package from the Microsoft Web site.
382 When executed from the target directory, it will unpack the same tools but for use on
387 Further information about these tools may be obtained from Knowledge Base articles
388 <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;173673">173673</ulink>, and
389 <ulink url="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;172540">172540</ulink>
393 <indexterm><primary>srvmgr.exe</primary></indexterm>
394 <indexterm><primary>Server Manager for Domains</primary></indexterm>
395 Launch the <command>srvmgr.exe</command> (Server Manager for Domains) and follow these steps:
399 <title>Server Manager Account Machine Account Management</title>
401 From the menu select <guimenu>Computer</guimenu>.
405 Click <guimenuitem>Select Domain</guimenuitem>.
409 Click the name of the domain you wish to administer in the
410 <guilabel>Select Domain</guilabel> panel and then click
411 <guibutton>OK</guibutton>.
415 Again from the menu select <guimenu>Computer</guimenu>.
419 Select <guimenuitem>Add to Domain</guimenuitem>.
423 In the dialog box, click the radio button to
424 <guilabel>Add NT Workstation of Server</guilabel>, then
425 enter the machine name in the field provided, and click the
426 <guibutton>Add</guibutton> button.
433 <title>On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</title>
436 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary><secondary>creation</secondary></indexterm>
437 The third (and recommended) way of creating Machine Trust Accounts is simply to allow the Samba server to
438 create them as needed when the client is joined to the domain.
442 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary><secondary>UNIX account</secondary></indexterm>
443 <indexterm><primary>UNIX account</primary></indexterm>
444 <indexterm><primary>add machine script</primary></indexterm>
445 Since each Samba Machine Trust Account requires a corresponding UNIX account, a method
446 for automatically creating the UNIX account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the
447 add machine script option in &smb.conf;. This method is not required; however, corresponding UNIX
448 accounts may also be created manually.
453 <indexterm><primary>useradd</primary></indexterm>
454 <indexterm><primary>Red Hat Linux</primary></indexterm>
455 Here is an example for a Red Hat Linux system:
457 <smbconfsection name="[global]"/>
458 <smbconfoption name="add machine script">/usr/sbin/useradd -d /var/lib/nobody -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u</smbconfoption>
464 <sect2><title>Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</title>
467 The procedure for making an MS Windows workstation or server a member of the domain varies
468 with the version of Windows.
472 <title>Windows 200x/XP Professional Client</title>
475 <indexterm><primary>domain member</primary></indexterm>
476 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary><secondary>create privilege</secondary></indexterm>
477 <indexterm><primary>privileges</primary></indexterm>
478 <indexterm><primary>root</primary></indexterm>
479 When the user elects to make the client a domain member, Windows 200x prompts for
480 an account and password that has privileges to create machine accounts in the domain.
481 A Samba administrator account (i.e., a Samba account that has <constant>root</constant> privileges on the
482 Samba server) must be entered here; the operation will fail if an ordinary user
487 <indexterm><primary>administrator account</primary></indexterm>
488 <indexterm><primary>/etc/passwd</primary></indexterm>
489 For security reasons, the password for this administrator account should be set
490 to a password that is other than that used for the root user in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.
494 <indexterm><primary>account</primary></indexterm>
495 <indexterm><primary>create domain member</primary></indexterm>
496 <indexterm><primary>root</primary></indexterm>
497 <indexterm><primary>map</primary></indexterm>
498 The name of the account that is used to create domain member machine trust accounts can be
499 anything the network administrator may choose. If it is other than <constant>root</constant>,
500 then this is easily mapped to <constant>root</constant> in the file named in the &smb.conf; parameter
501 <smbconfoption name="username map">/etc/samba/smbusers</smbconfoption>.
505 <indexterm><primary>administrator account</primary></indexterm>
506 <indexterm><primary>encryption key</primary></indexterm>
507 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
508 The session key of the Samba administrator account acts as an encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust
509 account. The Machine Trust Account will be created on-the-fly, or updated if it already exists.
514 <title>Windows NT4 Client</title>
517 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
518 <indexterm><primary>Create a Computer Account</primary></indexterm>
519 <indexterm><primary>join the machine</primary></indexterm>
520 If the Machine Trust Account was created manually, on the
521 Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not
522 check the box <guilabel>Create a Computer Account in the Domain</guilabel>.
523 In this case, the existing Machine Trust Account is used to join the machine
528 <indexterm><primary>Machine Trust Account</primary></indexterm>
529 <indexterm><primary>on the fly</primary></indexterm>
530 <indexterm><primary>Computer Account</primary></indexterm>
531 <indexterm><primary>administrator account</primary></indexterm>
532 If the Machine Trust Account is to be created on the fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain
533 name and check the box <guilabel>Create a Computer Account in the Domain</guilabel>. In this case, joining
534 the domain proceeds as above for Windows 2000 (i.e., you must supply a Samba administrator account when
540 <title>Samba Client</title>
543 <indexterm><primary></primary></indexterm>
544 Joining a Samba client to a domain is documented in <link linkend="domain-member-server">the next section</link>.
551 <sect1 id="domain-member-server">
552 <title>Domain Member Server</title>
555 <indexterm><primary>domain security</primary></indexterm>
556 <indexterm><primary>security context</primary></indexterm>
557 <indexterm><primary>authentication regime</primary></indexterm>
558 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
559 This mode of server operation involves the Samba machine being made a member
560 of a domain security context. This means by definition that all user
561 authentication will be done from a centrally defined authentication regime.
562 The authentication regime may come from an NT3/4-style (old domain technology)
563 server, or it may be provided from an Active Directory server (ADS) running on
564 MS Windows 2000 or later.
569 <indexterm><primary>authentication</primary><secondary>backend</secondary></indexterm>
570 <indexterm><primary>distributed directory</primary></indexterm>
571 <indexterm><primary>LDAP</primary></indexterm>
572 <indexterm><primary>OpenLDAP</primary></indexterm>
573 <indexterm><primary>iPlanet</primary></indexterm>
574 <indexterm><primary>Sun</primary></indexterm>
575 <indexterm><primary>Novell</primary></indexterm>
576 <indexterm><primary>e-Directory</primary></indexterm>
577 Of course it should be clear that the authentication backend itself could be
578 from any distributed directory architecture server that is supported by Samba.
579 This can be LDAP (from OpenLDAP), or Sun's iPlanet, or Novell e-Directory
585 <indexterm><primary>LDAP</primary></indexterm>
586 <indexterm><primary>identity management</primary></indexterm>
587 <indexterm><primary>machine authentication</primary></indexterm>
588 When Samba is configured to use an LDAP or other identity management and/or
589 directory service, it is Samba that continues to perform user and machine
590 authentication. It should be noted that the LDAP server does not perform
591 authentication handling in place of what Samba is designed to do.
595 <indexterm><primary>create a domain machine account</primary></indexterm>
596 <indexterm><primary>domain member server</primary></indexterm>
597 <indexterm><primary>join the domain</primary></indexterm>
598 Please refer to <link linkend="samba-pdc">Domain Control</link>, for more information regarding
599 how to create a domain machine account for a domain member server as well as for
600 information on how to enable the Samba domain member machine to join the domain
601 and be fully trusted by it.
605 <title>Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3</title>
607 <para><link linkend="assumptions">Assumptions</link> lists names that are used in the remainder of this chapter.</para>
609 <table frame="all" id="assumptions"><title>Assumptions</title>
611 <colspec align="right"/>
612 <colspec align="left"/>
615 <entry>Samba DMS NetBIOS name:</entry><entry>SERV1</entry>
618 <entry>Windows 200x/NT domain name:</entry><entry>&example.workgroup;</entry>
621 <entry>Domain's PDC NetBIOS name:</entry><entry>DOMPDC</entry>
624 <entry>Domain's BDC NetBIOS names:</entry><entry>DOMBDC1 and DOMBDC2</entry>
631 <indexterm><primary></primary></indexterm>
632 First, you must edit your &smb.conf; file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.
636 <indexterm><primary>security = user</primary></indexterm>
637 <indexterm><primary>standalone server</primary></indexterm>
638 <indexterm><primary>domain member server</primary></indexterm>
639 <indexterm><primary>domain security</primary></indexterm>
640 Change (or add) your <smbconfoption name="security"/> line in the [global] section
641 of your &smb.conf; to read:
643 <smbconfoption name="security">domain</smbconfoption>
645 Note that if the parameter <parameter>security = user</parameter> is used, this machine would function as a
646 standalone server and not as a domain member server. Domain security mode causes Samba to work within the
647 domain security context.
651 Next change the <smbconfoption name="workgroup"/> line in the <smbconfsection name="[global]"/>
654 <smbconfoption name="workgroup">&example.workgroup;</smbconfoption>
656 This is the name of the domain we are joining.
660 <indexterm><primary>authenticate</primary></indexterm>
661 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
662 You must also have the parameter <smbconfoption name="encrypt passwords"/>
663 set to <constant>yes</constant> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.
664 This is the default setting if this parameter is not specified. There is no need to specify this
665 parameter, but if it is specified in the &smb.conf; file, it must be set to <constant>Yes</constant>.
669 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
670 <indexterm><primary>BDC</primary></indexterm>
671 <indexterm><primary>authenticate users</primary></indexterm>
672 <indexterm><primary>domain controllers</primary></indexterm>
673 Finally, add (or modify) a <smbconfoption name="password server"/> line in the [global]
676 <smbconfoption name="password server">DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2</smbconfoption>
678 These are the PDC and BDCs Samba
679 will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will
680 try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to
681 rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load
682 among Domain Controllers.
686 <indexterm><primary>list of domain controllers</primary></indexterm>
687 <indexterm><primary>mechanism</primary></indexterm>
688 <indexterm><primary>broadcast-based name resolution</primary></indexterm>
689 <indexterm><primary>DNS name resolution</primary></indexterm>
690 Alternatively, if you want smbd to determine automatically the list of domain controllers to use for
691 authentication, you may set this line to be:
693 <smbconfoption name="password server">*</smbconfoption>
695 <indexterm><primary>WINS</primary></indexterm>
696 This method allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. The
697 method either uses broadcast-based name resolution, performs a WINS database
698 lookup in order to find a domain controller against which to authenticate,
699 or locates the domain controller using DNS name resolution.
703 To join the domain, run this command:
704 <indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>join</tertiary></indexterm>
706 &rootprompt;<userinput>net rpc join -S DOMPDC -U<replaceable>Administrator%password</replaceable></userinput>
711 <indexterm><primary>NetBIOS name</primary></indexterm>
712 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
713 <indexterm><primary>WINS lookup</primary></indexterm>
714 <indexterm><primary>NetBIOS broadcast</primary></indexterm>
715 If the <option>-S DOMPDC</option> argument is not given, the domain name will be obtained from &smb.conf; and
716 the NetBIOS name of the PDC will be obtained either using a WINS lookup or via NetBIOS broadcast based name
721 <indexterm><primary>joining the domain</primary></indexterm>
722 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
723 <indexterm><primary>Administrator%password</primary></indexterm>
724 <indexterm><primary>Joined domain</primary></indexterm>
725 The machine is joining the domain DOM, and the PDC for that domain (the only machine
726 that has write access to the domain SAM database) is DOMPDC; therefore, use the <option>-S</option>
727 option. The <replaceable>Administrator%password</replaceable> is the login name and
728 password for an account that has the necessary privilege to add machines to the
729 domain. If this is successful, you will see the following message in your terminal window.
730 Where the older NT4-style domain architecture is used:
732 <computeroutput>Joined domain DOM.</computeroutput>
737 <indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>join</tertiary></indexterm>
738 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
739 <indexterm><primary>join the ADS domain</primary></indexterm>
740 Where Active Directory is used, the command used to join the ADS domain is:
742 &rootprompt; net ads join -U<replaceable>Administrator%password</replaceable>
744 And the following output is indicative of a successful outcome:
746 <computeroutput>Joined SERV1 to realm MYREALM.</computeroutput>
751 Refer to the <command>net</command> man page and to <link linkend="NetCommand">the chapter on remote
752 administration</link> for further information.
756 <indexterm><primary>join the domain</primary></indexterm>
757 <indexterm><primary>create machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
758 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
759 This process joins the server to the domain without separately having to create the machine
760 trust account on the PDC beforehand.
764 <indexterm><primary>machine account password</primary><secondary>change protocol</secondary></indexterm>
765 <indexterm><primary>random machine account password</primary></indexterm>
766 <indexterm><primary>/usr/local/samba/private/secrets.tdb</primary></indexterm>
767 <indexterm><primary>/etc/samba/secrets.tdb</primary></indexterm>
768 This command goes through the machine account password change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine
769 account password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory in which a smbpasswd file would be
770 normally stored. The trust account information that is needed by the DMS is written into the file
771 <filename>/usr/local/samba/private/secrets.tdb</filename> or <filename>/etc/samba/secrets.tdb</filename>.
775 <indexterm><primary>domain-level security</primary></indexterm>
776 <indexterm><primary>shadow password file</primary></indexterm>
777 This file is created and owned by root and is not readable by any other user. It is
778 the key to the domain-level security for your system and should be treated as carefully
779 as a shadow password file.
783 <indexterm><primary>Samba daemons</primary></indexterm>
784 <indexterm><primary>distribution</primary></indexterm>
785 <indexterm><primary>/etc/init.d/samba</primary></indexterm>
786 Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for clients to begin using domain
787 security. The way you can restart your Samba daemons depends on your distribution,
788 but in most cases the following will suffice:
790 &rootprompt;/etc/init.d/samba restart
797 <title>Why Is This Better Than <parameter>security = server</parameter>?</title>
800 <indexterm><primary>domain security</primary></indexterm>
801 <indexterm><primary>UNIX users</primary></indexterm>
802 <indexterm><primary>authentication</primary></indexterm>
803 Currently, domain security in Samba does not free you from having to create local UNIX users to represent the
804 users attaching to your server. This means that if domain user <constant>DOM\fred</constant> attaches to your
805 domain security Samba server, there needs to be a local UNIX user fred to represent that user in the UNIX file
806 system. This is similar to the older Samba security mode <smbconfoption
807 name="security">server</smbconfoption>, where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows
808 NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
812 <indexterm><primary>winbind</primary></indexterm>
813 <indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm>
814 <indexterm><primary>GID</primary></indexterm>
815 Please refer to <link linkend="winbind">Winbind: Use of Domain Accounts</link>, for information on a system
816 to automatically assign UNIX UIDs and GIDs to Windows NT domain users and groups.
820 <indexterm><primary>domain-level</primary></indexterm>
821 <indexterm><primary>authentication</primary></indexterm>
822 <indexterm><primary>RPC</primary></indexterm>
823 The advantage of domain-level security is that the authentication in domain-level security is passed down the
824 authenticated RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This means Samba servers now
825 participate in domain trust relationships in exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba
826 servers into a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource domain PDC to an account
831 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
832 <indexterm><primary>BDC</primary></indexterm>
833 <indexterm><primary>connection resources</primary></indexterm>
834 In addition, with <smbconfoption name="security">server</smbconfoption>, every Samba daemon on a server has to
835 keep a connection open to the authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain the
836 connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run out of available connections. With
837 <smbconfoption name="security">domain</smbconfoption>, however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC or BDC
838 only for as long as is necessary to authenticate the user and then drop the connection, thus conserving PDC
839 connection resources.
843 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
844 <indexterm><primary>authentication reply</primary></indexterm>
845 <indexterm><primary>SID</primary></indexterm>
846 <indexterm><primary>NT groups</primary></indexterm>
847 Finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the
848 authentication reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such as the user SID, the list
849 of NT groups the user belongs to, and so on.
854 Much of the text of this document was first published in the Web magazine
855 <ulink url="http://www.linuxworld.com"><emphasis>LinuxWorld</emphasis></ulink> as the article <ulink
856 url="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html"/>
857 <emphasis>Doing the NIS/NT Samba</emphasis>.
864 <sect1 id="ads-member">
865 <title>Samba ADS Domain Membership</title>
868 <indexterm significance="preferred"><primary>Active Directory</primary></indexterm>
869 <indexterm significance="preferred"><primary>ADS</primary><see>Active Directory</see></indexterm>
870 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
871 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
872 This is a rough guide to setting up Samba-3 with Kerberos authentication against a
873 Windows 200x KDC. A familiarity with Kerberos is assumed.
877 <title>Configure &smb.conf;</title>
880 You must use at least the following three options in &smb.conf;:
884 <smbconfoption name="realm">your.kerberos.REALM</smbconfoption>
885 <smbconfoption name="security">ADS</smbconfoption>
886 <smbconfcomment>The following parameter need only be specified if present.</smbconfcomment>
887 <smbconfcomment>The default setting if not present is Yes.</smbconfcomment>
888 <smbconfoption name="encrypt passwords">yes</smbconfoption>
892 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
893 <indexterm><primary>realm</primary></indexterm>
894 <indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
895 <indexterm><primary>ADS DC</primary></indexterm>
896 <indexterm><primary>password server</primary></indexterm>
897 In case samba cannot correctly identify the appropriate ADS server using the realm name, use the
898 <smbconfoption name="password server"/> option in &smb.conf;:
900 <smbconfoption name="password server">your.kerberos.server</smbconfoption>
902 The most common reason for which Samba may not be able to locate the ADS domain controller is a consequence of
903 sites maintaining some DNS servers on UNIX systems without regard for the DNS requirements of the ADS
904 infrastructure. There is no harm in specifying a preferred ADS domain controller using the <parameter>password
909 <indexterm><primary>smbpasswd</primary></indexterm>
910 <indexterm><primary>authenticated</primary></indexterm>
911 You do <emphasis>not</emphasis> need an smbpasswd file, and older clients will be authenticated as
912 if <smbconfoption name="security">domain</smbconfoption>, although it will not do any harm and
913 allows you to have local users not in the domain.
919 <title>Configure <filename>/etc/krb5.conf</filename></title>
922 <indexterm><primary>/etc/krb5.conf</primary></indexterm>
923 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary><secondary>/etc/krb5.conf</secondary></indexterm>
924 <indexterm><primary>MIT</primary></indexterm>
925 <indexterm><primary>Heimdal</primary></indexterm>
926 With both MIT and Heimdal Kerberos, it is unnecessary to configure the <filename>/etc/krb5.conf</filename>,
927 and it may be detrimental.
931 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
932 <indexterm><primary>SRV records</primary></indexterm>
933 <indexterm><primary>DNS zon</primary></indexterm>
934 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
935 <indexterm><primary>_kerberos.REALM.NAME</primary></indexterm>
936 Microsoft ADS automatically create SRV records in the DNS zone
937 <parameter>_kerberos._tcp.REALM.NAME</parameter> for each KDC in the realm. This is part
938 of the installation and configuration process used to create an Active Directory domain.
939 A KDC is a Kerberos Key Distribution Center and forms an integral part of the Microsoft
940 active directory infrastructure.
944 <indexterm><primary>kinit</primary></indexterm>
945 <indexterm><primary>DES-CBC-MD5</primary></indexterm>
946 <indexterm><primary>DES-CBC-CRC</primary></indexterm>
947 <indexterm><primary>encryption types</primary></indexterm>
948 <indexterm><primary>kerberos</primary></indexterm>
949 <indexterm><primary>Windows 2000</primary></indexterm>
950 UNIX systems can use kinit and the DES-CBC-MD5 or DES-CBC-CRC encryption types to authenticate to the Windows
951 2000 KDC. For further information regarding Windows 2000 ADS kerberos interoperability please refer to the
952 Microsoft Windows 2000 Kerberos <ulink
953 url="http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/techinfo/planning/security/kerbsteps.asp">Interoperability</ulink>
954 guide. Another very useful document that may be referred to for general information regarding Kerberos
955 interoperability is <ulink url="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1510.txt?number=1510">RFC1510</ulink>. This RFC
956 explains much of the magic behind the operation of Kerberos.
960 <indexterm><primary>MIT</primary></indexterm>
961 <indexterm><primary>KRB5</primary></indexterm>
962 <indexterm><primary>SRV records</primary></indexterm>
963 <indexterm><primary>krb5.conf</primary></indexterm>
964 <indexterm><primary>DNS lookup</primary></indexterm>
965 <indexterm><primary>libraries</primary></indexterm>
966 MIT's, as well as Heimdal's, recent KRB5 libraries default to checking for SRV records, so they will
967 automatically find the KDCs. In addition, <filename>krb5.conf</filename> only allows specifying
968 a single KDC, even there if there may be more than one. Using the DNS lookup allows the KRB5
969 libraries to use whichever KDCs are available.
973 <indexterm><primary>krb5.conf</primary></indexterm>
974 When manually configuring <filename>krb5.conf</filename>, the minimal configuration is:
977 default_realm = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
980 YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
981 kdc = your.kerberos.server
985 .kerberos.server = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
990 <indexterm><primary>Heimdal</primary></indexterm>
991 When using Heimdal versions before 0.6, use the following configuration settings:
994 default_realm = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
995 default_etypes = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5
996 default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5
999 YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
1000 kdc = your.kerberos.server
1004 .kerberos.server = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
1009 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
1010 <indexterm><primary>kinit</primary></indexterm>
1011 Test your config by doing a <userinput>kinit
1012 <replaceable>USERNAME</replaceable>@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable></userinput> and
1013 making sure that your password is accepted by the Win2000 KDC.
1017 <indexterm><primary>Heimdal</primary></indexterm>
1018 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
1019 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
1020 <indexterm><primary>Windows 2003</primary></indexterm>
1021 With Heimdal versions earlier than 0.6.x you can use only newly created accounts
1022 in ADS or accounts that have had the password changed once after migration, or
1023 in case of <constant>Administrator</constant> after installation. At the
1024 moment, a Windows 2003 KDC can only be used with Heimdal releases later than 0.6
1025 (and no default etypes in krb5.conf). Unfortunately, this whole area is still
1030 <indexterm><primary>realm</primary></indexterm>
1031 <indexterm><primary>uppercase</primary></indexterm>
1032 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
1033 The realm must be in uppercase or you will get a <quote><errorname>Cannot find KDC for
1034 requested realm while getting initial credentials</errorname></quote> error (Kerberos
1035 is case-sensitive!).
1039 <indexterm><primary>synchronize</primary></indexterm>
1040 <indexterm><primary>credentials</primary></indexterm>
1041 <indexterm><primary>time difference</primary></indexterm>
1042 <indexterm><primary>clock skew</primary></indexterm>
1043 Time between the two servers must be synchronized. You will get a <quote><errorname>kinit(v5): Clock skew too
1044 great while getting initial credentials</errorname></quote> if the time difference (clock skew) is more than five minutes.
1048 <indexterm><primary>clock skew</primary></indexterm>
1049 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
1050 Clock skew limits are configurable in the Kerberos protocols. The default setting is five minutes.
1054 <indexterm><primary>DNS</primary></indexterm>
1055 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
1056 <indexterm><primary>hostname</primary></indexterm>
1057 <indexterm><primary>realm</primary></indexterm>
1058 You also must ensure that you can do a reverse DNS lookup on the IP address of your KDC. Also, the name that
1059 this reverse lookup maps to must either be the NetBIOS name of the KDC (i.e., the hostname with no domain
1060 attached) or it can be the NetBIOS name followed by the realm.
1064 <indexterm><primary>/etc/hosts</primary></indexterm>
1065 <indexterm><primary>KDC</primary></indexterm>
1066 <indexterm><primary>realm</primary></indexterm>
1067 The easiest way to ensure you get this right is to add a <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> entry mapping the IP
1068 address of your KDC to its NetBIOS name. If you do not get this correct, then you will get a <errorname>local
1069 error</errorname> when you try to join the realm.
1073 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
1074 <indexterm><primary>Create the Computer Account</primary></indexterm>
1075 <indexterm><primary>Testing Server Setup</primary></indexterm>
1076 <indexterm><primary></primary></indexterm>
1077 If all you want is Kerberos support in &smbclient;, then you can skip directly to <link
1078 linkend="ads-test-smbclient">Testing with &smbclient;</link> now. <link
1079 linkend="ads-create-machine-account">Create the Computer Account</link> and <link
1080 linkend="ads-test-server">Testing Server Setup</link> are needed only if you want Kerberos support for &smbd;
1086 <sect2 id="ads-create-machine-account">
1087 <title>Create the Computer Account</title>
1090 <indexterm><primary>write permission</primary></indexterm>
1091 <indexterm><primary>Samba private directory</primary></indexterm>
1092 <indexterm><primary>Administrator account</primary></indexterm>
1093 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
1094 As a user who has write permission on the Samba private directory (usually root), run:
1096 &rootprompt; <userinput>net ads join -U Administrator%password</userinput>
1098 The Administrator account can be any account that has been designated in the ADS domain security settings with
1099 permission to add machines to the ADS domain. It is, of course, a good idea to use an account other than Administrator.
1100 On the UNIX/Linux system, this command must be executed by an account that has UID=0 (root).
1104 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
1105 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
1106 <indexterm><primary>organizational unit</primary></indexterm>
1107 <indexterm><primary>ADS manager</primary></indexterm>
1108 <indexterm><primary>kinit</primary></indexterm>
1109 <indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>join</tertiary></indexterm>
1110 When making a Windows client a member of an ADS domain within a complex organization, you
1111 may want to create the machine trust account within a particular organizational unit. Samba-3 permits
1112 this to be done using the following syntax:
1114 &rootprompt; <userinput>kinit Administrator@your.kerberos.REALM</userinput>
1115 &rootprompt; <userinput>net ads join createcomputer="organizational_unit"</userinput>
1117 Your ADS manager will be able to advise what should be specified for the "organizational_unit" parameter.
1121 <indexterm><primary>organizational directory</primary></indexterm>
1122 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
1123 <indexterm><primary>container</primary></indexterm>
1124 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
1125 For example, you may want to create the machine trust account in a container called <quote>Servers</quote>
1126 under the organizational directory <quote>Computers/BusinessUnit/Department,</quote> like this:
1128 &rootprompt; <userinput>net ads join "Computers/BusinessUnit/Department/Servers"</userinput>
1130 This command will place the Samba server machine trust account in the container
1131 <literal>Computers/BusinessUnit/Department/Servers</literal>. The container should exist in the ADS directory
1132 before executing this command. Please note that forward slashes must be used, because backslashes are both
1133 valid characters in an OU name and used as escapes for other characters. If you need a backslash in an OU
1134 name, it may need to be quadrupled to pass through the shell escape and ldap escape.
1138 <title>Possible Errors</title>
1142 <varlistentry><term><errorname>ADS support not compiled in</errorname></term>
1144 <indexterm><primary>config.cache</primary></indexterm>
1145 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
1146 <indexterm><primary>headers files</primary></indexterm>
1147 Samba must be reconfigured (remove config.cache) and recompiled (make clean all install) after the
1148 Kerberos libraries and headers files are installed.
1149 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
1151 <varlistentry><term><errorname>net ads join prompts for user name</errorname></term>
1153 <indexterm><primary>kinit</primary></indexterm>
1154 <indexterm><primary>rights</primary></indexterm>
1155 You need to log in to the domain using <userinput>kinit
1156 <replaceable>USERNAME</replaceable>@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable></userinput>.
1157 <replaceable>USERNAME</replaceable> must be a user who has rights to add a machine to the domain.
1158 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
1160 <varlistentry><term>Unsupported encryption/or checksum types</term>
1162 <indexterm><primary>/etc/krb5.conf</primary></indexterm>
1163 <indexterm><primary>unsupported encryption</primary></indexterm>
1164 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
1165 Make sure that the <filename>/etc/krb5.conf</filename> is correctly configured
1166 for the type and version of Kerberos installed on the system.
1167 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
1175 <sect2 id="ads-test-server">
1176 <title>Testing Server Setup</title>
1179 <indexterm><primary>successful join</primary></indexterm>
1180 <indexterm><primary>computer account</primary></indexterm>
1181 <indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm>
1182 If the join was successful, you will see a new computer account with the
1183 NetBIOS name of your Samba server in Active Directory (in the <quote>Computers</quote>
1184 folder under Users and Computers.
1188 <indexterm><primary>Windows 2000</primary></indexterm>
1189 <indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>use</secondary></indexterm>
1190 <indexterm><primary>DES-CBC-MD5</primary></indexterm>
1191 On a Windows 2000 client, try <userinput>net use * \\server\share</userinput>. You should
1192 be logged in with Kerberos without needing to know a password. If this fails, then run
1193 <userinput>klist tickets</userinput>. Did you get a ticket for the server? Does it have
1194 an encryption type of DES-CBC-MD5?
1198 <indexterm><primary>DES-CBC-MD5</primary></indexterm>
1199 <indexterm><primary>ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5</primary></indexterm>
1200 <indexterm><primary>encoding</primary></indexterm>
1201 Samba can use both DES-CBC-MD5 encryption as well as ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5 encoding.
1206 <sect2 id="ads-test-smbclient">
1207 <title>Testing with &smbclient;</title>
1210 <indexterm><primary>smbclient</primary></indexterm>
1211 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos</primary></indexterm>
1212 <indexterm><primary>Kerberos authentication</primary></indexterm>
1213 On your Samba server try to log in to a Windows 2000 server or your Samba
1214 server using &smbclient; and Kerberos. Use &smbclient; as usual, but
1215 specify the <option>-k</option> option to choose Kerberos authentication.
1221 <title>Notes</title>
1224 <indexterm><primary>administrator password</primary></indexterm>
1225 <indexterm><primary>change password</primary></indexterm>
1226 <indexterm><primary>encryption types</primary></indexterm>
1227 You must change the administrator password at least once after installing a domain controller,
1228 to create the right encryption types.
1232 <indexterm><primary>_kerberos._udp</primary></indexterm>
1233 <indexterm><primary>_ldap._tcp</primary></indexterm>
1234 <indexterm><primary>default DNS setup</primary></indexterm>
1235 Windows 200x does not seem to create the <parameter>_kerberos._udp</parameter> and
1236 <parameter>_ldap._tcp</parameter> in the default DNS setup. Perhaps this will be fixed later in service packs.
1243 <title>Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members</title>
1246 <indexterm><primary>maps UNIX users and groups</primary></indexterm>
1247 <indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm>
1248 <indexterm><primary>GID</primary></indexterm>
1249 <indexterm><primary>SID</primary></indexterm>
1250 Samba maps UNIX users and groups (identified by UIDs and GIDs) to Windows users and groups (identified by SIDs).
1251 These mappings are done by the <parameter>idmap</parameter> subsystem of Samba.
1255 <indexterm><primary>mappings</primary></indexterm>
1256 <indexterm><primary>CIFS</primary></indexterm>
1257 <indexterm><primary>NFS</primary></indexterm>
1258 In some cases it is useful to share these mappings between Samba domain members,
1259 so <emphasis>name->id</emphasis> mapping is identical on all machines.
1260 This may be needed in particular when sharing files over both CIFS and NFS.
1264 <indexterm><primary>LDAP</primary></indexterm>
1265 <indexterm><primary>ldap idmap suffix</primary></indexterm>
1266 To use the <emphasis>LDAP</emphasis> <parameter>ldap idmap suffix</parameter>, set:
1270 <smbconfoption name="ldap idmap suffix">ou=Idmap</smbconfoption>
1274 See the &smb.conf; man page entry for the <smbconfoption name="ldap idmap suffix"></smbconfoption>
1275 parameter for further information.
1279 <indexterm><primary>smbpasswd</primary></indexterm>
1280 <indexterm><primary>LDAP administrative password</primary></indexterm>
1281 <indexterm><primary>secrets.tdb</primary></indexterm>
1282 Do not forget to specify also the <smbconfoption name="ldap admin dn"/>
1283 and to make certain to set the LDAP administrative password into the <filename>secrets.tdb</filename> using:
1285 &rootprompt; smbpasswd -w ldap-admin-password
1287 In place of <literal>ldap-admin-password</literal>, substitute the LDAP administration password for your
1294 <title>Common Errors</title>
1297 <indexterm><primary>domain member</primary></indexterm>
1298 <indexterm><primary>machine trust accounts</primary></indexterm>
1299 In the process of adding/deleting/re-adding domain member machine trust accounts, there are
1300 many traps for the unwary player and many <quote>little</quote> things that can go wrong.
1301 It is particularly interesting how often subscribers on the Samba mailing list have concluded
1302 after repeated failed attempts to add a machine account that it is necessary to <quote>reinstall</quote>
1303 MS Windows on the machine. In truth, it is seldom necessary to reinstall because of this type
1304 of problem. The real solution is often quite simple, and with an understanding of how MS Windows
1305 networking functions, it is easy to overcome.
1309 <title>Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain</title>
1312 <indexterm><primary>machine trust account</primary></indexterm>
1313 <indexterm><primary>already exists</primary></indexterm>
1314 <quote>A Windows workstation was reinstalled. The original domain machine trust
1315 account was deleted and added immediately. The workstation will not join the domain if I use
1316 the same machine name. Attempts to add the machine fail with a message that the machine already
1317 exists on the network &smbmdash; I know it does not. Why is this failing?</quote>
1321 <indexterm><primary>NetBIOS name cache</primary></indexterm>
1322 <indexterm><primary>nbtstat</primary></indexterm>
1323 The original name is still in the NetBIOS name cache and must expire after machine account
1324 deletion before adding that same name as a domain member again. The best advice is to delete
1325 the old account and then add the machine with a new name. Alternately, the name cache can be flushed and
1326 reloaded with current data using the <command>nbtstat</command> command on the Windows client:
1328 &dosprompt; nbtstat -R
1335 <title>Adding Machine to Domain Fails</title>
1338 <indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm>
1339 <indexterm><primary>fails</primary></indexterm>
1340 <quote>Adding a Windows 200x or XP Professional machine to the Samba PDC Domain fails with a
1341 message that says, <errorname>"The machine could not be added at this time, there is a network problem.
1342 Please try again later."</errorname> Why?</quote>
1346 <indexterm><primary>check logs</primary></indexterm>
1347 You should check that there is an <smbconfoption name="add machine script"/> in your &smb.conf;
1348 file. If there is not, please add one that is appropriate for your OS platform. If a script
1349 has been defined, you will need to debug its operation. Increase the <smbconfoption name="log level"></smbconfoption>
1350 in the &smb.conf; file to level 10, then try to rejoin the domain. Check the logs to see which
1351 operation is failing.
1355 Possible causes include:
1360 <indexterm><primary>script</primary></indexterm>
1361 <indexterm><primary>path specified</primary></indexterm>
1362 The script does not actually exist, or could not be located in the path specified.
1366 <indexterm><primary>UNIX system account</primary></indexterm>
1367 <indexterm><primary>Samba SAM account</primary></indexterm>
1368 <emphasis>Corrective action:</emphasis> Fix it. Make sure when run manually
1369 that the script will add both the UNIX system account and the Samba SAM account.
1373 <indexterm><primary>UNIX system account</primary></indexterm>
1374 <indexterm><primary>/etc/passwd</primary></indexterm>
1375 The machine could not be added to the UNIX system accounts file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.
1379 <indexterm><primary>legal UNIX system account name</primary></indexterm>
1380 <indexterm><primary>uppercase</primary></indexterm>
1381 <emphasis>Corrective action:</emphasis> Check that the machine name is a legal UNIX
1382 system account name. If the UNIX utility <command>useradd</command> is called,
1383 then make sure that the machine name you are trying to add can be added using this
1384 tool. <command>Useradd</command> on some systems will not allow any uppercase characters
1385 nor will it allow spaces in the name.
1390 <indexterm><primary>backend database</primary></indexterm>
1391 <indexterm><primary>UNIX system account</primary></indexterm>
1392 <indexterm><primary>Samba backend database</primary></indexterm>
1393 The <smbconfoption name="add machine script"/> does not create the
1394 machine account in the Samba backend database; it is there only to create a UNIX system
1395 account to which the Samba backend database account can be mapped.
1401 <title>I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC</title>
1404 <indexterm><primary>SMB signing</primary></indexterm>
1405 <indexterm><primary>SMB</primary></indexterm>
1406 <indexterm><primary>Windows 2003</primary></indexterm>
1407 <indexterm><primary>SMB/CIFS</primary></indexterm>
1408 Windows 2003 requires SMB signing. Client-side SMB signing has been implemented in Samba-3.0.
1409 Set <smbconfoption name="client use spnego">yes</smbconfoption> when communicating
1410 with a Windows 2003 server. This will not interfere with other Windows clients that do not
1411 support the more advanced security features of Windows 2003 because the client will simply
1412 negotiate a protocol that both it and the server suppport. This is a well-known fall-back facility
1413 that is built into the SMB/CIFS protocols.