1 # Coding conventions in the Samba tree
5 Coding style guidelines are about reducing the number of unnecessary
6 reformatting patches and making things easier for developers to work
8 You don't have to like them or even agree with them, but once put in place
9 we all have to abide by them (or vote to change them). However, coding
10 style should never outweigh coding itself and so the guidelines
11 described here are hopefully easy enough to follow as they are very
12 common and supported by tools and editors.
14 The basic style for C code is the Linux kernel coding style (See
15 Documentation/CodingStyle in the kernel source tree). This closely matches
16 what most Samba developers use already anyways, with a few exceptions as
19 The coding style for Python code is documented in
20 [PEP8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/). New Python code should be compatible
21 with Python 2.6, 2.7, and Python 3.4 onwards. This means using Python 3 syntax
22 with the appropriate `from __future__` imports.
24 But to save you the trouble of reading the Linux kernel style guide, here
27 * Maximum Line Width is 80 Characters
28 The reason is not about people with low-res screens but rather sticking
29 to 80 columns prevents you from easily nesting more than one level of
30 if statements or other code blocks. Use [source3/script/count_80_col.pl](source3/script/count_80_col.pl)
31 to check your changes.
33 * Use 8 Space Tabs to Indent
34 No whitespace fillers.
36 * No Trailing Whitespace
37 Use [source3/script/strip_trail_ws.pl](source3/script/strip_trail_ws.pl) to clean up your files before
40 * Follow the K&R guidelines. We won't go through all of them here. Do you
41 have a copy of "The C Programming Language" anyways right? You can also use
42 the [format_indent.sh script found in source3/script/](source3/script/format_indent.sh) if all else fails.
50 Add the follow to your $HOME/.emacs file:
53 (add-hook 'c-mode-hook
56 (c-toggle-auto-state)))
62 (Thanks to SATOH Fumiyasu <fumiyas@osstech.jp> for these hints):
64 For the basic vi editor included with all variants of \*nix, add the
65 following to $HOME/.exrc:
72 For Vim, the following settings in $HOME/.vimrc will also deal with
73 displaying trailing whitespace:
76 if has("syntax") && (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running"))
78 function! ActivateInvisibleCharIndicator()
79 syntax match TrailingSpace "[ \t]\+$" display containedin=ALL
80 highlight TrailingSpace ctermbg=Red
82 autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead * call ActivateInvisibleCharIndicator()
84 " Show tabs, trailing whitespace, and continued lines visually
85 set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:·,extends:…
87 " highlight overly long lines same as TODOs.
89 autocmd BufNewFile,BufRead *.c,*.h exec 'match Todo /\%>' . &textwidth . 'v.\+/'
98 BreakBeforeBraces: Linux
99 AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false
100 IndentCaseLabels: false
101 BinPackParameters: false
102 BinPackArguments: false
107 ## FAQ & Statement Reference
111 Comments should always use the standard C syntax. C++
112 style comments are not currently allowed.
114 The lines before a comment should be empty. If the comment directly
115 belongs to the following code, there should be no empty line
116 after the comment, except if the comment contains a summary
117 of multiple following code blocks.
126 * This is a multi line comment,
127 * which explains the logical steps we have to do:
129 * 1. We need to set i=5, because...
130 * 2. We need to call complex_fn1
133 /* This is a one line comment about i = 5. */
137 * This is a multi line comment,
138 * explaining the call to complex_fn1()
145 * @brief This is a doxygen comment.
147 * This is a more detailed explanation of
148 * this simple function.
150 * @param[in] param1 The parameter value of the function.
152 * @param[out] result1 The result value of the function.
154 * @return 0 on success and -1 on error.
156 int example(int param1, int *result1);
165 * This is a multi line comment,
166 * which explains the logical steps we have to do:
168 * 1. We need to set i=5, because...
169 * 2. We need to call complex_fn1
171 /* This is a one line comment about i = 5. */
174 * This is a multi line comment,
175 * explaining the call to complex_fn1()
181 /*This is a one line comment.*/
183 /* This is a multi line comment,
184 with some more words...*/
187 * This is a multi line comment,
188 * with some more words...*/
191 ### Indention & Whitespace & 80 columns
193 To avoid confusion, indentations have to be tabs with length 8 (not 8
194 ' ' characters). When wrapping parameters for function calls,
195 align the parameter list with the first parameter on the previous line.
196 Use tabs to get as close as possible and then fill in the final 7
197 characters or less with whitespace. For example,
200 var1 = foo(arg1, arg2,
204 The previous example is intended to illustrate alignment of function
205 parameters across lines and not as encourage for gratuitous line
206 splitting. Never split a line before columns 70 - 79 unless you
207 have a really good reason. Be smart about formatting.
209 One exception to the previous rule is function calls, declarations, and
210 definitions. In function calls, declarations, and definitions, either the
211 declaration is a one-liner, or each parameter is listed on its own
212 line. The rationale is that if there are many parameters, each one
213 should be on its own line to make tracking interface changes easier.
216 ## If, switch, & Code blocks
218 Always follow an `if` keyword with a space but don't include additional
219 spaces following or preceding the parentheses in the conditional.
232 Yes we have a lot of code that uses the second form and we are trying
233 to clean it up without being overly intrusive.
235 Note that this is a rule about parentheses following keywords and not
236 functions. Don't insert a space between the name and left parentheses when
239 Braces for code blocks used by `for`, `if`, `switch`, `while`, `do..while`, etc.
240 should begin on the same line as the statement keyword and end on a line
241 of their own. You should always include braces, even if the block only
242 contains one statement. NOTE: Functions are different and the beginning left
243 brace should be located in the first column on the next line.
245 If the beginning statement has to be broken across lines due to length,
246 the beginning brace should be on a line of its own.
248 The exception to the ending rule is when the closing brace is followed by
249 another language keyword such as else or the closing while in a `do..while`
259 for (x=1; x<10; x++) {
263 for (really_really_really_really_long_var_name=0;
264 really_really_really_really_long_var_name<10;
265 really_really_really_really_long_var_name++)
267 print("%d\n", really_really_really_really_long_var_name);
271 printf("also good\n");
280 print("I'm in a loop!\n"); }
290 print("I should be in braces.\n");
296 While many people have been academically taught that `goto`s are
297 fundamentally evil, they can greatly enhance readability and reduce memory
298 leaks when used as the single exit point from a function. But in no Samba
299 world what so ever is a goto outside of a function or block of code a good
305 int function foo(int y)
311 z = malloc(sizeof(int) * y);
318 print("Allocated %d elements.\n", y);
330 ### Primitive Data Types
332 Samba has large amounts of historical code which makes use of data types
333 commonly supported by the C99 standard. However, at the time such types
334 as boolean and exact width integers did not exist and Samba developers
335 were forced to provide their own. Now that these types are guaranteed to
336 be available either as part of the compiler C99 support or from
337 lib/replace/, new code should adhere to the following conventions:
339 * Booleans are of type `bool` (not `BOOL`)
340 * Boolean values are `true` and `false` (not `True` or `False`)
341 * Exact width integers are of type `[u]int[8|16|32|64]_t`
343 Most of the time a good name for a boolean variable is 'ok'. Here is an
344 example we often use:
355 It makes the code more readable and is easy to debug.
359 Samba tries to avoid `typedef struct { .. } x_t;` so we do always try to use
360 `struct x { .. };`. We know there are still such typedefs in the code,
361 but for new code, please don't do that anymore.
363 ### Initialize pointers
365 All pointer variables MUST be initialized to NULL. History has
366 demonstrated that uninitialized pointer variables have lead to various
367 bugs and security issues.
369 Pointers MUST be initialized even if the assignment directly follows
370 the declaration, like pointer2 in the example below, because the
371 instructions sequence may change over time.
376 char *pointer1 = NULL;
377 char *pointer2 = NULL;
379 pointer2 = some_func2();
383 pointer1 = some_func1();
392 pointer2 = some_func2();
396 pointer1 = some_func1();
399 ### Make use of helper variables
401 Please try to avoid passing function calls as function parameters
402 in new code. This makes the code much easier to read and
403 it's also easier to use the "step" command within gdb.
411 name = get_some_name();
416 ret = some_function_my_name(name);
424 ret = some_function_my_name(get_some_name());
428 Please try to avoid passing function return values to if- or
429 while-conditions. The reason for this is better handling of code under a
435 x = malloc(sizeof(short)*10);
437 fprintf(stderr, "Unable to alloc memory!\n");
444 if ((x = malloc(sizeof(short)*10)) == NULL ) {
445 fprintf(stderr, "Unable to alloc memory!\n");
449 There are exceptions to this rule. One example is walking a data structure in
453 while ((opt = poptGetNextOpt(pc)) != -1) {
454 ... do something with opt ...
458 Another exception: DBG messages for example printing a SID or a GUID:
459 Here we don't expect any surprise from the printing functions, and the
460 main reason of this guideline is to make debugging easier. That reason
461 rarely exists for this particular use case, and we gain some
462 efficiency because the DBG_ macros don't evaluate their arguments if
463 the debuglevel is not high enough.
466 if (!NT_STATUS_IS_OK(status)) {
467 struct dom_sid_buf sid_buf;
468 struct GUID_txt_buf guid_buf;
470 "objectSID [%s] for GUID [%s] invalid\n",
471 dom_sid_str_buf(objectsid, &sid_buf),
472 GUID_buf_string(&cache->entries[idx], &guid_buf));
476 But in general, please try to avoid this pattern.
479 ### Control-Flow changing macros
481 Macros like `NT_STATUS_NOT_OK_RETURN` that change control flow
482 (`return`/`goto`/etc) from within the macro are considered bad, because
483 they look like function calls that never change control flow. Please
484 do not use them in new code.
486 The only exception is the test code that depends repeated use of calls
487 like `CHECK_STATUS`, `CHECK_VAL` and others.
490 ### Error and out logic
495 frame = talloc_stackframe();
497 if (ret == LDB_SUCCESS) {
498 if (result->count == 0) {
499 ret = LDB_ERR_NO_SUCH_OBJECT;
501 struct ldb_message *match =
502 get_best_match(dn, result);
505 return LDB_ERR_OPERATIONS_ERROR;
507 *msg = talloc_move(mem_ctx, &match);
518 frame = talloc_stackframe();
520 if (ret != LDB_SUCCESS) {
525 if (result->count == 0) {
527 return LDB_ERR_NO_SUCH_OBJECT;
530 match = get_best_match(dn, result);
533 return LDB_ERR_OPERATIONS_ERROR;
536 *msg = talloc_move(mem_ctx, &match);
544 Use these following macros instead of DEBUG:
547 DBG_ERR log level 0 error conditions
548 DBG_WARNING log level 1 warning conditions
549 DBG_NOTICE log level 3 normal, but significant, condition
550 DBG_INFO log level 5 informational message
551 DBG_DEBUG log level 10 debug-level message
557 DBG_ERR("Memory allocation failed\n");
558 DBG_DEBUG("Received %d bytes\n", count);
561 The messages from these macros are automatically prefixed with the