doc/src/sgml/release.sgml

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  34
  35 <appendix id="release">
  36  <title>Release Notes</title>
  37
  38   <para>
  39    The release notes contain the significant changes in each
  40    <productname>PostgreSQL</> release, with major features and migration
  41    issues listed at the top.  The release notes do not contain changes
  42    that affect only a few users or changes that are internal and therefore not
  43    user-visible.  For example, the optimizer is improved in almost every
  44    release, but the improvements are usually observed by users as simply
  45    faster queries.
  46   </para>
  47
  48   <para>
  49    A complete list of changes for each release can be obtained by
  50    viewing the <link linkend="cvs">CVS</link> logs for each release.
  51    The <ulink
  52    url="http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-committers/">pgsql-committers
  53    email list</ulink> contains all source code changes as well.  There is also
  54    a <ulink url="http://developer.postgresql.org/cvsweb.cgi/pgsql/">web
  55    interface</ulink> that shows changes to specific files.
  56    <!-- we need a file containing the CVS logs for each release, and something
  57    like the SVN web interface that groups commits but has branches -->
  58   </para>
  59
  60   <para>
  61    The name appearing next to each item represents the major developer for
  62    that item.  Of course all changes involve community discussion and patch
  63    review, so each item is truly a community effort.
  64   </para>
  65
  66  <sect1 id="release-8-3-2">
  67   <title>Release 8.3.2</title>
  68
  69   <note>
  70   <title>Release date</title>
  71   <simpara>2008-06-09</simpara>
  72   </note>
  73
  74   <para>
  75    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.3.1.
  76    For information about new features in the 8.3 major release, see
  77    <xref linkend="release-8-3">.
  78   </para>
  79
  80   <sect2>
  81    <title>Migration to Version 8.3.2</title>
  82
  83    <para>
  84     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.3.X.
  85     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.3.1,
  86     see the release notes for 8.3.1.
  87    </para>
  88
  89   </sect2>
  90
  91   <sect2>
  92    <title>Changes</title>
  93
  94    <itemizedlist>
  95
  96     <listitem>
  97      <para>
  98       Fix <literal>ERRORDATA_STACK_SIZE exceeded</literal> crash that
  99       occurred on Windows when using UTF-8 database encoding and a different
 100       client encoding (Tom)
 101      </para>
 102     </listitem>
 103
 104     <listitem>
 105      <para>
 106       Fix incorrect archive truncation point calculation for the
 107       <literal>%r</> macro in <varname>recovery_command</> parameters
 108       (Simon)
 109      </para>
 110
 111      <para>
 112       This could lead to data loss if a warm-standby script relied on
 113       <literal>%r</> to decide when to throw away WAL segment files.
 114      </para>
 115     </listitem>
 116
 117     <listitem>
 118      <para>
 119       Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN ... PRIMARY KEY</> so that the new
 120       column is correctly checked to see if it's been initialized to all
 121       non-nulls (Brendan Jurd)
 122      </para>
 123
 124      <para>
 125       Previous versions neglected to check this requirement at all.
 126      </para>
 127     </listitem>
 128
 129     <listitem>
 130      <para>
 131       Fix <command>REASSIGN OWNED</> so that it works on procedural
 132       languages too (Alvaro)
 133      </para>
 134     </listitem>
 135
 136     <listitem>
 137      <para>
 138       Fix problems with <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE</> occurring as a
 139       subquery in a query with a non-<command>SELECT</> top-level operation
 140       (Tom)
 141      </para>
 142     </listitem>
 143
 144     <listitem>
 145      <para>
 146       Fix possible <command>CREATE TABLE</> failure when inheriting the
 147       <quote>same</> constraint from multiple parent relations that
 148       inherited that constraint from a common ancestor (Tom)
 149      </para>
 150     </listitem>
 151
 152     <listitem>
 153      <para>
 154       Fix <function>pg_get_ruledef()</> to show the alias, if any, attached
 155       to the target table of an <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</>
 156       (Tom)
 157      </para>
 158     </listitem>
 159
 160     <listitem>
 161      <para>
 162       Restore the pre-8.3 behavior that an out-of-range block number in a
 163       TID being used in a TidScan plan results in silently not matching any
 164       rows (Tom)
 165      </para>
 166
 167      <para>
 168       8.3.0 and 8.3.1 threw an error instead.
 169      </para>
 170     </listitem>
 171
 172     <listitem>
 173      <para>
 174       Fix GIN bug that could result in a <literal>too many LWLocks
 175       taken</literal> failure (Teodor)
 176      </para>
 177     </listitem>
 178
 179     <listitem>
 180      <para>
 181       Fix broken GiST comparison function for <type>tsquery</> (Teodor)
 182      </para>
 183     </listitem>
 184
 185     <listitem>
 186      <para>
 187       Fix <function>tsvector_update_trigger()</> and <function>ts_stat()</>
 188       to accept domains over the types they expect to work with (Tom)
 189      </para>
 190     </listitem>
 191
 192     <listitem>
 193      <para>
 194       Fix failure to support enum data types as foreign keys (Tom)
 195      </para>
 196     </listitem>
 197
 198     <listitem>
 199      <para>
 200       Avoid possible crash when decompressing corrupted data
 201       (Zdenek Kotala)
 202      </para>
 203     </listitem>
 204
 205     <listitem>
 206      <para>
 207       Fix race conditions between delayed unlinks and <command>DROP
 208       DATABASE</> (Heikki)
 209      </para>
 210
 211      <para>
 212       In the worst case this could result in deleting a newly created table
 213       in a new database that happened to get the same OID as the
 214       recently-dropped one; but of course that is an extremely
 215       low-probability scenario.
 216      </para>
 217     </listitem>
 218
 219     <listitem>
 220      <para>
 221       Repair two places where SIGTERM exit of a backend could leave corrupted
 222       state in shared memory (Tom)
 223      </para>
 224
 225      <para>
 226       Neither case is very important if SIGTERM is used to shut down the
 227       whole database cluster together, but there was a problem if someone
 228       tried to SIGTERM individual backends.
 229      </para>
 230     </listitem>
 231
 232     <listitem>
 233      <para>
 234       Fix possible crash due to incorrect plan generated for an
 235       <literal><replaceable>x</> IN (SELECT <replaceable>y</>
 236       FROM ...)</literal> clause when <replaceable>x</> and <replaceable>y</>
 237       have different data types; and make sure the behavior is semantically
 238       correct when the conversion from <replaceable>y</>'s type to
 239       <replaceable>x</>'s type is lossy (Tom)
 240      </para>
 241     </listitem>
 242
 243     <listitem>
 244      <para>
 245       Fix oversight that prevented the planner from substituting known Param
 246       values as if they were constants (Tom)
 247      </para>
 248
 249      <para>
 250       This mistake partially disabled optimization of unnamed
 251       extended-Query statements in 8.3.0 and 8.3.1: in particular the
 252       LIKE-to-indexscan optimization would never be applied if the LIKE
 253       pattern was passed as a parameter, and constraint exclusion
 254       depending on a parameter value didn't work either.
 255      </para>
 256     </listitem>
 257
 258     <listitem>
 259      <para>
 260       Fix planner failure when an indexable <function>MIN</> or
 261       <function>MAX</> aggregate is used with <literal>DISTINCT</> or
 262       <literal>ORDER BY</> (Tom)
 263      </para>
 264     </listitem>
 265
 266     <listitem>
 267      <para>
 268       Fix planner to ensure it never uses a <quote>physical tlist</> for a
 269       plan node that is feeding a Sort node (Tom)
 270      </para>
 271
 272      <para>
 273       This led to the sort having to push around more data than it really
 274       needed to, since unused column values were included in the sorted
 275       data.
 276      </para>
 277     </listitem>
 278
 279     <listitem>
 280      <para>
 281       Avoid unnecessary copying of query strings (Tom)
 282      </para>
 283
 284      <para>
 285       This fixes a performance problem introduced in 8.3.0 when a very large
 286       number of commands are submitted as a single query string.
 287      </para>
 288     </listitem>
 289
 290     <listitem>
 291      <para>
 292       Make <function>TransactionIdIsCurrentTransactionId()</> use binary
 293       search instead of linear search when checking child-transaction XIDs
 294       (Heikki)
 295      </para>
 296
 297      <para>
 298       This fixes some cases in which 8.3.0 was significantly
 299       slower than earlier releases.
 300      </para>
 301     </listitem>
 302
 303     <listitem>
 304      <para>
 305       Fix conversions between ISO-8859-5 and other encodings to handle
 306       Cyrillic <quote>Yo</> characters (<literal>e</> and <literal>E</> with
 307       two dots) (Sergey Burladyan)
 308      </para>
 309     </listitem>
 310
 311     <listitem>
 312      <para>
 313       Fix several datatype input functions, notably <function>array_in()</>,
 314       that were allowing unused bytes in their results to contain
 315       uninitialized, unpredictable values (Tom)
 316      </para>
 317
 318      <para>
 319       This could lead to failures in which two apparently identical literal
 320       values were not seen as equal, resulting in the parser complaining
 321       about unmatched <literal>ORDER BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>
 322       expressions.
 323      </para>
 324     </listitem>
 325
 326     <listitem>
 327      <para>
 328       Fix a corner case in regular-expression substring matching
 329       (<literal>substring(<replaceable>string</> from
 330       <replaceable>pattern</>)</literal>) (Tom)
 331      </para>
 332
 333      <para>
 334       The problem occurs when there is a match to the pattern overall but
 335       the user has specified a parenthesized subexpression and that
 336       subexpression hasn't got a match.  An example is
 337       <literal>substring('foo' from 'foo(bar)?')</>.
 338       This should return NULL, since <literal>(bar)</> isn't matched, but
 339       it was mistakenly returning the whole-pattern match instead (ie,
 340       <literal>foo</>).
 341      </para>
 342     </listitem>
 343
 344     <listitem>
 345      <para>
 346       Prevent cancellation of an auto-vacuum that was launched to prevent
 347       XID wraparound (Alvaro)
 348      </para>
 349     </listitem>
 350
 351     <listitem>
 352      <para>
 353       Improve <command>ANALYZE</>'s handling of in-doubt tuples (those
 354       inserted or deleted by a not-yet-committed transaction) so that the
 355       counts it reports to the stats collector are more likely to be correct
 356       (Pavan Deolasee)
 357      </para>
 358     </listitem>
 359
 360     <listitem>
 361      <para>
 362       Fix <application>initdb</> to reject a relative path for its
 363       <literal>--xlogdir</> (<literal>-X</>) option (Tom)
 364      </para>
 365     </listitem>
 366
 367     <listitem>
 368      <para>
 369       Make <application>psql</> print tab characters as an appropriate
 370       number of spaces, rather than <literal>\x09</literal> as was done in
 371       8.3.0 and 8.3.1 (Bruce)
 372      </para>
 373     </listitem>
 374
 375     <listitem>
 376      <para>
 377       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008c (for
 378       DST law changes in Morocco, Iraq, Choibalsan, Pakistan, Syria, Cuba, and
 379       Argentina/San_Luis)
 380      </para>
 381     </listitem>
 382
 383     <listitem>
 384      <para>
 385       Add <function>ECPGget_PGconn()</> function to
 386       <application>ecpglib</> (Michael)
 387      </para>
 388     </listitem>
 389
 390     <listitem>
 391      <para>
 392       Fix incorrect result from <application>ecpg</>'s
 393       <function>PGTYPEStimestamp_sub()</> function (Michael)
 394      </para>
 395     </listitem>
 396
 397     <listitem>
 398      <para>
 399       Fix handling of continuation line markers in <application>ecpg</>
 400       (Michael)
 401      </para>
 402     </listitem>
 403
 404     <listitem>
 405      <para>
 406       Fix possible crashes in <filename>contrib/cube</> functions (Tom)
 407      </para>
 408     </listitem>
 409
 410     <listitem>
 411      <para>
 412       Fix core dump in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
 413       <function>xpath_table()</> function when the input query returns a
 414       NULL value (Tom)
 415      </para>
 416     </listitem>
 417
 418     <listitem>
 419      <para>
 420       Fix <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s makefile to not override
 421       <literal>CFLAGS</>, and make it auto-configure properly for
 422       <application>libxslt</> present or not (Tom)
 423      </para>
 424     </listitem>
 425
 426    </itemizedlist>
 427
 428   </sect2>
 429  </sect1>
 430
 431  <sect1 id="release-8-3-1">
 432   <title>Release 8.3.1</title>
 433
 434   <note>
 435   <title>Release date</title>
 436   <simpara>2008-03-17</simpara>
 437   </note>
 438
 439   <para>
 440    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.3.0.
 441    For information about new features in the 8.3 major release, see
 442    <xref linkend="release-8-3">.
 443   </para>
 444
 445   <sect2>
 446    <title>Migration to Version 8.3.1</title>
 447
 448    <para>
 449     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.3.X.
 450     However, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
 451     columns after updating, if you are affected by the Windows locale
 452     issue described below.
 453    </para>
 454
 455   </sect2>
 456
 457   <sect2>
 458    <title>Changes</title>
 459
 460    <itemizedlist>
 461
 462     <listitem>
 463      <para>
 464       Fix character string comparison for Windows locales that consider
 465       different character combinations as equal (Tom)
 466      </para>
 467
 468      <para>
 469       This fix applies only on Windows and only when using UTF-8
 470       database encoding.  The same fix was made for all other cases
 471       over two years ago, but Windows with UTF-8 uses a separate code
 472       path that was not updated.  If you are using a locale that
 473       considers some non-identical strings as equal, you may need to
 474       <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on textual columns.
 475      </para>
 476     </listitem>
 477
 478     <listitem>
 479      <para>
 480       Repair corner-case bugs in <command>VACUUM FULL</> (Tom)
 481      </para>
 482
 483      <para>
 484       A potential deadlock between concurrent <command>VACUUM FULL</>
 485       operations on different system catalogs was introduced in 8.2.
 486       This has now been corrected.  8.3 made this worse because the
 487       deadlock could occur within a critical code section, making it
 488       a PANIC rather than just ERROR condition.
 489      </para>
 490
 491      <para>
 492       Also, a <command>VACUUM FULL</> that failed partway through
 493       vacuuming a system catalog could result in cache corruption in
 494       concurrent database sessions.
 495      </para>
 496
 497      <para>
 498       Another <command>VACUUM FULL</> bug introduced in 8.3 could
 499       result in a crash or out-of-memory report when dealing with
 500       pages containing no live tuples.
 501      </para>
 502     </listitem>
 503
 504     <listitem>
 505      <para>
 506       Fix misbehavior of foreign key checks involving <type>character</>
 507       or <type>bit</> columns (Tom)
 508      </para>
 509
 510      <para>
 511       If the referencing column were of a different but compatible type
 512       (for instance <type>varchar</>), the constraint was enforced incorrectly.
 513      </para>
 514     </listitem>
 515
 516     <listitem>
 517      <para>
 518       Avoid needless deadlock failures in no-op foreign-key checks (Stephan
 519       Szabo, Tom)
 520      </para>
 521     </listitem>
 522
 523     <listitem>
 524      <para>
 525       Fix possible core dump when re-planning a prepared query (Tom)
 526      </para>
 527
 528      <para>
 529       This bug affected only protocol-level prepare operations, not
 530       SQL <command>PREPARE</>, and so tended to be seen only with
 531       JDBC, DBI, and other client-side drivers that use prepared
 532       statements heavily.
 533      </para>
 534     </listitem>
 535
 536     <listitem>
 537      <para>
 538       Fix possible failure when re-planning a query that calls an SPI-using
 539       function (Tom)
 540      </para>
 541     </listitem>
 542
 543     <listitem>
 544      <para>
 545       Fix failure in row-wise comparisons involving columns of different
 546       datatypes (Tom)
 547      </para>
 548     </listitem>
 549
 550     <listitem>
 551      <para>
 552       Fix longstanding <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</>
 553       race condition (Tom)
 554      </para>
 555
 556      <para>
 557       In rare cases a session that had just executed a
 558       <command>LISTEN</> might not get a notification, even though
 559       one would be expected because the concurrent transaction executing
 560       <command>NOTIFY</> was observed to commit later.
 561      </para>
 562
 563      <para>
 564       A side effect of the fix is that a transaction that has executed
 565       a not-yet-committed <command>LISTEN</> command will not see any
 566       row in <structname>pg_listener</> for the <command>LISTEN</>,
 567       should it choose to look; formerly it would have.  This behavior
 568       was never documented one way or the other, but it is possible that
 569       some applications depend on the old behavior.
 570      </para>
 571     </listitem>
 572
 573     <listitem>
 574      <para>
 575       Disallow <command>LISTEN</> and <command>UNLISTEN</> within a
 576       prepared transaction (Tom)
 577      </para>
 578
 579      <para>
 580       This was formerly allowed but trying to do it had various unpleasant
 581       consequences, notably that the originating backend could not exit
 582       as long as an <command>UNLISTEN</> remained uncommitted.
 583      </para>
 584     </listitem>
 585
 586     <listitem>
 587      <para>
 588       Disallow dropping a temporary table within a
 589       prepared transaction (Heikki)
 590      </para>
 591
 592      <para>
 593       This was correctly disallowed by 8.1, but the check was inadvertently
 594       broken in 8.2 and 8.3.
 595      </para>
 596     </listitem>
 597
 598     <listitem>
 599      <para>
 600       Fix rare crash when an error occurs during a query using a hash index
 601       (Heikki)
 602      </para>
 603     </listitem>
 604
 605     <listitem>
 606      <para>
 607       Fix incorrect comparison of <type>tsquery</> values (Teodor)
 608      </para>
 609     </listitem>
 610
 611     <listitem>
 612      <para>
 613       Fix incorrect behavior of <literal>LIKE</> with non-ASCII characters
 614       in single-byte encodings (Rolf Jentsch)
 615      </para>
 616     </listitem>
 617
 618     <listitem>
 619      <para>
 620       Disable <function>xmlvalidate</> (Tom)
 621      </para>
 622
 623      <para>
 624       This function should have been removed before 8.3 release, but
 625       was inadvertently left in the source code.  It poses a small
 626       security risk since unprivileged users could use it to read the
 627       first few characters of any file accessible to the server.
 628      </para>
 629     </listitem>
 630
 631     <listitem>
 632      <para>
 633       Fix memory leaks in certain usages of set-returning functions (Neil)
 634      </para>
 635     </listitem>
 636
 637     <listitem>
 638      <para>
 639       Make <function>encode(<replaceable>bytea</>, 'escape')</> convert all
 640       high-bit-set byte values into <literal>\</><replaceable>nnn</> octal
 641       escape sequences (Tom)
 642      </para>
 643
 644      <para>
 645       This is necessary to avoid encoding problems when the database
 646       encoding is multi-byte.  This change could pose compatibility issues
 647       for applications that are expecting specific results from
 648       <function>encode</>.
 649      </para>
 650     </listitem>
 651
 652     <listitem>
 653      <para>
 654       Fix input of datetime values for February 29 in years BC (Tom)
 655      </para>
 656
 657      <para>
 658       The former coding was mistaken about which years were leap years.
 659      </para>
 660     </listitem>
 661
 662     <listitem>
 663      <para>
 664       Fix <quote>unrecognized node type</> error in some variants of
 665       <command>ALTER OWNER</> (Tom)
 666      </para>
 667     </listitem>
 668
 669     <listitem>
 670      <para>
 671       Avoid tablespace permissions errors in <command>CREATE TABLE LIKE
 672       INCLUDING INDEXES</> (Tom)
 673      </para>
 674     </listitem>
 675
 676     <listitem>
 677      <para>
 678       Ensure <structname>pg_stat_activity</>.<structfield>waiting</> flag
 679       is cleared when a lock wait is aborted (Tom)
 680      </para>
 681     </listitem>
 682
 683     <listitem>
 684      <para>
 685       Fix handling of process permissions on Windows Vista (Dave, Magnus)
 686      </para>
 687
 688      <para>
 689       In particular, this fix allows starting the server as the Administrator
 690       user.
 691      </para>
 692     </listitem>
 693
 694     <listitem>
 695      <para>
 696       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008a
 697       (in particular, recent Chile changes); adjust timezone abbreviation
 698       <literal>VET</> (Venezuela) to mean UTC-4:30, not UTC-4:00 (Tom)
 699      </para>
 700     </listitem>
 701
 702     <listitem>
 703      <para>
 704       Fix <application>ecpg</> problems with arrays (Michael)
 705      </para>
 706     </listitem>
 707
 708     <listitem>
 709      <para>
 710       Fix <application>pg_ctl</> to correctly extract the postmaster's port
 711       number from command-line options (Itagaki Takahiro, Tom)
 712      </para>
 713
 714      <para>
 715       Previously, <literal>pg_ctl start -w</> could try to contact the
 716       postmaster on the wrong port, leading to bogus reports of startup
 717       failure.
 718      </para>
 719     </listitem>
 720
 721     <listitem>
 722      <para>
 723       Use <option>-fwrapv</> to defend against possible misoptimization
 724       in recent <application>gcc</> versions (Tom)
 725      </para>
 726
 727      <para>
 728       This is known to be necessary when building <productname>PostgreSQL</>
 729       with <application>gcc</> 4.3 or later.
 730      </para>
 731     </listitem>
 732
 733     <listitem>
 734      <para>
 735       Enable building <filename>contrib/uuid-ossp</> with MSVC (Hiroshi Saito)
 736      </para>
 737     </listitem>
 738
 739    </itemizedlist>
 740
 741   </sect2>
 742  </sect1>
 743
 744  <sect1 id="release-8-3">
 745   <title>Release 8.3</title>
 746
 747   <note>
 748    <title>Release date</title>
 749    <simpara>2008-02-04</simpara>
 750   </note>
 751
 752   <sect2>
 753    <title>Overview</title>
 754
 755    <para>
 756     With significant new functionality and performance enhancements,
 757     this release represents a major leap forward for
 758     <productname>PostgreSQL</>. This was made possible by a growing
 759     community that has dramatically accelerated the pace of
 760     development. This release adds the following major features:
 761    </para>
 762
 763    <itemizedlist>
 764
 765     <listitem>
 766      <para>
 767       Full text search is integrated into the core database system
 768      </para>
 769     </listitem>
 770
 771     <listitem>
 772      <para>
 773       Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and an
 774       <type>XML</type> data type
 775      </para>
 776     </listitem>
 777
 778     <listitem>
 779      <para>
 780       Enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>)
 781      </para>
 782     </listitem>
 783
 784     <listitem>
 785      <para>
 786       Arrays of composite types
 787      </para>
 788     </listitem>
 789
 790     <listitem>
 791      <para>
 792       Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type
 793      </para>
 794     </listitem>
 795
 796     <listitem>
 797      <para>
 798       Add control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last
 799      </para>
 800     </listitem>
 801
 802     <listitem>
 803      <para>
 804       Updatable cursors
 805      </para>
 806     </listitem>
 807
 808     <listitem>
 809      <para>
 810       Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
 811       basis
 812      </para>
 813     </listitem>
 814
 815     <listitem>
 816      <para>
 817       User-defined types can now have type modifiers
 818      </para>
 819     </listitem>
 820
 821     <listitem>
 822      <para>
 823       Automatically re-plan cached queries when table
 824       definitions change or statistics are updated
 825      </para>
 826     </listitem>
 827
 828     <listitem>
 829      <para>
 830       Numerous improvements in logging and statistics collection
 831      </para>
 832     </listitem>
 833
 834     <listitem>
 835      <para>
 836       Support Security Service Provider Interface (<acronym>SSPI</>) for
 837       authentication on Windows
 838      </para>
 839     </listitem>
 840
 841     <listitem>
 842      <para>
 843       Support multiple concurrent autovacuum processes, and other
 844       autovacuum improvements
 845      </para>
 846     </listitem>
 847
 848     <listitem>
 849      <para>
 850       Allow the whole <productname>PostgreSQL</> distribution to be compiled
 851       with <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</>
 852      </para>
 853     </listitem>
 854
 855    </itemizedlist>
 856
 857    <para>
 858     Major performance improvements are listed below.  Most of
 859     these enhancements are automatic and do not require user changes or
 860     tuning:
 861    </para>
 862
 863   <itemizedlist>
 864
 865     <listitem>
 866      <para>
 867       Asynchronous commit delays writes to WAL during transaction commit
 868      </para>
 869     </listitem>
 870
 871     <listitem>
 872      <para>
 873       Checkpoint writes can be spread over a longer time period to smooth
 874       the I/O spike during each checkpoint
 875      </para>
 876     </listitem>
 877
 878     <listitem>
 879      <para>
 880       Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) accelerate space reuse for
 881       most <command>UPDATE</>s and <command>DELETE</>s
 882      </para>
 883     </listitem>
 884
 885     <listitem>
 886      <para>
 887       Just-in-time background writer strategy improves disk write
 888       efficiency
 889      </para>
 890     </listitem>
 891
 892     <listitem>
 893      <para>
 894       Using non-persistent transaction IDs for read-only transactions
 895       reduces overhead and <command>VACUUM</> requirements
 896      </para>
 897     </listitem>
 898
 899     <listitem>
 900      <para>
 901       Per-field and per-row storage overhead has been reduced
 902      </para>
 903     </listitem>
 904
 905     <listitem>
 906      <para>
 907       Large sequential scans no longer force out frequently used
 908       cached pages
 909      </para>
 910     </listitem>
 911
 912     <listitem>
 913      <para>
 914       Concurrent large sequential scans can now share disk reads
 915      </para>
 916     </listitem>
 917
 918     <listitem>
 919      <para>
 920       <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> can be done without sorting
 921      </para>
 922     </listitem>
 923
 924    </itemizedlist>
 925
 926    <para>
 927     The above items are explained in more detail in the sections below.
 928    </para>
 929
 930   </sect2>
 931
 932   <sect2>
 933    <title>Migration to Version 8.3</title>
 934
 935    <para>
 936     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
 937     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
 938     release.
 939    </para>
 940
 941    <para>
 942     Observe the following incompatibilities:
 943    </para>
 944
 945    <sect3>
 946     <title>General</title>
 947     <itemizedlist>
 948
 949      <listitem>
 950       <para>
 951        Non-character data types are no longer automatically cast to
 952        <type>TEXT</> (Peter, Tom)
 953       </para>
 954
 955       <para>
 956        Previously, if a non-character value was supplied to an operator or
 957        function that requires <type>text</> input, it was automatically
 958        cast to <type>text</>, for most (though not all) built-in data types.
 959        This no longer happens: an explicit cast to <type>text</> is now
 960        required for all non-character-string types.  For example, these
 961        expressions formerly worked:
 962
 963 <programlisting>
 964 substr(current_date, 1, 4)
 965 23 LIKE '2%'
 966 </programlisting>
 967
 968        but will now draw <quote>function does not exist</> and <quote>operator
 969        does not exist</> errors respectively.  Use an explicit cast instead:
 970
 971 <programlisting>
 972 substr(current_date::text, 1, 4)
 973 23::text LIKE '2%'
 974 </programlisting>
 975
 976        (Of course, you can use the more verbose <literal>CAST()</> syntax too.)
 977        The reason for the change is that these automatic casts too often caused
 978        surprising behavior.  An example is that in previous releases, this
 979        expression was accepted but did not do what was expected:
 980
 981 <programlisting>
 982 current_date &lt; 2017-11-17
 983 </programlisting>
 984
 985        This is actually comparing a date to an integer, which should be
 986        (and now is) rejected &mdash; but in the presence of automatic
 987        casts both sides were cast to <type>text</> and a textual comparison
 988        was done, because the <literal>text &lt; text</> operator was able
 989        to match the expression when no other <literal>&lt;</> operator could.
 990       </para>
 991
 992       <para>
 993        Types <type>char(<replaceable>n</>)</type> and
 994        <type>varchar(<replaceable>n</>)</type> still cast to <type>text</>
 995        automatically.  Also, automatic casting to <type>text</> still works for
 996        inputs to the concatenation (<literal>||</>) operator, so long as least
 997        one input is a character-string type.
 998       </para>
 999      </listitem>
1000
1001      <listitem>
1002       <para>
1003         Full text search features from <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> have
1004         been moved into the core server, with some minor syntax changes
1005       </para>
1006
1007       <para>
1008        <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> now contains a compatibility
1009        interface.
1010       </para>
1011      </listitem>
1012
1013      <listitem>
1014       <para>
1015        <literal>ARRAY(SELECT ...)</literal>, where the <command>SELECT</>
1016        returns no rows, now returns an empty array, rather than NULL
1017        (Tom)
1018       </para>
1019      </listitem>
1020
1021      <listitem>
1022       <para>
1023        The array type name for a base data type is no longer always the base
1024        type's name with an underscore prefix
1025       </para>
1026
1027       <para>
1028        The old naming convention is still honored when possible, but
1029        application code should no longer depend on it. Instead
1030        use the new <literal>pg_type.typarray</literal> column to
1031        identify the array data type associated with a given type.
1032       </para>
1033      </listitem>
1034
1035      <listitem>
1036       <para>
1037        <literal>ORDER BY ... USING</> <replaceable>operator</> must now
1038        use a less-than or greater-than <replaceable>operator</> that is
1039        defined in a btree operator class
1040       </para>
1041
1042       <para>
1043        This restriction was added to prevent inconsistent results.
1044       </para>
1045      </listitem>
1046
1047      <listitem>
1048       <para>
1049        <command>SET LOCAL</command> changes now persist until
1050        the end of the outermost transaction, unless rolled back (Tom)
1051       </para>
1052
1053       <para>
1054        Previously <command>SET LOCAL</command>'s effects were lost
1055        after subtransaction commit (<command>RELEASE SAVEPOINT</>
1056        or exit from a PL/pgSQL exception block).
1057       </para>
1058      </listitem>
1059
1060      <listitem>
1061       <para>
1062        Commands rejected in transaction blocks are now also rejected in
1063        multiple-statement query strings (Tom)
1064       </para>
1065
1066       <para>
1067        For example, <literal>"BEGIN; DROP DATABASE; COMMIT"</> will now be
1068        rejected even if submitted as a single query message.
1069       </para>
1070      </listitem>
1071
1072      <listitem>
1073       <para>
1074        <command>ROLLBACK</> outside a transaction block now
1075        issues <literal>NOTICE</> instead of <literal>WARNING</> (Bruce)
1076       </para>
1077      </listitem>
1078
1079      <listitem>
1080       <para>
1081        Prevent <command>NOTIFY</command>/<command>LISTEN</command>/<command>UNLISTEN</command>
1082        from accepting schema-qualified names (Bruce)
1083       </para>
1084
1085       <para>
1086        Formerly, these commands accepted <literal>schema.relation</> but
1087        ignored the schema part, which was confusing.
1088       </para>
1089      </listitem>
1090
1091      <listitem>
1092       <para>
1093        <command>ALTER SEQUENCE</> no longer affects the sequence's
1094        <function>currval()</> state (Tom)
1095       </para>
1096      </listitem>
1097
1098      <listitem>
1099       <para>
1100        Foreign keys now must match indexable conditions for
1101        cross-data-type references (Tom)
1102       </para>
1103
1104       <para>
1105        This improves semantic consistency and helps avoid
1106        performance problems.
1107       </para>
1108      </listitem>
1109
1110      <listitem>
1111       <para>
1112        Restrict object size functions to users who have reasonable
1113        permissions to view such information (Tom)
1114       </para>
1115
1116       <para>
1117        For example, <function>pg_database_size()</function> now requires
1118        <literal>CONNECT</> permission, which is granted to everyone by
1119        default. <function>pg_tablespace_size()</function> requires
1120        <literal>CREATE</> permission in the tablespace, or is allowed if
1121        the tablespace is the default tablespace for the database.
1122       </para>
1123      </listitem>
1124
1125      <listitem>
1126       <para>
1127        Remove the undocumented <literal>!!=</> (not in) operator (Tom)
1128       </para>
1129
1130       <para>
1131        <literal>NOT IN (SELECT ...)</literal> is the proper way to
1132        perform this operation.
1133       </para>
1134      </listitem>
1135
1136      <listitem>
1137       <para>
1138        Internal hashing functions are now more uniformly-distributed (Tom)
1139       </para>
1140
1141       <para>
1142        If application code was computing and storing hash values using
1143        internal <productname>PostgreSQL</> hashing functions, the hash
1144        values must be regenerated.
1145       </para>
1146      </listitem>
1147
1148      <listitem>
1149       <para>
1150        C-code conventions for handling variable-length data values
1151        have changed (Greg Stark, Tom)
1152       </para>
1153
1154       <para>
1155        The new <function>SET_VARSIZE()</> macro <emphasis>must</> be used
1156        to set the length of generated <type>varlena</> values. Also, it
1157        might be necessary to expand (<quote>de-TOAST</quote>) input values
1158        in more cases.
1159       </para>
1160      </listitem>
1161
1162      <listitem>
1163       <para>
1164        Continuous archiving no longer reports each successful archive
1165        operation to the server logs unless <literal>DEBUG</> level is used
1166        (Simon)
1167       </para>
1168      </listitem>
1169
1170     </itemizedlist>
1171
1172     </sect3>
1173
1174     <sect3>
1175      <title>Configuration Parameters</title>
1176
1177     <itemizedlist>
1178
1179      <listitem>
1180       <para>
1181        Numerous changes in administrative server parameters
1182       </para>
1183
1184       <para>
1185        <varname>bgwriter_lru_percent</>,
1186        <varname>bgwriter_all_percent</>,
1187        <varname>bgwriter_all_maxpages</>,
1188        <varname>stats_start_collector</>, and
1189        <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</> are removed.
1190        <varname>redirect_stderr</> is renamed to
1191        <varname>logging_collector</>.
1192        <varname>stats_command_string</> is renamed to
1193        <varname>track_activities</>.
1194        <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
1195        are merged into <varname>track_counts</>.
1196        A new boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
1197        controls archiving. Autovacuum's default settings have changed.
1198       </para>
1199      </listitem>
1200
1201      <listitem>
1202       <para>
1203        Remove <varname>stats_start_collector</varname> parameter (Tom)
1204       </para>
1205
1206       <para>
1207        We now always start the collector process, unless <acronym>UDP</>
1208        socket creation fails.
1209       </para>
1210      </listitem>
1211
1212      <listitem>
1213       <para>
1214        Remove <varname>stats_reset_on_server_start</varname> parameter (Tom)
1215       </para>
1216
1217       <para>
1218        This was removed because <function>pg_stat_reset()</function>
1219        can be used for this purpose.
1220       </para>
1221      </listitem>
1222
1223      <listitem>
1224       <para>
1225        Commenting out a parameter in <filename>postgresql.conf</> now
1226        causes it to revert to its default value (Joachim Wieland)
1227       </para>
1228
1229       <para>
1230        Previously, commenting out an entry left the parameter's value unchanged
1231        until the next server restart.
1232       </para>
1233      </listitem>
1234
1235     </itemizedlist>
1236
1237     </sect3>
1238
1239
1240     <sect3>
1241      <title>Character Encodings</title>
1242
1243     <itemizedlist>
1244
1245      <listitem>
1246       <para>
1247        Add more checks for invalidly-encoded data (Andrew)
1248       </para>
1249
1250       <para>
1251        This change plugs some holes that existed in literal backslash
1252        escape string processing and <command>COPY</command> escape
1253        processing. Now the de-escaped string is rechecked to see if the
1254        result created an invalid multi-byte character.
1255       </para>
1256      </listitem>
1257
1258      <listitem>
1259       <para>
1260        Disallow database encodings that are inconsistent with the server's
1261        locale setting (Tom)
1262       </para>
1263
1264       <para>
1265        On most platforms, <literal>C</> locale is the only locale that
1266        will work with any database encoding.  Other locale settings imply
1267        a specific encoding and will misbehave if the database encoding
1268        is something different.  (Typical symptoms include bogus textual
1269        sort order and wrong results from <function>upper()</> or
1270        <function>lower()</>.)  The server now rejects attempts to create
1271        databases that have an incompatible encoding.
1272       </para>
1273      </listitem>
1274
1275      <listitem>
1276       <para>
1277        Ensure that <function>chr()</function> cannot create
1278        invalidly-encoded values (Andrew)
1279       </para>
1280
1281       <para>
1282        In UTF8-encoded databases the argument of <function>chr()</function> is
1283        now treated as a Unicode code point. In other multi-byte encodings
1284        <function>chr()</function>'s argument must designate a 7-bit ASCII
1285        character.  Zero is no longer accepted.
1286        <function>ascii()</function> has been adjusted to match.
1287       </para>
1288      </listitem>
1289
1290      <listitem>
1291       <para>
1292        Adjust <function>convert()</function> behavior to ensure encoding
1293        validity (Andrew)
1294       </para>
1295
1296       <para>
1297        The two argument form of <function>convert()</function> has been
1298        removed. The three argument form now takes a <type>bytea</type>
1299        first argument and returns a <type>bytea</type>. To cover the
1300        loss of functionality, three new functions have been added:
1301       </para>
1302
1303       <itemizedlist>
1304        <listitem>
1305         <para>
1306          <function>convert_from(bytea, name)</function> returns
1307          <type>text</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the named
1308          encoding to the database encoding
1309         </para>
1310        </listitem>
1311
1312        <listitem>
1313         <para>
1314          <function>convert_to(text, name)</function> returns
1315          <type>bytea</> &mdash; converts the first argument from the
1316          database encoding to the named encoding
1317         </para>
1318        </listitem>
1319
1320        <listitem>
1321         <para>
1322          <function>length(bytea, name)</function> returns
1323          <type>integer</> &mdash; gives the length of the first
1324          argument in characters in the named encoding
1325         </para>
1326        </listitem>
1327       </itemizedlist>
1328      </listitem>
1329
1330      <listitem>
1331       <para>
1332        Remove <literal>convert(argument USING conversion_name)</literal>
1333        (Andrew)
1334       </para>
1335
1336       <para>
1337        Its behavior did not match the SQL standard.
1338       </para>
1339      </listitem>
1340
1341      <listitem>
1342       <para>
1343        Make JOHAB encoding client-only (Tatsuo)
1344       </para>
1345
1346       <para>
1347        JOHAB is not safe as a server-side encoding.
1348       </para>
1349      </listitem>
1350
1351     </itemizedlist>
1352
1353    </sect3>
1354
1355   </sect2>
1356
1357   <sect2>
1358    <title>Changes</title>
1359
1360    <para>
1361     Below you will find a detailed account of the
1362     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.3 and
1363     the previous major release.
1364    </para>
1365
1366    <sect3>
1367     <title>Performance</title>
1368     <itemizedlist>
1369
1370      <listitem>
1371       <para>
1372        Asynchronous commit delays writes to WAL during transaction commit
1373        (Simon)
1374       </para>
1375
1376       <para>
1377        This feature dramatically increases performance for short data-modifying
1378        transactions.  The disadvantage is that because disk writes are delayed,
1379        if the database or operating system crashes before data is written to
1380        the disk, committed data will be lost.  This feature is useful for
1381        applications that can accept some data loss.  Unlike turning off
1382        <varname>fsync</varname>, using asynchronous commit does not put
1383        database consistency at risk; the worst case is that after a crash the
1384        last few reportedly-committed transactions might not be committed after
1385        all.
1386        This feature is enabled by turning off <varname>synchronous_commit</>
1387        (which can be done per-session or per-transaction, if some transactions
1388        are critical and others are not).
1389        <varname>wal_writer_delay</> can be adjusted to control the maximum
1390        delay before transactions actually reach disk.
1391       </para>
1392      </listitem>
1393
1394      <listitem>
1395       <para>
1396        Checkpoint writes can be spread over a longer time period to smooth
1397        the I/O spike during each checkpoint (Itagaki Takahiro and Heikki
1398        Linnakangas)
1399       </para>
1400
1401       <para>
1402        Previously all modified buffers were forced to disk as quickly as
1403        possible during a
1404        checkpoint, causing an I/O spike that decreased server performance.
1405        This new approach spreads out disk writes during checkpoints,
1406        reducing peak I/O usage. (User-requested and shutdown checkpoints
1407        are still written as quickly as possible.)
1408       </para>
1409      </listitem>
1410
1411      <listitem>
1412       <para>
1413        Heap-Only Tuples (<acronym>HOT</>) accelerate space reuse for most
1414        <command>UPDATE</>s and <command>DELETE</>s (Pavan Deolasee, with
1415        ideas from many others)
1416       </para>
1417
1418       <para>
1419        <command>UPDATE</>s and <command>DELETE</>s leave dead tuples
1420        behind, as do failed <command>INSERT</>s.  Previously only
1421        <command>VACUUM</> could reclaim space taken by dead tuples. With
1422        <acronym>HOT</> dead tuple space can be automatically reclaimed at
1423        the time of <command>INSERT</> or <command>UPDATE</> if no changes
1424        are made to indexed columns.  This allows for more consistent
1425        performance.  Also, <acronym>HOT</> avoids adding duplicate index
1426        entries.
1427       </para>
1428      </listitem>
1429
1430      <listitem>
1431       <para>
1432        Just-in-time background writer strategy improves disk write
1433        efficiency (Greg Smith, Itagaki Takahiro)
1434       </para>
1435
1436       <para>
1437        This greatly reduces the need for manual tuning of the background
1438        writer.
1439       </para>
1440      </listitem>
1441
1442      <listitem>
1443       <para>
1444        Per-field and per-row storage overhead have been reduced
1445        (Greg Stark, Heikki Linnakangas)
1446       </para>
1447
1448       <para>
1449        Variable-length data types with data values less than 128 bytes long
1450        will see a storage decrease of 3 to 6 bytes. For example, two adjacent
1451        <type>char(1)</type> fields now use 4 bytes instead of 16. Row headers
1452        are also 4 bytes shorter than before.
1453       </para>
1454      </listitem>
1455
1456      <listitem>
1457       <para>
1458        Using non-persistent transaction IDs for read-only transactions
1459        reduces overhead and <command>VACUUM</> requirements (Florian Pflug)
1460       </para>
1461
1462       <para>
1463        Non-persistent transaction IDs do not increment the global
1464        transaction counter. Therefore, they reduce the load on
1465        <structname>pg_clog</> and increase the time between forced
1466        vacuums to prevent transaction ID wraparound.
1467        Other performance
1468        improvements were also made that should improve concurrency.
1469       </para>
1470      </listitem>
1471
1472      <listitem>
1473       <para>
1474        Avoid incrementing the command counter after a read-only command (Tom)
1475       </para>
1476
1477       <para>
1478        There was formerly a hard limit of 2<superscript>32</>
1479        (4 billion) commands per transaction.  Now only commands that
1480        actually changed the database count, so while this limit still
1481        exists, it should be significantly less annoying.
1482       </para>
1483      </listitem>
1484
1485      <listitem>
1486       <para>
1487        Create a dedicated <acronym>WAL</> writer process to off-load
1488        work from backends (Simon)
1489       </para>
1490      </listitem>
1491
1492      <listitem>
1493       <para>
1494        Skip unnecessary WAL writes for <command>CLUSTER</command> and
1495        <command>COPY</command> (Simon)
1496       </para>
1497
1498       <para>
1499        Unless WAL archiving is enabled, the system now avoids WAL writes
1500        for <command>CLUSTER</command> and just <function>fsync()</>s the
1501        table at the end of the command.  It also does the same for
1502        <command>COPY</command> if the table was created in the same
1503        transaction.
1504       </para>
1505      </listitem>
1506
1507      <listitem>
1508       <para>
1509        Large sequential scans no longer force out frequently used
1510        cached pages (Simon, Heikki, Tom)
1511       </para>
1512      </listitem>
1513
1514      <listitem>
1515       <para>
1516        Concurrent large sequential scans can now share disk reads (Jeff Davis)
1517       </para>
1518
1519       <para>
1520        This is accomplished by starting the new sequential scan in the
1521        middle of the table (where another sequential scan is already
1522        in-progress) and wrapping around to the beginning to finish.  This
1523        can affect the order of returned rows in a query that does not
1524        specify <literal>ORDER BY</>.  The <varname>synchronize_seqscans</>
1525        configuration parameter can be used to disable this if necessary.
1526       </para>
1527      </listitem>
1528
1529      <listitem>
1530       <para>
1531        <literal>ORDER BY ... LIMIT</> can be done without sorting
1532        (Greg Stark)
1533       </para>
1534
1535       <para>
1536        This is done by sequentially scanning the table and tracking just
1537        the <quote>top N</> candidate rows, rather than performing a
1538        full sort of the entire table.  This is useful when there is no
1539        matching index and the <literal>LIMIT</> is not large.
1540       </para>
1541      </listitem>
1542
1543      <listitem>
1544       <para>
1545        Put a rate limit on messages sent to the statistics
1546        collector by backends
1547        (Tom)
1548       </para>
1549
1550       <para>
1551        This reduces overhead for short transactions, but might sometimes
1552        increase the delay before statistics are tallied.
1553       </para>
1554      </listitem>
1555
1556      <listitem>
1557       <para>
1558        Improve hash join performance for cases with many NULLs (Tom)
1559       </para>
1560      </listitem>
1561
1562      <listitem>
1563       <para>
1564        Speed up operator lookup for cases with non-exact datatype matches (Tom)
1565       </para>
1566      </listitem>
1567
1568     </itemizedlist>
1569
1570    </sect3>
1571
1572    <sect3>
1573     <title>Server</title>
1574     <itemizedlist>
1575
1576      <listitem>
1577       <para>
1578        Autovacuum is now enabled by default (Alvaro)
1579       </para>
1580
1581       <para>
1582        Several changes were made to eliminate disadvantages of having
1583        autovacuum enabled, thereby justifying the change in default.
1584        Several other autovacuum parameter defaults were also modified.
1585       </para>
1586      </listitem>
1587
1588      <listitem>
1589       <para>
1590        Support multiple concurrent autovacuum processes (Alvaro, Itagaki
1591        Takahiro)
1592       </para>
1593
1594       <para>
1595        This allows multiple vacuums to run concurrently.  This prevents
1596        vacuuming of a large table from delaying vacuuming of smaller tables.
1597       </para>
1598      </listitem>
1599
1600      <listitem>
1601       <para>
1602        Automatically re-plan cached queries when table
1603        definitions change or statistics are updated (Tom)
1604       </para>
1605
1606       <para>
1607        Previously PL/PgSQL functions that referenced temporary tables
1608        would fail if the temporary table was dropped and recreated
1609        between function invocations, unless <literal>EXECUTE</> was
1610        used.  This improvement fixes that problem and many related issues.
1611       </para>
1612      </listitem>
1613
1614      <listitem>
1615       <para>
1616        Add a <varname>temp_tablespaces</varname> parameter to control
1617        the tablespaces for temporary tables and files (Jaime Casanova,
1618        Albert Cervera, Bernd Helmle)
1619       </para>
1620
1621       <para>
1622        This parameter defines a list of tablespaces to be used.  This
1623        enables spreading the I/O load across multiple tablespaces. A random
1624        tablespace is chosen each time a temporary object is created.
1625        Temporary files are no longer stored in per-database
1626        <filename>pgsql_tmp/</filename> directories but in per-tablespace
1627        directories.
1628       </para>
1629      </listitem>
1630
1631      <listitem>
1632       <para>
1633        Place temporary tables' TOAST tables in special schemas named
1634        <literal>pg_toast_temp_<replaceable>nnn</></literal> (Tom)
1635       </para>
1636
1637       <para>
1638        This allows low-level code to recognize these tables as temporary,
1639        which enables various optimizations such as not WAL-logging changes
1640        and using local rather than shared buffers for access. This also
1641        fixes a bug wherein backends unexpectedly held open file references
1642        to temporary TOAST tables.
1643       </para>
1644      </listitem>
1645
1646      <listitem>
1647       <para>
1648        Fix problem that a constant flow of new connection requests could
1649        indefinitely delay the postmaster from completing a shutdown or
1650        a crash restart (Tom)
1651       </para>
1652      </listitem>
1653
1654      <listitem>
1655       <para>
1656        Guard against a very-low-probability data loss scenario by preventing
1657        re-use of a deleted table's relfilenode until after the next
1658        checkpoint (Heikki)
1659       </para>
1660      </listitem>
1661
1662      <listitem>
1663       <para>
1664        Fix <command>CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER</>
1665        to convert old-style foreign key trigger definitions into regular
1666        foreign key constraints (Tom)
1667       </para>
1668
1669       <para>
1670        This will ease porting of foreign key constraints carried forward from
1671        pre-7.3 databases, if they were never converted using
1672        <filename>contrib/adddepend</>.
1673       </para>
1674      </listitem>
1675
1676      <listitem>
1677       <para>
1678        Fix <literal>DEFAULT NULL</> to override inherited defaults (Tom)
1679       </para>
1680
1681       <para>
1682        <literal>DEFAULT NULL</> was formerly considered a noise phrase, but it
1683        should (and now does) override non-null defaults that would otherwise
1684        be inherited from a parent table or domain.
1685       </para>
1686      </listitem>
1687
1688      <listitem>
1689       <para>
1690        Add new encodings EUC_JIS_2004 and SHIFT_JIS_2004 (Tatsuo)
1691       </para>
1692
1693       <para>
1694        These new encodings can be converted to and from UTF-8.
1695       </para>
1696      </listitem>
1697
1698      <listitem>
1699       <para>
1700        Change server startup log message from <quote>database system is
1701        ready</quote> to <quote>database system is ready to accept
1702        connections</quote>, and adjust its timing
1703       </para>
1704
1705       <para>
1706        The message now appears only when the postmaster is really ready
1707        to accept connections.
1708       </para>
1709      </listitem>
1710
1711     </itemizedlist>
1712
1713    </sect3>
1714
1715    <sect3>
1716     <title>Monitoring</title>
1717     <itemizedlist>
1718
1719      <listitem>
1720       <para>
1721        Add <varname>log_autovacuum_min_duration</varname> parameter to
1722        support configurable logging of autovacuum activity (Simon, Alvaro)
1723       </para>
1724      </listitem>
1725
1726      <listitem>
1727       <para>
1728        Add <varname>log_lock_waits</varname> parameter to log lock waiting
1729        (Simon)
1730       </para>
1731      </listitem>
1732
1733      <listitem>
1734       <para>
1735        Add <varname>log_temp_files</varname> parameter to log temporary
1736        file usage (Bill Moran)
1737       </para>
1738      </listitem>
1739
1740      <listitem>
1741       <para>
1742        Add <varname>log_checkpoints</varname> parameter to improve logging
1743        of checkpoints (Greg Smith, Heikki)
1744       </para>
1745      </listitem>
1746
1747      <listitem>
1748       <para>
1749        <varname>log_line_prefix</varname> now supports
1750        <literal>%s</literal> and <literal>%c</literal> escapes in all
1751        processes (Andrew)
1752       </para>
1753
1754       <para>
1755        Previously these escapes worked only for user sessions, not for
1756        background database processes.
1757       </para>
1758      </listitem>
1759
1760      <listitem>
1761       <para>
1762        Add <varname>log_restartpoints</varname> to control logging of
1763        point-in-time recovery restart points (Simon)
1764       </para>
1765      </listitem>
1766
1767      <listitem>
1768       <para>
1769        Last transaction end time is now logged at end of recovery and at
1770        each logged restart point (Simon)
1771       </para>
1772      </listitem>
1773
1774      <listitem>
1775       <para>
1776        Autovacuum now reports its activity start time in
1777        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Tom)
1778       </para>
1779      </listitem>
1780
1781      <listitem>
1782       <para>
1783        Allow server log output in comma-separated value (CSV) format (Arul
1784        Shaji, Greg Smith, Andrew Dunstan)
1785       </para>
1786
1787       <para>
1788        CSV-format log files can easily be loaded into a database table for
1789        subsequent analysis.
1790       </para>
1791      </listitem>
1792
1793      <listitem>
1794       <para>
1795        Use PostgreSQL-supplied timezone support for formatting timestamps
1796        displayed in the server log (Tom)
1797       </para>
1798
1799       <para>
1800        This avoids Windows-specific problems with localized time zone
1801        names that are in the wrong encoding. There is a new
1802        <varname>log_timezone</> parameter that controls the timezone
1803        used in log messages, independently of the client-visible
1804        <varname>timezone</> parameter.
1805       </para>
1806      </listitem>
1807
1808      <listitem>
1809       <para>
1810        New system view <literal>pg_stat_bgwriter</literal> displays
1811        statistics about background writer activity (Magnus)
1812       </para>
1813      </listitem>
1814
1815      <listitem>
1816       <para>
1817        Add new columns for database-wide tuple statistics to
1818        <literal>pg_stat_database</literal> (Magnus)
1819       </para>
1820      </listitem>
1821
1822      <listitem>
1823       <para>
1824        Add an <literal>xact_start</literal> (transaction start time) column to
1825        <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)
1826       </para>
1827
1828       <para>
1829        This makes it easier to identify long-running transactions.
1830       </para>
1831      </listitem>
1832
1833      <listitem>
1834       <para>
1835        Add <literal>n_live_tuples</> and <literal>n_dead_tuples</> columns
1836        to <literal>pg_stat_all_tables</literal> and related views (Glen
1837        Parker)
1838       </para>
1839      </listitem>
1840
1841      <listitem>
1842       <para>
1843        Merge <varname>stats_block_level</> and <varname>stats_row_level</>
1844        parameters into a single parameter <varname>track_counts</>, which
1845        controls all messages sent to the statistics collector process
1846        (Tom)
1847       </para>
1848      </listitem>
1849
1850      <listitem>
1851       <para>
1852        Rename <varname>stats_command_string</varname> parameter to
1853        <varname>track_activities</varname> (Tom)
1854       </para>
1855      </listitem>
1856
1857      <listitem>
1858       <para>
1859        Fix statistical counting of live and dead tuples to recognize that
1860        committed and aborted transactions have different effects (Tom)
1861       </para>
1862      </listitem>
1863
1864     </itemizedlist>
1865
1866    </sect3>
1867
1868    <sect3>
1869     <title>Authentication</title>
1870     <itemizedlist>
1871
1872      <listitem>
1873       <para>
1874        Support Security Service Provider Interface (<acronym>SSPI</>) for
1875        authentication on Windows (Magnus)
1876       </para>
1877      </listitem>
1878
1879      <listitem>
1880       <para>
1881        Support GSSAPI authentication (Henry Hotz, Magnus)
1882       </para>
1883
1884       <para>
1885        This should be preferred to native Kerberos authentication because
1886        GSSAPI is an industry standard.
1887       </para>
1888      </listitem>
1889
1890      <listitem>
1891       <para>
1892        Support a global SSL configuration file (Victor Wagner)
1893       </para>
1894      </listitem>
1895
1896      <listitem>
1897       <para>
1898        Add <varname>ssl_ciphers</> parameter to control accepted SSL ciphers
1899        (Victor Wagner)
1900       </para>
1901      </listitem>
1902
1903      <listitem>
1904       <para>
1905        Add a Kerberos realm parameter, <varname>krb_realm</> (Magnus)
1906       </para>
1907      </listitem>
1908
1909     </itemizedlist>
1910
1911    </sect3>
1912
1913    <sect3>
1914     <title>Write-Ahead Log (<acronym>WAL</>) and Continuous Archiving</title>
1915     <itemizedlist>
1916
1917      <listitem>
1918       <para>
1919        Change the timestamps recorded in transaction WAL records from
1920        time_t to TimestampTz representation (Tom)
1921       </para>
1922
1923       <para>
1924        This provides sub-second resolution in WAL, which can be useful for
1925        point-in-time recovery.
1926       </para>
1927      </listitem>
1928
1929      <listitem>
1930       <para>
1931        Reduce WAL disk space needed by warm standby servers (Simon)
1932       </para>
1933
1934       <para>
1935        This change allows a warm standby server to pass the name of the earliest
1936        still-needed WAL file to the recovery script, allowing automatic removal
1937        of no-longer-needed WAL files.  This is done using <literal>%r</> in
1938        the <varname>restore_command</varname> parameter of
1939        <filename>recovery.conf</filename>.
1940       </para>
1941      </listitem>
1942
1943      <listitem>
1944       <para>
1945        New boolean configuration parameter, <varname>archive_mode</>,
1946        controls archiving (Simon)
1947       </para>
1948
1949       <para>
1950        Previously setting <varname>archive_command</> to an empty string
1951        turned off archiving. Now <varname>archive_mode</> turns archiving
1952        on and off, independently of <varname>archive_command</>. This is
1953        useful for stopping archiving temporarily.
1954       </para>
1955      </listitem>
1956
1957     </itemizedlist>
1958
1959    </sect3>
1960
1961    <sect3>
1962     <title>Queries</title>
1963     <itemizedlist>
1964
1965      <listitem>
1966       <para>
1967        Full text search is integrated into the core database
1968        system (Teodor, Oleg)
1969       </para>
1970
1971       <para>
1972        Text search has been improved, moved into the core code, and is now
1973        installed by default.  <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> now contains
1974        a compatibility interface.
1975       </para>
1976      </listitem>
1977
1978      <listitem>
1979       <para>
1980        Add control over whether <literal>NULL</>s sort first or last (Teodor, Tom)
1981       </para>
1982
1983       <para>
1984        The syntax is <literal>ORDER BY ... NULLS FIRST/LAST</>.
1985       </para>
1986      </listitem>
1987
1988      <listitem>
1989       <para>
1990        Allow per-column ascending/descending (<literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</>)
1991        ordering options for indexes (Teodor, Tom)
1992       </para>
1993
1994       <para>
1995        Previously a query using <literal>ORDER BY</> with mixed
1996        <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifiers could not fully use
1997        an index. Now an index can be fully used in such cases if the
1998        index was created with matching
1999        <literal>ASC</>/<literal>DESC</> specifications.
2000        <literal>NULL</> sort order within an index can be controlled, too.
2001       </para>
2002      </listitem>
2003
2004      <listitem>
2005       <para>
2006        Allow <literal>col IS NULL</> to use an index (Teodor)
2007       </para>
2008      </listitem>
2009
2010      <listitem>
2011       <para>
2012        Updatable cursors (Arul Shaji, Tom)
2013       </para>
2014
2015       <para>
2016        This eliminates the need to reference a primary key to
2017        <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> rows returned by a cursor.
2018        The syntax is <literal>UPDATE/DELETE WHERE CURRENT OF</>.
2019       </para>
2020      </listitem>
2021
2022      <listitem>
2023       <para>
2024        Allow <literal>FOR UPDATE</literal> in cursors (Arul Shaji, Tom)
2025       </para>
2026      </listitem>
2027
2028      <listitem>
2029       <para>
2030        Create a general mechanism that supports casts to and from the
2031        standard string types (<type>TEXT</type>, <type>VARCHAR</type>,
2032        <type>CHAR</type>) for <emphasis>every</emphasis> datatype, by
2033        invoking the datatype's I/O functions (Tom)
2034       </para>
2035
2036       <para>
2037        Previously, such casts were available only for types that had
2038        specialized function(s) for the purpose.
2039        These new casts are assignment-only in the to-string direction,
2040        explicit-only in the other direction, and therefore should create no
2041        surprising behavior.
2042       </para>
2043      </listitem>
2044
2045      <listitem>
2046       <para>
2047        Allow <literal>UNION</> and related constructs to return a domain
2048        type, when all inputs are of that domain type (Tom)
2049       </para>
2050
2051       <para>
2052        Formerly, the output would be considered to be of the domain's base
2053        type.
2054       </para>
2055      </listitem>
2056
2057      <listitem>
2058       <para>
2059        Allow limited hashing when using two different data types (Tom)
2060       </para>
2061
2062       <para>
2063        This allows hash joins, hash indexes, hashed subplans, and hash
2064        aggregation to be used in situations involving cross-data-type
2065        comparisons, if the data types have compatible hash functions.
2066        Currently, cross-data-type hashing support exists for
2067        <type>smallint</type>/<type>integer</type>/<type>bigint</type>,
2068        and for <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type>.
2069       </para>
2070      </listitem>
2071
2072      <listitem>
2073       <para>
2074        Improve optimizer logic for detecting when variables are equal
2075        in a <literal>WHERE</> clause (Tom)
2076       </para>
2077
2078       <para>
2079        This allows mergejoins to work with descending sort orders, and
2080        improves recognition of redundant sort columns.
2081       </para>
2082      </listitem>
2083
2084      <listitem>
2085       <para>
2086        Improve performance when planning large inheritance trees in
2087        cases where most tables are excluded by constraints (Tom)
2088       </para>
2089      </listitem>
2090
2091     </itemizedlist>
2092
2093    </sect3>
2094
2095    <sect3>
2096     <title>Object Manipulation</title>
2097     <itemizedlist>
2098
2099      <listitem>
2100
2101       <para>
2102        Arrays of composite types (David Fetter, Andrew, Tom)
2103       </para>
2104
2105       <para>
2106        In addition to arrays of explicitly-declared composite types,
2107        arrays of the rowtypes of regular tables and views are now
2108        supported, except for rowtypes of system catalogs, sequences, and TOAST
2109        tables.
2110       </para>
2111
2112      </listitem>
2113
2114      <listitem>
2115       <para>
2116        Server configuration parameters can now be set on a per-function
2117        basis (Tom)
2118       </para>
2119
2120       <para>
2121        For example, functions can now set their own
2122        <varname>search_path</> to prevent unexpected behavior if a
2123        different <varname>search_path</> exists at run-time.  Security
2124        definer functions should set <varname>search_path</varname> to
2125        avoid security loopholes.
2126       </para>
2127      </listitem>
2128
2129      <listitem>
2130       <para>
2131        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command> now supports
2132        <literal>COST</literal> and <literal>ROWS</literal> options (Tom)
2133       </para>
2134
2135       <para>
2136        <literal>COST</literal> allows specification of the cost of a
2137        function call.  <literal>ROWS</literal> allows specification of
2138        the average number or rows returned by a set-returning function.
2139        These values are used by the optimizer in choosing the best plan.
2140       </para>
2141      </listitem>
2142
2143      <listitem>
2144       <para>
2145        Implement <command>CREATE TABLE LIKE ...  INCLUDING
2146        INDEXES</command> (Trevor Hardcastle, Nikhil Sontakke, Neil)
2147       </para>
2148      </listitem>
2149
2150      <listitem>
2151       <para>
2152        Allow <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</command> to ignore
2153        transactions in other databases (Simon)
2154       </para>
2155      </listitem>
2156
2157      <listitem>
2158       <para>
2159        Add <command>ALTER VIEW ... RENAME TO</command> and <command>ALTER
2160        SEQUENCE ... RENAME TO</command> (David Fetter, Neil)
2161       </para>
2162
2163       <para>
2164        Previously this could only be done via <command>ALTER TABLE ...
2165        RENAME TO</command>.
2166       </para>
2167      </listitem>
2168
2169      <listitem>
2170       <para>
2171        Make <command>CREATE/DROP/RENAME DATABASE</> wait briefly for
2172        conflicting backends to exit before failing (Tom)
2173       </para>
2174
2175       <para>
2176        This increases the likelihood that these commands will succeed.
2177       </para>
2178      </listitem>
2179
2180      <listitem>
2181       <para>
2182        Allow triggers and rules to be deactivated in groups using a
2183        configuration parameter, for replication purposes (Jan)
2184       </para>
2185
2186       <para>
2187        This allows replication systems to disable triggers and rewrite
2188        rules as a group without modifying the system catalogs directly.
2189        The behavior is controlled by <command>ALTER TABLE</> and a new
2190        parameter <varname>session_replication_role</varname>.
2191       </para>
2192      </listitem>
2193
2194      <listitem>
2195       <para>
2196        User-defined types can now have type modifiers (Teodor, Tom)
2197       </para>
2198
2199       <para>
2200        This allows a user-defined type to take a modifier, like
2201        <type>ssnum(7)</>.  Previously only built-in
2202        data types could have modifiers.
2203       </para>
2204      </listitem>
2205
2206     </itemizedlist>
2207
2208    </sect3>
2209
2210    <sect3>
2211     <title>Utility Commands</title>
2212     <itemizedlist>
2213
2214      <listitem>
2215       <para>
2216        Non-superuser database owners now are able to add trusted procedural
2217        languages to their databases by default (Jeremy Drake)
2218       </para>
2219
2220       <para>
2221        While this is reasonably safe, some administrators might wish to
2222        revoke the privilege. It is controlled by
2223        <structname>pg_pltemplate</>.<structfield>tmpldbacreate</>.
2224       </para>
2225      </listitem>
2226
2227      <listitem>
2228       <para>
2229        Allow a session's current parameter setting to be used as the
2230        default for future sessions (Tom)
2231       </para>
2232
2233       <para>
2234        This is done with <literal>SET ... FROM CURRENT</literal> in
2235        <command>CREATE/ALTER FUNCTION</command>, <command>ALTER
2236        DATABASE</command>, or <command>ALTER ROLE</command>.
2237       </para>
2238      </listitem>
2239
2240      <listitem>
2241       <para>
2242        Implement new commands <command>DISCARD ALL</command>,
2243        <command>DISCARD PLANS</command>, <command>DISCARD
2244        TEMPORARY</command>, <command>CLOSE ALL</command>, and
2245        <command>DEALLOCATE ALL</command> (Marko Kreen, Neil)
2246       </para>
2247
2248       <para>
2249        These commands simplify resetting a database session to its initial
2250        state, and are particularly useful for connection-pooling software.
2251       </para>
2252      </listitem>
2253
2254      <listitem>
2255       <para>
2256        Make <command>CLUSTER</command> MVCC-safe (Heikki Linnakangas)
2257       </para>
2258
2259       <para>
2260        Formerly, <command>CLUSTER</command> would discard all tuples
2261        that were committed dead, even if there were still transactions
2262        that should be able to see them under MVCC visibility rules.
2263       </para>
2264      </listitem>
2265
2266      <listitem>
2267       <para>
2268        Add new <command>CLUSTER</command> syntax: <literal>CLUSTER
2269        <replaceable>table</> USING <replaceable>index</></literal>
2270        (Holger Schurig)
2271      </para>
2272
2273       <para>
2274        The old <command>CLUSTER</command> syntax is still supported, but
2275        the new form is considered more logical.
2276       </para>
2277      </listitem>
2278
2279      <listitem>
2280       <para>
2281        Fix <command>EXPLAIN</command> so it can show complex plans
2282        more accurately (Tom)
2283       </para>
2284
2285       <para>
2286        References to subplan outputs are now always shown correctly,
2287        instead of using <literal>?column<replaceable>N</>?</literal>
2288        for complicated cases.
2289       </para>
2290      </listitem>
2291
2292      <listitem>
2293       <para>
2294        Limit the amount of information reported when a user is dropped
2295        (Alvaro)
2296       </para>
2297
2298       <para>
2299        Previously, dropping (or attempting to drop) a user who owned many
2300        objects could result in large <literal>NOTICE</literal> or
2301        <literal>ERROR</literal> messages listing all these objects; this
2302        caused problems for some client applications.  The length of the
2303        message is now limited, although a full list is still sent to the
2304        server log.
2305       </para>
2306      </listitem>
2307
2308     </itemizedlist>
2309
2310    </sect3>
2311
2312    <sect3>
2313     <title>Data Types</title>
2314     <itemizedlist>
2315
2316      <listitem>
2317       <para>
2318        Support for the SQL/XML standard, including new operators and an
2319        <type>XML</type> data type (Nikolay Samokhvalov, Pavel Stehule, Peter)
2320       </para>
2321      </listitem>
2322
2323      <listitem>
2324       <para>
2325        Enumerated data types (<type>ENUM</type>) (Tom Dunstan)
2326       </para>
2327
2328       <para>
2329        This feature provides convenient support for fields that have a
2330        small, fixed set of allowed values.  An example of creating an
2331        <literal>ENUM</> type is
2332        <literal>CREATE TYPE mood AS ENUM ('sad', 'ok', 'happy')</>.
2333       </para>
2334      </listitem>
2335
2336      <listitem>
2337       <para>
2338        Universally Unique Identifier (<type>UUID</>) data type (Gevik
2339        Babakhani, Neil)
2340       </para>
2341
2342       <para>
2343        This closely matches <acronym>RFC</> 4122.
2344       </para>
2345      </listitem>
2346
2347      <listitem>
2348       <para>
2349        Widen the <type>MONEY</type> data type to 64 bits (D'Arcy Cain)
2350       </para>
2351
2352       <para>
2353        This greatly increases the range of supported <type>MONEY</>
2354        values.
2355       </para>
2356      </listitem>
2357
2358      <listitem>
2359       <para>
2360        Fix <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> to handle
2361        <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NAN</> (Not A Number)
2362        consistently (Bruce)
2363       </para>
2364
2365       <para>
2366        The code formerly was not consistent about distinguishing
2367        <literal>Infinity</> from overflow conditions.
2368       </para>
2369      </listitem>
2370
2371      <listitem>
2372       <para>
2373        Allow leading and trailing whitespace during input of
2374        <type>boolean</type> values (Neil)
2375       </para>
2376      </listitem>
2377
2378      <listitem>
2379       <para>
2380        Prevent <command>COPY</> from using digits and lowercase letters as
2381        delimiters (Tom)
2382       </para>
2383      </listitem>
2384
2385     </itemizedlist>
2386
2387    </sect3>
2388
2389    <sect3>
2390     <title>Functions</title>
2391     <itemizedlist>
2392
2393      <listitem>
2394       <para>
2395        Add new regular expression functions
2396        <function>regexp_matches()</function>,
2397        <function>regexp_split_to_array()</function>, and
2398        <function>regexp_split_to_table()</function> (Jeremy Drake, Neil)
2399       </para>
2400
2401       <para>
2402        These functions provide extraction of regular expression
2403        subexpressions and allow splitting a string using a POSIX regular
2404        expression.
2405       </para>
2406      </listitem>
2407
2408      <listitem>
2409       <para>
2410        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> for large object truncation
2411        (Kris Jurka)
2412       </para>
2413      </listitem>
2414
2415      <listitem>
2416       <para>
2417        Implement <function>width_bucket()</function> for the <type>float8</>
2418        data type (Neil)
2419       </para>
2420      </listitem>
2421
2422      <listitem>
2423       <para>
2424        Add <function>pg_stat_clear_snapshot()</function> to discard
2425        statistics snapshots collected during the current transaction
2426        (Tom)
2427       </para>
2428
2429       <para>
2430        The first request for statistics in a transaction takes a statistics
2431        snapshot that does not change during the transaction.  This function
2432        allows the snapshot to be discarded and a new snapshot loaded during
2433        the next statistics query. This is particularly useful for PL/PgSQL
2434        functions, which are confined to a single transaction.
2435       </para>
2436      </listitem>
2437
2438      <listitem>
2439       <para>
2440        Add <literal>isodow</> option to <function>EXTRACT()</> and
2441        <function>date_part()</> (Bruce)
2442       </para>
2443
2444       <para>
2445        This returns the day of the week, with Sunday as seven.
2446        (<literal>dow</> returns Sunday as zero.)
2447       </para>
2448      </listitem>
2449
2450      <listitem>
2451       <para>
2452        Add <literal>ID</> (ISO day of week) and <literal>IDDD</> (ISO
2453        day of year) format codes for <function>to_char()</>,
2454        <function>to_date()</>, and <function>to_timestamp()</> (Brendan
2455        Jurd)
2456       </para>
2457      </listitem>
2458
2459      <listitem>
2460       <para>
2461        Make <function>to_timestamp()</> and <function>to_date()</>
2462        assume <literal>TM</literal> (trim) option for potentially
2463        variable-width fields (Bruce)
2464       </para>
2465
2466       <para>
2467        This matches <productname>Oracle</>'s behavior.
2468       </para>
2469      </listitem>
2470
2471      <listitem>
2472       <para>
2473        Fix off-by-one conversion error in
2474        <function>to_date()</function>/<function>to_timestamp()</function>
2475        <literal>D</> (non-ISO day of week) fields (Bruce)
2476       </para>
2477      </listitem>
2478
2479      <listitem>
2480       <para>
2481        Make <function>setseed()</function> return void, rather than a
2482        useless integer value (Neil)
2483       </para>
2484      </listitem>
2485
2486      <listitem>
2487       <para>
2488        Add a hash function for <type>NUMERIC</type> (Neil)
2489       </para>
2490
2491       <para>
2492        This allows hash indexes and hash-based plans to be used with
2493        <type>NUMERIC</type> columns.
2494       </para>
2495      </listitem>
2496
2497      <listitem>
2498       <para>
2499        Improve efficiency of
2500        <literal>LIKE</literal>/<literal>ILIKE</literal>, especially for
2501        multi-byte character sets like UTF-8 (Andrew, Itagaki Takahiro)
2502       </para>
2503      </listitem>
2504
2505      <listitem>
2506       <para>
2507        Make <function>currtid()</function> functions require
2508        <literal>SELECT</literal> privileges on the target table (Tom)
2509       </para>
2510      </listitem>
2511
2512      <listitem>
2513       <para>
2514        Add several <function>txid_*()</function> functions to query
2515        active transaction IDs (Jan)
2516       </para>
2517
2518       <para>
2519        This is useful for various replication solutions.
2520       </para>
2521      </listitem>
2522
2523     </itemizedlist>
2524
2525    </sect3>
2526
2527    <sect3>
2528     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language</title>
2529     <itemizedlist>
2530
2531      <listitem>
2532       <para>
2533        Add scrollable cursor support, including directional control in
2534        <command>FETCH</command> (Pavel Stehule)
2535       </para>
2536      </listitem>
2537
2538      <listitem>
2539       <para>
2540        Allow <literal>IN</literal> as an alternative to
2541        <literal>FROM</literal> in PL/PgSQL's <command>FETCH</command>
2542        statement, for consistency with the backend's
2543        <command>FETCH</command> command (Pavel Stehule)
2544       </para>
2545      </listitem>
2546
2547      <listitem>
2548       <para>
2549        Add <command>MOVE</command> to PL/PgSQL (Magnus, Pavel Stehule,
2550        Neil)
2551       </para>
2552      </listitem>
2553
2554      <listitem>
2555       <para>
2556        Implement <command>RETURN QUERY</command> (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
2557       </para>
2558
2559       <para>
2560        This adds convenient syntax for PL/PgSQL set-returning functions
2561        that want to return the result of a query.  <command>RETURN QUERY</>
2562        is easier and more efficient than a loop
2563        around <command>RETURN NEXT</command>.
2564       </para>
2565      </listitem>
2566
2567      <listitem>
2568       <para>
2569        Allow function parameter names to be qualified with the
2570        function's name (Tom)
2571       </para>
2572
2573       <para>
2574        For example, <literal>myfunc.myvar</>. This is particularly
2575        useful for specifying variables in a query where the variable
2576        name might match a column name.
2577       </para>
2578      </listitem>
2579
2580      <listitem>
2581       <para>
2582        Make qualification of variables with block labels work properly (Tom)
2583       </para>
2584
2585       <para>
2586        Formerly, outer-level block labels could unexpectedly interfere with
2587        recognition of inner-level record or row references.
2588       </para>
2589      </listitem>
2590
2591      <listitem>
2592       <para>
2593        Tighten requirements for <literal>FOR</literal> loop
2594        <literal>STEP</> values (Tom)
2595       </para>
2596
2597       <para>
2598        Prevent non-positive <literal>STEP</> values, and handle
2599        loop overflows.
2600       </para>
2601      </listitem>
2602
2603      <listitem>
2604       <para>
2605        Improve accuracy when reporting syntax error locations (Tom)
2606       </para>
2607      </listitem>
2608
2609     </itemizedlist>
2610
2611    </sect3>
2612
2613    <sect3>
2614     <title>Other Server-Side Languages</title>
2615     <itemizedlist>
2616
2617      <listitem>
2618       <para>
2619        Allow type-name arguments to PL/Perl
2620        <function>spi_prepare()</function> to be data type aliases in
2621        addition to names found in <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
2622       </para>
2623      </listitem>
2624
2625      <listitem>
2626       <para>
2627        Allow type-name arguments to PL/Python
2628        <function>plpy.prepare()</function> to be data type aliases in
2629        addition to names found in <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
2630       </para>
2631      </listitem>
2632
2633      <listitem>
2634       <para>
2635        Allow type-name arguments to PL/Tcl <function>spi_prepare</> to
2636        be data type aliases in addition to names found in
2637        <literal>pg_type</literal> (Andrew)
2638       </para>
2639      </listitem>
2640
2641      <listitem>
2642       <para>
2643        Enable PL/PythonU to compile on Python 2.5 (Marko Kreen)
2644       </para>
2645      </listitem>
2646
2647      <listitem>
2648       <para>
2649        Support a true PL/Python boolean type in compatible Python versions
2650        (Python 2.3 and later) (Marko Kreen)
2651       </para>
2652      </listitem>
2653
2654      <listitem>
2655       <para>
2656        Fix PL/Tcl problems with thread-enabled <filename>libtcl</> spawning
2657        multiple threads within the backend (Steve Marshall, Paul Bayer,
2658        Doug Knight)
2659       </para>
2660
2661       <para>
2662        This caused all sorts of unpleasantness.
2663       </para>
2664      </listitem>
2665
2666     </itemizedlist>
2667
2668    </sect3>
2669
2670    <sect3>
2671     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link></title>
2672     <itemizedlist>
2673
2674      <listitem>
2675       <para>
2676        List disabled triggers separately in <literal>\d</literal> output
2677        (Brendan Jurd)
2678       </para>
2679      </listitem>
2680
2681      <listitem>
2682       <para>
2683        In <literal>\d</literal> patterns, always match <literal>$</literal>
2684        literally (Tom)
2685       </para>
2686      </listitem>
2687
2688      <listitem>
2689       <para>
2690        Show aggregate return types in <literal>\da</literal> output
2691        (Greg Sabino Mullane)
2692       </para>
2693      </listitem>
2694
2695      <listitem>
2696       <para>
2697        Add the function's volatility status to the output of
2698        <literal>\df+</literal> (Neil)
2699       </para>
2700      </listitem>
2701
2702      <listitem>
2703       <para>
2704        Add <literal>\prompt</literal> capability (Chad Wagner)
2705       </para>
2706      </listitem>
2707
2708      <listitem>
2709       <para>
2710        Allow <literal>\pset</literal>, <literal>\t</literal>, and
2711        <literal>\x</literal> to specify <literal>on</> or <literal>off</>,
2712        rather than just toggling (Chad Wagner)
2713       </para>
2714      </listitem>
2715
2716      <listitem>
2717       <para>
2718        Add <literal>\sleep</> capability (Jan)
2719       </para>
2720      </listitem>
2721
2722      <listitem>
2723       <para>
2724        Enable <literal>\timing</> output for <literal>\copy</> (Andrew)
2725       </para>
2726      </listitem>
2727
2728      <listitem>
2729       <para>
2730        Improve <literal>\timing</literal> resolution on Windows
2731        (Itagaki Takahiro)
2732       </para>
2733      </listitem>
2734
2735      <listitem>
2736       <para>
2737        Flush <literal>\o</> output after each backslash command (Tom)
2738       </para>
2739      </listitem>
2740
2741      <listitem>
2742       <para>
2743        Correctly detect and report errors while reading a <literal>-f</>
2744        input file (Peter)
2745       </para>
2746      </listitem>
2747
2748      <listitem>
2749       <para>
2750        Remove <literal>-u</> option (this option has long been deprecated)
2751        (Tom)
2752       </para>
2753      </listitem>
2754
2755     </itemizedlist>
2756
2757    </sect3>
2758
2759    <sect3>
2760     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link></title>
2761     <itemizedlist>
2762
2763      <listitem>
2764       <para>
2765        Add <literal>--tablespaces-only</> and <literal>--roles-only</>
2766        options to <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
2767       </para>
2768      </listitem>
2769
2770      <listitem>
2771       <para>
2772        Add an output file option to
2773        <application>pg_dumpall</application> (Dave Page)
2774       </para>
2775
2776       <para>
2777        This is primarily useful on Windows, where output redirection of
2778        child <application>pg_dump</application> processes does not work.
2779       </para>
2780      </listitem>
2781
2782      <listitem>
2783       <para>
2784        Allow <application>pg_dumpall</> to accept an initial-connection
2785        database name rather than the default
2786        <literal>template1</literal> (Dave Page)
2787       </para>
2788      </listitem>
2789
2790      <listitem>
2791       <para>
2792        In <literal>-n</> and <literal>-t</> switches, always match
2793        <literal>$</literal> literally (Tom)
2794       </para>
2795      </listitem>
2796
2797      <listitem>
2798       <para>
2799        Improve performance when a database has thousands of objects (Tom)
2800       </para>
2801      </listitem>
2802
2803      <listitem>
2804       <para>
2805        Remove <literal>-u</> option (this option has long been deprecated)
2806        (Tom)
2807       </para>
2808      </listitem>
2809
2810     </itemizedlist>
2811
2812    </sect3>
2813
2814    <sect3>
2815     <title>Other Client Applications</title>
2816     <itemizedlist>
2817
2818      <listitem>
2819       <para>
2820        In <application>initdb</>, allow the location of the
2821        <filename>pg_xlog</filename> directory to be specified
2822        (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
2823       </para>
2824      </listitem>
2825
2826      <listitem>
2827       <para>
2828        Enable server core dump generation in <application>pg_regress</>
2829        on supported operating systems (Andrew)
2830       </para>
2831      </listitem>
2832
2833      <listitem>
2834       <para>
2835        Add a <literal>-t</> (timeout) parameter to <application>pg_ctl</>
2836        (Bruce)
2837       </para>
2838
2839       <para>
2840        This controls how long <application>pg_ctl</> will wait when waiting
2841        for server startup or shutdown.  Formerly the timeout was hard-wired
2842        as 60 seconds.
2843       </para>
2844      </listitem>
2845
2846      <listitem>
2847       <para>
2848        Add a <application>pg_ctl</> option to control generation
2849        of server core dumps (Andrew)
2850       </para>
2851      </listitem>
2852
2853      <listitem>
2854       <para>
2855        Allow Control-C to cancel <application>clusterdb</>,
2856        <application>reindexdb</>, and <application>vacuumdb</> (Itagaki
2857        Takahiro, Magnus)
2858       </para>
2859      </listitem>
2860
2861      <listitem>
2862       <para>
2863        Suppress command tag output for <application>createdb</>,
2864        <application>createuser</>, <application>dropdb</>, and
2865        <application>dropuser</> (Peter)
2866       </para>
2867
2868       <para>
2869        The <literal>--quiet</> option is ignored and will be removed in 8.4.
2870        Progress messages when acting on all databases now go to stdout
2871        instead of stderr because they are not actually errors.
2872       </para>
2873      </listitem>
2874
2875     </itemizedlist>
2876
2877    </sect3>
2878
2879    <sect3>
2880     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link></title>
2881     <itemizedlist>
2882
2883      <listitem>
2884       <para>
2885        Interpret the <literal>dbName</> parameter of
2886        <function>PQsetdbLogin()</> as a <literal>conninfo</> string if
2887        it contains an equals sign (Andrew)
2888       </para>
2889
2890       <para>
2891        This allows use of <literal>conninfo</> strings in client
2892        programs that still use <literal>PQsetdbLogin()</>.
2893       </para>
2894      </listitem>
2895
2896      <listitem>
2897       <para>
2898        Support a global <acronym>SSL</> configuration file (Victor
2899        Wagner)
2900       </para>
2901      </listitem>
2902
2903      <listitem>
2904       <para>
2905        Add environment variable <varname>PGSSLKEY</> to control
2906        <acronym>SSL</> hardware keys (Victor Wagner)
2907       </para>
2908      </listitem>
2909
2910      <listitem>
2911       <para>
2912        Add <function>lo_truncate()</function> for large object
2913        truncation (Kris Jurka)
2914       </para>
2915      </listitem>
2916
2917      <listitem>
2918       <para>
2919        Add <function>PQconnectionNeedsPassword()</function> that returns
2920        true if the server required a password but none was supplied
2921        (Joe Conway, Tom)
2922       </para>
2923
2924       <para>
2925        If this returns true after a failed connection attempt, a client
2926        application should prompt the user for a password.  In the past
2927        applications have had to check for a specific error message string to
2928        decide whether a password is needed; that approach is now
2929        deprecated.
2930       </para>
2931      </listitem>
2932
2933      <listitem>
2934       <para>
2935        Add <function>PQconnectionUsedPassword()</function> that returns
2936        true if the supplied password was actually used
2937        (Joe Conway, Tom)
2938       </para>
2939
2940       <para>
2941        This is useful in some security contexts where it is important
2942        to know whether a user-supplied password is actually valid.
2943       </para>
2944      </listitem>
2945
2946     </itemizedlist>
2947
2948    </sect3>
2949
2950    <sect3>
2951     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link></title>
2952     <itemizedlist>
2953
2954      <listitem>
2955       <para>
2956        Use V3 frontend/backend protocol (Michael)
2957       </para>
2958
2959       <para>
2960        This adds support for server-side prepared statements.
2961       </para>
2962      </listitem>
2963
2964      <listitem>
2965       <para>
2966        Use native threads, instead of pthreads, on Windows (Magnus)
2967       </para>
2968      </listitem>
2969
2970      <listitem>
2971       <para>
2972        Improve thread-safety of ecpglib (Itagaki Takahiro)
2973       </para>
2974      </listitem>
2975
2976      <listitem>
2977       <para>
2978        Make the ecpg libraries export only necessary API symbols (Michael)
2979       </para>
2980      </listitem>
2981
2982     </itemizedlist>
2983
2984    </sect3>
2985
2986    <sect3>
2987     <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
2988     <itemizedlist>
2989
2990      <listitem>
2991       <para>
2992        Allow the whole <productname>PostgreSQL</> distribution to be compiled
2993        with <productname>Microsoft Visual C++</> (Magnus and others)
2994       </para>
2995
2996       <para>
2997        This allows Windows-based developers to use familiar development
2998        and debugging tools.
2999        Windows executables made with Visual C++ might also have better
3000        stability and performance than those made with other tool sets.
3001        The client-only Visual C++ build scripts have been removed.
3002       </para>
3003      </listitem>
3004
3005      <listitem>
3006       <para>
3007        Drastically reduce postmaster's memory usage when it has many child
3008        processes (Magnus)
3009       </para>
3010      </listitem>
3011
3012      <listitem>
3013       <para>
3014        Allow regression tests to be started by an administrative
3015        user (Magnus)
3016       </para>
3017      </listitem>
3018
3019      <listitem>
3020       <para>
3021        Add native shared memory implementation (Magnus)
3022       </para>
3023      </listitem>
3024
3025     </itemizedlist>
3026
3027    </sect3>
3028
3029    <sect3>
3030     <title>Server Programming Interface (<acronym>SPI</>)</title>
3031     <itemizedlist>
3032
3033      <listitem>
3034       <para>
3035        Add cursor-related functionality in SPI (Pavel Stehule)
3036       </para>
3037
3038       <para>
3039        Allow access to the cursor-related planning options, and add
3040        <command>FETCH</>/<command>MOVE</> routines.
3041       </para>
3042      </listitem>
3043
3044      <listitem>
3045       <para>
3046        Allow execution of cursor commands through
3047        <function>SPI_execute</function> (Tom)
3048       </para>
3049
3050       <para>
3051        The macro <literal>SPI_ERROR_CURSOR</> still exists but will
3052        never be returned.
3053       </para>
3054      </listitem>
3055
3056      <listitem>
3057       <para>
3058        SPI plan pointers are now declared as <literal>SPIPlanPtr</> instead of
3059        <literal>void *</> (Tom)
3060       </para>
3061
3062       <para>
3063        This does not break application code, but switching is
3064        recommended to help catch simple programming mistakes.
3065       </para>
3066      </listitem>
3067
3068     </itemizedlist>
3069
3070    </sect3>
3071
3072    <sect3>
3073     <title>Build Options</title>
3074     <itemizedlist>
3075
3076      <listitem>
3077       <para>
3078        Add <application>configure</> option <literal>--enable-profiling</>
3079        to enable code profiling (works only with <application>gcc</>)
3080        (Korry Douglas and Nikhil Sontakke)
3081       </para>
3082      </listitem>
3083
3084      <listitem>
3085       <para>
3086        Add <application>configure</> option <literal>--with-system-tzdata</>
3087        to use the operating system's time zone database (Peter)
3088       </para>
3089      </listitem>
3090
3091      <listitem>
3092       <para>
3093        Fix <acronym>PGXS</> so extensions can be built against PostgreSQL
3094        installations whose <application>pg_config</> program does not
3095        appear first in the <varname>PATH</> (Tom)
3096       </para>
3097      </listitem>
3098
3099      <listitem>
3100       <para>
3101        Support <command>gmake draft</command> when building the
3102        <acronym>SGML</> documentation (Bruce)
3103       </para>
3104
3105       <para>
3106        Unless <literal>draft</> is used, the documentation build will
3107        now be repeated if necessary to ensure the index is up-to-date.
3108       </para>
3109      </listitem>
3110
3111     </itemizedlist>
3112
3113    </sect3>
3114
3115    <sect3>
3116     <title>Source Code</title>
3117     <itemizedlist>
3118
3119      <listitem>
3120       <para>
3121        Rename macro <literal>DLLIMPORT</> to <literal>PGDLLIMPORT</> to
3122        avoid conflicting with third party includes (like Tcl) that
3123        define <literal>DLLIMPORT</> (Magnus)
3124       </para>
3125      </listitem>
3126
3127      <listitem>
3128       <para>
3129        Create <quote>operator families</quote> to improve planning of
3130        queries involving cross-data-type comparisons (Tom)
3131       </para>
3132      </listitem>
3133
3134      <listitem>
3135       <para>
3136        Update GIN <function>extractQuery()</> API to allow signalling
3137        that nothing can satisfy the query (Teodor)
3138       </para>
3139      </listitem>
3140
3141      <listitem>
3142       <para>
3143        Move <literal>NAMEDATALEN</> definition from
3144        <filename>postgres_ext.h</> to <filename>pg_config_manual.h</>
3145        (Peter)
3146       </para>
3147      </listitem>
3148
3149      <listitem>
3150       <para>
3151        Provide <function>strlcpy()</function> and
3152        <function>strlcat()</function> on all platforms, and replace
3153        error-prone uses of <function>strncpy()</function>,
3154        <function>strncat()</function>, etc (Peter)
3155       </para>
3156      </listitem>
3157
3158      <listitem>
3159       <para>
3160        Create hooks to let an external plugin monitor (or even replace) the
3161        planner and create plans for hypothetical situations (Gurjeet
3162        Singh, Tom)
3163       </para>
3164      </listitem>
3165
3166      <listitem>
3167       <para>
3168        Create a function variable <literal>join_search_hook</> to let plugins
3169        override the join search order portion of the planner (Julius
3170        Stroffek)
3171       </para>
3172      </listitem>
3173
3174      <listitem>
3175       <para>
3176        Add <function>tas()</> support for Renesas' M32R processor
3177        (Kazuhiro Inaoka)
3178       </para>
3179      </listitem>
3180
3181      <listitem>
3182       <para>
3183        <function>quote_identifier()</function> and
3184        <application>pg_dump</application> no longer quote keywords that are
3185        unreserved according to the grammar (Tom)
3186       </para>
3187      </listitem>
3188
3189      <listitem>
3190       <para>
3191        Change the on-disk representation of the <type>NUMERIC</type>
3192        data type so that the <structfield>sign_dscale</> word comes
3193        before the weight (Tom)
3194       </para>
3195      </listitem>
3196
3197      <listitem>
3198       <para>
3199        Use <acronym>SYSV</> semaphores rather than POSIX on Darwin
3200        &gt;= 6.0, i.e., OS X 10.2 and up (Chris Marcellino)
3201       </para>
3202      </listitem>
3203
3204      <listitem>
3205       <para>
3206        Add <link linkend="acronyms">acronym</link> and <link
3207        linkend="creating-cluster-nfs">NFS</link> documentation
3208        sections (Bruce)
3209       </para>
3210      </listitem>
3211
3212      <listitem>
3213       <para>
3214        "Postgres" is now documented as an accepted alias for
3215        "PostgreSQL" (Peter)
3216       </para>
3217      </listitem>
3218
3219      <listitem>
3220       <para>
3221        Add documentation about preventing database server spoofing when
3222        the server is down (Bruce)
3223       </para>
3224      </listitem>
3225
3226     </itemizedlist>
3227
3228    </sect3>
3229
3230    <sect3>
3231     <title>Contrib</title>
3232     <itemizedlist>
3233
3234      <listitem>
3235       <para>
3236        Move <filename>contrib</> <filename>README</> content into the
3237        main <productname>PostgreSQL</> documentation (Albert Cervera i
3238        Areny)
3239       </para>
3240      </listitem>
3241
3242      <listitem>
3243       <para>
3244        Add <filename>contrib/pageinspect</filename> module for low-level
3245        page inspection (Simon, Heikki)
3246       </para>
3247      </listitem>
3248
3249      <listitem>
3250       <para>
3251        Add <filename>contrib/pg_standby</filename> module for controlling
3252        warm standby operation (Simon)
3253       </para>
3254      </listitem>
3255
3256      <listitem>
3257       <para>
3258        Add <filename>contrib/uuid-ossp</filename> module for generating
3259        <type>UUID</> values using the OSSP UUID library (Peter)
3260       </para>
3261
3262       <para>
3263        Use <application>configure</>
3264        <literal>--with-ossp-uuid</literal> to activate. This takes
3265        advantage of the new <type>UUID</type> builtin type.
3266       </para>
3267      </listitem>
3268
3269      <listitem>
3270       <para>
3271        Add <filename>contrib/dict_int</filename>,
3272        <filename>contrib/dict_xsyn</filename>, and
3273        <filename>contrib/test_parser</filename> modules to provide
3274        sample add-on text search dictionary templates and parsers
3275        (Sergey Karpov)
3276       </para>
3277      </listitem>
3278
3279      <listitem>
3280       <para>
3281        Allow <application>contrib/pgbench</> to set the fillfactor (Pavan
3282        Deolasee)
3283       </para>
3284      </listitem>
3285
3286      <listitem>
3287       <para>
3288        Add timestamps to <application>contrib/pgbench</> <literal>-l</>
3289        (Greg Smith)
3290       </para>
3291      </listitem>
3292
3293      <listitem>
3294       <para>
3295        Add usage count statistics to
3296        <filename>contrib/pgbuffercache</filename> (Greg Smith)
3297       </para>
3298      </listitem>
3299
3300      <listitem>
3301       <para>
3302        Add GIN support for <filename>contrib/hstore</> (Teodor)
3303       </para>
3304      </listitem>
3305
3306      <listitem>
3307       <para>
3308        Add GIN support for <filename>contrib/pg_trgm</> (Guillaume Smet, Teodor)
3309       </para>
3310      </listitem>
3311
3312      <listitem>
3313       <para>
3314        Update OS/X startup scripts in
3315        <filename>contrib/start-scripts</filename> (Mark Cotner, David
3316        Fetter)
3317       </para>
3318      </listitem>
3319
3320      <listitem>
3321       <para>
3322        Restrict <function>pgrowlocks()</function> and
3323        <function>dblink_get_pkey()</function> to users who have
3324        <literal>SELECT</literal> privilege on the target table (Tom)
3325       </para>
3326      </listitem>
3327
3328      <listitem>
3329       <para>
3330        Restrict <filename>contrib/pgstattuple</filename> functions to
3331        superusers (Tom)
3332       </para>
3333      </listitem>
3334
3335      <listitem>
3336       <para>
3337        <filename>contrib/xml2</filename> is deprecated and planned for
3338        removal in 8.4 (Peter)
3339       </para>
3340
3341       <para>
3342        The new XML support in core PostgreSQL supersedes this module.
3343       </para>
3344      </listitem>
3345
3346     </itemizedlist>
3347
3348    </sect3>
3349   </sect2>
3350  </sect1>
3351
3352  <sect1 id="release-8-2-8">
3353   <title>Release 8.2.8</title>
3354
3355   <note>
3356   <title>Release date</title>
3357   <simpara>2008-06-09</simpara>
3358   </note>
3359
3360   <para>
3361    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.7.
3362    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
3363    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
3364   </para>
3365
3366   <sect2>
3367    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.8</title>
3368
3369    <para>
3370     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
3371     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.2.7,
3372     see the release notes for 8.2.7.
3373    </para>
3374
3375   </sect2>
3376
3377   <sect2>
3378    <title>Changes</title>
3379
3380    <itemizedlist>
3381
3382     <listitem>
3383      <para>
3384       Fix <literal>ERRORDATA_STACK_SIZE exceeded</literal> crash that
3385       occurred on Windows when using UTF-8 database encoding and a different
3386       client encoding (Tom)
3387      </para>
3388     </listitem>
3389
3390     <listitem>
3391      <para>
3392       Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN ... PRIMARY KEY</> so that the new
3393       column is correctly checked to see if it's been initialized to all
3394       non-nulls (Brendan Jurd)
3395      </para>
3396
3397      <para>
3398       Previous versions neglected to check this requirement at all.
3399      </para>
3400     </listitem>
3401
3402     <listitem>
3403      <para>
3404       Fix possible <command>CREATE TABLE</> failure when inheriting the
3405       <quote>same</> constraint from multiple parent relations that
3406       inherited that constraint from a common ancestor (Tom)
3407      </para>
3408     </listitem>
3409
3410     <listitem>
3411      <para>
3412       Fix <function>pg_get_ruledef()</> to show the alias, if any, attached
3413       to the target table of an <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</>
3414       (Tom)
3415      </para>
3416     </listitem>
3417
3418     <listitem>
3419      <para>
3420       Fix GIN bug that could result in a <literal>too many LWLocks
3421       taken</literal> failure (Teodor)
3422      </para>
3423     </listitem>
3424
3425     <listitem>
3426      <para>
3427       Avoid possible crash when decompressing corrupted data
3428       (Zdenek Kotala)
3429      </para>
3430     </listitem>
3431
3432     <listitem>
3433      <para>
3434       Repair two places where SIGTERM exit of a backend could leave corrupted
3435       state in shared memory (Tom)
3436      </para>
3437
3438      <para>
3439       Neither case is very important if SIGTERM is used to shut down the
3440       whole database cluster together, but there was a problem if someone
3441       tried to SIGTERM individual backends.
3442      </para>
3443     </listitem>
3444
3445     <listitem>
3446      <para>
3447       Fix conversions between ISO-8859-5 and other encodings to handle
3448       Cyrillic <quote>Yo</> characters (<literal>e</> and <literal>E</> with
3449       two dots) (Sergey Burladyan)
3450      </para>
3451     </listitem>
3452
3453     <listitem>
3454      <para>
3455       Fix several datatype input functions, notably <function>array_in()</>,
3456       that were allowing unused bytes in their results to contain
3457       uninitialized, unpredictable values (Tom)
3458      </para>
3459
3460      <para>
3461       This could lead to failures in which two apparently identical literal
3462       values were not seen as equal, resulting in the parser complaining
3463       about unmatched <literal>ORDER BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>
3464       expressions.
3465      </para>
3466     </listitem>
3467
3468     <listitem>
3469      <para>
3470       Fix a corner case in regular-expression substring matching
3471       (<literal>substring(<replaceable>string</> from
3472       <replaceable>pattern</>)</literal>) (Tom)
3473      </para>
3474
3475      <para>
3476       The problem occurs when there is a match to the pattern overall but
3477       the user has specified a parenthesized subexpression and that
3478       subexpression hasn't got a match.  An example is
3479       <literal>substring('foo' from 'foo(bar)?')</>.
3480       This should return NULL, since <literal>(bar)</> isn't matched, but
3481       it was mistakenly returning the whole-pattern match instead (ie,
3482       <literal>foo</>).
3483      </para>
3484     </listitem>
3485
3486     <listitem>
3487      <para>
3488       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008c (for
3489       DST law changes in Morocco, Iraq, Choibalsan, Pakistan, Syria, Cuba, and
3490       Argentina/San_Luis)
3491      </para>
3492     </listitem>
3493
3494     <listitem>
3495      <para>
3496       Fix incorrect result from <application>ecpg</>'s
3497       <function>PGTYPEStimestamp_sub()</> function (Michael)
3498      </para>
3499     </listitem>
3500
3501     <listitem>
3502      <para>
3503       Fix broken GiST comparison function for <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>'s
3504       <type>tsquery</> type (Teodor)
3505      </para>
3506     </listitem>
3507
3508     <listitem>
3509      <para>
3510       Fix possible crashes in <filename>contrib/cube</> functions (Tom)
3511      </para>
3512     </listitem>
3513
3514     <listitem>
3515      <para>
3516       Fix core dump in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
3517       <function>xpath_table()</> function when the input query returns a
3518       NULL value (Tom)
3519      </para>
3520     </listitem>
3521
3522     <listitem>
3523      <para>
3524       Fix <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s makefile to not override
3525       <literal>CFLAGS</> (Tom)
3526      </para>
3527     </listitem>
3528
3529     <listitem>
3530      <para>
3531       Fix <literal>DatumGetBool</> macro to not fail with <application>gcc</>
3532       4.3 (Tom)
3533      </para>
3534
3535      <para>
3536       This problem affects <quote>old style</> (V0) C functions that
3537       return boolean.  The fix is already in 8.3, but the need to
3538       back-patch it was not realized at the time.
3539      </para>
3540     </listitem>
3541
3542    </itemizedlist>
3543
3544   </sect2>
3545  </sect1>
3546
3547  <sect1 id="release-8-2-7">
3548   <title>Release 8.2.7</title>
3549
3550   <note>
3551   <title>Release date</title>
3552   <simpara>2008-03-17</simpara>
3553   </note>
3554
3555   <para>
3556    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.6.
3557    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
3558    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
3559   </para>
3560
3561   <sect2>
3562    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.7</title>
3563
3564    <para>
3565     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
3566     However, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
3567     columns after updating, if you are affected by the Windows locale
3568     issue described below.
3569    </para>
3570
3571   </sect2>
3572
3573   <sect2>
3574    <title>Changes</title>
3575
3576    <itemizedlist>
3577
3578     <listitem>
3579      <para>
3580       Fix character string comparison for Windows locales that consider
3581       different character combinations as equal (Tom)
3582      </para>
3583
3584      <para>
3585       This fix applies only on Windows and only when using UTF-8
3586       database encoding.  The same fix was made for all other cases
3587       over two years ago, but Windows with UTF-8 uses a separate code
3588       path that was not updated.  If you are using a locale that
3589       considers some non-identical strings as equal, you may need to
3590       <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on textual columns.
3591      </para>
3592     </listitem>
3593
3594     <listitem>
3595      <para>
3596       Repair potential deadlock between concurrent <command>VACUUM FULL</>
3597       operations on different system catalogs (Tom)
3598      </para>
3599     </listitem>
3600
3601     <listitem>
3602      <para>
3603       Fix longstanding <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</>
3604       race condition (Tom)
3605      </para>
3606
3607      <para>
3608       In rare cases a session that had just executed a
3609       <command>LISTEN</> might not get a notification, even though
3610       one would be expected because the concurrent transaction executing
3611       <command>NOTIFY</> was observed to commit later.
3612      </para>
3613
3614      <para>
3615       A side effect of the fix is that a transaction that has executed
3616       a not-yet-committed <command>LISTEN</> command will not see any
3617       row in <structname>pg_listener</> for the <command>LISTEN</>,
3618       should it choose to look; formerly it would have.  This behavior
3619       was never documented one way or the other, but it is possible that
3620       some applications depend on the old behavior.
3621      </para>
3622     </listitem>
3623
3624     <listitem>
3625      <para>
3626       Disallow <command>LISTEN</> and <command>UNLISTEN</> within a
3627       prepared transaction (Tom)
3628      </para>
3629
3630      <para>
3631       This was formerly allowed but trying to do it had various unpleasant
3632       consequences, notably that the originating backend could not exit
3633       as long as an <command>UNLISTEN</> remained uncommitted.
3634      </para>
3635     </listitem>
3636
3637     <listitem>
3638      <para>
3639       Disallow dropping a temporary table within a
3640       prepared transaction (Heikki)
3641      </para>
3642
3643      <para>
3644       This was correctly disallowed by 8.1, but the check was inadvertently
3645       broken in 8.2.
3646      </para>
3647     </listitem>
3648
3649     <listitem>
3650      <para>
3651       Fix rare crash when an error occurs during a query using a hash index
3652       (Heikki)
3653      </para>
3654     </listitem>
3655
3656     <listitem>
3657      <para>
3658       Fix memory leaks in certain usages of set-returning functions (Neil)
3659      </para>
3660     </listitem>
3661
3662     <listitem>
3663      <para>
3664       Fix input of datetime values for February 29 in years BC (Tom)
3665      </para>
3666
3667      <para>
3668       The former coding was mistaken about which years were leap years.
3669      </para>
3670     </listitem>
3671
3672     <listitem>
3673      <para>
3674       Fix <quote>unrecognized node type</> error in some variants of
3675       <command>ALTER OWNER</> (Tom)
3676      </para>
3677     </listitem>
3678
3679     <listitem>
3680      <para>
3681       Ensure <structname>pg_stat_activity</>.<structfield>waiting</> flag
3682       is cleared when a lock wait is aborted (Tom)
3683      </para>
3684     </listitem>
3685
3686     <listitem>
3687      <para>
3688       Fix handling of process permissions on Windows Vista (Dave, Magnus)
3689      </para>
3690
3691      <para>
3692       In particular, this fix allows starting the server as the Administrator
3693       user.
3694      </para>
3695     </listitem>
3696
3697     <listitem>
3698      <para>
3699       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008a
3700       (in particular, recent Chile changes); adjust timezone abbreviation
3701       <literal>VET</> (Venezuela) to mean UTC-4:30, not UTC-4:00 (Tom)
3702      </para>
3703     </listitem>
3704
3705     <listitem>
3706      <para>
3707       Fix <application>pg_ctl</> to correctly extract the postmaster's port
3708       number from command-line options (Itagaki Takahiro, Tom)
3709      </para>
3710
3711      <para>
3712       Previously, <literal>pg_ctl start -w</> could try to contact the
3713       postmaster on the wrong port, leading to bogus reports of startup
3714       failure.
3715      </para>
3716     </listitem>
3717
3718     <listitem>
3719      <para>
3720       Use <option>-fwrapv</> to defend against possible misoptimization
3721       in recent <application>gcc</> versions (Tom)
3722      </para>
3723
3724      <para>
3725       This is known to be necessary when building <productname>PostgreSQL</>
3726       with <application>gcc</> 4.3 or later.
3727      </para>
3728     </listitem>
3729
3730
3731     <listitem>
3732      <para>
3733       Correctly enforce <varname>statement_timeout</> values longer
3734       than <literal>INT_MAX</> microseconds (about 35 minutes) (Tom)
3735      </para>
3736
3737      <para>
3738       This bug affects only builds with <option>--enable-integer-datetimes</>.
3739      </para>
3740     </listitem>
3741
3742     <listitem>
3743      <para>
3744       Fix <quote>unexpected PARAM_SUBLINK ID</> planner error when
3745       constant-folding simplifies a sub-select (Tom)
3746      </para>
3747     </listitem>
3748
3749     <listitem>
3750      <para>
3751       Fix logical errors in constraint-exclusion handling of <literal>IS
3752       NULL</> and <literal>NOT</> expressions (Tom)
3753      </para>
3754
3755      <para>
3756       The planner would sometimes exclude partitions that should not
3757       have been excluded because of the possibility of NULL results.
3758      </para>
3759     </listitem>
3760
3761     <listitem>
3762      <para>
3763       Fix another cause of <quote>failed to build any N-way joins</>
3764       planner errors (Tom)
3765      </para>
3766
3767      <para>
3768       This could happen in cases where a clauseless join needed to be
3769       forced before a join clause could be exploited.
3770      </para>
3771     </listitem>
3772
3773     <listitem>
3774      <para>
3775       Fix incorrect constant propagation in outer-join planning (Tom)
3776      </para>
3777
3778      <para>
3779       The planner could sometimes incorrectly conclude that a variable
3780       could be constrained to be equal to a constant, leading
3781       to wrong query results.
3782      </para>
3783     </listitem>
3784
3785     <listitem>
3786      <para>
3787       Fix display of constant expressions in <literal>ORDER BY</>
3788       and <literal>GROUP BY</> (Tom)
3789      </para>
3790
3791      <para>
3792       An explictly casted constant would be shown incorrectly.  This could
3793       for example lead to corruption of a view definition during
3794       dump and reload.
3795      </para>
3796     </listitem>
3797
3798     <listitem>
3799      <para>
3800       Fix <application>libpq</> to handle NOTICE messages correctly
3801       during COPY OUT (Tom)
3802      </para>
3803
3804      <para>
3805       This failure has only been observed to occur when a user-defined
3806       datatype's output routine issues a NOTICE, but there is no
3807       guarantee it couldn't happen due to other causes.
3808      </para>
3809     </listitem>
3810
3811    </itemizedlist>
3812
3813   </sect2>
3814  </sect1>
3815
3816  <sect1 id="release-8-2-6">
3817   <title>Release 8.2.6</title>
3818
3819   <note>
3820   <title>Release date</title>
3821   <simpara>2008-01-07</simpara>
3822   </note>
3823
3824   <para>
3825    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.5,
3826    including fixes for significant security issues.
3827    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
3828    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
3829   </para>
3830
3831   <sect2>
3832    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.6</title>
3833
3834    <para>
3835     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
3836    </para>
3837
3838   </sect2>
3839
3840   <sect2>
3841    <title>Changes</title>
3842
3843    <itemizedlist>
3844
3845     <listitem>
3846      <para>
3847       Prevent functions in indexes from executing with the privileges of
3848       the user running <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, etc (Tom)
3849      </para>
3850
3851      <para>
3852       Functions used in index expressions and partial-index
3853       predicates are evaluated whenever a new table entry is made.  It has
3854       long been understood that this poses a risk of trojan-horse code
3855       execution if one modifies a table owned by an untrustworthy user.
3856       (Note that triggers, defaults, check constraints, etc. pose the
3857       same type of risk.)  But functions in indexes pose extra danger
3858       because they will be executed by routine maintenance operations
3859       such as <command>VACUUM FULL</>, which are commonly performed
3860       automatically under a superuser account.  For example, a nefarious user
3861       can execute code with superuser privileges by setting up a
3862       trojan-horse index definition and waiting for the next routine vacuum.
3863       The fix arranges for standard maintenance operations
3864       (including <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, <command>REINDEX</>,
3865       and <command>CLUSTER</>) to execute as the table owner rather than
3866       the calling user, using the same privilege-switching mechanism already
3867       used for <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.  To prevent bypassing
3868       this security measure, execution of <command>SET SESSION
3869       AUTHORIZATION</> and <command>SET ROLE</> is now forbidden within a
3870       <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> context.  (CVE-2007-6600)
3871      </para>
3872     </listitem>
3873
3874     <listitem>
3875      <para>
3876       Repair assorted bugs in the regular-expression package (Tom, Will Drewry)
3877      </para>
3878
3879      <para>
3880       Suitably crafted regular-expression patterns could cause crashes,
3881       infinite or near-infinite looping, and/or massive memory consumption,
3882       all of which pose denial-of-service hazards for applications that
3883       accept regex search patterns from untrustworthy sources.
3884       (CVE-2007-4769, CVE-2007-4772, CVE-2007-6067)
3885      </para>
3886     </listitem>
3887
3888     <listitem>
3889      <para>
3890       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
3891       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
3892      </para>
3893
3894      <para>
3895       The fix that appeared for this in 8.2.5 was incomplete, as it plugged
3896       the hole for only some <filename>dblink</> functions.  (CVE-2007-6601,
3897       CVE-2007-3278)
3898      </para>
3899     </listitem>
3900
3901     <listitem>
3902      <para>
3903       Fix bugs in WAL replay for GIN indexes (Teodor)
3904      </para>
3905     </listitem>
3906
3907     <listitem>
3908      <para>
3909       Fix GIN index build to work properly when
3910       <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> is 4GB or more (Tom)
3911      </para>
3912     </listitem>
3913
3914     <listitem>
3915      <para>
3916       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2007k
3917       (in particular, recent Argentina changes) (Tom)
3918      </para>
3919     </listitem>
3920
3921     <listitem>
3922      <para>
3923       Improve planner's handling of LIKE/regex estimation in non-C locales
3924       (Tom)
3925      </para>
3926     </listitem>
3927
3928     <listitem>
3929      <para>
3930       Fix planning-speed problem for deep outer-join nests, as well as
3931       possible poor choice of join order (Tom)
3932      </para>
3933     </listitem>
3934
3935     <listitem>
3936      <para>
3937       Fix planner failure in some cases of <literal>WHERE false AND var IN
3938       (SELECT ...)</> (Tom)
3939      </para>
3940     </listitem>
3941
3942     <listitem>
3943      <para>
3944       Make <command>CREATE TABLE ... SERIAL</> and
3945       <command>ALTER SEQUENCE ... OWNED BY</> not change the
3946       <function>currval()</> state of the sequence (Tom)
3947      </para>
3948     </listitem>
3949
3950     <listitem>
3951      <para>
3952       Preserve the tablespace and storage parameters of indexes that are
3953       rebuilt by <command>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> (Tom)
3954      </para>
3955     </listitem>
3956
3957     <listitem>
3958      <para>
3959       Make archive recovery always start a new WAL timeline, rather than only
3960       when a recovery stop time was used (Simon)
3961      </para>
3962
3963      <para>
3964       This avoids a corner-case risk of trying to overwrite an existing
3965       archived copy of the last WAL segment, and seems simpler and cleaner
3966       than the original definition.
3967      </para>
3968     </listitem>
3969
3970     <listitem>
3971      <para>
3972       Make <command>VACUUM</> not use all of <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>
3973       when the table is too small for it to be useful (Alvaro)
3974      </para>
3975     </listitem>
3976
3977     <listitem>
3978      <para>
3979       Fix potential crash in <function>translate()</> when using a multibyte
3980       database encoding (Tom)
3981      </para>
3982     </listitem>
3983
3984     <listitem>
3985      <para>
3986       Make <function>corr()</> return the correct result for negative
3987       correlation values (Neil)
3988      </para>
3989     </listitem>
3990
3991     <listitem>
3992      <para>
3993       Fix overflow in <literal>extract(epoch from interval)</> for intervals
3994       exceeding 68 years (Tom)
3995      </para>
3996     </listitem>
3997
3998     <listitem>
3999      <para>
4000       Fix PL/Perl to not fail when a UTF-8 regular expression is used
4001       in a trusted function (Andrew)
4002      </para>
4003     </listitem>
4004
4005     <listitem>
4006      <para>
4007       Fix PL/Perl to cope when platform's Perl defines type <literal>bool</>
4008       as <literal>int</> rather than <literal>char</> (Tom)
4009      </para>
4010
4011      <para>
4012       While this could theoretically happen anywhere, no standard build of
4013       Perl did things this way ... until <productname>Mac OS X</> 10.5.
4014      </para>
4015     </listitem>
4016
4017     <listitem>
4018      <para>
4019       Fix PL/Python to work correctly with Python 2.5 on 64-bit machines
4020       (Marko Kreen)
4021      </para>
4022     </listitem>
4023
4024     <listitem>
4025      <para>
4026       Fix PL/Python to not crash on long exception messages (Alvaro)
4027      </para>
4028     </listitem>
4029
4030     <listitem>
4031      <para>
4032       Fix <application>pg_dump</> to correctly handle inheritance child tables
4033       that have default expressions different from their parent's (Tom)
4034      </para>
4035     </listitem>
4036
4037     <listitem>
4038      <para>
4039       Fix <application>libpq</> crash when <varname>PGPASSFILE</> refers
4040       to a file that is not a plain file (Martin Pitt)
4041      </para>
4042     </listitem>
4043
4044     <listitem>
4045      <para>
4046       <application>ecpg</> parser fixes (Michael)
4047      </para>
4048     </listitem>
4049
4050     <listitem>
4051      <para>
4052       Make <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> defend against
4053       <application>OpenSSL</> libraries that fail on keys longer than 128
4054       bits; which is the case at least on some Solaris versions (Marko Kreen)
4055      </para>
4056     </listitem>
4057
4058     <listitem>
4059      <para>
4060       Make <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>crosstab()</> handle
4061       NULL rowid as a category in its own right, rather than crashing (Joe)
4062      </para>
4063     </listitem>
4064
4065     <listitem>
4066      <para>
4067       Fix <type>tsvector</> and <type>tsquery</> output routines to
4068       escape backslashes correctly (Teodor, Bruce)
4069      </para>
4070     </listitem>
4071
4072     <listitem>
4073      <para>
4074       Fix crash of <function>to_tsvector()</> on huge input strings (Teodor)
4075      </para>
4076     </listitem>
4077
4078     <listitem>
4079      <para>
4080       Require a specific version of <productname>Autoconf</> to be used
4081       when re-generating the <command>configure</> script (Peter)
4082      </para>
4083
4084      <para>
4085       This affects developers and packagers only.  The change was made
4086       to prevent accidental use of untested combinations of
4087       <productname>Autoconf</> and <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions.
4088       You can remove the version check if you really want to use a
4089       different <productname>Autoconf</> version, but it's
4090       your responsibility whether the result works or not.
4091      </para>
4092     </listitem>
4093
4094     <listitem>
4095      <para>
4096       Update <function>gettimeofday</> configuration check so that
4097       <productname>PostgreSQL</> can be built on newer versions of
4098       <productname>MinGW</> (Magnus)
4099      </para>
4100     </listitem>
4101
4102    </itemizedlist>
4103
4104   </sect2>
4105  </sect1>
4106
4107  <sect1 id="release-8-2-5">
4108   <title>Release 8.2.5</title>
4109
4110   <note>
4111   <title>Release date</title>
4112   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
4113   </note>
4114
4115   <para>
4116    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.4.
4117    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
4118    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
4119   </para>
4120
4121   <sect2>
4122    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.5</title>
4123
4124    <para>
4125     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
4126    </para>
4127
4128   </sect2>
4129
4130   <sect2>
4131    <title>Changes</title>
4132
4133    <itemizedlist>
4134
4135     <listitem>
4136      <para>
4137       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
4138       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
4139       on the same table (Tom)
4140      </para>
4141     </listitem>
4142
4143     <listitem>
4144      <para>
4145       Fix <literal>ALTER DOMAIN ADD CONSTRAINT</> for cases involving
4146       domains over domains (Tom)
4147      </para>
4148     </listitem>
4149
4150     <listitem>
4151      <para>
4152       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
4153      </para>
4154     </listitem>
4155
4156     <listitem>
4157      <para>
4158       Fix some planner problems with outer joins, notably poor
4159       size estimation for <literal>t1 LEFT JOIN t2 WHERE t2.col IS NULL</>
4160       (Tom)
4161      </para>
4162     </listitem>
4163
4164     <listitem>
4165      <para>
4166       Allow the <type>interval</> data type to accept input consisting only of
4167       milliseconds or microseconds (Neil)
4168      </para>
4169     </listitem>
4170
4171     <listitem>
4172      <para>
4173       Allow timezone name to appear before the year in <type>timestamp</> input (Tom)
4174      </para>
4175     </listitem>
4176
4177     <listitem>
4178      <para>
4179       Fixes for <acronym>GIN</> indexes used by <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> (Teodor)
4180      </para>
4181     </listitem>
4182
4183     <listitem>
4184      <para>
4185       Speed up rtree index insertion (Teodor)
4186      </para>
4187     </listitem>
4188
4189     <listitem>
4190      <para>
4191       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
4192      </para>
4193     </listitem>
4194
4195     <listitem>
4196      <para>
4197       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
4198       the syslogger process (Andrew)
4199      </para>
4200     </listitem>
4201
4202     <listitem>
4203      <para>
4204       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
4205       of memory (Tom)
4206      </para>
4207     </listitem>
4208
4209     <listitem>
4210      <para>
4211       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
4212      </para>
4213     </listitem>
4214
4215     <listitem>
4216      <para>
4217       Fix <function>stddev_pop(numeric)</> and <function>var_pop(numeric)</> (Tom)
4218      </para>
4219     </listitem>
4220
4221     <listitem>
4222      <para>
4223       Prevent <command>REINDEX</> and <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
4224       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
4225      </para>
4226     </listitem>
4227
4228     <listitem>
4229      <para>
4230       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
4231      </para>
4232     </listitem>
4233
4234     <listitem>
4235      <para>
4236       Windows socket and semaphore improvements (Magnus)
4237      </para>
4238     </listitem>
4239
4240     <listitem>
4241      <para>
4242       Make <command>pg_ctl -w</> work properly in Windows service mode (Dave Page)
4243      </para>
4244     </listitem>
4245
4246     <listitem>
4247      <para>
4248       Fix memory allocation bug when using <application>MIT Kerberos</> on Windows (Magnus)
4249      </para>
4250     </listitem>
4251
4252     <listitem>
4253      <para>
4254       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
4255       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
4256      </para>
4257     </listitem>
4258
4259     <listitem>
4260      <para>
4261       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
4262       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
4263      </para>
4264     </listitem>
4265
4266     <listitem>
4267      <para>
4268       Restrict <filename>/contrib/pgstattuple</> functions to superusers, for security reasons (Tom)
4269      </para>
4270     </listitem>
4271
4272     <listitem>
4273      <para>
4274       Do not let <filename>/contrib/intarray</> try to make its GIN opclass
4275       the default (this caused problems at dump/restore) (Tom)
4276      </para>
4277     </listitem>
4278
4279    </itemizedlist>
4280
4281   </sect2>
4282  </sect1>
4283
4284  <sect1 id="release-8-2-4">
4285   <title>Release 8.2.4</title>
4286
4287   <note>
4288   <title>Release date</title>
4289   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
4290   </note>
4291
4292   <para>
4293    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.3,
4294    including a security fix.
4295    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
4296    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
4297   </para>
4298
4299   <sect2>
4300    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.4</title>
4301
4302    <para>
4303     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
4304    </para>
4305
4306   </sect2>
4307
4308   <sect2>
4309    <title>Changes</title>
4310
4311    <itemizedlist>
4312
4313     <listitem>
4314      <para>
4315       Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
4316       <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
4317       and operators (Tom)
4318      </para>
4319
4320      <para>
4321       This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
4322       truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
4323       an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
4324       with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
4325       See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
4326      </para>
4327     </listitem>
4328
4329     <listitem>
4330      <para>
4331       Fix <varname>shared_preload_libraries</> for Windows
4332       by forcing reload in each backend (Korry Douglas)
4333      </para>
4334     </listitem>
4335
4336     <listitem>
4337      <para>
4338       Fix <function>to_char()</> so it properly upper/lower cases localized day or month
4339       names (Pavel Stehule)
4340      </para>
4341     </listitem>
4342
4343     <listitem>
4344      <para>
4345       <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
4346      </para>
4347     </listitem>
4348
4349     <listitem>
4350      <para>
4351       Require <command>COMMIT PREPARED</> to be executed in the same
4352       database as the transaction was prepared in (Heikki)
4353      </para>
4354     </listitem>
4355
4356     <listitem>
4357      <para>
4358       Allow <command>pg_dump</> to do binary backups larger than two gigabytes
4359       on Windows (Magnus)
4360      </para>
4361     </listitem>
4362
4363     <listitem>
4364      <para>
4365       New traditional (Taiwan) Chinese <acronym>FAQ</> (Zhou Daojing)
4366      </para>
4367     </listitem>
4368
4369     <listitem>
4370      <para>
4371       Prevent the statistics collector from writing to disk too frequently (Tom)
4372      </para>
4373     </listitem>
4374
4375     <listitem>
4376      <para>
4377       Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
4378       <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
4379      </para>
4380     </listitem>
4381
4382     <listitem>
4383      <para>
4384       Fix bug in domains that use array types (Tom)
4385      </para>
4386     </listitem>
4387
4388     <listitem>
4389      <para>
4390       Fix <command>pg_dump</> so it can dump a serial column's sequence
4391       using <option>-t</> when not also dumping the owning table
4392       (Tom)
4393      </para>
4394     </listitem>
4395
4396     <listitem>
4397      <para>
4398       Planner fixes, including improving outer join and bitmap scan
4399       selection logic (Tom)
4400      </para>
4401     </listitem>
4402
4403     <listitem>
4404      <para>
4405       Fix possible wrong answers or crash when a PL/pgSQL function tries
4406       to <literal>RETURN</> from within an <literal>EXCEPTION</> block
4407       (Tom)
4408      </para>
4409     </listitem>
4410
4411     <listitem>
4412      <para>
4413       Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (Tom)
4414      </para>
4415     </listitem>
4416
4417     <listitem>
4418      <para>
4419       Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
4420      </para>
4421     </listitem>
4422
4423    </itemizedlist>
4424
4425   </sect2>
4426  </sect1>
4427
4428  <sect1 id="release-8-2-3">
4429   <title>Release 8.2.3</title>
4430
4431   <note>
4432   <title>Release date</title>
4433   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
4434   </note>
4435
4436   <para>
4437    This release contains two fixes from 8.2.2.
4438    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
4439    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
4440   </para>
4441
4442   <sect2>
4443    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.3</title>
4444
4445    <para>
4446     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
4447    </para>
4448
4449   </sect2>
4450
4451   <sect2>
4452    <title>Changes</title>
4453
4454    <itemizedlist>
4455
4456     <listitem>
4457      <para>
4458       Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
4459       functional indexes(Tom)
4460      </para>
4461     </listitem>
4462
4463     <listitem>
4464      <para>
4465       Fix optimization so MIN/MAX in subqueries can again use indexes (Tom)
4466      </para>
4467     </listitem>
4468
4469    </itemizedlist>
4470
4471   </sect2>
4472  </sect1>
4473
4474  <sect1 id="release-8-2-2">
4475   <title>Release 8.2.2</title>
4476
4477   <note>
4478   <title>Release date</title>
4479   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
4480   </note>
4481
4482   <para>
4483    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.1, including
4484    a security fix.
4485    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
4486    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
4487   </para>
4488
4489   <sect2>
4490    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.2</title>
4491
4492    <para>
4493     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.X.
4494    </para>
4495
4496   </sect2>
4497
4498   <sect2>
4499    <title>Changes</title>
4500
4501    <itemizedlist>
4502
4503     <listitem>
4504      <para>
4505       Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
4506       to read backend memory (Tom)
4507      </para>
4508
4509      <para>
4510       The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
4511       function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
4512       data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
4513       errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
4514       principle might be used to read database content that the user
4515       should not be able to access.
4516      </para>
4517     </listitem>
4518
4519     <listitem>
4520      <para>
4521       Fix not-so-rare-anymore bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
4522       due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
4523      </para>
4524     </listitem>
4525
4526     <listitem>
4527      <para>
4528       Fix Borland C compile scripts (L Bayuk)
4529      </para>
4530     </listitem>
4531
4532     <listitem>
4533      <para>
4534       Properly handle <function>to_char('CC')</> for years ending in
4535       <literal>00</> (Tom)
4536      </para>
4537
4538      <para>
4539       Year 2000 is in the twentieth century, not the twenty-first.
4540      </para>
4541     </listitem>
4542
4543     <listitem>
4544      <para>
4545       <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> localization improvements (Tatsuo, Teodor)
4546      </para>
4547     </listitem>
4548
4549     <listitem>
4550      <para>
4551       Fix incorrect permission check in
4552       <literal>information_schema.key_column_usage</> view (Tom)
4553      </para>
4554
4555      <para>
4556       The symptom is <quote>relation with OID nnnnn does not exist</> errors.
4557       To get this fix without using <command>initdb</>, use <command>CREATE OR
4558       REPLACE VIEW</> to install the corrected definition found in
4559       <filename>share/information_schema.sql</>.  Note you will need to do
4560       this in each database.
4561      </para>
4562     </listitem>
4563
4564     <listitem>
4565      <para>
4566       Improve <command>VACUUM</> performance for databases with many tables (Tom)
4567      </para>
4568     </listitem>
4569
4570     <listitem>
4571      <para>
4572       Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
4573      </para>
4574     </listitem>
4575
4576     <listitem>
4577      <para>
4578       Fix potentially incorrect results from index searches using
4579       <literal>ROW</> inequality conditions (Tom)
4580      </para>
4581     </listitem>
4582
4583     <listitem>
4584      <para>
4585       Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
4586       over three bytes long (Tom)
4587      </para>
4588     </listitem>
4589
4590     <listitem>
4591      <para>
4592       Fix bogus <quote>permission denied</> failures occurring on Windows
4593       due to attempts to fsync already-deleted files (Magnus, Tom)
4594      </para>
4595     </listitem>
4596
4597     <listitem>
4598      <para>
4599       Fix bug that could cause the statistics collector
4600       to hang on Windows (Magnus)
4601      </para>
4602
4603      <para>
4604       This would in turn lead to autovacuum not working.
4605      </para>
4606     </listitem>
4607
4608     <listitem>
4609      <para>
4610       Fix possible crashes when an already-in-use PL/pgSQL function is
4611       updated (Tom)
4612      </para>
4613     </listitem>
4614
4615     <listitem>
4616      <para>
4617       Improve PL/pgSQL handling of domain types (Sergiy Vyshnevetskiy, Tom)
4618      </para>
4619     </listitem>
4620
4621     <listitem>
4622      <para>
4623       Fix possible errors in processing PL/pgSQL exception blocks (Tom)
4624      </para>
4625     </listitem>
4626
4627    </itemizedlist>
4628
4629   </sect2>
4630  </sect1>
4631
4632  <sect1 id="release-8-2-1">
4633   <title>Release 8.2.1</title>
4634
4635   <note>
4636   <title>Release date</title>
4637   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
4638   </note>
4639
4640   <para>
4641    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.2.
4642    For information about new features in the 8.2 major release, see
4643    <xref linkend="release-8-2">.
4644   </para>
4645
4646   <sect2>
4647    <title>Migration to Version 8.2.1</title>
4648
4649    <para>
4650     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.2.
4651    </para>
4652
4653   </sect2>
4654
4655   <sect2>
4656    <title>Changes</title>
4657
4658    <itemizedlist>
4659
4660     <listitem>
4661      <para>
4662       Fix crash with <literal>SELECT</> ... <literal>LIMIT ALL</> (also
4663       <literal>LIMIT NULL</>) (Tom)
4664      </para>
4665     </listitem>
4666
4667     <listitem>
4668      <para>
4669       <filename>Several /contrib/tsearch2</> fixes (Teodor)
4670      </para>
4671     </listitem>
4672
4673     <listitem>
4674      <para>
4675       On Windows, make log messages coming from the operating system use
4676       <acronym>ASCII</> encoding (Hiroshi Saito)
4677      </para>
4678
4679      <para>
4680       This fixes a conversion problem when there is a mismatch between
4681       the encoding of the operating system and database server.
4682      </para>
4683     </listitem>
4684
4685     <listitem>
4686      <para>
4687       Fix Windows linking of <application>pg_dump</> using
4688       <filename>win32.mak</>
4689       (Hiroshi Saito)
4690      </para>
4691     </listitem>
4692
4693     <listitem>
4694      <para>
4695       Fix planner mistakes for outer join queries (Tom)
4696      </para>
4697     </listitem>
4698
4699     <listitem>
4700      <para>
4701       Fix several problems in queries involving sub-SELECTs (Tom)
4702      </para>
4703     </listitem>
4704
4705     <listitem>
4706      <para>
4707       Fix potential crash in SPI during subtransaction abort (Tom)
4708      </para>
4709
4710      <para>
4711       This affects all PL functions since they all use SPI.
4712      </para>
4713     </listitem>
4714
4715     <listitem>
4716      <para>
4717       Improve build speed of <acronym>PDF</> documentation (Peter)
4718      </para>
4719     </listitem>
4720
4721     <listitem>
4722      <para>
4723       Re-add <acronym>JST</> (Japan) timezone abbreviation (Tom)
4724      </para>
4725     </listitem>
4726
4727     <listitem>
4728      <para>
4729       Improve optimization decisions related to index scans (Tom)
4730      </para>
4731     </listitem>
4732
4733     <listitem>
4734      <para>
4735       Have <application>psql</> print multi-byte combining characters as
4736       before, rather than output as <literal>\u</> (Tom)
4737      </para>
4738     </listitem>
4739
4740     <listitem>
4741      <para>
4742       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
4743      </para>
4744
4745      <para>
4746       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
4747      </para>
4748     </listitem>
4749
4750     <listitem>
4751      <para>
4752       Make <application>pg_dumpall</> assume that databases have public
4753       <literal>CONNECT</> privilege, when dumping from a pre-8.2 server (Tom)
4754      </para>
4755
4756      <para>
4757       This preserves the previous behavior that anyone can connect to a
4758       database if allowed by <filename>pg_hba.conf</>.
4759      </para>
4760     </listitem>
4761
4762    </itemizedlist>
4763
4764   </sect2>
4765  </sect1>
4766
4767  <sect1 id="release-8-2">
4768   <title>Release 8.2</title>
4769
4770   <note>
4771    <title>Release date</title>
4772    <simpara>2006-12-05</simpara>
4773   </note>
4774
4775   <sect2>
4776    <title>Overview</title>
4777
4778    <para>
4779     This release adds many functionality and performance improvements that
4780     were requested by users, including:
4781
4782    <itemizedlist>
4783
4784      <listitem>
4785       <para>
4786        Query language enhancements including <command>INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
4787        RETURNING</command>, multirow <literal>VALUES</literal> lists, and
4788        optional target-table alias in
4789        <command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</command>
4790       </para>
4791      </listitem>
4792
4793      <listitem>
4794       <para>
4795        Index creation without blocking concurrent
4796        <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE</>
4797        operations
4798       </para>
4799      </listitem>
4800
4801      <listitem>
4802       <para>
4803        Many query optimization improvements, including support for
4804        reordering outer joins
4805       </para>
4806      </listitem>
4807
4808      <listitem>
4809       <para>
4810        Improved sorting performance with lower memory usage
4811       </para>
4812      </listitem>
4813
4814      <listitem>
4815       <para>
4816        More efficient locking with better concurrency
4817       </para>
4818      </listitem>
4819
4820      <listitem>
4821       <para>
4822        More efficient vacuuming
4823       </para>
4824      </listitem>
4825
4826      <listitem>
4827       <para>
4828        Easier administration of warm standby servers
4829       </para>
4830      </listitem>
4831
4832      <listitem>
4833       <para>
4834        New <literal>FILLFACTOR</literal> support for tables and indexes
4835       </para>
4836      </listitem>
4837
4838      <listitem>
4839       <para>
4840        Monitoring, logging, and performance tuning additions
4841       </para>
4842      </listitem>
4843
4844      <listitem>
4845       <para>
4846        More control over creating and dropping objects
4847       </para>
4848      </listitem>
4849
4850      <listitem>
4851       <para>
4852        Table inheritance relationships can be defined
4853        for and removed from pre-existing tables
4854       </para>
4855      </listitem>
4856
4857      <listitem>
4858       <para>
4859        <command>COPY TO</command> can copy the output of an arbitrary
4860        <command>SELECT</command> statement
4861       </para>
4862      </listitem>
4863
4864      <listitem>
4865       <para>
4866        Array improvements, including nulls in arrays
4867       </para>
4868      </listitem>
4869
4870      <listitem>
4871       <para>
4872        Aggregate-function improvements, including multiple-input
4873        aggregates and SQL:2003 statistical functions
4874       </para>
4875      </listitem>
4876
4877      <listitem>
4878       <para>
4879        Many <filename>contrib/</filename> improvements
4880       </para>
4881      </listitem>
4882
4883     </itemizedlist>
4884
4885    </para>
4886
4887   </sect2>
4888
4889   <sect2>
4890    <title>Migration to Version 8.2</title>
4891
4892    <para>
4893     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
4894     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
4895     release.
4896    </para>
4897
4898    <para>
4899     Observe the following incompatibilities:
4900    </para>
4901
4902    <itemizedlist>
4903
4904      <listitem>
4905       <para>
4906        Set <link
4907        linkend="guc-escape-string-warning"><varname>escape_string_warning</></link>
4908        to <literal>on</> by default (Bruce)
4909       </para>
4910
4911       <para>
4912        This issues a warning if backslash escapes are used in
4913        <link linkend="sql-syntax-strings">non-escape (non-<literal>E''</>)
4914        strings</link>.
4915       </para>
4916      </listitem>
4917
4918      <listitem>
4919       <para>
4920        Change the <link linkend="sql-syntax-row-constructors">row
4921        constructor syntax</link> (<literal>ROW(...)</>) so that
4922        list elements <literal>foo.*</> will be expanded to a list
4923        of their member fields, rather than creating a nested
4924        row type field as formerly (Tom)
4925       </para>
4926
4927       <para>
4928        The new behavior is substantially more useful since it
4929        allows, for example, triggers to check for data changes
4930        with <literal>IF row(new.*) IS DISTINCT FROM row(old.*)</>.
4931        The old behavior is still available by omitting <literal>.*</>.
4932       </para>
4933      </listitem>
4934
4935      <listitem>
4936       <para>
4937        Make <link linkend="row-wise-comparison">row comparisons</link>
4938        follow <acronym>SQL</> standard semantics and allow them
4939        to be used in index scans (Tom)
4940       </para>
4941
4942       <para>
4943        Previously, row = and &lt;&gt; comparisons followed the
4944        standard but &lt; &lt;= &gt; &gt;= did not.  A row comparison
4945        can now be used as an index constraint for a multicolumn
4946        index matching the row value.
4947       </para>
4948      </listitem>
4949
4950      <listitem>
4951       <para>
4952        Make <link linkend="functions-comparison">row <literal>IS <optional>NOT</> NULL</literal></link>
4953        tests follow <acronym>SQL</> standard semantics (Tom)
4954       </para>
4955
4956       <para>
4957        The former behavior conformed to the standard for simple cases
4958        with <literal>IS NULL</>, but <literal>IS NOT NULL</> would return
4959        true if any row field was non-null, whereas the standard says it
4960        should return true only when all fields are non-null.
4961       </para>
4962      </listitem>
4963
4964      <listitem>
4965       <para>
4966        Make <link linkend="SQL-SET-CONSTRAINTS"><command>SET
4967        CONSTRAINT</></link> affect only one constraint (Kris Jurka)
4968       </para>
4969
4970       <para>
4971        In previous releases, <command>SET CONSTRAINT</> modified
4972        all constraints with a matching name.  In this release,
4973        the schema search path is used to modify only the first
4974        matching constraint.  A schema specification is also
4975        supported.  This more nearly conforms to the SQL standard.
4976       </para>
4977      </listitem>
4978
4979      <listitem>
4980       <para>
4981        Remove <literal>RULE</> permission for tables, for security reasons
4982        (Tom)
4983       </para>
4984
4985       <para>
4986        As of this release, only a table's owner can create or modify
4987        rules for the table.  For backwards compatibility,
4988        <command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE RULE</> is still accepted,
4989        but it does nothing.
4990       </para>
4991      </listitem>
4992
4993      <listitem>
4994       <para>
4995        Array comparison improvements (Tom)
4996       </para>
4997
4998       <para>
4999        Now array dimensions are also compared.
5000       </para>
5001      </listitem>
5002
5003      <listitem>
5004       <para>
5005        Change <link linkend="functions-array">array concatenation</link>
5006        to match documented behavior (Tom)
5007       </para>
5008
5009       <para>
5010        This changes the previous behavior where concatenation
5011        would modify the array lower bound.
5012       </para>
5013      </listitem>
5014
5015      <listitem>
5016       <para>
5017        Make command-line options of <application>postmaster</>
5018        and <link linkend="app-postgres"><application>postgres</></link>
5019        identical (Peter)
5020       </para>
5021
5022       <para>
5023        This allows the postmaster to pass arguments to each backend
5024        without using <literal>-o</>.  Note that some options are now
5025        only available as long-form options, because there were conflicting
5026        single-letter options.
5027       </para>
5028      </listitem>
5029
5030      <listitem>
5031       <para>
5032        Deprecate use of <application>postmaster</> symbolic link (Peter)
5033       </para>
5034
5035       <para>
5036        <application>postmaster</> and <application>postgres</>
5037        commands now act identically, with the behavior determined
5038        by command-line options.  The <application>postmaster</> symbolic link is
5039        kept for compatibility, but is not really needed.
5040       </para>
5041      </listitem>
5042
5043      <listitem>
5044       <para>
5045        Change <link
5046        linkend="guc-log-duration"><varname>log_duration</></link>
5047        to output even if the query is not output (Tom)
5048       </para>
5049
5050       <para>
5051        In prior releases, <varname>log_duration</> only printed if
5052        the query appeared earlier in the log.
5053       </para>
5054      </listitem>
5055
5056      <listitem>
5057       <para>
5058        Make <link
5059        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(time)</></link>
5060        and <link
5061        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(interval)</></link>
5062        treat <literal>HH</> and <literal>HH12</> as 12-hour
5063        intervals
5064       </para>
5065
5066       <para>
5067        Most applications should use <literal>HH24</> unless they
5068        want a 12-hour display.
5069       </para>
5070      </listitem>
5071
5072      <listitem>
5073       <para>
5074        Zero unmasked bits in conversion from <link
5075        linkend="datatype-inet"><type>INET</></link> to <link
5076        linkend="datatype-inet"><type>CIDR</></link> (Tom)
5077       </para>
5078
5079       <para>
5080        This ensures that the converted value is actually valid for
5081        <type>CIDR</>.
5082       </para>
5083      </listitem>
5084
5085      <listitem>
5086       <para>
5087        Remove <varname>australian_timezones</> configuration variable
5088        (Joachim Wieland)
5089       </para>
5090
5091       <para>
5092        This variable has been superseded by a more general facility
5093        for configuring timezone abbreviations.
5094       </para>
5095      </listitem>
5096
5097      <listitem>
5098       <para>
5099        Improve cost estimation for nested-loop index scans (Tom)
5100       </para>
5101
5102       <para>
5103        This might eliminate the need to set unrealistically small
5104        values of <link
5105        linkend="guc-random-page-cost"><varname>random_page_cost</></link>.
5106        If you have been using a very small <varname>random_page_cost</>,
5107        please recheck your test cases.
5108       </para>
5109      </listitem>
5110
5111      <listitem>
5112       <para>
5113        Change behavior of <command>pg_dump</> <literal>-n</> and
5114        <literal>-t</> options.  (Greg Sabino Mullane)
5115       </para>
5116       <para>
5117        See the <command>pg_dump</> manual page for details.
5118       </para>
5119      </listitem>
5120
5121      <listitem>
5122       <para>
5123        Change <link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link>
5124        <function>PQdsplen()</> to return a useful value (Martijn
5125        van Oosterhout)
5126       </para>
5127      </listitem>
5128
5129      <listitem>
5130       <para>
5131        Declare <link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link>
5132        <function>PQgetssl()</> as returning <literal>void *</>,
5133        rather than <literal>SSL *</> (Martijn van Oosterhout)
5134       </para>
5135
5136       <para>
5137        This allows applications to use the function without including
5138        the OpenSSL headers.
5139       </para>
5140      </listitem>
5141
5142      <listitem>
5143       <para>
5144        C-language loadable modules must now include a
5145        <link linkend="xfunc-c-dynload"><literal>PG_MODULE_MAGIC</></link>
5146        macro call for version compatibility checking
5147        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
5148       </para>
5149      </listitem>
5150
5151      <listitem>
5152       <para>
5153        For security's sake, modules used by a PL/PerlU function are no
5154        longer available to PL/Perl functions (Andrew)
5155       </para>
5156       <note>
5157        <para>
5158         This also implies that data can no longer be shared between a PL/Perl
5159         function and a PL/PerlU function.
5160         Some Perl installations have not been compiled with the correct flags
5161         to allow multiple interpreters to exist within a single process.
5162         In this situation PL/Perl and PL/PerlU cannot both be used in a
5163         single backend. The solution is to get a Perl installation which
5164         supports multiple interpreters.
5165        </para>
5166       </note>
5167      </listitem>
5168
5169      <listitem>
5170       <para>
5171        In <filename>contrib/xml2/</>, rename <function>xml_valid()</> to
5172        <function>xml_is_well_formed()</> (Tom)
5173       </para>
5174
5175       <para>
5176        <function>xml_valid()</> will remain for backward compatibility,
5177        but its behavior will change to do schema checking in a future
5178        release.
5179       </para>
5180      </listitem>
5181
5182      <listitem>
5183       <para>
5184        Remove <filename>contrib/ora2pg/</>, now at <ulink
5185        url="http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ora2pg"></ulink>
5186       </para>
5187      </listitem>
5188
5189      <listitem>
5190       <para>
5191        Remove contrib modules that have been migrated to PgFoundry:
5192        <filename>adddepend</>, <filename>dbase</>, <filename>dbmirror</>,
5193        <filename>fulltextindex</>, <filename>mac</>, <filename>userlock</>
5194       </para>
5195      </listitem>
5196
5197      <listitem>
5198       <para>
5199        Remove abandoned contrib modules:
5200        <filename>mSQL-interface</>, <filename>tips</>
5201       </para>
5202      </listitem>
5203
5204      <listitem>
5205       <para>
5206        Remove <acronym>QNX</> and <acronym>BEOS</> ports (Bruce)
5207       </para>
5208
5209       <para>
5210        These ports no longer had active maintainers.
5211       </para>
5212      </listitem>
5213
5214    </itemizedlist>
5215   </sect2>
5216
5217   <sect2>
5218    <title>Changes</title>
5219
5220    <para>
5221     Below you will find a detailed account of the
5222     changes between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.2 and
5223     the previous major release.
5224    </para>
5225
5226    <sect3>
5227     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
5228     <itemizedlist>
5229
5230      <listitem>
5231       <para>
5232        Allow the planner to reorder <link linkend="queries-join">outer
5233        joins</link> in some circumstances (Tom)
5234       </para>
5235
5236       <para>
5237        In previous releases, outer joins would always be evaluated in
5238        the order written in the query. This change allows the
5239        query optimizer to consider reordering outer joins, in cases where
5240        it can determine that the join order can be changed without
5241        altering the meaning of the query.  This can make a
5242        considerable performance difference for queries involving
5243        multiple outer joins or mixed inner and outer joins.
5244       </para>
5245      </listitem>
5246
5247      <listitem>
5248       <para>
5249        Improve efficiency of <link
5250        linkend="functions-comparisons"><literal>IN</>
5251        (list-of-expressions)</link> clauses (Tom)
5252       </para>
5253      </listitem>
5254
5255      <listitem>
5256       <para>
5257        Improve sorting speed and reduce memory usage (Simon, Tom)
5258       </para>
5259      </listitem>
5260
5261      <listitem>
5262       <para>
5263        Improve subtransaction performance (Alvaro, Itagaki Takahiro,
5264        Tom)
5265       </para>
5266      </listitem>
5267
5268      <listitem>
5269       <para>
5270        Add <literal>FILLFACTOR</> to <link
5271        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE">table</link> and <link
5272        linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX">index</link> creation (ITAGAKI
5273        Takahiro)
5274       </para>
5275
5276       <para>
5277        This leaves extra free space in each table or index page,
5278        allowing improved performance as the database grows.  This
5279        is particularly valuable to maintain clustering.
5280       </para>
5281      </listitem>
5282
5283      <listitem>
5284       <para>
5285        Increase default values for <link
5286        linkend="guc-shared-buffers"><varname>shared_buffers</></link>
5287        and <link
5288        linkend="guc-max-fsm-pages"><varname>max_fsm_pages</></link>
5289        (Andrew)
5290       </para>
5291      </listitem>
5292
5293      <listitem>
5294       <para>
5295        Improve locking performance by breaking the lock manager tables into
5296        sections
5297        (Tom)
5298       </para>
5299
5300       <para>
5301        This allows locking to be more fine-grained, reducing
5302        contention.
5303       </para>
5304      </listitem>
5305
5306      <listitem>
5307       <para>
5308        Reduce locking requirements of sequential scans (Qingqing
5309        Zhou)
5310       </para>
5311      </listitem>
5312
5313      <listitem>
5314       <para>
5315        Reduce locking required for database creation and destruction
5316        (Tom)
5317       </para>
5318      </listitem>
5319
5320      <listitem>
5321       <para>
5322        Improve the optimizer's selectivity estimates for <link
5323        linkend="functions-like"><literal>LIKE</></link>, <link
5324        linkend="functions-like"><literal>ILIKE</></link>, and
5325        <link linkend="functions-posix-regexp">regular expression</link>
5326        operations (Tom)
5327       </para>
5328      </listitem>
5329
5330      <listitem>
5331       <para>
5332        Improve planning of joins to <link linkend="ddl-inherit">inherited
5333        tables</link> and <link linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION
5334        ALL</></link> views (Tom)
5335       </para>
5336      </listitem>
5337
5338      <listitem>
5339       <para>
5340        Allow <link linkend="guc-constraint-exclusion">constraint
5341        exclusion</link> to be applied to <link
5342        linkend="ddl-inherit">inherited</link> <command>UPDATE</> and
5343        <command>DELETE</> queries (Tom)
5344       </para>
5345
5346       <para>
5347        <command>SELECT</> already honored constraint exclusion.
5348       </para>
5349      </listitem>
5350
5351      <listitem>
5352       <para>
5353        Improve planning of constant <literal>WHERE</> clauses, such as
5354        a condition that depends only on variables inherited from an
5355        outer query level (Tom)
5356       </para>
5357      </listitem>
5358
5359      <listitem>
5360       <para>
5361        Protocol-level unnamed prepared statements are re-planned
5362        for each set of <literal>BIND</> values (Tom)
5363       </para>
5364
5365       <para>
5366        This improves performance because the exact parameter values
5367        can be used in the plan.
5368       </para>
5369      </listitem>
5370
5371      <listitem>
5372       <para>
5373        Speed up vacuuming of B-Tree indexes (Heikki Linnakangas,
5374        Tom)
5375       </para>
5376      </listitem>
5377
5378      <listitem>
5379       <para>
5380        Avoid extra scan of tables without indexes during <link
5381        linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link> (Greg Stark)
5382       </para>
5383      </listitem>
5384
5385      <listitem>
5386       <para>
5387        Improve multicolumn <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link>
5388        indexing (Oleg, Teodor)
5389       </para>
5390      </listitem>
5391
5392      <listitem>
5393       <para>
5394        Remove dead index entries before B-Tree page split (Junji
5395        Teramoto)
5396       </para>
5397      </listitem>
5398
5399     </itemizedlist>
5400
5401    </sect3>
5402
5403    <sect3>
5404     <title>Server Changes</title>
5405     <itemizedlist>
5406
5407      <listitem>
5408       <para>
5409        Allow a forced switch to a new transaction log file (Simon, Tom)
5410       </para>
5411
5412       <para>
5413        This is valuable for keeping warm standby slave servers
5414        in sync with the master.  Transaction log file switching now also happens
5415        automatically during <link
5416        linkend="functions-admin"><function>pg_stop_backup()</></link>.
5417        This ensures that all
5418        transaction log files needed for recovery can be archived immediately.
5419       </para>
5420      </listitem>
5421
5422      <listitem>
5423       <para>
5424        Add <acronym>WAL</> informational functions (Simon)
5425       </para>
5426
5427       <para>
5428        Add functions for interrogating the current transaction log insertion
5429        point and determining <acronym>WAL</> filenames from the
5430        hex <acronym>WAL</> locations displayed by <link
5431        linkend="functions-admin"><function>pg_stop_backup()</></link>
5432        and related functions.
5433       </para>
5434      </listitem>
5435
5436      <listitem>
5437       <para>
5438        Improve recovery from a crash during <acronym>WAL</> replay (Simon)
5439       </para>
5440
5441       <para>
5442        The server now does periodic checkpoints during <acronym>WAL</>
5443        recovery, so if there is a crash, future <acronym>WAL</>
5444        recovery is shortened.  This also eliminates the need for
5445        warm standby servers to replay the entire log since the
5446        base backup if they crash.
5447       </para>
5448      </listitem>
5449
5450      <listitem>
5451       <para>
5452        Improve reliability of long-term <acronym>WAL</> replay
5453        (Heikki, Simon, Tom)
5454       </para>
5455
5456       <para>
5457        Formerly, trying to roll forward through more than 2 billion
5458        transactions would not work due to XID wraparound.  This meant
5459        warm standby servers had to be reloaded
5460        from fresh base backups periodically.
5461       </para>
5462      </listitem>
5463
5464      <listitem>
5465       <para>
5466        Add <link
5467        linkend="guc-archive-timeout"><varname>archive_timeout</></link>
5468        to force transaction log file switches at a given interval (Simon)
5469       </para>
5470
5471       <para>
5472        This enforces a maximum replication delay for warm standby servers.
5473       </para>
5474      </listitem>
5475
5476      <listitem>
5477       <para>
5478        Add native <link linkend="auth-ldap"><acronym>LDAP</></link>
5479        authentication (Magnus Hagander)
5480       </para>
5481
5482       <para>
5483        This is particularly useful for platforms that do not
5484        support <acronym>PAM</>, such as Windows.
5485       </para>
5486      </listitem>
5487
5488      <listitem>
5489       <para>
5490        Add <link linkend="sql-grant-description-objects"><literal>GRANT
5491        CONNECT ON DATABASE</></link> (Gevik Babakhani)
5492       </para>
5493
5494       <para>
5495        This gives SQL-level control over database access.  It works as
5496        an additional filter on top of the existing
5497        <link linkend="auth-pg-hba-conf"><filename>pg_hba.conf</></link>
5498        controls.
5499       </para>
5500      </listitem>
5501
5502      <listitem>
5503       <para>
5504        Add support for <link linkend="ssl-tcp"><acronym>SSL</>
5505        Certificate Revocation List</link> (<acronym>CRL</>) files
5506        (Libor Hoho&scaron;)
5507       </para>
5508
5509       <para>
5510        The server and <application>libpq</> both recognize <acronym>CRL</>
5511        files now.
5512       </para>
5513      </listitem>
5514
5515      <listitem>
5516       <para>
5517        <link linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link> indexes are
5518        now clusterable (Teodor)
5519       </para>
5520      </listitem>
5521
5522      <listitem>
5523       <para>
5524        Remove routine autovacuum server log entries (Bruce)
5525       </para>
5526
5527       <para>
5528        <link
5529        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
5530        now shows autovacuum activity.
5531       </para>
5532      </listitem>
5533
5534      <listitem>
5535       <para>
5536        Track maximum XID age within individual tables, instead of whole databases (Alvaro)
5537       </para>
5538
5539       <para>
5540        This reduces the overhead involved in preventing transaction
5541        ID wraparound, by avoiding unnecessary VACUUMs.
5542       </para>
5543      </listitem>
5544
5545      <listitem>
5546       <para>
5547        Add last vacuum and analyze timestamp columns to the stats
5548        collector (Larry Rosenman)
5549       </para>
5550
5551       <para>
5552        These values now appear in the <link
5553        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_*_tables</></link>
5554        system views.
5555       </para>
5556      </listitem>
5557
5558      <listitem>
5559       <para>
5560        Improve performance of statistics monitoring, especially
5561        <varname>stats_command_string</>
5562        (Tom, Bruce)
5563       </para>
5564
5565       <para>
5566        This release enables <varname>stats_command_string</> by
5567        default, now that its overhead is minimal.  This means
5568        <link
5569        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
5570        will now show all active queries by default.
5571       </para>
5572      </listitem>
5573
5574      <listitem>
5575       <para>
5576        Add a <literal>waiting</> column to <link
5577        linkend="monitoring-stats-views-table"><literal>pg_stat_activity</></link>
5578        (Tom)
5579       </para>
5580
5581       <para>
5582        This allows <structname>pg_stat_activity</> to show all the
5583        information included in the <application>ps</> display.
5584       </para>
5585      </listitem>
5586
5587      <listitem>
5588       <para>
5589        Add configuration parameter <link
5590        linkend="guc-update-process-title"><varname>update_process_title</></link>
5591        to control whether the <application>ps</> display is updated
5592        for every command (Bruce)
5593       </para>
5594
5595       <para>
5596        On platforms where it is expensive to update the <application>ps</>
5597        display, it might be worthwhile to turn this off and rely solely on
5598        <structname>pg_stat_activity</> for status information.
5599       </para>
5600      </listitem>
5601
5602      <listitem>
5603       <para>
5604        Allow units to be specified in configuration settings
5605        (Peter)
5606       </para>
5607
5608       <para>
5609        For example, you can now set <link
5610        linkend="guc-shared-buffers"><varname>shared_buffers</></link>
5611        to <literal>32MB</> rather than mentally converting sizes.
5612       </para>
5613      </listitem>
5614
5615      <listitem>
5616       <para>
5617        Add support for <link linkend="config-setting">include
5618        directives</link> in <filename>postgresql.conf</> (Joachim
5619        Wieland)
5620       </para>
5621      </listitem>
5622
5623      <listitem>
5624       <para>
5625        Improve logging of protocol-level prepare/bind/execute
5626        messages (Bruce, Tom)
5627       </para>
5628
5629       <para>
5630        Such logging now shows statement names, bind parameter
5631        values, and the text of the query being executed.  Also,
5632        the query text is properly included in logged error messages
5633        when enabled by <varname>log_min_error_statement</>.
5634       </para>
5635      </listitem>
5636
5637      <listitem>
5638       <para>
5639        Prevent <link
5640        linkend="guc-max-stack-depth"><varname>max_stack_depth</></link>
5641        from being set to unsafe values
5642       </para>
5643
5644       <para>
5645        On platforms where we can determine the actual kernel stack depth
5646        limit (which is most), make sure that the initial default value of
5647        <varname>max_stack_depth</> is safe, and reject attempts to set it
5648        to unsafely large values.
5649       </para>
5650      </listitem>
5651
5652      <listitem>
5653       <para>
5654        Enable highlighting of error location in query in more
5655        cases (Tom)
5656       </para>
5657
5658       <para>
5659        The server is now able to report a specific error location for
5660        some semantic errors (such as unrecognized column name), rather
5661        than just for basic syntax errors as before.
5662       </para>
5663      </listitem>
5664
5665      <listitem>
5666       <para>
5667        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
5668        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
5669       </para>
5670      </listitem>
5671
5672      <listitem>
5673       <para>
5674        Clean out <filename>pg_internal.init</> cache files during server
5675        restart (Simon)
5676       </para>
5677
5678       <para>
5679        This avoids a hazard that the cache files might contain stale
5680        data after PITR recovery.
5681       </para>
5682      </listitem>
5683
5684      <listitem>
5685       <para>
5686        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
5687        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
5688       </para>
5689      </listitem>
5690
5691      <listitem>
5692       <para>
5693        Fix bug causing needless deadlock errors on row-level locks (Tom)
5694       </para>
5695      </listitem>
5696
5697      <listitem>
5698       <para>
5699        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
5700       </para>
5701      </listitem>
5702
5703      <listitem>
5704       <para>
5705        Each backend process is now its own process group leader (Tom)
5706       </para>
5707
5708       <para>
5709        This allows query cancel to abort subprocesses invoked from a
5710        backend or archive/recovery process.
5711       </para>
5712      </listitem>
5713
5714     </itemizedlist>
5715
5716    </sect3>
5717
5718    <sect3>
5719     <title>Query Changes</title>
5720     <itemizedlist>
5721
5722      <listitem>
5723       <para>
5724        Add <link linkend="SQL-INSERT"><command>INSERT</></link>/<link
5725        linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>/<link
5726        linkend="SQL-DELETE"><command>DELETE</></link>
5727        <literal>RETURNING</> (Jonah Harris, Tom)
5728       </para>
5729
5730       <para>
5731        This allows these commands to return values, such as the
5732        computed serial key for a new row.  In the <command>UPDATE</>
5733        case, values from the updated version of the row are returned.
5734       </para>
5735      </listitem>
5736
5737      <listitem>
5738       <para>
5739        Add support for multiple-row <link
5740        linkend="queries-values"><literal>VALUES</></link> clauses,
5741        per SQL standard (Joe, Tom)
5742       </para>
5743
5744       <para>
5745        This allows <command>INSERT</> to insert multiple rows of
5746        constants, or queries to generate result sets using constants.
5747        For example, <literal>INSERT ...  VALUES (...), (...),
5748        ....</>, and <literal>SELECT * FROM (VALUES (...), (...),
5749        ....) AS alias(f1, ...)</>.
5750       </para>
5751      </listitem>
5752
5753      <listitem>
5754       <para>
5755        Allow <link linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>
5756        and <link linkend="SQL-DELETE"><command>DELETE</></link>
5757        to use an alias for the target table (Atsushi Ogawa)
5758       </para>
5759
5760       <para>
5761        The SQL standard does not permit an alias in these commands, but
5762        many database systems allow one anyway for notational convenience.
5763       </para>
5764      </listitem>
5765
5766      <listitem>
5767       <para>
5768        Allow <link linkend="SQL-UPDATE"><command>UPDATE</></link>
5769        to set multiple columns with a list of values (Susanne
5770        Ebrecht)
5771       </para>
5772
5773       <para>
5774        This is basically a short-hand for assigning the columns
5775        and values in pairs.  The syntax is <literal>UPDATE tab
5776        SET (<replaceable>column</>, ...) = (<replaceable>val</>, ...)</>.
5777       </para>
5778      </listitem>
5779
5780      <listitem>
5781       <para>
5782        Make row comparisons work per standard (Tom)
5783       </para>
5784
5785       <para>
5786        The forms &lt;, &lt;=, &gt;, &gt;= now compare rows lexicographically,
5787        that is, compare the first elements, if equal compare the second
5788        elements, and so on.  Formerly they expanded to an AND condition
5789        across all the elements, which was neither standard nor very useful.
5790       </para>
5791      </listitem>
5792
5793      <listitem>
5794       <para>
5795        Add <link linkend="SQL-TRUNCATE"><literal>CASCADE</></link>
5796        option to <command>TRUNCATE</> (Joachim Wieland)
5797       </para>
5798
5799       <para>
5800        This causes <command>TRUNCATE</> to automatically include all tables
5801        that reference the specified table(s) via foreign keys.  While
5802        convenient, this is a dangerous tool &mdash; use with caution!
5803       </para>
5804      </listitem>
5805
5806      <listitem>
5807       <para>
5808        Support <literal>FOR UPDATE</> and <literal>FOR SHARE</>
5809        in the same <link linkend="SQL-INSERT"><literal>SELECT</></link>
5810        command (Tom)
5811       </para>
5812      </listitem>
5813
5814      <listitem>
5815       <para>
5816        Add <link linkend="functions-comparisons"><literal>IS NOT
5817        DISTINCT FROM</></link> (Pavel Stehule)
5818       </para>
5819
5820       <para>
5821        This operator is similar to equality (<literal>=</>), but
5822        evaluates to true when both left and right operands are
5823        <literal>NULL</>, and to false when just one is, rather than
5824        yielding <literal>NULL</> in these cases.
5825       </para>
5826      </listitem>
5827
5828      <listitem>
5829       <para>
5830        Improve the length output used by <link
5831        linkend="queries-union"><literal>UNION</></link>/<literal>INTERSECT</>/<literal>EXCEPT</>
5832        (Tom)
5833       </para>
5834
5835       <para>
5836        When all corresponding columns are of the same defined length, that
5837        length is used for the result, rather than a generic length.
5838       </para>
5839      </listitem>
5840
5841      <listitem>
5842       <para>
5843        Allow <link linkend="functions-like"><literal>ILIKE</></link>
5844        to work for multi-byte encodings (Tom)
5845       </para>
5846
5847       <para>
5848        Internally, <literal>ILIKE</> now calls <function>lower()</>
5849        and then uses <literal>LIKE</>.  Locale-specific regular
5850        expression patterns still do not work in these encodings.
5851       </para>
5852      </listitem>
5853
5854      <listitem>
5855       <para>
5856        Enable <link
5857        linkend="guc-standard-conforming-strings"><varname>standard_conforming_strings</></link>
5858        to be turned <literal>on</> (Kevin Grittner)
5859       </para>
5860
5861       <para>
5862        This allows backslash escaping in strings to be disabled,
5863        making <productname>PostgreSQL</> more
5864        standards-compliant.  The default is <literal>off</> for backwards
5865        compatibility, but future releases will default this to <literal>on</>.
5866       </para>
5867      </listitem>
5868
5869      <listitem>
5870       <para>
5871        Do not flatten subqueries that contain <literal>volatile</>
5872        functions in their target lists (Jaime Casanova)
5873       </para>
5874
5875       <para>
5876        This prevents surprising behavior due to multiple evaluation
5877        of a <literal>volatile</> function (such as <function>random()</>
5878        or <function>nextval()</>).  It might cause performance
5879        degradation in the presence of functions that are unnecessarily
5880        marked as <literal>volatile</>.
5881       </para>
5882      </listitem>
5883
5884      <listitem>
5885       <para>
5886        Add system views <link
5887        linkend="view-pg-prepared-statements"><literal>pg_prepared_statements</></link>
5888        and <link
5889        linkend="view-pg-cursors"><literal>pg_cursors</></link>
5890        to show prepared statements and open cursors (Joachim Wieland, Neil)
5891       </para>
5892
5893       <para>
5894        These are very useful in pooled connection setups.
5895       </para>
5896      </listitem>
5897
5898      <listitem>
5899       <para>
5900        Support portal parameters in <link
5901        linkend="SQL-EXPLAIN"><command>EXPLAIN</></link> and <link
5902        linkend="SQL-EXECUTE"><command>EXECUTE</></link> (Tom)
5903       </para>
5904
5905       <para>
5906        This allows, for example, <acronym>JDBC</> <literal>?</> parameters to
5907        work in these commands.
5908       </para>
5909      </listitem>
5910
5911      <listitem>
5912       <para>
5913        If <acronym>SQL</>-level <link
5914        linkend="SQL-PREPARE"><command>PREPARE</></link> parameters
5915        are unspecified, infer their types from the content of the
5916        query (Neil)
5917       </para>
5918
5919       <para>
5920        Protocol-level <command>PREPARE</> already did this.
5921       </para>
5922      </listitem>
5923
5924      <listitem>
5925       <para>
5926        Allow <literal>LIMIT</> and <literal>OFFSET</> to exceed
5927        two billion (Dhanaraj M)
5928       </para>
5929      </listitem>
5930
5931     </itemizedlist>
5932
5933    </sect3>
5934
5935    <sect3>
5936     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
5937     <itemizedlist>
5938
5939      <listitem>
5940       <para>
5941        Add <literal>TABLESPACE</> clause to <link
5942        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLEAS"><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></link>
5943        (Neil)
5944       </para>
5945
5946       <para>
5947        This allows a tablespace to be specified for the new table.
5948       </para>
5949      </listitem>
5950
5951      <listitem>
5952       <para>
5953        Add <literal>ON COMMIT</> clause to <link
5954        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLEAS"><command>CREATE TABLE AS</></link>
5955        (Neil)
5956       </para>
5957
5958       <para>
5959        This allows temporary tables to be truncated or dropped on
5960        transaction commit.  The default behavior is for the table
5961        to remain until the session ends.
5962       </para>
5963      </listitem>
5964
5965      <listitem>
5966       <para>
5967        Add <literal>INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS</> to <link
5968        linkend="SQL-CREATETABLE"><command>CREATE TABLE LIKE</></link>
5969        (Greg Stark)
5970       </para>
5971
5972       <para>
5973        This allows easy copying of <literal>CHECK</> constraints to a new
5974        table.
5975       </para>
5976      </listitem>
5977
5978      <listitem>
5979       <para>
5980        Allow the creation of placeholder (shell) <link
5981        linkend="SQL-CREATETYPE">types</link> (Martijn van Oosterhout)
5982       </para>
5983
5984       <para>
5985        A shell type declaration creates a type name, without specifying
5986        any of the details of the type.  Making a shell type is useful
5987        because it allows cleaner declaration of the type's input/output
5988        functions, which must exist before the type can be defined <quote>for
5989        real</>.  The syntax is <command>CREATE TYPE <replaceable
5990        class="parameter">typename</replaceable></>.
5991       </para>
5992      </listitem>
5993
5994      <listitem>
5995       <para>
5996        <link linkend="SQL-CREATEAGGREGATE">Aggregate functions</link>
5997        now support multiple input parameters (Sergey Koposov, Tom)
5998       </para>
5999      </listitem>
6000
6001      <listitem>
6002       <para>
6003        Add new aggregate creation <link
6004        linkend="SQL-CREATEAGGREGATE">syntax</link> (Tom)
6005       </para>
6006
6007       <para>
6008        The new syntax is <command>CREATE AGGREGATE
6009        <replaceable>aggname</> (<replaceable>input_type</>)
6010        (<replaceable>parameter_list</>)</command>.  This more
6011        naturally supports the new multi-parameter aggregate
6012        functionality.  The previous syntax is still supported.
6013       </para>
6014      </listitem>
6015
6016      <listitem>
6017       <para>
6018        Add <link
6019        linkend="SQL-ALTERROLE"><command>ALTER ROLE PASSWORD NULL</></link>
6020        to remove a previously set role password (Peter)
6021       </para>
6022      </listitem>
6023
6024      <listitem>
6025       <para>
6026        Add <command>DROP</> object <literal>IF EXISTS</> for many
6027        object types (Andrew)
6028       </para>
6029
6030       <para>
6031        This allows <command>DROP</> operations on non-existent
6032        objects without generating an error.
6033       </para>
6034      </listitem>
6035
6036      <listitem>
6037       <para>
6038        Add <link linkend="SQL-DROP-OWNED"><literal>DROP OWNED</></link>
6039        to drop all objects owned by a role (Alvaro)
6040       </para>
6041      </listitem>
6042
6043      <listitem>
6044       <para>
6045        Add <link linkend="SQL-REASSIGN-OWNED"><literal>REASSIGN
6046        OWNED</></link> to reassign ownership of all objects owned
6047        by a role (Alvaro)
6048       </para>
6049
6050       <para>
6051        This, and <literal>DROP OWNED</> above, facilitate dropping
6052        roles.
6053       </para>
6054      </listitem>
6055
6056      <listitem>
6057       <para>
6058        Add <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><command>GRANT ON SEQUENCE</></link>
6059        syntax (Bruce)
6060       </para>
6061
6062       <para>
6063        This was added for setting sequence-specific permissions.
6064        <literal>GRANT ON TABLE</> for sequences is still supported
6065        for backward compatibility.
6066       </para>
6067      </listitem>
6068
6069      <listitem>
6070       <para>
6071        Add <link linkend="SQL-GRANT"><literal>USAGE</></link>
6072        permission for sequences that allows only <function>currval()</>
6073        and <function>nextval()</>, not <function>setval()</>
6074        (Bruce)
6075       </para>
6076
6077       <para>
6078        <literal>USAGE</> permission allows more fine-grained
6079        control over sequence access.  Granting <literal>USAGE</>
6080        allows users to increment
6081        a sequence, but prevents them from setting the sequence to
6082        an arbitrary value using <function>setval()</>.
6083       </para>
6084      </listitem>
6085
6086      <listitem>
6087       <para>
6088        Add <link linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE"><literal>ALTER TABLE
6089        [ NO ] INHERIT</></link> (Greg Stark)
6090       </para>
6091
6092       <para>
6093        This allows inheritance to be adjusted dynamically, rather than
6094        just at table creation and destruction.  This is very valuable
6095        when using inheritance to implement table partitioning.
6096       </para>
6097      </listitem>
6098
6099      <listitem>
6100       <para>
6101        Allow <link linkend="SQL-COMMENT">comments</link> on global
6102        objects to be stored globally (Kris Jurka)
6103       </para>
6104
6105       <para>
6106        Previously, comments attached to databases were stored in individual
6107        databases, making them ineffective, and there was no provision
6108        at all for comments on roles or tablespaces.  This change adds a new
6109        shared catalog <link
6110        linkend="catalog-pg-shdescription"><structname>pg_shdescription</structname></link>
6111        and stores comments on databases, roles, and tablespaces therein.
6112       </para>
6113      </listitem>
6114
6115     </itemizedlist>
6116
6117    </sect3>
6118
6119    <sect3>
6120     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
6121     <itemizedlist>
6122
6123      <listitem>
6124       <para>
6125        Add option to allow indexes to be created without blocking
6126        concurrent writes to the table (Greg Stark, Tom)
6127       </para>
6128
6129       <para>
6130        The new syntax is <link linkend="SQL-CREATEINDEX"><command>CREATE
6131        INDEX CONCURRENTLY</></link>.  The default behavior is
6132        still to block table modification while a index is being
6133        created.
6134       </para>
6135      </listitem>
6136
6137      <listitem>
6138       <para>
6139        Provide <link linkend="functions-advisory-locks">advisory
6140        locking</link> functionality (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Tom)
6141       </para>
6142
6143       <para>
6144        This is a new locking API designed to replace what used to be
6145        in /contrib/userlock.  The userlock code is now on pgfoundry.
6146       </para>
6147      </listitem>
6148
6149      <listitem>
6150       <para>
6151        Allow <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link> to
6152        dump a <command>SELECT</> query (Zoltan Boszormenyi, Karel
6153        Zak)
6154       </para>
6155
6156       <para>
6157        This allows <command>COPY</> to dump arbitrary <acronym>SQL</>
6158        queries. The syntax is <literal>COPY (SELECT ...) TO</>.
6159       </para>
6160      </listitem>
6161
6162      <listitem>
6163       <para>
6164        Make the <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY</></link>
6165        command return a command tag that includes the number of
6166        rows copied (Volkan YAZICI)
6167       </para>
6168      </listitem>
6169
6170      <listitem>
6171       <para>
6172        Allow <link linkend="SQL-VACUUM"><command>VACUUM</></link>
6173        to expire rows without being affected by other concurrent
6174        <command>VACUUM</> operations (Hannu Krossing, Alvaro, Tom)
6175       </para>
6176      </listitem>
6177
6178      <listitem>
6179       <para>
6180        Make <link linkend="APP-INITDB"><application>initdb</></link>
6181        detect the operating system locale and set the default
6182        <varname>DateStyle</> accordingly (Peter)
6183       </para>
6184
6185       <para>
6186        This makes it more likely that the installed
6187        <filename>postgresql.conf</> <varname>DateStyle</> value will
6188        be as desired.
6189       </para>
6190      </listitem>
6191
6192      <listitem>
6193       <para>
6194        Reduce number of progress messages displayed by <application>initdb</> (Tom)
6195       </para>
6196      </listitem>
6197
6198     </itemizedlist>
6199
6200    </sect3>
6201
6202    <sect3>
6203     <title>Date/Time Changes</title>
6204     <itemizedlist>
6205
6206      <listitem>
6207       <para>
6208        Allow full timezone names in <link
6209        linkend="datatype-datetime"><type>timestamp</></link> input values
6210        (Joachim Wieland)
6211       </para>
6212
6213       <para>
6214        For example, <literal>'2006-05-24 21:11
6215        America/New_York'::timestamptz</>.
6216       </para>
6217      </listitem>
6218
6219      <listitem>
6220       <para>
6221        Support configurable timezone abbreviations (Joachim Wieland)
6222       </para>
6223
6224       <para>
6225        A desired set of timezone abbreviations can be chosen via the
6226        configuration parameter <link
6227        linkend="guc-timezone-abbreviations"><varname>timezone_abbreviations</></link>.
6228       </para>
6229      </listitem>
6230
6231      <listitem>
6232       <para>
6233        Add <link
6234        linkend="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs"><varname>pg_timezone_abbrevs</></link>
6235        and <link
6236        linkend="view-pg-timezone-names"><varname>pg_timezone_names</></link>
6237        views to show supported timezones (Magnus Hagander)
6238       </para>
6239      </listitem>
6240
6241      <listitem>
6242       <para>
6243        Add <link
6244        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>clock_timestamp()</></link>,
6245        <link
6246        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>statement_timestamp()</></link>,
6247        and <link
6248        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>transaction_timestamp()</></link>
6249        (Bruce)
6250       </para>
6251
6252       <para>
6253        <function>clock_timestamp()</> is the current wall-clock time,
6254        <function>statement_timestamp()</> is the time the current
6255        statement arrived at the server, and
6256        <function>transaction_timestamp()</> is an alias for
6257        <function>now()</>.
6258       </para>
6259      </listitem>
6260
6261      <listitem>
6262       <para>
6263        Allow <link
6264        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char()</></link>
6265        to print localized month and day names (Euler Taveira de
6266        Oliveira)
6267       </para>
6268      </listitem>
6269
6270      <listitem>
6271       <para>
6272        Allow <link
6273        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(time)</></link>
6274        and <link
6275        linkend="functions-formatting"><function>to_char(interval)</></link>
6276        to output <acronym>AM</>/<acronym>PM</> specifications
6277        (Bruce)
6278       </para>
6279
6280       <para>
6281        Intervals and times are treated as 24-hour periods, e.g.
6282        <literal>25 hours</> is considered <acronym>AM</>.
6283       </para>
6284      </listitem>
6285
6286      <listitem>
6287       <para>
6288        Add new function <link
6289        linkend="functions-datetime-table"><function>justify_interval()</></link>
6290        to adjust interval units (Mark Dilger)
6291       </para>
6292      </listitem>
6293
6294      <listitem>
6295       <para>
6296        Allow timezone offsets up to 14:59 away from GMT
6297       </para>
6298
6299       <para>
6300        Kiribati uses GMT+14, so we'd better accept that.
6301       </para>
6302      </listitem>
6303
6304      <listitem>
6305       <para>
6306        Interval computation improvements (Michael Glaesemann, Bruce)
6307       </para>
6308      </listitem>
6309
6310     </itemizedlist>
6311
6312    </sect3>
6313
6314    <sect3>
6315     <title>Other Data Type and Function Changes</title>
6316     <itemizedlist>
6317
6318      <listitem>
6319       <para>
6320        Allow arrays to contain <literal>NULL</> elements (Tom)
6321       </para>
6322      </listitem>
6323
6324      <listitem>
6325       <para>
6326        Allow assignment to array elements not contiguous with the existing
6327        entries (Tom)
6328       </para>
6329
6330       <para>
6331        The intervening array positions will be filled with nulls.
6332        This is per SQL standard.
6333       </para>
6334      </listitem>
6335
6336      <listitem>
6337       <para>
6338        New built-in <link linkend="functions-array">operators</link>
6339        for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
6340        <literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Teodor, Tom)
6341       </para>
6342
6343       <para>
6344        These operators can be indexed for many data types using
6345        <acronym>GiST</> or <acronym>GIN</> indexes.
6346       </para>
6347      </listitem>
6348
6349      <listitem>
6350       <para>
6351        Add convenient arithmetic <link
6352        linkend="cidr-inet-operators-table">operations</link> on
6353        <type>INET</>/<type>CIDR</> values (Stephen R. van den
6354        Berg)
6355       </para>
6356
6357       <para>
6358        The new operators are <literal>&amp;</> (and), <literal>|</>
6359        (or), <literal>~</> (not), <type>inet</> <literal>+</> <type>int8</>,
6360        <type>inet</> <literal>-</> <type>int8</>, and
6361        <type>inet</> <literal>-</> <type>inet</>.
6362       </para>
6363      </listitem>
6364
6365      <listitem>
6366       <para>
6367        Add new <link
6368        linkend="functions-aggregate-statistics-table">aggregate functions</link>
6369        from SQL:2003 (Neil)
6370       </para>
6371
6372       <para>
6373        The new functions are <function>var_pop()</>,
6374        <function>var_samp()</>, <function>stddev_pop()</>, and
6375        <function>stddev_samp()</>.  <function>var_samp()</> and
6376        <function>stddev_samp()</> are merely renamings of the
6377        existing aggregates <function>variance()</> and
6378        <function>stddev()</>.  The latter names remain available
6379        for backward compatibility.
6380       </para>
6381      </listitem>
6382
6383      <listitem>
6384       <para>
6385        Add SQL:2003 statistical <link
6386        linkend="functions-aggregate-statistics-table">aggregates</link>
6387        (Sergey Koposov)
6388       </para>
6389
6390       <para>
6391        New functions:  <function>regr_intercept()</>,
6392        <function>regr_slope()</>, <function>regr_r2()</>,
6393        <function>corr()</>, <function>covar_samp()</>,
6394        <function>covar_pop()</>, <function>regr_avgx()</>,
6395        <function>regr_avgy()</>, <function>regr_sxy()</>,
6396        <function>regr_sxx()</>, <function>regr_syy()</>,
6397        <function>regr_count()</>.
6398       </para>
6399      </listitem>
6400
6401      <listitem>
6402       <para>
6403        Allow <link linkend="SQL-CREATEDOMAIN">domains</link> to be
6404        based on other domains (Tom)
6405       </para>
6406      </listitem>
6407
6408      <listitem>
6409       <para>
6410        Properly enforce domain <link
6411        linkend="ddl-constraints"><literal>CHECK</></link> constraints
6412        everywhere (Neil, Tom)
6413       </para>
6414
6415       <para>
6416        For example, the result of a user-defined function that is
6417        declared to return a domain type is now checked against the
6418        domain's constraints. This closes a significant hole in the domain
6419        implementation.
6420       </para>
6421      </listitem>
6422
6423      <listitem>
6424       <para>
6425        Fix problems with dumping renamed <link
6426        linkend="datatype-serial"><type>SERIAL</></link> columns
6427        (Tom)
6428       </para>
6429
6430       <para>
6431        The fix is to dump a <type>SERIAL</> column by explicitly
6432        specifying its <literal>DEFAULT</> and sequence elements,
6433        and reconstructing the <type>SERIAL</> column on reload
6434        using a new <link linkend="SQL-ALTERSEQUENCE"><command>ALTER
6435        SEQUENCE OWNED BY</></link> command.  This also allows
6436        dropping a <type>SERIAL</> column specification.
6437       </para>
6438      </listitem>
6439
6440      <listitem>
6441       <para>
6442        Add a server-side sleep function <link
6443        linkend="functions-datetime-delay"><function>pg_sleep()</></link>
6444        (Joachim Wieland)
6445       </para>
6446      </listitem>
6447
6448      <listitem>
6449       <para>
6450        Add all comparison operators for the <link
6451        linkend="datatype-oid"><type>tid</></link> (tuple id) data
6452        type (Mark Kirkwood, Greg Stark, Tom)
6453       </para>
6454      </listitem>
6455
6456     </itemizedlist>
6457
6458    </sect3>
6459
6460    <sect3>
6461     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
6462     <itemizedlist>
6463
6464      <listitem>
6465       <para>
6466        Add <literal>TG_table_name</> and <literal>TG_table_schema</> to
6467        trigger parameters (Andrew)
6468       </para>
6469
6470       <para>
6471        <literal>TG_relname</> is now deprecated.  Comparable
6472        changes have been made in the trigger parameters for the other
6473        PLs as well.
6474       </para>
6475      </listitem>
6476
6477      <listitem>
6478       <para>
6479        Allow <literal>FOR</> statements to return values to scalars
6480        as well as records and row types (Pavel Stehule)
6481       </para>
6482      </listitem>
6483
6484      <listitem>
6485       <para>
6486        Add a <literal>BY</> clause to the <literal>FOR</> loop,
6487        to control the iteration increment (Jaime Casanova)
6488       </para>
6489      </listitem>
6490
6491      <listitem>
6492       <para>
6493        Add <literal>STRICT</> to <link
6494        linkend="plpgsql-statements-sql-onerow"><command>SELECT
6495        INTO</></link> (Matt Miller)
6496       </para>
6497
6498       <para>
6499        <literal>STRICT</> mode throws an exception if more or less
6500        than one row is returned by the <command>SELECT</>, for
6501        <productname>Oracle PL/SQL</> compatibility.
6502       </para>
6503      </listitem>
6504
6505     </itemizedlist>
6506
6507    </sect3>
6508
6509    <sect3>
6510     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
6511     <itemizedlist>
6512
6513      <listitem>
6514       <para>
6515        Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> to
6516        trigger parameters (Adam Sj&oslash;gren)
6517       </para>
6518      </listitem>
6519
6520      <listitem>
6521       <para>
6522        Add prepared queries (Dmitry Karasik)
6523       </para>
6524      </listitem>
6525
6526      <listitem>
6527       <para>
6528        Make <literal>$_TD</> trigger data a global variable (Andrew)
6529       </para>
6530
6531       <para>
6532        Previously, it was lexical, which caused unexpected sharing
6533        violations.
6534       </para>
6535      </listitem>
6536
6537      <listitem>
6538       <para>
6539        Run PL/Perl and PL/PerlU in separate interpreters, for security
6540        reasons (Andrew)
6541       </para>
6542       <para>
6543        In consequence, they can no longer share data nor loaded modules.
6544        Also, if Perl has not been compiled with the requisite flags to
6545        allow multiple interpreters, only one of these languages can be used
6546        in any given backend process.
6547       </para>
6548      </listitem>
6549
6550     </itemizedlist>
6551
6552    </sect3>
6553
6554    <sect3>
6555     <title>PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes</title>
6556     <itemizedlist>
6557
6558      <listitem>
6559       <para>
6560        Named parameters are passed as ordinary variables, as well as in the
6561        <literal>args[]</> array (Sven Suursoho)
6562       </para>
6563      </listitem>
6564
6565      <listitem>
6566       <para>
6567        Add <literal>table_name</> and <literal>table_schema</> to
6568        trigger parameters (Andrew)
6569       </para>
6570      </listitem>
6571
6572      <listitem>
6573       <para>
6574        Allow returning of composite types and result sets (Sven Suursoho)
6575       </para>
6576      </listitem>
6577
6578      <listitem>
6579       <para>
6580        Return result-set as <literal>list</>, <literal>iterator</>,
6581        or <literal>generator </>(Sven Suursoho)
6582       </para>
6583      </listitem>
6584
6585      <listitem>
6586       <para>
6587        Allow functions to return <literal>void</> (Neil)
6588       </para>
6589      </listitem>
6590
6591      <listitem>
6592       <para>
6593        Python 2.5 is now supported (Tom)
6594       </para>
6595      </listitem>
6596
6597     </itemizedlist>
6598
6599    </sect3>
6600
6601    <sect3>
6602     <title><link linkend="APP-PSQL"><application>psql</></link> Changes</title>
6603     <itemizedlist>
6604
6605      <listitem>
6606       <para>
6607        Add new command <literal>\password</> for changing role
6608        password with client-side password encryption (Peter)
6609       </para>
6610      </listitem>
6611
6612      <listitem>
6613       <para>
6614        Allow <literal>\c</> to connect to a new host and port
6615        number (David, Volkan YAZICI)
6616       </para>
6617      </listitem>
6618
6619      <listitem>
6620       <para>
6621        Add tablespace display to <literal>\l+</> (Philip Yarra)
6622       </para>
6623      </listitem>
6624
6625      <listitem>
6626       <para>
6627        Improve <literal>\df</> slash command to include the argument
6628        names and modes (<literal>OUT</> or <literal>INOUT</>) of
6629        the function (David Fetter)
6630       </para>
6631      </listitem>
6632
6633      <listitem>
6634       <para>
6635        Support binary <command>COPY</> (Andreas Pflug)
6636       </para>
6637      </listitem>
6638
6639      <listitem>
6640       <para>
6641        Add option to run the entire session in a single transaction
6642        (Simon)
6643       </para>
6644
6645       <para>
6646        Use option <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
6647       </para>
6648      </listitem>
6649
6650      <listitem>
6651       <para>
6652        Support for automatically retrieving <command>SELECT</>
6653        results in batches using a cursor (Chris Mair)
6654       </para>
6655
6656       <para>
6657        This is enabled using <command>\set FETCH_COUNT
6658        <replaceable>n</></command>. This
6659        feature allows large result sets to be retrieved in
6660        <application>psql</> without attempting to buffer the entire
6661        result set in memory.
6662       </para>
6663      </listitem>
6664
6665      <listitem>
6666       <para>
6667        Make multi-line values align in the proper column
6668        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
6669       </para>
6670
6671       <para>
6672        Field values containing newlines are now displayed in a more
6673        readable fashion.
6674       </para>
6675      </listitem>
6676
6677      <listitem>
6678       <para>
6679        Save multi-line statements as a single entry, rather than
6680        one line at a time (Sergey E. Koposov)
6681       </para>
6682
6683       <para>
6684        This makes up-arrow recall of queries easier.  (This is
6685        not available on Windows, because that platform uses the native
6686        command-line editing present in the operating system.)
6687       </para>
6688      </listitem>
6689
6690      <listitem>
6691       <para>
6692        Make the line counter 64-bit so it can handle files with more
6693        than two billion lines (David Fetter)
6694       </para>
6695      </listitem>
6696
6697      <listitem>
6698       <para>
6699        Report both the returned data and the command status tag
6700        for <command>INSERT</>/<command>UPDATE</>/<command>DELETE
6701        RETURNING</> (Tom)
6702       </para>
6703      </listitem>
6704
6705     </itemizedlist>
6706
6707    </sect3>
6708
6709    <sect3>
6710     <title><link linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> Changes</title>
6711     <itemizedlist>
6712
6713      <listitem>
6714       <para>
6715        Allow complex selection of objects to be included or excluded
6716        by <application>pg_dump</> (Greg Sabino Mullane)
6717       </para>
6718
6719       <para>
6720        <application>pg_dump</> now supports multiple <literal>-n</>
6721        (schema) and <literal>-t</> (table) options, and adds
6722        <literal>-N</> and <literal>-T</> options to exclude objects.
6723        Also, the arguments of these switches can now be wild-card expressions
6724        rather than single object names, for example
6725        <literal>-t 'foo*'</>, and a schema can be part of
6726        a <literal>-t</> or <literal>-T</> switch, for example
6727        <literal>-t schema1.table1</>.
6728       </para>
6729      </listitem>
6730
6731      <listitem>
6732       <para>
6733        Add <link linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"><application>pg_restore</></link>
6734        <literal>--no-data-for-failed-tables</> option to suppress
6735        loading data if table creation failed (i.e., the table already
6736        exists) (Martin Pitt)
6737       </para>
6738      </listitem>
6739
6740      <listitem>
6741       <para>
6742        Add <link linkend="APP-PGRESTORE"><application>pg_restore</></link>
6743        option to run the entire session in a single transaction
6744        (Simon)
6745       </para>
6746
6747       <para>
6748        Use option <literal>-1</> or <literal>--single-transaction</>.
6749       </para>
6750      </listitem>
6751
6752     </itemizedlist>
6753
6754    </sect3>
6755
6756    <sect3>
6757     <title><link linkend="libpq"><application>libpq</></link> Changes</title>
6758     <itemizedlist>
6759
6760      <listitem>
6761       <para>
6762        Add <link
6763        linkend="libpq-misc"><function>PQencryptPassword()</></link>
6764        to encrypt passwords (Tom)
6765       </para>
6766
6767       <para>
6768        This allows passwords to be sent pre-encrypted for commands
6769        like <link linkend="SQL-ALTERROLE"><command>ALTER ROLE ...
6770        PASSWORD</></link>.
6771       </para>
6772      </listitem>
6773
6774      <listitem>
6775       <para>
6776        Add function <link
6777        linkend="libpq-threading"><function>PQisthreadsafe()</></link>
6778        (Bruce)
6779       </para>
6780
6781       <para>
6782        This allows applications to query the thread-safety status
6783        of the library.
6784       </para>
6785      </listitem>
6786
6787      <listitem>
6788       <para>
6789        Add <link
6790        linkend="libpq-exec-main"><function>PQdescribePrepared()</></link>,
6791        <link
6792        linkend="libpq-exec-main"><function>PQdescribePortal()</></link>,
6793        and related functions to return information about previously
6794        prepared statements and open cursors (Volkan YAZICI)
6795       </para>
6796      </listitem>
6797
6798      <listitem>
6799       <para>
6800        Allow <link linkend="libpq-ldap"><acronym>LDAP</></link> lookups
6801        from <link
6802        linkend="libpq-pgservice"><filename>pg_service.conf</></link>
6803        (Laurenz Albe)
6804       </para>
6805      </listitem>
6806
6807      <listitem>
6808       <para>
6809        Allow a hostname in <link
6810        linkend="libpq-pgpass"><filename>~/.pgpass</></link>
6811        to match the default socket directory (Bruce)
6812       </para>
6813
6814       <para>
6815        A blank hostname continues to match any Unix-socket connection,
6816        but this addition allows entries that are specific to one of
6817        several postmasters on the machine.
6818       </para>
6819      </listitem>
6820
6821     </itemizedlist>
6822
6823    </sect3>
6824
6825    <sect3>
6826     <title><link linkend="ecpg"><application>ecpg</></link> Changes</title>
6827     <itemizedlist>
6828
6829      <listitem>
6830       <para>
6831        Allow <link linkend="SQL-SHOW"><command>SHOW</></link> to
6832        put its result into a variable (Joachim Wieland)
6833       </para>
6834      </listitem>
6835
6836      <listitem>
6837       <para>
6838        Add <link linkend="SQL-COPY"><command>COPY TO STDOUT</></link>
6839        (Joachim Wieland)
6840       </para>
6841      </listitem>
6842
6843      <listitem>
6844       <para>
6845        Add regression tests (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
6846       </para>
6847      </listitem>
6848
6849      <listitem>
6850       <para>
6851        Major source code cleanups (Joachim Wieland, Michael)
6852       </para>
6853      </listitem>
6854
6855     </itemizedlist>
6856
6857    </sect3>
6858
6859    <sect3>
6860     <title><application>Windows</> Port</title>
6861     <itemizedlist>
6862
6863      <listitem>
6864       <para>
6865        Allow <acronym>MSVC</> to compile the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
6866        server (Magnus, Hiroshi Saito)
6867       </para>
6868      </listitem>
6869
6870      <listitem>
6871       <para>
6872        Add <acronym>MSVC</> support for utility commands and <link
6873        linkend="APP-PGDUMP"><application>pg_dump</></link> (Hiroshi
6874        Saito)
6875       </para>
6876      </listitem>
6877
6878      <listitem>
6879       <para>
6880        Add support for Windows code pages <literal>1253</>,
6881        <literal>1254</>, <literal>1255</>, and <literal>1257</>
6882        (Kris Jurka)
6883       </para>
6884      </listitem>
6885
6886      <listitem>
6887       <para>
6888        Drop privileges on startup, so that the server can be started from
6889        an administrative account (Magnus)
6890       </para>
6891      </listitem>
6892
6893      <listitem>
6894       <para>
6895        Stability fixes (Qingqing Zhou, Magnus)
6896       </para>
6897      </listitem>
6898
6899      <listitem>
6900       <para>
6901        Add native semaphore implementation (Qingqing Zhou)
6902       </para>
6903
6904       <para>
6905        The previous code mimicked SysV semaphores.
6906       </para>
6907      </listitem>
6908
6909     </itemizedlist>
6910
6911    </sect3>
6912
6913    <sect3>
6914     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
6915     <itemizedlist>
6916
6917      <listitem>
6918       <para>
6919        Add <link linkend="GIN"><acronym>GIN</></link> (Generalized
6920        Inverted iNdex) index access method (Teodor, Oleg)
6921       </para>
6922      </listitem>
6923
6924      <listitem>
6925       <para>
6926        Remove R-tree indexing (Tom)
6927       </para>
6928
6929       <para>
6930        Rtree has been re-implemented using <link
6931        linkend="GiST"><acronym>GiST</></link>. Among other
6932        differences, this means that rtree indexes now have support
6933        for crash recovery via write-ahead logging (WAL).
6934       </para>
6935      </listitem>
6936
6937      <listitem>
6938       <para>
6939        Reduce libraries needlessly linked into the backend (Martijn
6940        van Oosterhout, Tom)
6941       </para>
6942      </listitem>
6943
6944      <listitem>
6945       <para>
6946        Add a configure flag to allow libedit to be preferred over
6947        <acronym>GNU</> readline (Bruce)
6948       </para>
6949
6950       <para>
6951        Use configure <link
6952        linkend="configure"><literal>--with-libedit-preferred</></link>.
6953       </para>
6954      </listitem>
6955
6956      <listitem>
6957       <para>
6958        Allow installation into directories containing spaces
6959        (Peter)
6960       </para>
6961      </listitem>
6962
6963      <listitem>
6964       <para>
6965        Improve ability to relocate installation directories (Tom)
6966       </para>
6967      </listitem>
6968
6969      <listitem>
6970       <para>
6971        Add support for <productname>Solaris x86_64</> using the
6972        <productname>Solaris</> compiler (Pierre Girard, Theo
6973        Schlossnagle, Bruce)
6974       </para>
6975      </listitem>
6976
6977      <listitem>
6978       <para>
6979        Add <application>DTrace</> support (Robert Lor)
6980       </para>
6981      </listitem>
6982
6983      <listitem>
6984       <para>
6985        Add <literal>PG_VERSION_NUM</> for use by third-party
6986        applications wanting to test the backend version in C using &gt;
6987        and &lt; comparisons (Bruce)
6988       </para>
6989      </listitem>
6990
6991      <listitem>
6992       <para>
6993        Add <literal>XLOG_BLCKSZ</> as independent from <literal>BLCKSZ</>
6994        (Mark Wong)
6995       </para>
6996      </listitem>
6997
6998      <listitem>
6999       <para>
7000        Add <literal>LWLOCK_STATS</> define to report locking
7001        activity (Tom)
7002       </para>
7003      </listitem>
7004
7005      <listitem>
7006       <para>
7007        Emit warnings for unknown <application>configure</> options
7008        (Martijn van Oosterhout)
7009       </para>
7010      </listitem>
7011
7012      <listitem>
7013       <para>
7014        Add server support for <quote>plugin</> libraries
7015        that can be used for add-on tasks such as debugging and performance
7016        measurement (Korry Douglas)
7017       </para>
7018
7019       <para>
7020        This consists of two features: a table of <quote>rendezvous
7021        variables</> that allows separately-loaded shared libraries to
7022        communicate, and a new configuration parameter <link
7023        linkend="guc-local-preload-libraries"><varname>local_preload_libraries</></link>
7024        that allows libraries to be loaded into specific sessions without
7025        explicit cooperation from the client application.  This allows
7026        external add-ons to implement features such as a PL/PgSQL debugger.
7027       </para>
7028      </listitem>
7029
7030      <listitem>
7031       <para>
7032        Rename existing configuration parameter
7033        <varname>preload_libraries</> to <link
7034        linkend="guc-shared-preload-libraries"><varname>shared_preload_libraries</></link>
7035        (Tom)
7036       </para>
7037
7038       <para>
7039        This was done for clarity in comparison to
7040        <varname>local_preload_libraries</>.
7041       </para>
7042      </listitem>
7043
7044      <listitem>
7045       <para>
7046        Add new configuration parameter <link
7047        linkend="guc-server-version-num"><varname>server_version_num</></link>
7048        (Greg Sabino Mullane)
7049       </para>
7050
7051       <para>
7052        This is like <varname>server_version</varname>, but is an
7053        integer, e.g.  <literal>80200</>. This allows applications to
7054        make version checks more easily.
7055       </para>
7056      </listitem>
7057
7058      <listitem>
7059       <para>
7060        Add a configuration parameter <link
7061        linkend="guc-seq-page-cost"><varname>seq_page_cost</></link>
7062        (Tom)
7063       </para>
7064      </listitem>
7065
7066      <listitem>
7067       <para>
7068        Re-implement the <link linkend="regress">regression test</link> script as a C program
7069        (Magnus, Tom)
7070       </para>
7071      </listitem>
7072
7073      <listitem>
7074       <para>
7075        Allow loadable modules to allocate shared memory and
7076        lightweight locks (Marc Munro)
7077       </para>
7078      </listitem>
7079
7080      <listitem>
7081       <para>
7082        Add automatic initialization and finalization of dynamically
7083        loaded libraries (Ralf Engelschall, Tom)
7084       </para>
7085
7086       <para>
7087        New <link linkend="xfunc-c-dynload">functions</link>
7088        <function>_PG_init()</> and <function>_PG_fini()</> are
7089        called if the library defines such symbols.  Hence we no
7090        longer need to specify an initialization function in
7091        <varname>shared_preload_libraries</>; we can assume that
7092        the library used the <function>_PG_init()</> convention
7093        instead.
7094       </para>
7095      </listitem>
7096
7097      <listitem>
7098       <para>
7099        Add <link
7100        linkend="xfunc-c-dynload"><literal>PG_MODULE_MAGIC</></link>
7101        header block to all shared object files (Martijn van
7102        Oosterhout)
7103       </para>
7104
7105       <para>
7106        The magic block prevents version mismatches between loadable object
7107        files and servers.
7108       </para>
7109      </listitem>
7110
7111      <listitem>
7112       <para>
7113         Add shared library support for AIX (Laurenz Albe)
7114       </para>
7115      </listitem>
7116
7117      <listitem>
7118       <para>
7119        New <link linkend="datatype-xml"><acronym>XML</></link>
7120        documentation section (Bruce)
7121       </para>
7122      </listitem>
7123
7124     </itemizedlist>
7125
7126    </sect3>
7127
7128    <sect3>
7129     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
7130     <itemizedlist>
7131
7132      <listitem>
7133       <para>
7134        Major tsearch2 improvements (Oleg, Teodor)
7135       </para>
7136
7137       <itemizedlist>
7138
7139        <listitem>
7140         <para>
7141          multibyte encoding support, including <acronym>UTF8</>
7142         </para>
7143        </listitem>
7144        <listitem>
7145         <para>
7146          query rewriting support
7147         </para>
7148        </listitem>
7149        <listitem>
7150         <para>
7151          improved ranking functions
7152         </para>
7153        </listitem>
7154        <listitem>
7155         <para>
7156          thesaurus dictionary support
7157         </para>
7158        </listitem>
7159        <listitem>
7160         <para>
7161          Ispell dictionaries now recognize <application>MySpell</>
7162          format, used by <application>OpenOffice</>
7163         </para>
7164        </listitem>
7165        <listitem>
7166         <para>
7167          <acronym>GIN</> support
7168         </para>
7169        </listitem>
7170
7171       </itemizedlist>
7172
7173      </listitem>
7174
7175      <listitem>
7176       <para>
7177        Add adminpack module containing <application>Pgadmin</> administration
7178        functions (Dave)
7179       </para>
7180
7181       <para>
7182        These functions provide additional file system access
7183        routines not present in the default <productname>PostgreSQL</>
7184        server.
7185       </para>
7186      </listitem>
7187
7188      <listitem>
7189       <para>
7190        Add sslinfo module (Victor Wagner)
7191       </para>
7192
7193       <para>
7194        Reports information about the current connection's <acronym>SSL</>
7195        certificate.
7196       </para>
7197      </listitem>
7198
7199      <listitem>
7200       <para>
7201        Add pgrowlocks module (Tatsuo)
7202       </para>
7203
7204       <para>
7205        This shows row locking information for a specified table.
7206       </para>
7207      </listitem>
7208
7209      <listitem>
7210       <para>
7211        Add hstore module (Oleg, Teodor)
7212       </para>
7213      </listitem>
7214
7215      <listitem>
7216       <para>
7217        Add isn module, replacing isbn_issn (Jeremy Kronuz)
7218       </para>
7219
7220       <para>
7221        This new implementation supports <acronym>EAN13</>, <acronym>UPC</>,
7222        <acronym>ISBN</> (books), <acronym>ISMN</> (music), and
7223        <acronym>ISSN</> (serials).
7224       </para>
7225      </listitem>
7226
7227      <listitem>
7228       <para>
7229        Add index information functions to pgstattuple (ITAGAKI Takahiro,
7230        Satoshi Nagayasu)
7231       </para>
7232      </listitem>
7233
7234      <listitem>
7235       <para>
7236        Add pg_freespacemap module to display free space map information
7237        (Mark Kirkwood)
7238       </para>
7239      </listitem>
7240
7241      <listitem>
7242       <para>
7243        pgcrypto now has all planned functionality (Marko Kreen)
7244       </para>
7245       <itemizedlist>
7246        <listitem>
7247         <para>
7248          Include iMath library in pgcrypto to have the public-key encryption
7249          functions always available.
7250         </para>
7251        </listitem>
7252        <listitem>
7253         <para>
7254          Add SHA224 algorithm that was missing in OpenBSD code.
7255         </para>
7256        </listitem>
7257        <listitem>
7258         <para>
7259          Activate builtin code for SHA224/256/384/512 hashes on older
7260          OpenSSL to have those algorithms always available.
7261         </para>
7262        </listitem>
7263        <listitem>
7264         <para>
7265          New function gen_random_bytes() that returns cryptographically strong
7266          randomness.  Useful for generating encryption keys.
7267         </para>
7268        </listitem>
7269        <listitem>
7270         <para>
7271          Remove digest_exists(), hmac_exists() and cipher_exists() functions.
7272         </para>
7273        </listitem>
7274       </itemizedlist>
7275      </listitem>
7276
7277      <listitem>
7278       <para>
7279        Improvements to cube module (Joshua Reich)
7280       </para>
7281
7282       <para>
7283        New functions are <function>cube(float[])</>,
7284        <function>cube(float[], float[])</>, and
7285        <function>cube_subset(cube, int4[])</>.
7286       </para>
7287      </listitem>
7288
7289      <listitem>
7290       <para>
7291        Add async query capability to dblink (Kai Londenberg,
7292        Joe Conway)
7293       </para>
7294      </listitem>
7295
7296      <listitem>
7297       <para>
7298        New operators for array-subset comparisons (<literal>@&gt;</>,
7299        <literal>&lt;@</>, <literal>&amp;&amp;</>) (Tom)
7300       </para>
7301
7302       <para>
7303        Various contrib packages already had these operators for their
7304        datatypes, but the naming wasn't consistent.  We have now added
7305        consistently named array-subset comparison operators to the core code
7306        and all the contrib packages that have such functionality.
7307        (The old names remain available, but are deprecated.)
7308       </para>
7309      </listitem>
7310
7311      <listitem>
7312       <para>
7313        Add uninstall scripts for all contrib packages that have install
7314        scripts (David, Josh Drake)
7315       </para>
7316      </listitem>
7317
7318     </itemizedlist>
7319
7320    </sect3>
7321
7322   </sect2>
7323  </sect1>
7324
7325  <sect1 id="release-8-1-12">
7326   <title>Release 8.1.12</title>
7327
7328   <note>
7329   <title>Release date</title>
7330   <simpara>2008-06-09</simpara>
7331   </note>
7332
7333   <para>
7334    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.11.
7335    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
7336    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
7337   </para>
7338
7339   <sect2>
7340    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.12</title>
7341
7342    <para>
7343     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
7344     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
7345     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
7346    </para>
7347
7348   </sect2>
7349
7350   <sect2>
7351    <title>Changes</title>
7352
7353    <itemizedlist>
7354
7355     <listitem>
7356      <para>
7357       Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN ... PRIMARY KEY</> so that the new
7358       column is correctly checked to see if it's been initialized to all
7359       non-nulls (Brendan Jurd)
7360      </para>
7361
7362      <para>
7363       Previous versions neglected to check this requirement at all.
7364      </para>
7365     </listitem>
7366
7367     <listitem>
7368      <para>
7369       Fix possible <command>CREATE TABLE</> failure when inheriting the
7370       <quote>same</> constraint from multiple parent relations that
7371       inherited that constraint from a common ancestor (Tom)
7372      </para>
7373     </listitem>
7374
7375     <listitem>
7376      <para>
7377       Fix conversions between ISO-8859-5 and other encodings to handle
7378       Cyrillic <quote>Yo</> characters (<literal>e</> and <literal>E</> with
7379       two dots) (Sergey Burladyan)
7380      </para>
7381     </listitem>
7382
7383     <listitem>
7384      <para>
7385       Fix a few datatype input functions
7386       that were allowing unused bytes in their results to contain
7387       uninitialized, unpredictable values (Tom)
7388      </para>
7389
7390      <para>
7391       This could lead to failures in which two apparently identical literal
7392       values were not seen as equal, resulting in the parser complaining
7393       about unmatched <literal>ORDER BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>
7394       expressions.
7395      </para>
7396     </listitem>
7397
7398     <listitem>
7399      <para>
7400       Fix a corner case in regular-expression substring matching
7401       (<literal>substring(<replaceable>string</> from
7402       <replaceable>pattern</>)</literal>) (Tom)
7403      </para>
7404
7405      <para>
7406       The problem occurs when there is a match to the pattern overall but
7407       the user has specified a parenthesized subexpression and that
7408       subexpression hasn't got a match.  An example is
7409       <literal>substring('foo' from 'foo(bar)?')</>.
7410       This should return NULL, since <literal>(bar)</> isn't matched, but
7411       it was mistakenly returning the whole-pattern match instead (ie,
7412       <literal>foo</>).
7413      </para>
7414     </listitem>
7415
7416     <listitem>
7417      <para>
7418       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008c (for
7419       DST law changes in Morocco, Iraq, Choibalsan, Pakistan, Syria, Cuba,
7420       Argentina/San_Luis, and Chile)
7421      </para>
7422     </listitem>
7423
7424     <listitem>
7425      <para>
7426       Fix incorrect result from <application>ecpg</>'s
7427       <function>PGTYPEStimestamp_sub()</> function (Michael)
7428      </para>
7429     </listitem>
7430
7431     <listitem>
7432      <para>
7433       Fix core dump in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
7434       <function>xpath_table()</> function when the input query returns a
7435       NULL value (Tom)
7436      </para>
7437     </listitem>
7438
7439     <listitem>
7440      <para>
7441       Fix <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s makefile to not override
7442       <literal>CFLAGS</> (Tom)
7443      </para>
7444     </listitem>
7445
7446     <listitem>
7447      <para>
7448       Fix <literal>DatumGetBool</> macro to not fail with <application>gcc</>
7449       4.3 (Tom)
7450      </para>
7451
7452      <para>
7453       This problem affects <quote>old style</> (V0) C functions that
7454       return boolean.  The fix is already in 8.3, but the need to
7455       back-patch it was not realized at the time.
7456      </para>
7457     </listitem>
7458
7459     <listitem>
7460      <para>
7461       Fix longstanding <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</>
7462       race condition (Tom)
7463      </para>
7464
7465      <para>
7466       In rare cases a session that had just executed a
7467       <command>LISTEN</> might not get a notification, even though
7468       one would be expected because the concurrent transaction executing
7469       <command>NOTIFY</> was observed to commit later.
7470      </para>
7471
7472      <para>
7473       A side effect of the fix is that a transaction that has executed
7474       a not-yet-committed <command>LISTEN</> command will not see any
7475       row in <structname>pg_listener</> for the <command>LISTEN</>,
7476       should it choose to look; formerly it would have.  This behavior
7477       was never documented one way or the other, but it is possible that
7478       some applications depend on the old behavior.
7479      </para>
7480     </listitem>
7481
7482     <listitem>
7483      <para>
7484       Disallow <command>LISTEN</> and <command>UNLISTEN</> within a
7485       prepared transaction (Tom)
7486      </para>
7487
7488      <para>
7489       This was formerly allowed but trying to do it had various unpleasant
7490       consequences, notably that the originating backend could not exit
7491       as long as an <command>UNLISTEN</> remained uncommitted.
7492      </para>
7493     </listitem>
7494
7495     <listitem>
7496      <para>
7497       Fix rare crash when an error occurs during a query using a hash index
7498       (Heikki)
7499      </para>
7500     </listitem>
7501
7502     <listitem>
7503      <para>
7504       Fix input of datetime values for February 29 in years BC (Tom)
7505      </para>
7506
7507      <para>
7508       The former coding was mistaken about which years were leap years.
7509      </para>
7510     </listitem>
7511
7512     <listitem>
7513      <para>
7514       Fix <quote>unrecognized node type</> error in some variants of
7515       <command>ALTER OWNER</> (Tom)
7516      </para>
7517     </listitem>
7518
7519     <listitem>
7520      <para>
7521       Fix <application>pg_ctl</> to correctly extract the postmaster's port
7522       number from command-line options (Itagaki Takahiro, Tom)
7523      </para>
7524
7525      <para>
7526       Previously, <literal>pg_ctl start -w</> could try to contact the
7527       postmaster on the wrong port, leading to bogus reports of startup
7528       failure.
7529      </para>
7530     </listitem>
7531
7532     <listitem>
7533      <para>
7534       Use <option>-fwrapv</> to defend against possible misoptimization
7535       in recent <application>gcc</> versions (Tom)
7536      </para>
7537
7538      <para>
7539       This is known to be necessary when building <productname>PostgreSQL</>
7540       with <application>gcc</> 4.3 or later.
7541      </para>
7542     </listitem>
7543
7544     <listitem>
7545      <para>
7546       Fix display of constant expressions in <literal>ORDER BY</>
7547       and <literal>GROUP BY</> (Tom)
7548      </para>
7549
7550      <para>
7551       An explictly casted constant would be shown incorrectly.  This could
7552       for example lead to corruption of a view definition during
7553       dump and reload.
7554      </para>
7555     </listitem>
7556
7557     <listitem>
7558      <para>
7559       Fix <application>libpq</> to handle NOTICE messages correctly
7560       during COPY OUT (Tom)
7561      </para>
7562
7563      <para>
7564       This failure has only been observed to occur when a user-defined
7565       datatype's output routine issues a NOTICE, but there is no
7566       guarantee it couldn't happen due to other causes.
7567      </para>
7568     </listitem>
7569
7570    </itemizedlist>
7571
7572   </sect2>
7573  </sect1>
7574
7575  <sect1 id="release-8-1-11">
7576   <title>Release 8.1.11</title>
7577
7578   <note>
7579   <title>Release date</title>
7580   <simpara>2008-01-07</simpara>
7581   </note>
7582
7583   <para>
7584    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.10,
7585    including fixes for significant security issues.
7586    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
7587    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
7588   </para>
7589
7590   <para>
7591    This is the last 8.1.X release for which the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
7592    community will produce binary packages for <productname>Windows</>.
7593    Windows users are encouraged to move to 8.2.X or later,
7594    since there are Windows-specific fixes in 8.2.X that
7595    are impractical to back-port.  8.1.X will continue to
7596    be supported on other platforms.
7597   </para>
7598
7599   <sect2>
7600    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.11</title>
7601
7602    <para>
7603     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
7604     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
7605     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
7606    </para>
7607
7608   </sect2>
7609
7610   <sect2>
7611    <title>Changes</title>
7612
7613    <itemizedlist>
7614
7615     <listitem>
7616      <para>
7617       Prevent functions in indexes from executing with the privileges of
7618       the user running <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, etc (Tom)
7619      </para>
7620
7621      <para>
7622       Functions used in index expressions and partial-index
7623       predicates are evaluated whenever a new table entry is made.  It has
7624       long been understood that this poses a risk of trojan-horse code
7625       execution if one modifies a table owned by an untrustworthy user.
7626       (Note that triggers, defaults, check constraints, etc. pose the
7627       same type of risk.)  But functions in indexes pose extra danger
7628       because they will be executed by routine maintenance operations
7629       such as <command>VACUUM FULL</>, which are commonly performed
7630       automatically under a superuser account.  For example, a nefarious user
7631       can execute code with superuser privileges by setting up a
7632       trojan-horse index definition and waiting for the next routine vacuum.
7633       The fix arranges for standard maintenance operations
7634       (including <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, <command>REINDEX</>,
7635       and <command>CLUSTER</>) to execute as the table owner rather than
7636       the calling user, using the same privilege-switching mechanism already
7637       used for <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.  To prevent bypassing
7638       this security measure, execution of <command>SET SESSION
7639       AUTHORIZATION</> and <command>SET ROLE</> is now forbidden within a
7640       <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> context.  (CVE-2007-6600)
7641      </para>
7642     </listitem>
7643
7644     <listitem>
7645      <para>
7646       Repair assorted bugs in the regular-expression package (Tom, Will Drewry)
7647      </para>
7648
7649      <para>
7650       Suitably crafted regular-expression patterns could cause crashes,
7651       infinite or near-infinite looping, and/or massive memory consumption,
7652       all of which pose denial-of-service hazards for applications that
7653       accept regex search patterns from untrustworthy sources.
7654       (CVE-2007-4769, CVE-2007-4772, CVE-2007-6067)
7655      </para>
7656     </listitem>
7657
7658     <listitem>
7659      <para>
7660       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
7661       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
7662      </para>
7663
7664      <para>
7665       The fix that appeared for this in 8.1.10 was incomplete, as it plugged
7666       the hole for only some <filename>dblink</> functions.  (CVE-2007-6601,
7667       CVE-2007-3278)
7668      </para>
7669     </listitem>
7670
7671     <listitem>
7672      <para>
7673       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2007k
7674       (in particular, recent Argentina changes) (Tom)
7675      </para>
7676     </listitem>
7677
7678     <listitem>
7679      <para>
7680       Improve planner's handling of LIKE/regex estimation in non-C locales
7681       (Tom)
7682      </para>
7683     </listitem>
7684
7685     <listitem>
7686      <para>
7687       Fix planner failure in some cases of <literal>WHERE false AND var IN
7688       (SELECT ...)</> (Tom)
7689      </para>
7690     </listitem>
7691
7692     <listitem>
7693      <para>
7694       Preserve the tablespace of indexes that are
7695       rebuilt by <command>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> (Tom)
7696      </para>
7697     </listitem>
7698
7699     <listitem>
7700      <para>
7701       Make archive recovery always start a new WAL timeline, rather than only
7702       when a recovery stop time was used (Simon)
7703      </para>
7704
7705      <para>
7706       This avoids a corner-case risk of trying to overwrite an existing
7707       archived copy of the last WAL segment, and seems simpler and cleaner
7708       than the original definition.
7709      </para>
7710     </listitem>
7711
7712     <listitem>
7713      <para>
7714       Make <command>VACUUM</> not use all of <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>
7715       when the table is too small for it to be useful (Alvaro)
7716      </para>
7717     </listitem>
7718
7719     <listitem>
7720      <para>
7721       Fix potential crash in <function>translate()</> when using a multibyte
7722       database encoding (Tom)
7723      </para>
7724     </listitem>
7725
7726     <listitem>
7727      <para>
7728       Fix overflow in <literal>extract(epoch from interval)</> for intervals
7729       exceeding 68 years (Tom)
7730      </para>
7731     </listitem>
7732
7733     <listitem>
7734      <para>
7735       Fix PL/Perl to not fail when a UTF-8 regular expression is used
7736       in a trusted function (Andrew)
7737      </para>
7738     </listitem>
7739
7740     <listitem>
7741      <para>
7742       Fix PL/Perl to cope when platform's Perl defines type <literal>bool</>
7743       as <literal>int</> rather than <literal>char</> (Tom)
7744      </para>
7745
7746      <para>
7747       While this could theoretically happen anywhere, no standard build of
7748       Perl did things this way ... until <productname>Mac OS X</> 10.5.
7749      </para>
7750     </listitem>
7751
7752     <listitem>
7753      <para>
7754       Fix PL/Python to not crash on long exception messages (Alvaro)
7755      </para>
7756     </listitem>
7757
7758     <listitem>
7759      <para>
7760       Fix <application>pg_dump</> to correctly handle inheritance child tables
7761       that have default expressions different from their parent's (Tom)
7762      </para>
7763     </listitem>
7764
7765     <listitem>
7766      <para>
7767       Fix <application>libpq</> crash when <varname>PGPASSFILE</> refers
7768       to a file that is not a plain file (Martin Pitt)
7769      </para>
7770     </listitem>
7771
7772     <listitem>
7773      <para>
7774       <application>ecpg</> parser fixes (Michael)
7775      </para>
7776     </listitem>
7777
7778     <listitem>
7779      <para>
7780       Make <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> defend against
7781       <application>OpenSSL</> libraries that fail on keys longer than 128
7782       bits; which is the case at least on some Solaris versions (Marko Kreen)
7783      </para>
7784     </listitem>
7785
7786     <listitem>
7787      <para>
7788       Make <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>crosstab()</> handle
7789       NULL rowid as a category in its own right, rather than crashing (Joe)
7790      </para>
7791     </listitem>
7792
7793     <listitem>
7794      <para>
7795       Fix <type>tsvector</> and <type>tsquery</> output routines to
7796       escape backslashes correctly (Teodor, Bruce)
7797      </para>
7798     </listitem>
7799
7800     <listitem>
7801      <para>
7802       Fix crash of <function>to_tsvector()</> on huge input strings (Teodor)
7803      </para>
7804     </listitem>
7805
7806     <listitem>
7807      <para>
7808       Require a specific version of <productname>Autoconf</> to be used
7809       when re-generating the <command>configure</> script (Peter)
7810      </para>
7811
7812      <para>
7813       This affects developers and packagers only.  The change was made
7814       to prevent accidental use of untested combinations of
7815       <productname>Autoconf</> and <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions.
7816       You can remove the version check if you really want to use a
7817       different <productname>Autoconf</> version, but it's
7818       your responsibility whether the result works or not.
7819      </para>
7820     </listitem>
7821
7822    </itemizedlist>
7823
7824   </sect2>
7825  </sect1>
7826
7827  <sect1 id="release-8-1-10">
7828   <title>Release 8.1.10</title>
7829
7830   <note>
7831   <title>Release date</title>
7832   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
7833   </note>
7834
7835   <para>
7836    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.9.
7837    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
7838    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
7839   </para>
7840
7841   <sect2>
7842    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.10</title>
7843
7844    <para>
7845     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
7846     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
7847     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
7848    </para>
7849
7850   </sect2>
7851
7852   <sect2>
7853    <title>Changes</title>
7854
7855    <itemizedlist>
7856
7857     <listitem>
7858      <para>
7859       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
7860       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
7861       on the same table (Tom)
7862      </para>
7863     </listitem>
7864
7865     <listitem>
7866      <para>
7867       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
7868      </para>
7869     </listitem>
7870
7871     <listitem>
7872      <para>
7873       Allow the <type>interval</> data type to accept input consisting only of
7874       milliseconds or microseconds (Neil)
7875      </para>
7876     </listitem>
7877
7878     <listitem>
7879      <para>
7880       Speed up rtree index insertion (Teodor)
7881      </para>
7882     </listitem>
7883
7884     <listitem>
7885      <para>
7886       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
7887      </para>
7888     </listitem>
7889
7890     <listitem>
7891      <para>
7892       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
7893       the syslogger process (Andrew)
7894      </para>
7895     </listitem>
7896
7897     <listitem>
7898      <para>
7899       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
7900       of memory (Tom)
7901      </para>
7902     </listitem>
7903
7904     <listitem>
7905      <para>
7906       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
7907      </para>
7908     </listitem>
7909
7910     <listitem>
7911      <para>
7912       Prevent <command>REINDEX</> and <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
7913       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
7914      </para>
7915     </listitem>
7916
7917     <listitem>
7918      <para>
7919       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
7920      </para>
7921     </listitem>
7922
7923     <listitem>
7924      <para>
7925       Windows socket improvements (Magnus)
7926      </para>
7927     </listitem>
7928
7929     <listitem>
7930      <para>
7931       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
7932       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
7933      </para>
7934     </listitem>
7935
7936     <listitem>
7937      <para>
7938       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
7939       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
7940      </para>
7941     </listitem>
7942
7943    </itemizedlist>
7944
7945   </sect2>
7946  </sect1>
7947
7948  <sect1 id="release-8-1-9">
7949   <title>Release 8.1.9</title>
7950
7951   <note>
7952   <title>Release date</title>
7953   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
7954   </note>
7955
7956   <para>
7957    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.8,
7958    including a security fix.
7959    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
7960    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
7961   </para>
7962
7963   <sect2>
7964    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.9</title>
7965
7966    <para>
7967     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
7968     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
7969     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
7970    </para>
7971
7972   </sect2>
7973
7974   <sect2>
7975    <title>Changes</title>
7976
7977    <itemizedlist>
7978
7979     <listitem>
7980     <para>
7981      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
7982      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
7983      and operators (Tom)
7984     </para>
7985     <para>
7986      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
7987      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
7988      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
7989      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
7990      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
7991     </para>
7992     </listitem>
7993
7994     <listitem>
7995     <para>
7996      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
7997     </para>
7998     </listitem>
7999
8000     <listitem>
8001     <para>
8002      Require <command>COMMIT PREPARED</> to be executed in the same
8003      database as the transaction was prepared in (Heikki)
8004     </para>
8005     </listitem>
8006
8007     <listitem>
8008     <para>
8009      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
8010      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
8011     </para>
8012     </listitem>
8013
8014     <listitem>
8015     <para>
8016      Planner fixes, including improving outer join and bitmap scan
8017      selection logic (Tom)
8018     </para>
8019     </listitem>
8020
8021     <listitem>
8022     <para>
8023      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 8.1.6)
8024      (Tom)
8025     </para>
8026     </listitem>
8027
8028     <listitem>
8029     <para>
8030      Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
8031     </para>
8032     </listitem>
8033
8034    </itemizedlist>
8035
8036   </sect2>
8037  </sect1>
8038
8039  <sect1 id="release-8-1-8">
8040   <title>Release 8.1.8</title>
8041
8042   <note>
8043   <title>Release date</title>
8044   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
8045   </note>
8046
8047   <para>
8048    This release contains one fix from 8.1.7.
8049    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8050    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8051   </para>
8052
8053   <sect2>
8054    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.8</title>
8055
8056    <para>
8057     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8058     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8059     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8060    </para>
8061
8062   </sect2>
8063
8064   <sect2>
8065    <title>Changes</title>
8066
8067    <itemizedlist>
8068
8069     <listitem>
8070     <para>
8071      Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
8072      functional indexes(Tom)
8073     </para>
8074     </listitem>
8075
8076    </itemizedlist>
8077
8078   </sect2>
8079  </sect1>
8080
8081  <sect1 id="release-8-1-7">
8082   <title>Release 8.1.7</title>
8083
8084   <note>
8085   <title>Release date</title>
8086   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
8087   </note>
8088
8089   <para>
8090    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.6, including
8091    a security fix.
8092    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8093    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8094   </para>
8095
8096   <sect2>
8097    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.7</title>
8098
8099    <para>
8100     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8101     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8102     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8103    </para>
8104
8105   </sect2>
8106
8107   <sect2>
8108    <title>Changes</title>
8109
8110    <itemizedlist>
8111
8112     <listitem>
8113     <para>
8114      Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
8115      to read backend memory (Tom)
8116     </para>
8117     <para>
8118      The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
8119      function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
8120      data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
8121      errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
8122      principle might be used to read database content that the user
8123      should not be able to access.
8124     </para>
8125     </listitem>
8126
8127     <listitem>
8128     <para>
8129      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
8130      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
8131     </para>
8132     </listitem>
8133
8134     <listitem>
8135     <para>
8136      Improve <command>VACUUM</> performance for databases with many tables (Tom)
8137     </para>
8138     </listitem>
8139
8140     <listitem>
8141     <para>
8142      Fix autovacuum to avoid leaving non-permanent transaction IDs in
8143      non-connectable databases (Alvaro)
8144     </para>
8145
8146     <para>
8147      This bug affects the 8.1 branch only.
8148     </para>
8149     </listitem>
8150
8151     <listitem>
8152     <para>
8153      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
8154     </para>
8155     </listitem>
8156
8157     <listitem>
8158     <para>
8159      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
8160      over three bytes long (Tom)
8161     </para>
8162     </listitem>
8163
8164     <listitem>
8165     <para>
8166      Fix bogus <quote>permission denied</> failures occurring on Windows
8167      due to attempts to fsync already-deleted files (Magnus, Tom)
8168     </para>
8169     </listitem>
8170
8171     <listitem>
8172     <para>
8173      Fix possible crashes when an already-in-use PL/pgSQL function is
8174      updated (Tom)
8175     </para>
8176     </listitem>
8177
8178    </itemizedlist>
8179
8180   </sect2>
8181  </sect1>
8182
8183  <sect1 id="release-8-1-6">
8184   <title>Release 8.1.6</title>
8185
8186   <note>
8187   <title>Release date</title>
8188   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
8189   </note>
8190
8191   <para>
8192    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.5.
8193    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8194    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8195   </para>
8196
8197   <sect2>
8198    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.6</title>
8199
8200    <para>
8201     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8202     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8203     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8204    </para>
8205
8206   </sect2>
8207
8208   <sect2>
8209    <title>Changes</title>
8210
8211    <itemizedlist>
8212
8213     <listitem>
8214      <para>
8215       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
8216      </para>
8217
8218      <para>
8219       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
8220       among other things.
8221      </para>
8222     </listitem>
8223
8224     <listitem>
8225      <para>
8226       Fix <application>pg_restore</> to handle a tar-format backup
8227       that contains large objects (blobs) with comments (Tom)
8228      </para>
8229     </listitem>
8230
8231      <listitem>
8232       <para>
8233        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
8234        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
8235       </para>
8236      </listitem>
8237
8238      <listitem>
8239       <para>
8240        Clean out <filename>pg_internal.init</> cache files during server
8241        restart (Simon)
8242       </para>
8243
8244       <para>
8245        This avoids a hazard that the cache files might contain stale
8246        data after PITR recovery.
8247       </para>
8248      </listitem>
8249
8250      <listitem>
8251       <para>
8252        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
8253        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
8254       </para>
8255      </listitem>
8256
8257      <listitem>
8258       <para>
8259        Fix bug causing needless deadlock errors on row-level locks (Tom)
8260       </para>
8261      </listitem>
8262
8263      <listitem>
8264       <para>
8265        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
8266       </para>
8267      </listitem>
8268
8269     <listitem>
8270      <para>
8271       Fix possible deadlock in Windows signal handling (Teodor)
8272      </para>
8273     </listitem>
8274
8275     <listitem>
8276      <para>
8277       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
8278       empty elements (Tom)
8279      </para>
8280     </listitem>
8281
8282     <listitem>
8283      <para>
8284       Fix ecpg memory leak during connection (Michael)
8285      </para>
8286     </listitem>
8287
8288     <listitem>
8289      <para>
8290       Fix for Darwin (OS X) compilation (Tom)
8291      </para>
8292     </listitem>
8293
8294     <listitem>
8295      <para>
8296       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
8297       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
8298       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
8299      </para>
8300
8301      <para>
8302       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
8303       change the output of these functions.
8304      </para>
8305     </listitem>
8306
8307     <listitem>
8308      <para>
8309       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
8310      </para>
8311
8312      <para>
8313       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
8314      </para>
8315     </listitem>
8316
8317     <listitem>
8318      <para>
8319       Update timezone database
8320      </para>
8321
8322      <para>
8323       This affects Australian and Canadian daylight-savings rules in
8324       particular.
8325      </para>
8326     </listitem>
8327
8328    </itemizedlist>
8329
8330   </sect2>
8331  </sect1>
8332
8333  <sect1 id="release-8-1-5">
8334   <title>Release 8.1.5</title>
8335
8336   <note>
8337   <title>Release date</title>
8338   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
8339   </note>
8340
8341   <para>
8342    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.4.
8343    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8344    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8345   </para>
8346
8347   <sect2>
8348    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.5</title>
8349
8350    <para>
8351     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8352     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8353     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8354    </para>
8355
8356   </sect2>
8357
8358   <sect2>
8359    <title>Changes</title>
8360
8361 <itemizedlist>
8362 <listitem><para>Disallow aggregate functions in <command>UPDATE</>
8363 commands, except within sub-SELECTs (Tom)</para>
8364 <para>The behavior of such an aggregate was unpredictable, and in 8.1.X
8365 could cause a crash, so it has been disabled.  The SQL standard does not allow
8366 this either.</para></listitem>
8367 <listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
8368 ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
8369 <listitem><para>Fix core dump in duration logging for extended query protocol
8370 when a <command>COMMIT</> or <command>ROLLBACK</> is
8371 executed</para></listitem>
8372 <listitem><para>Fix mishandling of AFTER triggers when query contains a SQL
8373 function returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
8374 <listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... TYPE</> to recheck
8375 <literal>NOT NULL</> for <literal>USING</> clause (Tom)</para></listitem>
8376 <listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
8377  matches for the separator string</para>
8378 <para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
8379 </para></listitem>
8380 <listitem><para>Fix <function>to_timestamp()</> for
8381 <literal>AM</>/<literal>PM</> formats (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8382 <listitem><para>Fix autovacuum's calculation that decides whether
8383  <command>ANALYZE</> is needed (Alvaro)</para></listitem>
8384 <listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
8385  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
8386 <listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
8387  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
8388 <listitem><para>Numerous robustness fixes in <application>ecpg</> (Joachim
8389 Wieland)</para></listitem>
8390 <listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
8391 <listitem><para>Minor fixes in /contrib/dblink and /contrib/tsearch2</para>
8392 </listitem>
8393 <listitem><para>Efficiency improvements in hash tables and bitmap index scans
8394 (Tom)</para></listitem>
8395 <listitem><para>Fix instability of statistics collection on Windows (Tom, Andrew)</para></listitem>
8396 <listitem><para>Fix <varname>statement_timeout</> to use the proper
8397 units on Win32 (Bruce)</para>
8398 <para>In previous Win32 8.1.X versions, the delay was off by a factor of
8399 100.</para></listitem>
8400 <listitem><para>Fixes for <acronym>MSVC</> and <productname>Borland C++</>
8401 compilers (Hiroshi Saito)</para></listitem>
8402 <listitem><para>Fixes for <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> and
8403 <productname>Intel</> compilers (Tom)</para></listitem>
8404 <listitem><para>Fix rare bug in continuous archiving (Tom)</para></listitem>
8405 </itemizedlist>
8406
8407   </sect2>
8408  </sect1>
8409
8410  <sect1 id="release-8-1-4">
8411   <title>Release 8.1.4</title>
8412
8413   <note>
8414   <title>Release date</title>
8415   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
8416   </note>
8417
8418   <para>
8419    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.3,
8420    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
8421    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8422    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8423   </para>
8424
8425   <sect2>
8426    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.4</title>
8427
8428    <para>
8429     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8430     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8431     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8432    </para>
8433
8434    <para>
8435     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
8436     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
8437     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
8438     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
8439     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
8440     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
8441     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
8442     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
8443     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
8444    </para>
8445   </sect2>
8446
8447   <sect2>
8448    <title>Changes</title>
8449
8450 <itemizedlist>
8451 <listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
8452 characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
8453 <para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
8454 some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
8455 textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
8456 defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
8457 </para></listitem>
8458
8459 <listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
8460 <para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
8461 described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
8462 <literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
8463 literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
8464 <varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
8465 GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
8466 A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
8467 adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
8468 CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
8469 <varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
8470 clients are insecure.
8471 </para></listitem>
8472
8473 <listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
8474 aware of encoding considerations and
8475 <varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
8476 <para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
8477 issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
8478 them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
8479 Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
8480 concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
8481 <function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
8482 for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
8483 do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
8484 routines instead.
8485 </para></listitem>
8486
8487 <listitem><para>Fix weak key selection in pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para>
8488 <para>Errors in fortuna PRNG reseeding logic could cause a predictable
8489 session key to be selected by <function>pgp_sym_encrypt()</> in some cases.
8490 This only affects non-OpenSSL-using builds.
8491 </para></listitem>
8492
8493 <listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
8494 <para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>win866_to_iso</>,
8495 <function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
8496 <function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
8497 extents.
8498 </para></listitem>
8499
8500 <listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
8501 (Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>
8502
8503 <listitem><para>Make autovacuum visible in <structname>pg_stat_activity</>
8504 (Alvaro)</para></listitem>
8505
8506 <listitem><para>Disable <literal>full_page_writes</> (Tom)</para>
8507 <para>In certain cases, having <literal>full_page_writes</> off would cause
8508 crash recovery to fail.  A proper fix will appear in 8.2; for now it's just
8509 disabled.
8510 </para></listitem>
8511
8512 <listitem><para>Various planner fixes, particularly for bitmap index scans and
8513 MIN/MAX optimization (Tom)</para></listitem>
8514
8515 <listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimization in merge join (Tom)</para>
8516 <para>Outer joins could sometimes emit multiple copies of unmatched rows.
8517 </para></listitem>
8518
8519 <listitem><para>Fix crash from using and modifying a plpgsql function in the
8520 same transaction</para></listitem>
8521
8522 <listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a B-Tree index has been
8523 truncated</para></listitem>
8524
8525 <listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
8526 <literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
8527
8528 <listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
8529 create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
8530 Jurka)</para></listitem>
8531
8532 <listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
8533 Fuhr)</para></listitem>
8534
8535 <listitem><para>Improve qsort performance (Dann Corbit)</para>
8536 <para>Currently this code is only used on Solaris.
8537 </para></listitem>
8538
8539 <listitem><para>Fix for OS/X Bonjour on x86 systems (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>
8540
8541 <listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
8542
8543 <listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
8544 (Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>
8545
8546 <listitem><para>Improve <application>pg_dump</>'s handling of default values
8547 for domains</para></listitem>
8548
8549 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dumpall</> to handle identically-named
8550 users and groups reasonably (only possible when dumping from a pre-8.1 server)
8551 (Tom)</para>
8552 <para>The user and group will be merged into a single role with
8553 <literal>LOGIN</> permission.  Formerly the merged role wouldn't have
8554 <literal>LOGIN</> permission, making it unusable as a user.
8555 </para></listitem>
8556
8557 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_restore</> <literal>-n</> to work as
8558 documented (Tom)</para></listitem>
8559 </itemizedlist>
8560
8561   </sect2>
8562  </sect1>
8563
8564  <sect1 id="release-8-1-3">
8565   <title>Release 8.1.3</title>
8566
8567   <note>
8568   <title>Release date</title>
8569   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
8570   </note>
8571
8572   <para>
8573    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.2,
8574    including one very serious security issue.
8575    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8576    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8577   </para>
8578
8579   <sect2>
8580    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.3</title>
8581
8582    <para>
8583     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8584     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.1.2,
8585     see the release notes for 8.1.2.
8586    </para>
8587   </sect2>
8588
8589   <sect2>
8590    <title>Changes</title>
8591
8592 <itemizedlist>
8593
8594 <listitem><para>Fix bug that allowed any logged-in user to <command>SET
8595 ROLE</> to any other database user id (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
8596 <para>Due to inadequate validity checking, a user could exploit the special
8597 case that <command>SET ROLE</> normally uses to restore the previous role
8598 setting after an error.  This allowed ordinary users to acquire superuser
8599 status, for example.
8600 The escalation-of-privilege risk exists only in 8.1.0-8.1.2.
8601 However, in all releases back to 7.3 there is a related bug in <command>SET
8602 SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> that allows unprivileged users to crash the server,
8603 if it has been compiled with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
8604 Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
8605 </para></listitem>
8606
8607 <listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
8608 rows (Tom)</para>
8609 <para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
8610 could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
8611 created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
8612 </para></listitem>
8613
8614 <listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
8615 exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
8616 (Tom)</para></listitem>
8617
8618 <listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
8619 message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>
8620
8621 <listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
8622 <literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
8623 (Neil)</para></listitem>
8624
8625 <listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
8626 <literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
8627 constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>
8628
8629 <listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
8630 references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>
8631
8632 <listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
8633 <command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining
8634 <command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>
8635
8636 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
8637 when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>
8638
8639 <listitem><para>Fix <application>libpq</> <function>PQprint</> HTML tags
8640 (Christoph Zwerschke)</para></listitem>
8641
8642 <listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
8643 (Neil)</para></listitem>
8644
8645 <listitem><para>Allow <literal>SETOF</> and <literal>%TYPE</> to be used
8646 together in function result type declarations</para></listitem>
8647
8648 <listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
8649 in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>
8650
8651 <listitem><para>Fix memory leak in <function>plperl_return_next</>
8652 (Neil)</para></listitem>
8653
8654 <listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
8655 Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>
8656
8657 <listitem><para>Various optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
8658
8659 <listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
8660 <literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
8661 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8662
8663 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
8664 specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8665
8666 <listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
8667 privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>
8668
8669 <listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
8670 Jurka)</para></listitem>
8671
8672 <listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
8673 and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
8674
8675 <listitem><para>Improve speed of <command>COPY IN</> via libpq, by
8676 avoiding a kernel call per data line (Alon Goldshuv)</para></listitem>
8677
8678 <listitem><para>Improve speed of <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> index
8679 creation (Tom)</para></listitem>
8680
8681 </itemizedlist>
8682
8683   </sect2>
8684  </sect1>
8685
8686  <sect1 id="release-8-1-2">
8687   <title>Release 8.1.2</title>
8688
8689   <note>
8690   <title>Release date</title>
8691   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
8692   </note>
8693
8694   <para>
8695    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.1.
8696    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8697    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8698   </para>
8699
8700   <sect2>
8701    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.2</title>
8702
8703    <para>
8704     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8705     However, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
8706     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
8707     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
8708    </para>
8709   </sect2>
8710
8711   <sect2>
8712    <title>Changes</title>
8713
8714 <itemizedlist>
8715
8716 <listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
8717 than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
8718 <para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
8719 many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
8720 <emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>
8721
8722 <listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
8723 to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
8724 recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>
8725
8726 <listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
8727 outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
8728
8729 <listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
8730 different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
8731 <para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
8732 textual columns.</para></listitem>
8733
8734 <listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
8735 to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
8736 <para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
8737 started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
8738 <application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
8739 <application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
8740 <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
8741 textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
8742
8743 <listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
8744 directories (Tom)</para>
8745 <para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
8746 directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>
8747
8748 <listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by the use of
8749 <literal>ISO-8859-5</> and <literal>ISO-8859-9</> encodings
8750 (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
8751
8752 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
8753 handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
8754 </para></listitem>
8755
8756 <listitem><para>Fix bug where COPY CSV mode considered any
8757 <literal>\.</> to terminate the copy data</para> <para>The new code
8758 requires <literal>\.</> to appear alone on a line, as per
8759 documentation.</para></listitem>
8760
8761 <listitem><para>Make COPY CSV mode quote a literal data value of
8762 <literal>\.</> to ensure it cannot be interpreted as the
8763 end-of-data marker (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8764
8765 <listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
8766 (Tom) </para></listitem>
8767
8768 <listitem><para>Fix processing of <filename>postgresql.conf</> so a
8769 final line with no newline is processed properly (Tom)
8770 </para></listitem>
8771
8772 <listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
8773 which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
8774 XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
8775 <para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
8776
8777 <listitem><para>Fix autovacuum crash when processing expression indexes
8778 </para></listitem>
8779
8780 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
8781 rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
8782 what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
8783
8784 </itemizedlist>
8785
8786   </sect2>
8787  </sect1>
8788
8789  <sect1 id="release-8-1-1">
8790   <title>Release 8.1.1</title>
8791
8792   <note>
8793   <title>Release date</title>
8794   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
8795   </note>
8796
8797   <para>
8798    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.1.0.
8799    For information about new features in the 8.1 major release, see
8800    <xref linkend="release-8-1">.
8801   </para>
8802
8803   <sect2>
8804    <title>Migration to Version 8.1.1</title>
8805
8806    <para>
8807     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.1.X.
8808    </para>
8809   </sect2>
8810
8811   <sect2>
8812    <title>Changes</title>
8813
8814 <itemizedlist>
8815 <listitem><para>Fix incorrect optimizations of outer-join conditions
8816 (Tom)</para></listitem>
8817
8818 <listitem><para>Fix problems with wrong reported column names in cases
8819 involving sub-selects flattened by the optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>
8820
8821 <listitem><para>Fix update failures in scenarios involving CHECK constraints,
8822 toasted columns, <emphasis>and</> indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
8823
8824 <listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
8825 (Tom)</para>
8826 <para>
8827 The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
8828 While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
8829 later VACUUM commands.
8830 </para>
8831 </listitem>
8832
8833 <listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
8834 when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>
8835
8836 <listitem><para><filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> and <filename>/contrib/ltree</>
8837 fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
8838
8839 <listitem><para>Fix problems with translated error messages in
8840 languages that require word reordering, such as Turkish; also problems with
8841 unexpected truncation of output strings and wrong display of the smallest
8842 possible bigint value (Andrew, Tom)</para>
8843 <para>
8844 These problems only appeared on platforms that were using our
8845 <filename>port/snprintf.c</> code, which includes BSD variants if
8846 <literal>--enable-nls</> was given, and perhaps others.  In addition,
8847 a different form of the translated-error-message problem could appear
8848 on Windows depending on which version of <filename>libintl</> was used.
8849 </para></listitem>
8850
8851 <listitem><para>Re-allow <literal>AM</>/<literal>PM</>, <literal>HH</>,
8852 <literal>HH12</>, and <literal>D</> format specifiers for
8853 <function>to_char(time)</> and <function>to_char(interval)</>.
8854 (<function>to_char(interval)</> should probably use
8855 <literal>HH24</>.) (Bruce)</para></listitem>
8856
8857 <listitem><para>AIX, HPUX, and MSVC compile fixes (Tom, Hiroshi
8858 Saito)</para></listitem>
8859
8860 <listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
8861
8862 <listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
8863 NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>
8864
8865 <listitem><para>Prevent <application>autovacuum</> from crashing during
8866 ANALYZE of expression index (Alvaro)</para></listitem>
8867
8868 <listitem><para>Fix problems with ON COMMIT DELETE ROWS temp
8869 tables</para></listitem>
8870
8871 <listitem><para>Fix problems when a trigger alters the output of a SELECT
8872 DISTINCT query</para></listitem>
8873
8874 <listitem><para>Add 8.1.0 release note item on how to migrate invalid
8875 <literal>UTF-8</> byte sequences (Paul Lindner)</para></listitem>
8876 </itemizedlist>
8877
8878   </sect2>
8879  </sect1>
8880
8881  <sect1 id="release-8-1">
8882   <title>Release 8.1</title>
8883
8884   <note>
8885    <title>Release date</title>
8886    <simpara>2005-11-08</simpara>
8887   </note>
8888
8889   <sect2>
8890    <title>Overview</title>
8891
8892    <para>
8893     Major changes in this release:
8894    </para>
8895
8896    <variablelist>
8897
8898     <varlistentry>
8899      <term>
8900       Improve concurrent access to the shared buffer cache (Tom)
8901      </term>
8902
8903      <listitem>
8904       <para>
8905        Access to the shared buffer cache was identified as a
8906        significant scalability problem, particularly on multi-CPU
8907        systems. In this release, the way that locking is done in the
8908        buffer manager has been overhauled to reduce lock contention
8909        and improve scalability. The buffer manager has also been
8910        changed to use a <quote>clock sweep</quote> replacement
8911        policy.
8912       </para>
8913      </listitem>
8914     </varlistentry>
8915
8916     <varlistentry>
8917      <term>
8918       Allow index scans to use an intermediate in-memory bitmap (Tom)
8919      </term>
8920
8921      <listitem>
8922       <para>
8923        In previous releases, only a single index could be used to do
8924        lookups on a table. With this feature, if a query has
8925        <command>WHERE tab.col1 = 4 and tab.col2 = 9</>, and there is
8926        no multicolumn index on <literal>col1</> and <literal>col2</>,
8927        but there is an index on <literal>col1</> and another on
8928        <literal>col2</>, it is possible to search both indexes and
8929        combine the results in memory, then do heap fetches for only
8930        the rows matching both the <literal>col1</> and
8931        <literal>col2</> restrictions. This is very useful in
8932        environments that have a lot of unstructured queries where it
8933        is impossible to create indexes that match all possible access
8934        conditions.  Bitmap scans are useful even with a single index,
8935        as they reduce the amount of random access needed; a bitmap
8936        index scan is efficient for retrieving fairly large fractions
8937        of the complete table, whereas plain index scans are not.
8938       </para>
8939      </listitem>
8940     </varlistentry>
8941
8942     <varlistentry>
8943      <term>
8944       Add two-phase commit (Heikki Linnakangas, Alvaro, Tom)
8945      </term>
8946
8947      <listitem>
8948       <para>
8949        Two-phase commit allows transactions to be "prepared" on several
8950        computers, and once all computers have successfully prepared
8951        their transactions (none failed), all transactions can be
8952        committed. Even if a machine crashes after a prepare, the
8953        prepared transaction can be committed after the machine is
8954        restarted. New syntax includes <command>PREPARE TRANSACTION</> and
8955        <command>COMMIT/ROLLBACK PREPARED</>. A new system view
8956        <literal>pg_prepared_xacts</> has also been added.
8957       </para>
8958      </listitem>
8959     </varlistentry>
8960
8961     <varlistentry>
8962      <term>
8963       Create a new role system that replaces users and groups
8964       (Stephen Frost)
8965      </term>
8966
8967      <listitem>
8968       <para>
8969        Roles are a combination of users and groups. Like users, they
8970        can have login capability, and like groups, a role can have
8971        other roles as members. Roles basically remove the distinction
8972        between users and groups. For example, a role can:
8973       </para>
8974
8975       <itemizedlist>
8976
8977        <listitem>
8978         <para>
8979           Have login capability (optionally)
8980         </para>
8981        </listitem>
8982
8983        <listitem>
8984         <para>
8985          Own objects
8986         </para>
8987        </listitem>
8988
8989        <listitem>
8990         <para>
8991          Hold access permissions for database objects
8992         </para>
8993        </listitem>
8994
8995        <listitem>
8996         <para>
8997          Inherit permissions from other roles it is a member of
8998         </para>
8999        </listitem>
9000
9001       </itemizedlist>
9002       <para>
9003        Once a user logs into a role, she obtains capabilities of
9004        the login role plus any inherited roles, and can use
9005        <command>SET ROLE</> to switch to other roles she is a member of.
9006        This feature is a generalization of the SQL standard's concept of
9007        roles.
9008        This change also replaces <structname>pg_shadow</> and
9009        <structname>pg_group</> by new role-capable catalogs
9010        <structname>pg_authid</> and <structname>pg_auth_members</>. The old
9011        tables are redefined as read-only views on the new role tables.
9012       </para>
9013      </listitem>
9014     </varlistentry>
9015
9016     <varlistentry>
9017      <term>
9018       Automatically use indexes for <function>MIN()</> and
9019       <function>MAX()</> (Tom)
9020      </term>
9021
9022      <listitem>
9023       <para>
9024        In previous releases, the only way to use an index for
9025        <function>MIN()</> or <function>MAX()</> was to rewrite the
9026        query as <command>SELECT col FROM tab ORDER BY col LIMIT 1</>.
9027        Index usage now happens automatically.
9028       </para>
9029      </listitem>
9030     </varlistentry>
9031
9032     <varlistentry>
9033      <term>
9034       Move <filename>/contrib/pg_autovacuum</> into the main server
9035       (Alvaro)
9036      </term>
9037
9038      <listitem>
9039       <para>
9040        Integrating autovacuum into the server allows it to be
9041        automatically started and stopped in sync with the database
9042        server, and allows autovacuum to be configured from
9043        <filename>postgresql.conf</>.
9044       </para>
9045      </listitem>
9046     </varlistentry>
9047
9048     <varlistentry>
9049      <term>
9050       Add shared row level locks using <command>SELECT ... FOR SHARE</>
9051       (Alvaro)
9052      </term>
9053
9054      <listitem>
9055       <para>
9056        While <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s MVCC locking
9057        allows <command>SELECT</> to never be blocked by writers and
9058        therefore does not need shared row locks for typical operations,
9059        shared locks are useful for applications that require shared row
9060        locking.  In particular this reduces the locking requirements
9061        imposed by referential integrity checks.
9062       </para>
9063      </listitem>
9064     </varlistentry>
9065
9066     <varlistentry>
9067      <term>
9068       Add dependencies on shared objects, specifically roles
9069       (Alvaro)
9070      </term>
9071
9072      <listitem>
9073       <para>
9074        This extension of the dependency mechanism prevents roles from
9075        being dropped while there are still database objects they own.
9076        Formerly it was possible to accidentally <quote>orphan</> objects by
9077        deleting their owner.  While this could be recovered from, it
9078        was messy and unpleasant.
9079       </para>
9080      </listitem>
9081     </varlistentry>
9082
9083     <varlistentry>
9084      <term>
9085       Improve performance for partitioned tables (Simon)
9086      </term>
9087
9088      <listitem>
9089       <para>
9090        The new <varname>constraint_exclusion</varname> configuration
9091        parameter avoids lookups on child tables where constraints indicate
9092        that no matching rows exist in the child table.
9093       </para>
9094       <para>
9095        This allows for a basic type of table partitioning. If child tables
9096        store separate key ranges and this is enforced using appropriate
9097        <command>CHECK</> constraints, the optimizer will skip child
9098        table accesses when the constraint guarantees no matching rows
9099        exist in the child table.
9100       </para>
9101      </listitem>
9102     </varlistentry>
9103
9104    </variablelist>
9105   </sect2>
9106
9107   <sect2>
9108    <title>Migration to Version 8.1</title>
9109
9110    <para>
9111     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is required
9112     for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
9113    </para>
9114
9115    <para>
9116     The 8.0 release announced that the <function>to_char()</> function
9117     for intervals would be removed in 8.1. However, since no better API
9118     has been suggested, <function>to_char(interval)</> has been enhanced in
9119     8.1 and will remain in the server.
9120    </para>
9121
9122    <para>
9123     Observe the following incompatibilities:
9124    </para>
9125
9126    <itemizedlist>
9127
9128     <listitem>
9129      <para>
9130       <varname>add_missing_from</> is now false by default (Neil)
9131      </para>
9132      <para>
9133       By default, we now generate an error if a table is used in a query
9134       without a <literal>FROM</> reference.  The old behavior is still
9135       available, but the parameter must be set to 'true' to obtain it.
9136      </para>
9137
9138      <para>
9139       It might be necessary to set <varname>add_missing_from</> to true
9140       in order to load an existing dump file, if the dump contains any
9141       views or rules created using the implicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
9142       This should be a one-time annoyance, because
9143       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 will convert
9144       such views and rules to standard explicit-<literal>FROM</> syntax.
9145       Subsequent dumps will therefore not have the problem.
9146      </para>
9147     </listitem>
9148
9149     <listitem>
9150      <para>
9151       Cause input of a zero-length string (<literal>''</literal>) for
9152       <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type>/<type>oid</type>
9153       to throw an error, rather than treating it as a zero (Neil)
9154      </para>
9155      <para>
9156       This change is consistent with the current handling of
9157       zero-length strings for integers. The schedule for this change
9158       was announced in 8.0.
9159      </para>
9160     </listitem>
9161
9162     <listitem>
9163      <para>
9164       <varname>default_with_oids</> is now false by default (Neil)
9165      </para>
9166      <para>
9167       With this option set to false, user-created tables no longer
9168       have an OID column unless <command>WITH OIDS</> is specified in
9169       <command>CREATE TABLE</>. Though OIDs have existed in all
9170       releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</>, their use is limited
9171       because they are only four bytes long and the counter is shared
9172       across all installed databases. The preferred way of uniquely
9173       identifying rows is via sequences and the <type>SERIAL</> type,
9174       which have been supported since <productname>PostgreSQL</> 6.4.
9175      </para>
9176     </listitem>
9177
9178     <listitem>
9179      <para>
9180       Add <literal>E''</> syntax so eventually ordinary strings can
9181       treat backslashes literally (Bruce)
9182      </para>
9183      <para>
9184       Currently <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> processes a
9185       backslash in a string literal as introducing a special escape sequence,
9186       e.g. <literal>\n</> or <literal>\010</>.
9187       While this allows easy entry of special values, it is
9188       nonstandard and makes porting of applications from other
9189       databases more difficult. For this reason, the
9190       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> project is planning to
9191       remove the special meaning of backslashes in strings. For
9192       backward compatibility and for users who want special backslash
9193       processing, a new string syntax has been created. This new string
9194       syntax is formed by writing an <literal>E</> immediately preceding the
9195       single quote that starts the string, e.g. <literal>E'hi\n'</>. While
9196       this release does not change the handling of backslashes in strings, it
9197       does add new configuration parameters to help users migrate applications
9198       for future releases:
9199      </para>
9200      <itemizedlist>
9201
9202       <listitem>
9203        <para>
9204         <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> &mdash; does this release
9205         treat backslashes literally in ordinary strings?
9206        </para>
9207       </listitem>
9208
9209       <listitem>
9210       <para>
9211        <varname>escape_string_warning</> &mdash; warn about backslashes in
9212        ordinary (non-E) strings
9213       </para>
9214      </listitem>
9215
9216      </itemizedlist>
9217
9218      <para>
9219       The <varname>standard_conforming_strings</> value is read-only.
9220       Applications can retrieve the value to know how backslashes are
9221       processed.  (Presence of the parameter can also be taken as an
9222       indication that <literal>E''</> string syntax is supported.)
9223       In a future release, <varname>standard_conforming_strings</>
9224       will be true, meaning backslashes will be treated literally in
9225       non-E strings. To prepare for this change, use <literal>E''</>
9226       strings in places that need special backslash processing, and
9227       turn on <varname>escape_string_warning</> to find additional
9228       strings that need to be converted to use <literal>E''</>.
9229       Also, use two single-quotes (<literal>''</>) to embed a literal
9230       single-quote in a string, rather than the
9231       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>-supported syntax of
9232       backslash single-quote (<literal>\'</>).  The former is
9233       standards-conforming and does not require the use of the
9234       <literal>E''</> string syntax.  You can also use the
9235       <literal>$$</> string syntax, which does not treat backslashes
9236       specially.
9237      </para>
9238     </listitem>
9239
9240     <listitem>
9241      <para>
9242       Make <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindex all indexes in the
9243       database (Tom)
9244      </para>
9245      <para>
9246       Formerly, <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> reindexed only
9247       system tables. This new behavior seems more intuitive. A new
9248       command <command>REINDEX SYSTEM</> provides the old functionality
9249       of reindexing just the system tables.
9250      </para>
9251     </listitem>
9252
9253     <listitem>
9254      <para>
9255       Read-only large object descriptors now obey MVCC snapshot semantics
9256      </para>
9257      <para>
9258       When a large object is opened with <literal>INV_READ</> (and not
9259       <literal>INV_WRITE</>), the data read from the descriptor will now
9260       reflect a <quote>snapshot</> of the large object's state at the
9261       time of the transaction snapshot in use by the query that called
9262       <function>lo_open()</>.  To obtain the old behavior of always
9263       returning the latest committed data, include <literal>INV_WRITE</>
9264       in the mode flags for <function>lo_open()</>.
9265      </para>
9266     </listitem>
9267
9268     <listitem>
9269      <para>
9270       Add proper dependencies for arguments of sequence functions (Tom)
9271      </para>
9272      <para>
9273       In previous releases, sequence names passed to <function>nextval()</>,
9274       <function>currval()</>, and <function>setval()</> were stored as
9275       simple text strings, meaning that renaming or dropping a
9276       sequence used in a <literal>DEFAULT</> clause made the clause
9277       invalid. This release stores all newly-created sequence function
9278       arguments as internal OIDs, allowing them to track sequence
9279       renaming, and adding dependency information that prevents
9280       improper sequence removal. It also makes such <literal>DEFAULT</>
9281       clauses immune to schema renaming and search path changes.
9282      </para>
9283      <para>
9284       Some applications might rely on the old behavior of
9285       run-time lookup for sequence names. This can still be done by
9286       explicitly casting the argument to <type>text</>, for example
9287       <literal>nextval('myseq'::text)</>.
9288      </para>
9289      <para>
9290       Pre-8.1 database dumps loaded into 8.1 will use the old text-based
9291       representation and therefore will not have the features of
9292       OID-stored arguments. However, it is possible to update a
9293       database containing text-based <literal>DEFAULT</> clauses.
9294       First, save this query into a file, such as <filename>fixseq.sql</>:
9295 <programlisting>
9296 SELECT  'ALTER TABLE ' ||
9297    pg_catalog.quote_ident(n.nspname) || '.' ||
9298    pg_catalog.quote_ident(c.relname) ||
9299    ' ALTER COLUMN ' || pg_catalog.quote_ident(a.attname) ||
9300    ' SET DEFAULT ' ||
9301    regexp_replace(d.adsrc,
9302                   $$val\(\(('[^']*')::text\)::regclass$$,
9303                   $$val(\1$$,
9304                   'g') ||
9305    ';'
9306 FROM    pg_namespace n, pg_class c, pg_attribute a, pg_attrdef d
9307 WHERE   n.oid = c.relnamespace AND
9308    c.oid = a.attrelid AND
9309    a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND
9310    a.attnum = d.adnum AND
9311    d.adsrc ~ $$val\(\('[^']*'::text\)::regclass$$;
9312 </programlisting>
9313       Next, run the query against a database to find what
9314       adjustments are required, like this for database <literal>db1</>:
9315 <programlisting>
9316 psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1
9317 </programlisting>
9318       This will show the <command>ALTER TABLE</> commands needed to
9319       convert the database to the newer OID-based representation.
9320       If the commands look reasonable, run this to update the database:
9321 <programlisting>
9322 psql -t -f fixseq.sql db1 | psql -e db1
9323 </programlisting>
9324       This process must be repeated in each database to be updated.
9325      </para>
9326     </listitem>
9327
9328     <listitem>
9329      <para>
9330       In <application>psql</application>, treat unquoted
9331       <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences as octal (Bruce)
9332      </para>
9333      <para>
9334       In previous releases, <literal>\{digit}+</> sequences were
9335       treated as decimal, and only <literal>\0{digit}+</> were treated
9336       as octal. This change was made for consistency.
9337      </para>
9338     </listitem>
9339
9340     <listitem>
9341      <para>
9342       Remove grammar productions for prefix and postfix <literal>%</>
9343       and <literal>^</> operators
9344       (Tom)
9345      </para>
9346      <para>
9347       These have never been documented and complicated the use of the
9348       modulus operator (<literal>%</>) with negative numbers.
9349      </para>
9350     </listitem>
9351
9352     <listitem>
9353      <para>
9354       Make <literal>&amp;&lt;</> and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> for polygons
9355       consistent with the box "over" operators (Tom)
9356      </para>
9357     </listitem>
9358
9359     <listitem>
9360      <para>
9361       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> can ignore the provided arguments
9362       in favor of information from <structname>pg_pltemplate</>
9363       (Tom)
9364      </para>
9365      <para>
9366       A new system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> has been defined
9367       to carry information about the preferred definitions of procedural
9368       languages (such as whether they have validator functions).  When
9369       an entry exists in this catalog for the language being created,
9370       <command>CREATE LANGUAGE</> will ignore all its parameters except the
9371       language name and instead use the catalog information.  This measure
9372       was taken because of increasing problems with obsolete language
9373       definitions being loaded by old dump files.  As of 8.1,
9374       <application>pg_dump</> will dump procedural language definitions as
9375       just <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>, relying
9376       on a template entry to exist at load time.  We expect this will be a
9377       more future-proof representation.
9378      </para>
9379     </listitem>
9380
9381     <listitem>
9382      <para>
9383       Make <function>pg_cancel_backend(int)</function> return a
9384       <type>boolean</type> rather than an <type>integer</type> (Neil)
9385      </para>
9386     </listitem>
9387
9388     <listitem>
9389      <para>
9390       Some users are having problems loading UTF-8 data into 8.1.X.
9391       This is because previous versions allowed invalid UTF-8 byte
9392       sequences to be entered into the database, and this release
9393       properly accepts only valid UTF-8 sequences. One way to correct a
9394       dumpfile is to run the command <command>iconv -c -f UTF-8 -t
9395       UTF-8 -o cleanfile.sql dumpfile.sql</>. The <literal>-c</> option
9396       removes invalid character sequences. A diff of the two files will
9397       show the sequences that are invalid. <command>iconv</> reads the
9398       entire input file into memory so it might be necessary to use
9399       <application>split</> to break up the dump into multiple smaller
9400       files for processing.
9401      </para>
9402     </listitem>
9403
9404    </itemizedlist>
9405   </sect2>
9406
9407   <sect2>
9408    <title>Additional Changes</title>
9409
9410    <para>
9411     Below you will find a detailed account of the additional changes
9412     between <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.1 and the
9413     previous major release.
9414    </para>
9415
9416    <sect3>
9417     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
9418     <itemizedlist>
9419
9420      <listitem>
9421       <para>
9422        Improve GiST and R-tree index performance (Neil)
9423       </para>
9424      </listitem>
9425
9426      <listitem>
9427       <para>
9428        Improve the optimizer, including auto-resizing of hash joins
9429        (Tom)
9430       </para>
9431      </listitem>
9432
9433      <listitem>
9434       <para>
9435        Overhaul internal API in several areas
9436       </para>
9437      </listitem>
9438
9439      <listitem>
9440       <para>
9441        Change WAL record CRCs from 64-bit to 32-bit (Tom)
9442       </para>
9443       <para>
9444        We determined that the extra cost of computing 64-bit CRCs was
9445        significant, and the gain in reliability too marginal to justify it.
9446       </para>
9447      </listitem>
9448
9449      <listitem>
9450       <para>
9451        Prevent writing large empty gaps in WAL pages (Tom)
9452       </para>
9453      </listitem>
9454
9455      <listitem>
9456       <para>
9457        Improve spinlock behavior on SMP machines, particularly Opterons (Tom)
9458       </para>
9459      </listitem>
9460
9461      <listitem>
9462       <para>
9463        Allow nonconsecutive index columns to be used in a multicolumn
9464        index (Tom)
9465       </para>
9466       <para>
9467        For example, this allows an index on columns a,b,c to be used in
9468        a query with <command>WHERE a = 4 and c = 10</>.
9469       </para>
9470      </listitem>
9471
9472      <listitem>
9473       <para>
9474        Skip WAL logging for <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> /
9475        <command>SELECT INTO</> (Simon)
9476       </para>
9477       <para>
9478        Since a crash during <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> would cause the
9479        table to be dropped during recovery, there is no reason to WAL
9480        log as the table is loaded.  (Logging still happens if WAL
9481        archiving is enabled, however.)
9482       </para>
9483      </listitem>
9484
9485      <listitem>
9486       <para>
9487        Allow concurrent GiST index access (Teodor, Oleg)
9488       </para>
9489      </listitem>
9490
9491      <listitem>
9492       <para>
9493        Add configuration parameter <varname>full_page_writes</> to
9494        control writing full pages to WAL (Bruce)
9495       </para>
9496       <para>
9497        To prevent partial disk writes from corrupting the database,
9498        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> writes a complete copy of
9499        each database disk page to WAL the first time it is modified
9500        after a checkpoint. This option turns off that functionality for more
9501        speed.  This is safe to use with battery-backed disk caches where
9502        partial page writes cannot happen.
9503       </para>
9504      </listitem>
9505
9506      <listitem>
9507       <para>
9508        Use <literal>O_DIRECT</> if available when using
9509        <literal>O_SYNC</> for <varname>wal_sync_method</varname>
9510        (Itagaki Takahiro)
9511       </para>
9512       <para>
9513        <literal>O_DIRECT</> causes disk writes to bypass the kernel
9514        cache, and for WAL writes, this improves performance.
9515       </para>
9516      </listitem>
9517
9518      <listitem>
9519       <para>
9520        Improve <command>COPY FROM</> performance (Alon Goldshuv)
9521       </para>
9522       <para>
9523        This was accomplished by reading <command>COPY</> input in
9524        larger chunks, rather than character by character.
9525       </para>
9526      </listitem>
9527
9528      <listitem>
9529       <para>
9530        Improve the performance of <function>COUNT()</function>,
9531        <function>SUM</function>, <function>AVG()</function>,
9532        <function>STDDEV()</function>, and
9533        <function>VARIANCE()</function> (Neil, Tom)
9534       </para>
9535      </listitem>
9536     </itemizedlist>
9537    </sect3>
9538
9539    <sect3>
9540     <title>Server Changes</title>
9541     <itemizedlist>
9542
9543      <listitem>
9544       <para>
9545        Prevent problems due to transaction ID (XID) wraparound (Tom)
9546       </para>
9547       <para>
9548        The server will now warn when the transaction counter approaches
9549        the wraparound point.  If the counter becomes too close to wraparound,
9550        the server will stop accepting queries.  This ensures that data is
9551        not lost before needed vacuuming is performed.
9552       </para>
9553      </listitem>
9554
9555      <listitem>
9556       <para>
9557        Fix problems with object IDs (OIDs) conflicting with existing system
9558        objects after the OID counter has wrapped around (Tom)
9559       </para>
9560      </listitem>
9561
9562      <listitem>
9563       <para>
9564        Add warning about the need to increase
9565        <varname>max_fsm_relations</> and <varname>max_fsm_pages</>
9566        during <command>VACUUM</> (Ron Mayer)
9567       </para>
9568      </listitem>
9569
9570      <listitem>
9571       <para>
9572        Add <varname>temp_buffers</> configuration parameter to allow
9573        users to determine the size of the local buffer area for
9574        temporary table access (Tom)
9575       </para>
9576      </listitem>
9577
9578      <listitem>
9579       <para>
9580        Add session start time and client IP address to
9581        <literal>pg_stat_activity</> (Magnus)
9582       </para>
9583      </listitem>
9584
9585      <listitem>
9586       <para>
9587        Adjust <literal>pg_stat</> views for bitmap scans (Tom)
9588       </para>
9589       <para>
9590        The meanings of some of the fields have changed slightly.
9591       </para>
9592      </listitem>
9593
9594      <listitem>
9595       <para>
9596        Enhance <literal>pg_locks</> view (Tom)
9597       </para>
9598      </listitem>
9599
9600      <listitem>
9601       <para>
9602        Log queries for client-side <command>PREPARE</> and
9603        <command>EXECUTE</> (Simon)
9604       </para>
9605      </listitem>
9606
9607      <listitem>
9608       <para>
9609        Allow Kerberos name and user name case sensitivity to be
9610        specified in <filename>postgresql.conf</> (Magnus)
9611       </para>
9612      </listitem>
9613
9614      <listitem>
9615       <para>
9616        Add configuration parameter <varname>krb_server_hostname</> so
9617        that the server host name can be specified as part of service
9618        principal (Todd Kover)
9619       </para>
9620       <para>
9621        If not set, any service principal matching an entry in the
9622        keytab can be used. This is new Kerberos matching behavior in
9623        this release.
9624       </para>
9625      </listitem>
9626
9627      <listitem>
9628       <para>
9629        Add <varname>log_line_prefix</> options for millisecond
9630        timestamps (<literal>%m</>) and remote host (<literal>%h</>) (Ed
9631        L.)
9632       </para>
9633      </listitem>
9634
9635      <listitem>
9636       <para>
9637        Add WAL logging for GiST indexes (Teodor, Oleg)
9638       </para>
9639       <para>
9640        GiST indexes are now safe for crash and point-in-time recovery.
9641       </para>
9642      </listitem>
9643
9644      <listitem>
9645       <para>
9646        Remove old <filename>*.backup</> files when we do
9647        <function>pg_stop_backup()</> (Bruce)
9648       </para>
9649       <para>
9650        This prevents a large number of <filename>*.backup</> files from
9651        existing in <filename>pg_xlog/</>.
9652       </para>
9653      </listitem>
9654
9655      <listitem>
9656       <para>
9657        Add configuration parameters to control TCP/IP keep-alive
9658        times for idle, interval, and count (Oliver Jowett)
9659       </para>
9660
9661       <para>
9662        These values can be changed to allow more rapid detection of
9663        lost client connections.
9664       </para>
9665      </listitem>
9666
9667      <listitem>
9668       <para>
9669        Add per-user and per-database connection limits (Petr Jelinek)
9670       </para>
9671       <para>
9672        Using <command>ALTER USER</> and <command>ALTER DATABASE</>,
9673        limits can now be enforced on the maximum number of sessions that
9674        can concurrently connect as a specific user or to a specific database.
9675        Setting the limit to zero disables user or database connections.
9676       </para>
9677      </listitem>
9678
9679      <listitem>
9680       <para>
9681        Allow more than two gigabytes of shared memory and per-backend
9682        work memory on 64-bit machines (Koichi Suzuki)
9683       </para>
9684      </listitem>
9685
9686      <listitem>
9687       <para>
9688        New system catalog <structname>pg_pltemplate</> allows overriding
9689        obsolete procedural-language definitions in dump files (Tom)
9690       </para>
9691      </listitem>
9692
9693     </itemizedlist>
9694    </sect3>
9695
9696
9697    <sect3>
9698     <title>Query Changes</title>
9699     <itemizedlist>
9700
9701      <listitem>
9702       <para>
9703        Add temporary views (Koju Iijima, Neil)
9704       </para>
9705      </listitem>
9706
9707      <listitem>
9708       <para>
9709        Fix <command>HAVING</> without any aggregate functions or
9710        <command>GROUP BY</> so that the query returns a single group (Tom)
9711       </para>
9712       <para>
9713        Previously, such a case would treat the <command>HAVING</>
9714        clause the same as a <command>WHERE</> clause.  This was not per spec.
9715       </para>
9716      </listitem>
9717
9718      <listitem>
9719       <para>
9720        Add <command>USING</> clause to allow additional tables to be
9721        specified to <command>DELETE</> (Euler Taveira de Oliveira, Neil)
9722       </para>
9723       <para>
9724        In prior releases, there was no clear method for specifying
9725        additional tables to be used for joins in a <command>DELETE</>
9726        statement. <command>UPDATE</> already has a <literal>FROM</>
9727        clause for this purpose.
9728       </para>
9729      </listitem>
9730
9731      <listitem>
9732       <para>
9733        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in backend and ecpg
9734        strings (Bruce)
9735       </para>
9736       <para>
9737        This is just like the standard C <literal>\x</> escape syntax.
9738        Octal escapes were already supported.
9739       </para>
9740      </listitem>
9741
9742      <listitem>
9743       <para>
9744        Add <command>BETWEEN SYMMETRIC</> query syntax (Pavel Stehule)
9745       </para>
9746       <para>
9747        This feature allows <command>BETWEEN</> comparisons without
9748        requiring the first value to be less than the second. For
9749        example, <command>2 BETWEEN [ASYMMETRIC] 3 AND 1</> returns
9750        false, while <command>2 BETWEEN SYMMETRIC 3 AND 1</> returns
9751        true. <command>BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC</> was already supported.
9752       </para>
9753      </listitem>
9754
9755      <listitem>
9756       <para>
9757        Add <command>NOWAIT</> option to <command>SELECT ... FOR
9758        UPDATE/SHARE</> (Hans-Juergen Schoenig)
9759       </para>
9760       <para>
9761        While the <varname>statement_timeout</> configuration
9762        parameter allows a query taking more than a certain amount of
9763        time to be cancelled, the <command>NOWAIT</> option allows a
9764        query to be canceled as soon as a <command>SELECT ... FOR
9765        UPDATE/SHARE</> command cannot immediately acquire a row lock.
9766       </para>
9767      </listitem>
9768     </itemizedlist>
9769    </sect3>
9770
9771
9772    <sect3>
9773     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
9774     <itemizedlist>
9775
9776      <listitem>
9777       <para>
9778        Track dependencies of shared objects (Alvaro)
9779       </para>
9780       <para>
9781        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> allows global tables
9782        (users, databases, tablespaces) to reference information in
9783        multiple databases. This addition adds dependency information
9784        for global tables, so, for example, user ownership can be
9785        tracked across databases, so a user who owns something in any
9786        database can no longer be removed. Dependency tracking already
9787        existed for database-local objects.
9788       </para>
9789      </listitem>
9790
9791      <listitem>
9792       <para>
9793        Allow limited <command>ALTER OWNER</> commands to be performed
9794        by the object owner (Stephen Frost)
9795       </para>
9796       <para>
9797        Prior releases allowed only superusers to change object owners.
9798        Now, ownership can be transferred if the user executing the command
9799        owns the object and would be able to create it as the new owner
9800        (that is, the user is a member of the new owning role and that role
9801        has the CREATE permission that would be needed to create the object
9802        afresh).
9803       </para>
9804      </listitem>
9805
9806      <listitem>
9807       <para>
9808        Add <command>ALTER</> object <command>SET SCHEMA</> capability
9809        for some object types (tables, functions, types) (Bernd Helmle)
9810       </para>
9811       <para>
9812        This allows objects to be moved to different schemas.
9813       </para>
9814      </listitem>
9815
9816      <listitem>
9817       <para>
9818        Add <command>ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE TRIGGER</command> to
9819        disable triggers (Satoshi Nagayasu)
9820       </para>
9821      </listitem>
9822
9823     </itemizedlist>
9824    </sect3>
9825
9826
9827    <sect3>
9828     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
9829     <itemizedlist>
9830
9831      <listitem>
9832       <para>
9833        Allow <command>TRUNCATE</> to truncate multiple tables in a
9834        single command (Alvaro)
9835       </para>
9836       <para>
9837        Because of referential integrity checks, it is not allowed to
9838        truncate a table that is part of a referential integrity
9839        constraint. Using this new functionality, <command>TRUNCATE</>
9840        can be used to truncate such tables, if both tables involved in
9841        a referential integrity constraint are truncated in a single
9842        <command>TRUNCATE</> command.
9843       </para>
9844      </listitem>
9845
9846      <listitem>
9847       <para>
9848        Properly process carriage returns and line feeds in
9849        <command>COPY CSV</> mode (Andrew)
9850       </para>
9851       <para>
9852        In release 8.0, carriage returns and line feeds in <command>CSV
9853        COPY TO</> were processed in an inconsistent manner. (This was
9854        documented on the TODO list.)
9855       </para>
9856      </listitem>
9857
9858      <listitem>
9859       <para>
9860        Add <command>COPY WITH CSV HEADER</> to allow a header line as
9861        the first line in <command>COPY</> (Andrew)
9862       </para>
9863       <para>
9864        This allows handling of the common <command>CSV</> usage of
9865        placing the column names on the first line of the data file. For
9866        <command>COPY TO</>, the first line contains the column names,
9867        and for <command>COPY FROM</>, the first line is ignored.
9868       </para>
9869      </listitem>
9870
9871      <listitem>
9872       <para>
9873        On Windows, display better sub-second precision in
9874        <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</> (Magnus)
9875       </para>
9876      </listitem>
9877
9878      <listitem>
9879       <para>
9880        Add trigger duration display to <command>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</>
9881        (Tom)
9882       </para>
9883       <para>
9884        Prior releases included trigger execution time as part of the
9885        total execution time, but did not show it separately.  It is now
9886        possible to see how much time is spent in each trigger.
9887       </para>
9888      </listitem>
9889
9890      <listitem>
9891       <para>
9892        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex escapes in <command>COPY</>
9893        (Sergey Ten)
9894       </para>
9895       <para>
9896        Previous releases only supported octal escapes.
9897       </para>
9898      </listitem>
9899
9900      <listitem>
9901       <para>
9902        Make <command>SHOW ALL</> include variable descriptions
9903        (Matthias Schmidt)
9904       </para>
9905       <para>
9906        <command>SHOW</> varname still only displays the variable's
9907        value and does not include the description.
9908       </para>
9909      </listitem>
9910
9911      <listitem>
9912       <para>
9913        Make <application>initdb</application> create a new standard
9914        database called <literal>postgres</>, and convert utilities to
9915        use <literal>postgres</> rather than <literal>template1</> for
9916        standard lookups (Dave)
9917       </para>
9918       <para>
9919        In prior releases, <literal>template1</> was used both as a
9920        default connection for utilities like
9921        <application>createuser</application>, and as a template for
9922        new databases. This caused <command>CREATE DATABASE</> to
9923        sometimes fail, because a new database cannot be created if
9924        anyone else is in the template database. With this change, the
9925        default connection database is now <literal>postgres</>,
9926        meaning it is much less likely someone will be using
9927        <literal>template1</> during <command>CREATE DATABASE</>.
9928       </para>
9929      </listitem>
9930
9931      <listitem>
9932       <para>
9933        Create new <application>reindexdb</application> command-line
9934        utility by moving <filename>/contrib/reindexdb</> into the
9935        server (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
9936       </para>
9937      </listitem>
9938
9939     </itemizedlist>
9940    </sect3>
9941
9942
9943    <sect3>
9944     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
9945     <itemizedlist>
9946
9947      <listitem>
9948       <para>
9949        Add <function>MAX()</> and <function>MIN()</> aggregates for
9950        array types (Koju Iijima)
9951       </para>
9952      </listitem>
9953
9954      <listitem>
9955       <para>
9956        Fix <function>to_date()</> and <function>to_timestamp()</> to
9957        behave reasonably when <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields
9958        are both used (Karel Zak)
9959       </para>
9960       <para>
9961        If the format specification contains <literal>CC</> and a year
9962        specification is <literal>YYY</> or longer, ignore the
9963        <literal>CC</>. If the year specification is <literal>YY</> or
9964        shorter, interpret <literal>CC</> as the previous century.
9965       </para>
9966      </listitem>
9967
9968      <listitem>
9969       <para>
9970        Add <function>md5(bytea)</> (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
9971       </para>
9972       <para>
9973        <function>md5(text)</> already existed.
9974       </para>
9975      </listitem>
9976
9977      <listitem>
9978       <para>
9979        Add support for <command>numeric ^ numeric</> based on
9980        <function>power(numeric, numeric)</>
9981       </para>
9982       <para>
9983        The function already existed, but there was no operator assigned
9984        to it.
9985       </para>
9986      </listitem>
9987
9988      <listitem>
9989       <para>
9990        Fix <type>NUMERIC</> modulus by properly truncating the quotient
9991        during computation (Bruce)
9992       </para>
9993       <para>
9994        In previous releases, modulus for large values sometimes
9995        returned negative results due to rounding of the quotient.
9996       </para>
9997      </listitem>
9998
9999      <listitem>
10000       <para>
10001        Add a function <function>lastval()</> (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
10002       </para>
10003       <para>
10004        <function>lastval()</> is a simplified version of
10005        <function>currval()</>. It automatically determines the proper
10006        sequence name based on the most recent <function>nextval()</> or
10007        <function>setval()</> call performed by the current session.
10008       </para>
10009      </listitem>
10010
10011      <listitem>
10012       <para>
10013        Add <function>to_timestamp(DOUBLE PRECISION) (Michael Glaesemann)</>
10014       </para>
10015       <para>
10016        Converts Unix seconds since 1970 to a <type>TIMESTAMP WITH
10017        TIMEZONE</>.
10018       </para>
10019      </listitem>
10020
10021      <listitem>
10022       <para>
10023        Add <function>pg_postmaster_start_time()</> function (Euler
10024        Taveira de Oliveira, Matthias Schmidt)
10025       </para>
10026      </listitem>
10027
10028      <listitem>
10029       <para>
10030        Allow the full use of time zone names in <command>AT TIME
10031        ZONE</>, not just the short list previously available (Magnus)
10032       </para>
10033       <para>
10034        Previously, only a predefined list of time zone names were
10035        supported by <command>AT TIME ZONE</>. Now any supported time
10036        zone name can be used, e.g.:
10037        <programlisting>
10038         SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/London';
10039        </programlisting>
10040        In the above query, the time zone used is adjusted based on the
10041        daylight saving time rules that were in effect on the supplied
10042        date.
10043       </para>
10044      </listitem>
10045
10046      <listitem>
10047       <para>
10048        Add <function>GREATEST()</> and <function>LEAST()</> variadic
10049        functions (Pavel Stehule)
10050       </para>
10051       <para>
10052        These functions take a variable number of arguments and return
10053        the greatest or least value among the arguments.
10054       </para>
10055      </listitem>
10056
10057      <listitem>
10058       <para>
10059        Add <function>pg_column_size()</> (Mark Kirkwood)
10060       </para>
10061       <para>
10062        This returns storage size of a column, which might be compressed.
10063       </para>
10064      </listitem>
10065
10066      <listitem>
10067       <para>
10068        Add <function>regexp_replace()</> (Atsushi Ogawa)
10069       </para>
10070       <para>
10071        This allows regular expression replacement, like sed. An optional
10072        flag argument allows selection of global (replace all) and
10073        case-insensitive modes.
10074       </para>
10075      </listitem>
10076
10077      <listitem>
10078       <para>
10079        Fix interval division and multiplication (Bruce)
10080       </para>
10081       <para>
10082        Previous versions sometimes returned unjustified results, like
10083        <command>'4 months'::interval / 5</> returning <command>'1 mon
10084        -6 days'</>.
10085       </para>
10086      </listitem>
10087
10088      <listitem>
10089       <para>
10090        Fix roundoff behavior in timestamp, time, and interval output (Tom)
10091       </para>
10092       <para>
10093        This fixes some cases in which the seconds field would be shown as
10094        <literal>60</> instead of incrementing the higher-order fields.
10095       </para>
10096      </listitem>
10097
10098      <listitem>
10099       <para>
10100        Add a separate day field to type <type>interval</> so a one day
10101        interval can be distinguished from a 24 hour interval (Michael
10102        Glaesemann)
10103       </para>
10104       <para>
10105        Days that contain a daylight saving time adjustment are not 24
10106        hours long, but typically 23 or 25 hours.  This change creates a
10107        conceptual distinction between intervals of <quote>so many days</>
10108        and intervals of <quote>so many hours</>.  Adding
10109        <literal>1 day</> to a timestamp now gives the same local time on
10110        the next day even if a daylight saving time adjustment occurs
10111        between, whereas adding <literal>24 hours</> will give a different
10112        local time when this happens.  For example, under US DST rules:
10113        <programlisting>
10114         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '1 day' = '2005-04-04 00:00:00-04'
10115         '2005-04-03 00:00:00-05' + '24 hours' = '2005-04-04 01:00:00-04'
10116        </programlisting>
10117       </para>
10118      </listitem>
10119
10120      <listitem>
10121       <para>
10122        Add <function>justify_days()</> and <function>justify_hours()</>
10123        (Michael Glaesemann)
10124       </para>
10125       <para>
10126        These functions, respectively, adjust days to an appropriate
10127        number of full months and days, and adjust hours to an
10128        appropriate number of full days and hours.
10129       </para>
10130      </listitem>
10131
10132      <listitem>
10133       <para>
10134        Move <filename>/contrib/dbsize</> into the backend, and rename
10135        some of the functions (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
10136       </para>
10137       <para>
10138        <itemizedlist>
10139
10140         <listitem>
10141          <para>
10142            <function>pg_tablespace_size()</>
10143          </para>
10144         </listitem>
10145
10146         <listitem>
10147          <para>
10148           <function>pg_database_size()</>
10149          </para>
10150         </listitem>
10151
10152         <listitem>
10153          <para>
10154           <function>pg_relation_size()</>
10155          </para>
10156         </listitem>
10157
10158         <listitem>
10159          <para>
10160           <function>pg_total_relation_size()</>
10161          </para>
10162         </listitem>
10163
10164         <listitem>
10165          <para>
10166           <function>pg_size_pretty()</>
10167          </para>
10168         </listitem>
10169
10170        </itemizedlist>
10171       </para>
10172       <para>
10173        <function>pg_total_relation_size()</> includes indexes and TOAST
10174        tables.
10175       </para>
10176      </listitem>
10177
10178      <listitem>
10179       <para>
10180        Add functions for read-only file access to the cluster directory
10181        (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
10182       </para>
10183       <para>
10184        <itemizedlist>
10185
10186         <listitem>
10187          <para>
10188           <function>pg_stat_file()</>
10189          </para>
10190         </listitem>
10191
10192         <listitem>
10193          <para>
10194           <function>pg_read_file()</>
10195          </para>
10196         </listitem>
10197
10198         <listitem>
10199          <para>
10200           <function>pg_ls_dir()</>
10201          </para>
10202         </listitem>
10203
10204        </itemizedlist>
10205       </para>
10206      </listitem>
10207
10208      <listitem>
10209       <para>
10210        Add <function>pg_reload_conf()</> to force reloading of the
10211        configuration files (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
10212       </para>
10213      </listitem>
10214
10215      <listitem>
10216       <para>
10217        Add <function>pg_rotate_logfile()</> to force rotation of the
10218        server log file (Dave Page, Andreas Pflug)
10219       </para>
10220      </listitem>
10221
10222      <listitem>
10223       <para>
10224        Change <literal>pg_stat_*</> views to include TOAST tables (Tom)
10225       </para>
10226      </listitem>
10227
10228     </itemizedlist>
10229    </sect3>
10230
10231
10232    <sect3>
10233     <title>Encoding and Locale Changes</title>
10234     <itemizedlist>
10235
10236      <listitem>
10237       <para>
10238        Rename some encodings to be more consistent and to follow
10239        international standards (Bruce)
10240       </para>
10241       <para>
10242        <itemizedlist>
10243
10244         <listitem>
10245          <para>
10246           <literal>UNICODE</> is now <literal>UTF8</>
10247          </para>
10248         </listitem>
10249
10250         <listitem>
10251          <para>
10252           <literal>ALT</> is now <literal>WIN866</>
10253          </para>
10254         </listitem>
10255
10256         <listitem>
10257          <para>
10258           <literal>WIN</> is now <literal>WIN1251</>
10259          </para>
10260         </listitem>
10261
10262         <listitem>
10263          <para>
10264          <literal>TCVN</> is now <literal>WIN1258</>
10265          </para>
10266         </listitem>
10267
10268        </itemizedlist>
10269       </para>
10270
10271       <para>
10272        The original names still work.
10273       </para>
10274      </listitem>
10275
10276      <listitem>
10277       <para>
10278        Add support for <literal>WIN1252</> encoding (Roland Volkmann)
10279       </para>
10280      </listitem>
10281
10282      <listitem>
10283       <para>
10284        Add support for four-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters (John
10285        Hansen)
10286       </para>
10287       <para>
10288        Previously only one, two, and three-byte <literal>UTF8</> characters
10289        were supported. This is particularly important for support for
10290        some Chinese character sets.
10291       </para>
10292      </listitem>
10293
10294      <listitem>
10295       <para>
10296        Allow direct conversion between <literal>EUC_JP</> and
10297        <literal>SJIS</> to improve performance (Atsushi Ogawa)
10298       </para>
10299      </listitem>
10300
10301      <listitem>
10302       <para>
10303        Allow the UTF8 encoding to work on Windows (Magnus)
10304       </para>
10305       <para>
10306        This is done by mapping UTF8 to the Windows-native UTF16
10307        implementation.
10308       </para>
10309      </listitem>
10310
10311     </itemizedlist>
10312    </sect3>
10313
10314
10315    <sect3>
10316     <title>General Server-Side Language Changes</title>
10317     <itemizedlist>
10318
10319      <listitem>
10320       <para>
10321        Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Sergey Yatskevich)
10322       </para>
10323      </listitem>
10324
10325      <listitem>
10326       <para>
10327        Allow function characteristics, like strictness and volatility,
10328        to be modified via <command>ALTER FUNCTION</> (Neil)
10329       </para>
10330      </listitem>
10331
10332      <listitem>
10333       <para>
10334        Increase the maximum number of function arguments to 100 (Tom)
10335       </para>
10336      </listitem>
10337
10338      <listitem>
10339       <para>
10340        Allow SQL and PL/PgSQL functions to use <command>OUT</> and
10341        <command>INOUT</> parameters (Tom)
10342       </para>
10343       <para>
10344        <command>OUT</> is an alternate way for a function to return
10345        values. Instead of using <command>RETURN</>, values can be
10346        returned by assigning to parameters declared as <command>OUT</> or
10347        <command>INOUT</>.  This is notationally simpler in some cases,
10348        particularly so when multiple values need to be returned.
10349        While returning multiple values from a function
10350        was possible in previous releases, this greatly simplifies the
10351        process.  (The feature will be extended to other server-side
10352        languages in future releases.)
10353       </para>
10354      </listitem>
10355
10356      <listitem>
10357       <para>
10358        Move language handler functions into the <literal>pg_catalog</> schema
10359       </para>
10360       <para>
10361        This makes it easier to drop the public schema if desired.
10362       </para>
10363      </listitem>
10364
10365      <listitem>
10366       <para>
10367        Add <function>SPI_getnspname()</function> to SPI (Neil)
10368       </para>
10369      </listitem>
10370
10371     </itemizedlist>
10372    </sect3>
10373
10374    <sect3>
10375     <title>PL/PgSQL Server-Side Language Changes</title>
10376     <itemizedlist>
10377
10378      <listitem>
10379       <para>
10380        Overhaul the memory management of PL/PgSQL functions (Neil)
10381       </para>
10382       <para>
10383        The parsetree of each function is now stored in a separate
10384        memory context. This allows this memory to be easily reclaimed
10385        when it is no longer needed.
10386       </para>
10387      </listitem>
10388
10389      <listitem>
10390       <para>
10391        Check function syntax at <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> time,
10392        rather than at runtime (Neil)
10393       </para>
10394       <para>
10395        Previously, most syntax errors were reported only when the
10396        function was executed.
10397       </para>
10398      </listitem>
10399
10400      <listitem>
10401       <para>
10402        Allow <command>OPEN</> to open non-<command>SELECT</> queries
10403        like <command>EXPLAIN</> and <command>SHOW</> (Tom)
10404       </para>
10405      </listitem>
10406
10407      <listitem>
10408       <para>
10409        No longer require functions to issue a <command>RETURN</>
10410        statement (Tom)
10411       </para>
10412       <para>
10413        This is a byproduct of the newly added <command>OUT</> and
10414        <command>INOUT</> functionality.  <command>RETURN</> can
10415        be omitted when it is not needed to provide the function's
10416        return value.
10417       </para>
10418      </listitem>
10419
10420      <listitem>
10421       <para>
10422        Add support for an optional <command>INTO</> clause to
10423        PL/PgSQL's <command>EXECUTE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
10424       </para>
10425      </listitem>
10426
10427      <listitem>
10428       <para>
10429        Make <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> set <command>ROW_COUNT</> (Tom)
10430       </para>
10431      </listitem>
10432
10433      <listitem>
10434       <para>
10435        Define <literal>SQLSTATE</> and <literal>SQLERRM</> to return
10436        the <literal>SQLSTATE</> and error message of the current
10437        exception (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
10438       </para>
10439       <para>
10440        These variables are only defined inside exception blocks.
10441       </para>
10442      </listitem>
10443
10444      <listitem>
10445       <para>
10446        Allow the parameters to the <command>RAISE</> statement to be
10447        expressions (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
10448       </para>
10449      </listitem>
10450
10451      <listitem>
10452       <para>
10453        Add a loop <command>CONTINUE</> statement (Pavel Stehule, Neil)
10454       </para>
10455      </listitem>
10456
10457      <listitem>
10458       <para>
10459        Allow block and loop labels (Pavel Stehule)
10460       </para>
10461      </listitem>
10462
10463     </itemizedlist>
10464    </sect3>
10465
10466
10467    <sect3>
10468     <title>PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes</title>
10469     <itemizedlist>
10470
10471      <listitem>
10472       <para>
10473        Allow large result sets to be returned efficiently (Abhijit
10474        Menon-Sen)
10475       </para>
10476       <para>
10477        This allows functions to use <function>return_next()</> to avoid
10478        building the entire result set in memory.
10479       </para>
10480      </listitem>
10481
10482      <listitem>
10483       <para>
10484        Allow one-row-at-a-time retrieval of query results (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
10485       </para>
10486       <para>
10487        This allows functions to use <function>spi_query()</> and
10488        <function>spi_fetchrow()</> to avoid accumulating the entire
10489        result set in memory.
10490       </para>
10491      </listitem>
10492
10493      <listitem>
10494       <para>
10495        Force PL/Perl to handle strings as <literal>UTF8</> if the
10496        server encoding is <literal>UTF8</> (David Kamholz)
10497       </para>
10498      </listitem>
10499
10500      <listitem>
10501       <para>
10502        Add a validator function for PL/Perl (Andrew)
10503       </para>
10504       <para>
10505        This allows syntax errors to be reported at definition time,
10506        rather than execution time.
10507       </para>
10508      </listitem>
10509
10510      <listitem>
10511       <para>
10512        Allow PL/Perl to return a Perl array when the function returns
10513        an array type (Andrew)
10514       </para>
10515       <para>
10516        This basically maps <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> arrays
10517        to Perl arrays.
10518       </para>
10519      </listitem>
10520
10521      <listitem>
10522       <para>
10523        Allow Perl nonfatal warnings to generate <command>NOTICE</>
10524        messages (Andrew)
10525       </para>
10526      </listitem>
10527
10528      <listitem>
10529       <para>
10530        Allow Perl's <literal>strict</> mode to be enabled (Andrew)
10531       </para>
10532      </listitem>
10533
10534     </itemizedlist>
10535    </sect3>
10536
10537
10538    <sect3>
10539     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
10540     <itemizedlist>
10541
10542      <listitem>
10543       <para>
10544        Add <command>\set ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</> to allow statements in
10545        a transaction to error without affecting the rest of the
10546        transaction (Greg Sabino Mullane)
10547       </para>
10548       <para>
10549        This is basically implemented by wrapping every statement in a
10550        sub-transaction.
10551       </para>
10552      </listitem>
10553
10554      <listitem>
10555       <para>
10556        Add support for <literal>\x</> hex strings in
10557        <application>psql</> variables (Bruce)
10558       </para>
10559       <para>
10560        Octal escapes were already supported.
10561       </para>
10562      </listitem>
10563
10564      <listitem>
10565       <para>
10566        Add support for <command>troff -ms</> output format (Roger
10567        Leigh)
10568       </para>
10569      </listitem>
10570
10571      <listitem>
10572       <para>
10573        Allow the history file location to be controlled by
10574        <envar>HISTFILE</> (Andreas Seltenreich)
10575       </para>
10576       <para>
10577        This allows configuration of per-database history storage.
10578       </para>
10579      </listitem>
10580
10581      <listitem>
10582       <para>
10583        Prevent <command>\x</> (expanded mode) from affecting
10584        the output of <command>\d tablename</> (Neil)
10585       </para>
10586      </listitem>
10587
10588      <listitem>
10589       <para>
10590        Add <option>-L</> option to <application>psql</application> to
10591        log sessions (Lorne Sunley)
10592       </para>
10593       <para>
10594        This option was added because some operating systems do not have
10595        simple command-line activity logging functionality.
10596       </para>
10597      </listitem>
10598
10599      <listitem>
10600       <para>
10601        Make <command>\d</> show the tablespaces of indexes (Qingqing
10602        Zhou)
10603       </para>
10604      </listitem>
10605
10606      <listitem>
10607       <para>
10608        Allow <application>psql</application> help (<command>\h</>) to
10609        make a best guess on the proper help information (Greg Sabino
10610        Mullane)
10611       </para>
10612       <para>
10613        This allows the user to just add <command>\h</> to the front of
10614        the syntax error query and get help on the supported syntax.
10615        Previously any additional query text beyond the command name
10616        had to be removed to use <command>\h</>.
10617       </para>
10618      </listitem>
10619
10620      <listitem>
10621       <para>
10622        Add <command>\pset numericlocale</> to allow numbers to be
10623        output in a locale-aware format (Eugen Nedelcu)
10624       </para>
10625       <para>
10626        For example, using <literal>C</> locale <literal>100000</> would
10627        be output as <literal>100,000.0</> while a European locale might
10628        output this value as <literal>100.000,0</>.
10629       </para>
10630      </listitem>
10631
10632      <listitem>
10633       <para>
10634        Make startup banner show both server version number and
10635        <application>psql</>'s version number, when they are different (Bruce)
10636       </para>
10637       <para>
10638        Also, a warning will be shown if the server and <application>psql</>
10639        are from different major releases.
10640       </para>
10641      </listitem>
10642
10643     </itemizedlist>
10644    </sect3>
10645
10646
10647    <sect3>
10648     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
10649     <itemizedlist>
10650
10651      <listitem>
10652       <para>
10653        Add <option>-n</> / <option>--schema</> switch to
10654        <application>pg_restore</> (Richard van den Berg)
10655       </para>
10656       <para>
10657        This allows just the objects in a specified schema to be restored.
10658       </para>
10659      </listitem>
10660
10661      <listitem>
10662       <para>
10663        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump large objects even in
10664        text mode (Tom)
10665       </para>
10666       <para>
10667        With this change, large objects are now always dumped; the former
10668        <option>-b</> switch is a no-op.
10669       </para>
10670      </listitem>
10671
10672      <listitem>
10673       <para>
10674        Allow <application>pg_dump</> to dump a consistent snapshot of
10675        large objects (Tom)
10676       </para>
10677      </listitem>
10678
10679      <listitem>
10680       <para>
10681        Dump comments for large objects (Tom)
10682       </para>
10683      </listitem>
10684
10685      <listitem>
10686       <para>
10687        Add <option>--encoding</> to <application>pg_dump</>
10688        (Magnus Hagander)
10689       </para>
10690       <para>
10691        This allows a database to be dumped in an encoding that is
10692        different from the server's encoding. This is valuable when
10693        transferring the dump to a machine with a different encoding.
10694       </para>
10695      </listitem>
10696
10697      <listitem>
10698       <para>
10699        Rely on <structname>pg_pltemplate</> for procedural languages (Tom)
10700       </para>
10701       <para>
10702        If the call handler for a procedural language is in the
10703        <literal>pg_catalog</> schema, <application>pg_dump</> does not
10704        dump the handler.  Instead, it dumps the language using just
10705        <command>CREATE LANGUAGE <replaceable>name</></command>,
10706        relying on the <structname>pg_pltemplate</> catalog to provide
10707        the language's creation parameters at load time.
10708       </para>
10709      </listitem>
10710
10711     </itemizedlist>
10712    </sect3>
10713
10714
10715    <sect3>
10716     <title><application>libpq</application> Changes</title>
10717     <itemizedlist>
10718
10719      <listitem>
10720       <para>
10721        Add a <envar>PGPASSFILE</> environment variable to specify the
10722        password file's filename (Andrew)
10723       </para>
10724      </listitem>
10725
10726      <listitem>
10727       <para>
10728        Add <function>lo_create()</>, that is similar to
10729        <function>lo_creat()</> but allows the OID of the large object
10730        to be specified (Tom)
10731       </para>
10732      </listitem>
10733
10734      <listitem>
10735       <para>
10736        Make <application>libpq</application> consistently return an error
10737        to the client application on <function>malloc()</function>
10738        failure (Neil)
10739       </para>
10740      </listitem>
10741     </itemizedlist>
10742    </sect3>
10743
10744
10745    <sect3>
10746     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
10747     <itemizedlist>
10748
10749      <listitem>
10750       <para>
10751        Fix <application>pgxs</> to support building against a relocated
10752        installation
10753       </para>
10754      </listitem>
10755
10756      <listitem>
10757       <para>
10758        Add spinlock support for the Itanium processor using Intel
10759        compiler (Vikram Kalsi)
10760       </para>
10761      </listitem>
10762
10763      <listitem>
10764       <para>
10765        Add Kerberos 5 support for Windows (Magnus)
10766       </para>
10767      </listitem>
10768
10769      <listitem>
10770       <para>
10771        Add Chinese FAQ (laser@pgsqldb.com)
10772       </para>
10773      </listitem>
10774
10775      <listitem>
10776       <para>
10777        Rename Rendezvous to Bonjour to match OS/X feature renaming
10778        (Bruce)
10779       </para>
10780      </listitem>
10781
10782      <listitem>
10783       <para>
10784        Add support for <literal>fsync_writethrough</literal> on
10785        Darwin (Chris Campbell)
10786       </para>
10787      </listitem>
10788
10789      <listitem>
10790       <para>
10791        Streamline the passing of information within the server, the
10792        optimizer, and the lock system (Tom)
10793       </para>
10794      </listitem>
10795
10796      <listitem>
10797       <para>
10798        Allow <application>pg_config</> to be compiled using MSVC (Andrew)
10799       </para>
10800       <para>
10801        This is required to build DBD::Pg using <application>MSVC</>.
10802       </para>
10803      </listitem>
10804
10805      <listitem>
10806       <para>
10807        Remove support for Kerberos V4 (Magnus)
10808       </para>
10809       <para>
10810        Kerberos 4 had security vulnerabilities and is no longer
10811        maintained.
10812       </para>
10813      </listitem>
10814
10815      <listitem>
10816       <para>
10817        Code cleanups (Coverity static analysis performed by
10818        EnterpriseDB)
10819       </para>
10820      </listitem>
10821
10822      <listitem>
10823       <para>
10824        Modify <filename>postgresql.conf</> to use documentation defaults
10825        <literal>on</>/<literal>off</> rather than
10826        <literal>true</>/<literal>false</> (Bruce)
10827       </para>
10828      </listitem>
10829
10830      <listitem>
10831       <para>
10832        Enhance <application>pg_config</> to be able to report more
10833        build-time values (Tom)
10834       </para>
10835      </listitem>
10836
10837      <listitem>
10838       <para>
10839        Allow <application>libpq</application> to be built thread-safe
10840        on Windows (Dave Page)
10841       </para>
10842      </listitem>
10843
10844      <listitem>
10845       <para>
10846        Allow IPv6 connections to be used on Windows (Andrew)
10847       </para>
10848      </listitem>
10849
10850      <listitem>
10851       <para>
10852        Add Server Administration documentation about I/O subsystem
10853        reliability (Bruce)
10854       </para>
10855      </listitem>
10856
10857      <listitem>
10858       <para>
10859        Move private declarations from <filename>gist.h</filename> to
10860        <filename>gist_private.h</filename> (Neil)
10861       </para>
10862
10863       <para>
10864        In previous releases, <filename>gist.h</> contained both the
10865        public GiST API (intended for use by authors of GiST index
10866        implementations) as well as some private declarations used by
10867        the implementation of GiST itself. The latter have been moved
10868        to a separate file, <filename>gist_private.h</>. Most GiST
10869        index implementations should be unaffected.
10870       </para>
10871      </listitem>
10872
10873      <listitem>
10874       <para>
10875        Overhaul GiST memory management (Neil)
10876       </para>
10877
10878       <para>
10879        GiST methods are now always invoked in a short-lived memory
10880        context. Therefore, memory allocated via <function>palloc()</>
10881        will be reclaimed automatically, so GiST index implementations
10882        do not need to manually release allocated memory via
10883        <function>pfree()</>.
10884       </para>
10885      </listitem>
10886     </itemizedlist>
10887    </sect3>
10888
10889
10890    <sect3>
10891     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
10892     <itemizedlist>
10893
10894      <listitem>
10895       <para>
10896        Add <filename>/contrib/pg_buffercache</> contrib module (Mark
10897        Kirkwood)
10898       </para>
10899       <para>
10900        This displays the contents of the buffer cache, for debugging and
10901        performance tuning purposes.
10902       </para>
10903      </listitem>
10904
10905      <listitem>
10906       <para>
10907        Remove <filename>/contrib/array</> because it is obsolete (Tom)
10908       </para>
10909      </listitem>
10910
10911      <listitem>
10912       <para>
10913        Clean up the <filename>/contrib/lo</> module (Tom)
10914       </para>
10915      </listitem>
10916
10917      <listitem>
10918       <para>
10919        Move <filename>/contrib/findoidjoins</> to
10920        <filename>/src/tools</> (Tom)
10921       </para>
10922      </listitem>
10923
10924      <listitem>
10925       <para>
10926        Remove the <literal>&lt;&lt;</>, <literal>&gt;&gt;</>,
10927        <literal>&amp;&lt;</>, and <literal>&amp;&gt;</> operators from
10928        <filename>/contrib/cube</>
10929       </para>
10930       <para>
10931        These operators were not useful.
10932       </para>
10933      </listitem>
10934
10935      <listitem>
10936       <para>
10937        Improve <filename>/contrib/btree_gist</> (Janko Richter)
10938       </para>
10939      </listitem>
10940
10941      <listitem>
10942       <para>
10943        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgbench</> (Tomoaki Sato, Tatsuo)
10944       </para>
10945       <para>
10946        There is now a facility for testing with SQL command scripts given
10947        by the user, instead of only a hard-wired command sequence.
10948       </para>
10949      </listitem>
10950
10951      <listitem>
10952       <para>
10953        Improve <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> (Marko Kreen)
10954       </para>
10955
10956       <itemizedlist>
10957
10958        <listitem>
10959         <para>
10960          Implementation of OpenPGP symmetric-key and public-key encryption
10961         </para>
10962         <para>
10963          Both RSA and Elgamal public-key algorithms are supported.
10964         </para>
10965        </listitem>
10966
10967        <listitem>
10968         <para>
10969          Stand alone build: include SHA256/384/512 hashes, Fortuna PRNG
10970         </para>
10971        </listitem>
10972
10973        <listitem>
10974         <para>
10975          OpenSSL build: support 3DES, use internal AES with OpenSSL &lt; 0.9.7
10976         </para>
10977        </listitem>
10978
10979        <listitem>
10980         <para>
10981          Take build parameters (OpenSSL, zlib) from <filename>configure</> result
10982         </para>
10983         <para>
10984          There is no need to edit the <filename>Makefile</> anymore.
10985         </para>
10986        </listitem>
10987
10988        <listitem>
10989         <para>
10990          Remove support for <filename>libmhash</> and <filename>libmcrypt</>
10991         </para>
10992        </listitem>
10993
10994       </itemizedlist>
10995      </listitem>
10996
10997     </itemizedlist>
10998    </sect3>
10999
11000   </sect2>
11001  </sect1>
11002
11003  <sect1 id="release-8-0-16">
11004   <title>Release 8.0.16</title>
11005
11006   <note>
11007   <title>Release date</title>
11008   <simpara>2008-06-09</simpara>
11009   </note>
11010
11011   <para>
11012    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.15.
11013    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11014    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11015   </para>
11016
11017   <sect2>
11018    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.16</title>
11019
11020    <para>
11021     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.
11022     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6,
11023     see the release notes for 8.0.6.
11024    </para>
11025
11026   </sect2>
11027
11028   <sect2>
11029    <title>Changes</title>
11030
11031    <itemizedlist>
11032
11033     <listitem>
11034      <para>
11035       Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN ... PRIMARY KEY</> so that the new
11036       column is correctly checked to see if it's been initialized to all
11037       non-nulls (Brendan Jurd)
11038      </para>
11039
11040      <para>
11041       Previous versions neglected to check this requirement at all.
11042      </para>
11043     </listitem>
11044
11045     <listitem>
11046      <para>
11047       Fix possible <command>CREATE TABLE</> failure when inheriting the
11048       <quote>same</> constraint from multiple parent relations that
11049       inherited that constraint from a common ancestor (Tom)
11050      </para>
11051     </listitem>
11052
11053     <listitem>
11054      <para>
11055       Fix conversions between ISO-8859-5 and other encodings to handle
11056       Cyrillic <quote>Yo</> characters (<literal>e</> and <literal>E</> with
11057       two dots) (Sergey Burladyan)
11058      </para>
11059     </listitem>
11060
11061     <listitem>
11062      <para>
11063       Fix a few datatype input functions
11064       that were allowing unused bytes in their results to contain
11065       uninitialized, unpredictable values (Tom)
11066      </para>
11067
11068      <para>
11069       This could lead to failures in which two apparently identical literal
11070       values were not seen as equal, resulting in the parser complaining
11071       about unmatched <literal>ORDER BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>
11072       expressions.
11073      </para>
11074     </listitem>
11075
11076     <listitem>
11077      <para>
11078       Fix a corner case in regular-expression substring matching
11079       (<literal>substring(<replaceable>string</> from
11080       <replaceable>pattern</>)</literal>) (Tom)
11081      </para>
11082
11083      <para>
11084       The problem occurs when there is a match to the pattern overall but
11085       the user has specified a parenthesized subexpression and that
11086       subexpression hasn't got a match.  An example is
11087       <literal>substring('foo' from 'foo(bar)?')</>.
11088       This should return NULL, since <literal>(bar)</> isn't matched, but
11089       it was mistakenly returning the whole-pattern match instead (ie,
11090       <literal>foo</>).
11091      </para>
11092     </listitem>
11093
11094     <listitem>
11095      <para>
11096       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2008c (for
11097       DST law changes in Morocco, Iraq, Choibalsan, Pakistan, Syria, Cuba,
11098       Argentina/San_Luis, and Chile)
11099      </para>
11100     </listitem>
11101
11102     <listitem>
11103      <para>
11104       Fix incorrect result from <application>ecpg</>'s
11105       <function>PGTYPEStimestamp_sub()</> function (Michael)
11106      </para>
11107     </listitem>
11108
11109     <listitem>
11110      <para>
11111       Fix core dump in <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s
11112       <function>xpath_table()</> function when the input query returns a
11113       NULL value (Tom)
11114      </para>
11115     </listitem>
11116
11117     <listitem>
11118      <para>
11119       Fix <filename>contrib/xml2</>'s makefile to not override
11120       <literal>CFLAGS</> (Tom)
11121      </para>
11122     </listitem>
11123
11124     <listitem>
11125      <para>
11126       Fix <literal>DatumGetBool</> macro to not fail with <application>gcc</>
11127       4.3 (Tom)
11128      </para>
11129
11130      <para>
11131       This problem affects <quote>old style</> (V0) C functions that
11132       return boolean.  The fix is already in 8.3, but the need to
11133       back-patch it was not realized at the time.
11134      </para>
11135     </listitem>
11136
11137     <listitem>
11138      <para>
11139       Fix longstanding <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</>
11140       race condition (Tom)
11141      </para>
11142
11143      <para>
11144       In rare cases a session that had just executed a
11145       <command>LISTEN</> might not get a notification, even though
11146       one would be expected because the concurrent transaction executing
11147       <command>NOTIFY</> was observed to commit later.
11148      </para>
11149
11150      <para>
11151       A side effect of the fix is that a transaction that has executed
11152       a not-yet-committed <command>LISTEN</> command will not see any
11153       row in <structname>pg_listener</> for the <command>LISTEN</>,
11154       should it choose to look; formerly it would have.  This behavior
11155       was never documented one way or the other, but it is possible that
11156       some applications depend on the old behavior.
11157      </para>
11158     </listitem>
11159
11160     <listitem>
11161      <para>
11162       Fix rare crash when an error occurs during a query using a hash index
11163       (Heikki)
11164      </para>
11165     </listitem>
11166
11167     <listitem>
11168      <para>
11169       Fix input of datetime values for February 29 in years BC (Tom)
11170      </para>
11171
11172      <para>
11173       The former coding was mistaken about which years were leap years.
11174      </para>
11175     </listitem>
11176
11177     <listitem>
11178      <para>
11179       Fix <quote>unrecognized node type</> error in some variants of
11180       <command>ALTER OWNER</> (Tom)
11181      </para>
11182     </listitem>
11183
11184     <listitem>
11185      <para>
11186       Fix <application>pg_ctl</> to correctly extract the postmaster's port
11187       number from command-line options (Itagaki Takahiro, Tom)
11188      </para>
11189
11190      <para>
11191       Previously, <literal>pg_ctl start -w</> could try to contact the
11192       postmaster on the wrong port, leading to bogus reports of startup
11193       failure.
11194      </para>
11195     </listitem>
11196
11197     <listitem>
11198      <para>
11199       Use <option>-fwrapv</> to defend against possible misoptimization
11200       in recent <application>gcc</> versions (Tom)
11201      </para>
11202
11203      <para>
11204       This is known to be necessary when building <productname>PostgreSQL</>
11205       with <application>gcc</> 4.3 or later.
11206      </para>
11207     </listitem>
11208
11209     <listitem>
11210      <para>
11211       Fix display of constant expressions in <literal>ORDER BY</>
11212       and <literal>GROUP BY</> (Tom)
11213      </para>
11214
11215      <para>
11216       An explictly casted constant would be shown incorrectly.  This could
11217       for example lead to corruption of a view definition during
11218       dump and reload.
11219      </para>
11220     </listitem>
11221
11222     <listitem>
11223      <para>
11224       Fix <application>libpq</> to handle NOTICE messages correctly
11225       during COPY OUT (Tom)
11226      </para>
11227
11228      <para>
11229       This failure has only been observed to occur when a user-defined
11230       datatype's output routine issues a NOTICE, but there is no
11231       guarantee it couldn't happen due to other causes.
11232      </para>
11233     </listitem>
11234
11235    </itemizedlist>
11236
11237   </sect2>
11238  </sect1>
11239
11240  <sect1 id="release-8-0-15">
11241   <title>Release 8.0.15</title>
11242
11243   <note>
11244   <title>Release date</title>
11245   <simpara>2008-01-07</simpara>
11246   </note>
11247
11248   <para>
11249    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.14,
11250    including fixes for significant security issues.
11251    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11252    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11253   </para>
11254
11255   <para>
11256    This is the last 8.0.X release for which the <productname>PostgreSQL</>
11257    community will produce binary packages for <productname>Windows</>.
11258    Windows users are encouraged to move to 8.2.X or later,
11259    since there are Windows-specific fixes in 8.2.X that
11260    are impractical to back-port.  8.0.X will continue to
11261    be supported on other platforms.
11262   </para>
11263
11264   <sect2>
11265    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.15</title>
11266
11267    <para>
11268     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11269     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11270     notes for 8.0.6.
11271    </para>
11272
11273   </sect2>
11274
11275   <sect2>
11276    <title>Changes</title>
11277
11278    <itemizedlist>
11279
11280     <listitem>
11281      <para>
11282       Prevent functions in indexes from executing with the privileges of
11283       the user running <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, etc (Tom)
11284      </para>
11285
11286      <para>
11287       Functions used in index expressions and partial-index
11288       predicates are evaluated whenever a new table entry is made.  It has
11289       long been understood that this poses a risk of trojan-horse code
11290       execution if one modifies a table owned by an untrustworthy user.
11291       (Note that triggers, defaults, check constraints, etc. pose the
11292       same type of risk.)  But functions in indexes pose extra danger
11293       because they will be executed by routine maintenance operations
11294       such as <command>VACUUM FULL</>, which are commonly performed
11295       automatically under a superuser account.  For example, a nefarious user
11296       can execute code with superuser privileges by setting up a
11297       trojan-horse index definition and waiting for the next routine vacuum.
11298       The fix arranges for standard maintenance operations
11299       (including <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, <command>REINDEX</>,
11300       and <command>CLUSTER</>) to execute as the table owner rather than
11301       the calling user, using the same privilege-switching mechanism already
11302       used for <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.  To prevent bypassing
11303       this security measure, execution of <command>SET SESSION
11304       AUTHORIZATION</> and <command>SET ROLE</> is now forbidden within a
11305       <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> context.  (CVE-2007-6600)
11306      </para>
11307     </listitem>
11308
11309     <listitem>
11310      <para>
11311       Repair assorted bugs in the regular-expression package (Tom, Will Drewry)
11312      </para>
11313
11314      <para>
11315       Suitably crafted regular-expression patterns could cause crashes,
11316       infinite or near-infinite looping, and/or massive memory consumption,
11317       all of which pose denial-of-service hazards for applications that
11318       accept regex search patterns from untrustworthy sources.
11319       (CVE-2007-4769, CVE-2007-4772, CVE-2007-6067)
11320      </para>
11321     </listitem>
11322
11323     <listitem>
11324      <para>
11325       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
11326       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
11327      </para>
11328
11329      <para>
11330       The fix that appeared for this in 8.0.14 was incomplete, as it plugged
11331       the hole for only some <filename>dblink</> functions.  (CVE-2007-6601,
11332       CVE-2007-3278)
11333      </para>
11334     </listitem>
11335
11336     <listitem>
11337      <para>
11338       Update time zone data files to <application>tzdata</> release 2007k
11339       (in particular, recent Argentina changes) (Tom)
11340      </para>
11341     </listitem>
11342
11343     <listitem>
11344      <para>
11345       Fix planner failure in some cases of <literal>WHERE false AND var IN
11346       (SELECT ...)</> (Tom)
11347      </para>
11348     </listitem>
11349
11350     <listitem>
11351      <para>
11352       Preserve the tablespace of indexes that are
11353       rebuilt by <command>ALTER TABLE ... ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> (Tom)
11354      </para>
11355     </listitem>
11356
11357     <listitem>
11358      <para>
11359       Make archive recovery always start a new WAL timeline, rather than only
11360       when a recovery stop time was used (Simon)
11361      </para>
11362
11363      <para>
11364       This avoids a corner-case risk of trying to overwrite an existing
11365       archived copy of the last WAL segment, and seems simpler and cleaner
11366       than the original definition.
11367      </para>
11368     </listitem>
11369
11370     <listitem>
11371      <para>
11372       Make <command>VACUUM</> not use all of <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>
11373       when the table is too small for it to be useful (Alvaro)
11374      </para>
11375     </listitem>
11376
11377     <listitem>
11378      <para>
11379       Fix potential crash in <function>translate()</> when using a multibyte
11380       database encoding (Tom)
11381      </para>
11382     </listitem>
11383
11384     <listitem>
11385      <para>
11386       Fix PL/Perl to cope when platform's Perl defines type <literal>bool</>
11387       as <literal>int</> rather than <literal>char</> (Tom)
11388      </para>
11389
11390      <para>
11391       While this could theoretically happen anywhere, no standard build of
11392       Perl did things this way ... until <productname>Mac OS X</> 10.5.
11393      </para>
11394     </listitem>
11395
11396     <listitem>
11397      <para>
11398       Fix PL/Python to not crash on long exception messages (Alvaro)
11399      </para>
11400     </listitem>
11401
11402     <listitem>
11403      <para>
11404       Fix <application>pg_dump</> to correctly handle inheritance child tables
11405       that have default expressions different from their parent's (Tom)
11406      </para>
11407     </listitem>
11408
11409     <listitem>
11410      <para>
11411       <application>ecpg</> parser fixes (Michael)
11412      </para>
11413     </listitem>
11414
11415     <listitem>
11416      <para>
11417       Make <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>crosstab()</> handle
11418       NULL rowid as a category in its own right, rather than crashing (Joe)
11419      </para>
11420     </listitem>
11421
11422     <listitem>
11423      <para>
11424       Fix <type>tsvector</> and <type>tsquery</> output routines to
11425       escape backslashes correctly (Teodor, Bruce)
11426      </para>
11427     </listitem>
11428
11429     <listitem>
11430      <para>
11431       Fix crash of <function>to_tsvector()</> on huge input strings (Teodor)
11432      </para>
11433     </listitem>
11434
11435     <listitem>
11436      <para>
11437       Require a specific version of <productname>Autoconf</> to be used
11438       when re-generating the <command>configure</> script (Peter)
11439      </para>
11440
11441      <para>
11442       This affects developers and packagers only.  The change was made
11443       to prevent accidental use of untested combinations of
11444       <productname>Autoconf</> and <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions.
11445       You can remove the version check if you really want to use a
11446       different <productname>Autoconf</> version, but it's
11447       your responsibility whether the result works or not.
11448      </para>
11449     </listitem>
11450
11451    </itemizedlist>
11452
11453   </sect2>
11454  </sect1>
11455
11456  <sect1 id="release-8-0-14">
11457   <title>Release 8.0.14</title>
11458
11459   <note>
11460   <title>Release date</title>
11461   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
11462   </note>
11463
11464   <para>
11465    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.13.
11466    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11467    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11468   </para>
11469
11470   <sect2>
11471    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.14</title>
11472
11473    <para>
11474     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11475     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11476     notes for 8.0.6.
11477    </para>
11478
11479   </sect2>
11480
11481   <sect2>
11482    <title>Changes</title>
11483
11484    <itemizedlist>
11485
11486     <listitem>
11487      <para>
11488       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
11489       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
11490       on the same table (Tom)
11491      </para>
11492     </listitem>
11493
11494     <listitem>
11495      <para>
11496       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
11497      </para>
11498     </listitem>
11499
11500     <listitem>
11501      <para>
11502       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
11503      </para>
11504     </listitem>
11505
11506     <listitem>
11507      <para>
11508       Fix logging so that log messages are never interleaved when using
11509       the syslogger process (Andrew)
11510      </para>
11511     </listitem>
11512
11513     <listitem>
11514      <para>
11515       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
11516       of memory (Tom)
11517      </para>
11518     </listitem>
11519
11520     <listitem>
11521      <para>
11522       Fix incorrect handling of some foreign-key corner cases (Tom)
11523      </para>
11524     </listitem>
11525
11526     <listitem>
11527      <para>
11528       Prevent <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
11529       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
11530      </para>
11531     </listitem>
11532
11533     <listitem>
11534      <para>
11535       Update the time zone database rules, particularly New Zealand's upcoming changes (Tom)
11536      </para>
11537     </listitem>
11538
11539     <listitem>
11540      <para>
11541       Windows socket improvements (Magnus)
11542      </para>
11543     </listitem>
11544
11545     <listitem>
11546      <para>
11547       Suppress timezone name (<literal>%Z</>) in log timestamps on Windows
11548       because of possible encoding mismatches (Tom)
11549      </para>
11550     </listitem>
11551
11552     <listitem>
11553      <para>
11554       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
11555       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
11556      </para>
11557     </listitem>
11558
11559    </itemizedlist>
11560
11561   </sect2>
11562  </sect1>
11563
11564  <sect1 id="release-8-0-13">
11565   <title>Release 8.0.13</title>
11566
11567   <note>
11568   <title>Release date</title>
11569   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
11570   </note>
11571
11572   <para>
11573    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.12,
11574    including a security fix.
11575    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11576    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11577   </para>
11578
11579   <sect2>
11580    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.13</title>
11581
11582    <para>
11583     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11584     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11585     notes for 8.0.6.
11586    </para>
11587
11588   </sect2>
11589
11590   <sect2>
11591    <title>Changes</title>
11592
11593    <itemizedlist>
11594
11595     <listitem>
11596     <para>
11597      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
11598      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
11599      and operators (Tom)
11600     </para>
11601     <para>
11602      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
11603      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
11604      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
11605      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
11606      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
11607     </para>
11608     </listitem>
11609
11610     <listitem>
11611     <para>
11612      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
11613     </para>
11614     </listitem>
11615
11616     <listitem>
11617     <para>
11618      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
11619      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
11620     </para>
11621     </listitem>
11622
11623     <listitem>
11624     <para>
11625      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 8.0.10)
11626      (Tom)
11627     </para>
11628     </listitem>
11629
11630     <listitem>
11631     <para>
11632      Fix POSIX-style timezone specs to follow new USA DST rules (Tom)
11633     </para>
11634     </listitem>
11635
11636    </itemizedlist>
11637
11638   </sect2>
11639  </sect1>
11640
11641  <sect1 id="release-8-0-12">
11642   <title>Release 8.0.12</title>
11643
11644   <note>
11645   <title>Release date</title>
11646   <simpara>2007-02-07</simpara>
11647   </note>
11648
11649   <para>
11650    This release contains one fix from 8.0.11.
11651    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11652    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11653   </para>
11654
11655   <sect2>
11656    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.12</title>
11657
11658    <para>
11659     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11660     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11661     notes for 8.0.6.
11662    </para>
11663
11664   </sect2>
11665
11666   <sect2>
11667    <title>Changes</title>
11668
11669    <itemizedlist>
11670
11671     <listitem>
11672     <para>
11673      Remove overly-restrictive check for type length in constraints and
11674      functional indexes(Tom)
11675     </para>
11676     </listitem>
11677
11678    </itemizedlist>
11679
11680   </sect2>
11681  </sect1>
11682
11683  <sect1 id="release-8-0-11">
11684   <title>Release 8.0.11</title>
11685
11686   <note>
11687   <title>Release date</title>
11688   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
11689   </note>
11690
11691   <para>
11692    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.10, including
11693    a security fix.
11694    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11695    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11696   </para>
11697
11698   <sect2>
11699    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.11</title>
11700
11701    <para>
11702     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11703     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11704     notes for 8.0.6.
11705    </para>
11706
11707   </sect2>
11708
11709   <sect2>
11710    <title>Changes</title>
11711
11712    <itemizedlist>
11713
11714     <listitem>
11715     <para>
11716      Remove security vulnerabilities that allowed connected users
11717      to read backend memory (Tom)
11718     </para>
11719     <para>
11720      The vulnerabilities involve suppressing the normal check that a SQL
11721      function returns the data type it's declared to, and changing the
11722      data type of a table column (CVE-2007-0555, CVE-2007-0556).  These
11723      errors can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
11724      principle might be used to read database content that the user
11725      should not be able to access.
11726     </para>
11727     </listitem>
11728
11729     <listitem>
11730     <para>
11731      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
11732      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
11733     </para>
11734     </listitem>
11735
11736     <listitem>
11737     <para>
11738      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
11739     </para>
11740     </listitem>
11741
11742     <listitem>
11743     <para>
11744      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
11745      over three bytes long (Tom)
11746     </para>
11747     </listitem>
11748
11749    </itemizedlist>
11750
11751   </sect2>
11752  </sect1>
11753
11754  <sect1 id="release-8-0-10">
11755   <title>Release 8.0.10</title>
11756
11757   <note>
11758   <title>Release date</title>
11759   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
11760   </note>
11761
11762   <para>
11763    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.9.
11764    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11765    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11766   </para>
11767
11768   <sect2>
11769    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.10</title>
11770
11771    <para>
11772     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11773     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11774     notes for 8.0.6.
11775    </para>
11776
11777   </sect2>
11778
11779   <sect2>
11780    <title>Changes</title>
11781
11782    <itemizedlist>
11783
11784     <listitem>
11785      <para>
11786       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
11787      </para>
11788
11789      <para>
11790       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
11791       among other things.
11792      </para>
11793     </listitem>
11794
11795      <listitem>
11796       <para>
11797        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
11798        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
11799       </para>
11800      </listitem>
11801
11802      <listitem>
11803       <para>
11804        Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a
11805        gigabyte boundary by <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
11806       </para>
11807      </listitem>
11808
11809      <listitem>
11810       <para>
11811        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
11812       </para>
11813      </listitem>
11814
11815     <listitem>
11816      <para>
11817       Fix possible deadlock in Windows signal handling (Teodor)
11818      </para>
11819     </listitem>
11820
11821     <listitem>
11822      <para>
11823       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
11824       empty elements (Tom)
11825      </para>
11826     </listitem>
11827
11828     <listitem>
11829      <para>
11830       Fix ecpg memory leak during connection (Michael)
11831      </para>
11832     </listitem>
11833
11834     <listitem>
11835      <para>
11836       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
11837       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
11838       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
11839      </para>
11840
11841      <para>
11842       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
11843       change the output of these functions.
11844      </para>
11845     </listitem>
11846
11847     <listitem>
11848      <para>
11849       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
11850      </para>
11851
11852      <para>
11853       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
11854      </para>
11855     </listitem>
11856
11857     <listitem>
11858      <para>
11859       Update timezone database
11860      </para>
11861
11862      <para>
11863       This affects Australian and Canadian daylight-savings rules in
11864       particular.
11865      </para>
11866     </listitem>
11867
11868    </itemizedlist>
11869
11870   </sect2>
11871  </sect1>
11872
11873  <sect1 id="release-8-0-9">
11874   <title>Release 8.0.9</title>
11875
11876   <note>
11877   <title>Release date</title>
11878   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
11879   </note>
11880
11881   <para>
11882    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.8.
11883    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11884    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11885   </para>
11886
11887   <sect2>
11888    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.9</title>
11889
11890    <para>
11891     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11892     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11893     notes for 8.0.6.
11894    </para>
11895
11896   </sect2>
11897
11898   <sect2>
11899    <title>Changes</title>
11900
11901 <itemizedlist>
11902 <listitem><para>Fix crash when referencing <literal>NEW</> row
11903 values in rule WHERE expressions (Tom)</para></listitem>
11904 <listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
11905 ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
11906 <listitem><para>Fix mishandling of AFTER triggers when query contains a SQL
11907 function returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
11908 <listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER TABLE ... TYPE</> to recheck
11909 <literal>NOT NULL</> for <literal>USING</> clause (Tom)</para></listitem>
11910 <listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
11911  matches for the separator string</para>
11912 <para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
11913 </para></listitem>
11914 <listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
11915  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
11916 <listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
11917  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
11918 <listitem><para>Numerous robustness fixes in <application>ecpg</> (Joachim
11919 Wieland)</para></listitem>
11920 <listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
11921 <listitem><para>Fix instability of statistics collection on Win32 (Tom, Andrew)</para></listitem>
11922 <listitem><para>Fixes for <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> and
11923 <productname>Intel</> compilers (Tom)</para></listitem>
11924 </itemizedlist>
11925
11926   </sect2>
11927  </sect1>
11928
11929  <sect1 id="release-8-0-8">
11930   <title>Release 8.0.8</title>
11931
11932   <note>
11933   <title>Release date</title>
11934   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
11935   </note>
11936
11937   <para>
11938    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.7,
11939    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
11940    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
11941    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
11942   </para>
11943
11944   <sect2>
11945    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.8</title>
11946
11947    <para>
11948     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
11949     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
11950     notes for 8.0.6.
11951    </para>
11952
11953    <para>
11954     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
11955     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
11956     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
11957     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
11958     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
11959     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
11960     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
11961     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
11962     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
11963    </para>
11964   </sect2>
11965
11966   <sect2>
11967    <title>Changes</title>
11968
11969 <itemizedlist>
11970 <listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
11971 characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
11972 <para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
11973 some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
11974 textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
11975 defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
11976 </para></listitem>
11977
11978 <listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
11979 <para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
11980 described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
11981 <literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
11982 literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
11983 <varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
11984 GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
11985 A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
11986 adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
11987 CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
11988 <varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
11989 clients are insecure.
11990 </para></listitem>
11991
11992 <listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
11993 aware of encoding considerations and
11994 <varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
11995 <para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
11996 issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
11997 them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
11998 Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
11999 concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
12000 <function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
12001 for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
12002 do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
12003 routines instead.
12004 </para></listitem>
12005
12006 <listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
12007 <para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
12008 <function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
12009 <function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
12010 extents.
12011 </para></listitem>
12012
12013 <listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
12014 (Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>
12015
12016 <listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
12017 miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>
12018
12019 <listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
12020 truncated</para></listitem>
12021
12022 <listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
12023 <literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
12024
12025 <listitem><para>Fix <command>SELECT INTO</> and <command>CREATE TABLE AS</> to
12026 create tables in the default tablespace, not the base directory (Kris
12027 Jurka)</para></listitem>
12028
12029 <listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
12030 Fuhr)</para></listitem>
12031
12032 <listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>
12033
12034 <listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
12035
12036 <listitem><para>Fix problem with password prompting on some Win32 systems
12037 (Robert Kinberg)</para></listitem>
12038 </itemizedlist>
12039
12040   </sect2>
12041  </sect1>
12042
12043  <sect1 id="release-8-0-7">
12044   <title>Release 8.0.7</title>
12045
12046   <note>
12047   <title>Release date</title>
12048   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
12049   </note>
12050
12051   <para>
12052    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.6.
12053    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12054    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12055   </para>
12056
12057   <sect2>
12058    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.7</title>
12059
12060    <para>
12061     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
12062     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.6, see the release
12063     notes for 8.0.6.
12064    </para>
12065   </sect2>
12066
12067   <sect2>
12068    <title>Changes</title>
12069
12070 <itemizedlist>
12071
12072 <listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
12073 SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
12074 <para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
12075 momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
12076 with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
12077 Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
12078 </para></listitem>
12079
12080 <listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
12081 rows (Tom)</para>
12082 <para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
12083 could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
12084 created in 8.0.4, 7.4.9, and 7.3.11 releases.
12085 </para></listitem>
12086
12087 <listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
12088 exists</> errors during pg_clog and pg_subtrans file creation
12089 (Tom)</para></listitem>
12090
12091 <listitem><para>Fix cases that could lead to crashes if a cache-invalidation
12092 message arrives at just the wrong time (Tom)</para></listitem>
12093
12094 <listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
12095 <literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
12096 (Neil)</para></listitem>
12097
12098 <listitem><para>Ensure <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> will process
12099 <literal>FOREIGN KEY</>, <literal>UNIQUE</>, and <literal>PRIMARY KEY</>
12100 constraints in the proper order (Nakano Yoshihisa)</para></listitem>
12101
12102 <listitem><para>Fixes to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
12103 references to custom operators or operator classes (Tom)</para></listitem>
12104
12105 <listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_restore</> to continue properly after a
12106 <command>COPY</> failure; formerly it tried to treat the remaining
12107 <command>COPY</> data as SQL commands (Stephen Frost)</para></listitem>
12108
12109 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_ctl</> <literal>unregister</> crash
12110 when the  data directory is not specified (Magnus)</para></listitem>
12111
12112 <listitem><para>Fix <application>ecpg</> crash on AMD64 and PPC
12113 (Neil)</para></listitem>
12114
12115 <listitem><para>Recover properly if error occurs during argument passing
12116 in <application>PL/python</> (Neil)</para></listitem>
12117
12118 <listitem><para>Fix <application>PL/perl</>'s handling of locales on
12119 Win32 to match the backend (Andrew)</para></listitem>
12120
12121 <listitem><para>Fix crash when <literal>log_min_messages</> is set to
12122 <literal>DEBUG3</> or above in <filename>postgresql.conf</> on Win32
12123 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
12124
12125 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pgxs</> <literal>-L</> library path
12126 specification for Win32, Cygwin, OS X, AIX (Bruce)</para></listitem>
12127
12128 <listitem><para>Check that SID is enabled while checking for Win32 admin
12129 privileges (Magnus)</para></listitem>
12130
12131 <listitem><para>Properly reject out-of-range date inputs (Kris
12132 Jurka)</para></listitem>
12133
12134 <listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
12135 and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
12136
12137 </itemizedlist>
12138
12139   </sect2>
12140  </sect1>
12141
12142  <sect1 id="release-8-0-6">
12143   <title>Release 8.0.6</title>
12144
12145   <note>
12146   <title>Release date</title>
12147   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
12148   </note>
12149
12150   <para>
12151    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.5.
12152    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12153    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12154   </para>
12155
12156   <sect2>
12157    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.6</title>
12158
12159    <para>
12160     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
12161     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
12162     notes for 8.0.3.
12163     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
12164     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
12165     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
12166    </para>
12167   </sect2>
12168
12169   <sect2>
12170    <title>Changes</title>
12171
12172 <itemizedlist>
12173
12174 <listitem><para>Fix Windows code so that postmaster will continue rather
12175 than exit if there is no more room in ShmemBackendArray (Magnus)</para>
12176 <para>The previous behavior could lead to a denial-of-service situation if too
12177 many connection requests arrive close together.  This applies
12178 <emphasis>only</> to the Windows port.</para></listitem>
12179
12180 <listitem><para>Fix bug introduced in 8.0 that could allow ReadBuffer
12181 to return an already-used page as new, potentially causing loss of
12182 recently-committed data (Tom)</para></listitem>
12183
12184 <listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
12185 outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
12186
12187 <listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
12188 different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
12189 <para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
12190 textual columns.</para></listitem>
12191
12192 <listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
12193 to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
12194 <para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
12195 started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
12196 <application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
12197 <application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
12198 <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
12199 textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
12200
12201 <listitem><para>Allow more flexible relocation of installation
12202 directories (Tom)</para>
12203 <para>Previous releases supported relocation only if all installation
12204 directory paths were the same except for the last component.</para></listitem>
12205
12206 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
12207 handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
12208 </para></listitem>
12209
12210 <listitem><para>Various fixes for functions returning <literal>RECORD</>s
12211 (Tom) </para></listitem>
12212
12213 <listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
12214 which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
12215 XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
12216 <para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
12217
12218 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
12219 rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
12220 what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
12221
12222 </itemizedlist>
12223
12224   </sect2>
12225  </sect1>
12226
12227  <sect1 id="release-8-0-5">
12228   <title>Release 8.0.5</title>
12229
12230   <note>
12231   <title>Release date</title>
12232   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
12233   </note>
12234
12235   <para>
12236    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.4.
12237    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12238    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12239   </para>
12240
12241   <sect2>
12242    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.5</title>
12243
12244    <para>
12245     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
12246     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
12247     notes for 8.0.3.
12248    </para>
12249   </sect2>
12250
12251   <sect2>
12252    <title>Changes</title>
12253
12254 <itemizedlist>
12255
12256 <listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
12257 <para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
12258 for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
12259 corruption.</para>
12260 </listitem>
12261
12262 <listitem><para>Fix bgwriter problems after recovering from errors
12263 (Tom)</para>
12264 <para>
12265 The background writer was found to leak buffer pins after write errors.
12266 While not fatal in itself, this might lead to mysterious blockages of
12267 later VACUUM commands.
12268 </para>
12269 </listitem>
12270
12271 <listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
12272 when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>
12273
12274 <listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
12275
12276 <listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
12277
12278 <listitem><para>Retry file reads and writes after Windows
12279 NO_SYSTEM_RESOURCES error (Qingqing Zhou)</para></listitem>
12280
12281 <listitem><para>Fix intermittent failure when <varname>log_line_prefix</>
12282 includes <literal>%i</></para></listitem>
12283
12284 <listitem><para>Fix <application>psql</> performance issue with long scripts
12285 on Windows (Merlin Moncure)</para></listitem>
12286
12287 <listitem><para>Fix missing updates of <filename>pg_group</> flat
12288 file</para></listitem>
12289
12290 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
12291 <para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
12292 only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>
12293
12294 <listitem><para>Postpone timezone initialization until after
12295 <filename>postmaster.pid</> is created</para>
12296 <para>This avoids confusing startup scripts that expect the pid file to appear
12297 quickly.</para></listitem>
12298
12299 <listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
12300 table has been dropped</para></listitem>
12301
12302 <listitem><para>Fix problems with whole-row references (<literal>foo.*</>)
12303 to subquery results</para></listitem>
12304 </itemizedlist>
12305
12306   </sect2>
12307  </sect1>
12308
12309  <sect1 id="release-8-0-4">
12310   <title>Release 8.0.4</title>
12311
12312   <note>
12313   <title>Release date</title>
12314   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
12315   </note>
12316
12317   <para>
12318    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.3.
12319    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12320    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12321   </para>
12322
12323   <sect2>
12324    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.4</title>
12325
12326    <para>
12327     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
12328     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 8.0.3, see the release
12329     notes for 8.0.3.
12330    </para>
12331   </sect2>
12332
12333   <sect2>
12334    <title>Changes</title>
12335
12336 <itemizedlist>
12337 <listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
12338 <literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
12339 <literal>ctid</> links</para>
12340 <para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
12341 circumstances.</para></listitem>
12342 <listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
12343 length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
12344 <para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
12345 because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
12346 considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
12347 <listitem><para>Force a checkpoint before committing <command>CREATE
12348 DATABASE</></para>
12349 <para>This should fix recent reports of <quote>index is not a btree</>
12350 failures when a crash occurs shortly after <command>CREATE
12351 DATABASE</>.</para></listitem>
12352 <listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
12353 in <command>COPY</></para>
12354 <para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
12355 prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
12356 </para></listitem>
12357 <listitem><para>Handle consecutive embedded newlines in <command>COPY</>
12358 CSV-mode input</para></listitem>
12359 <listitem><para>Fix <function>date_trunc(week)</> for dates near year
12360 end</para></listitem>
12361 <listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
12362 only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
12363 <listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
12364 cases</para></listitem>
12365 <listitem><para>Fix overenthusiastic optimization of <literal>x IN (SELECT
12366 DISTINCT ...)</> and related cases</para></listitem>
12367 <listitem><para>Fix mis-planning of queries with small <literal>LIMIT</>
12368 values due to poorly thought out <quote>fuzzy</> cost
12369 comparison</para></listitem>
12370 <listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
12371 paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
12372 <listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
12373 a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
12374 <listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
12375 <listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
12376 pages</para></listitem>
12377 <listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
12378 enabled</para></listitem>
12379 <listitem><para>Improve MIPS and M68K spinlock code</para></listitem>
12380 <listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
12381 files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
12382 <listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
12383 <listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
12384 <listitem><para>Update timezone data files</para></listitem>
12385 <listitem><para>Improve handling of DLL load failures on Windows</para></listitem>
12386 <listitem><para>Improve random-number generation on Windows</para></listitem>
12387 <listitem><para>Make <literal>psql -f filename</> return a nonzero exit code
12388 when opening the file fails</para></listitem>
12389 <listitem><para>Change <application>pg_dump</> to handle inherited check
12390 constraints more reliably</para></listitem>
12391 <listitem><para>Fix password prompting in <application>pg_restore</> on
12392 Windows</para></listitem>
12393 <listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
12394 the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
12395 <listitem><para>Fix PL/Perl <literal>%_SHARED</> so it's actually
12396 shared</para></listitem>
12397 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to allow sleep
12398 intervals over 2000 sec</para></listitem>
12399 <listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
12400 code</para></listitem>
12401 </itemizedlist>
12402
12403   </sect2>
12404  </sect1>
12405
12406  <sect1 id="release-8-0-3">
12407   <title>Release 8.0.3</title>
12408
12409   <note>
12410   <title>Release date</title>
12411   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
12412   </note>
12413
12414   <para>
12415    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.2, including several
12416    security-related issues.
12417    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12418    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12419   </para>
12420
12421   <sect2>
12422    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.3</title>
12423
12424    <para>
12425     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.X.  However,
12426     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
12427     that have been found in the initial contents of 8.0.X system
12428     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 8.0.3's initdb will
12429     automatically correct these problems.
12430    </para>
12431
12432    <para>
12433     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
12434     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
12435     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
12436     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
12437     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
12438     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
12439     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
12440    </para>
12441
12442    <para>
12443     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
12444     creates several functions that are improperly declared to return
12445     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
12446     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
12447     arguments.
12448    </para>
12449
12450    <para>
12451     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
12452     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
12453     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
12454     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
12455     privileges of a database superuser.
12456    </para>
12457
12458    <para>
12459     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the same manual repair
12460     procedures shown in the <link linkend="release-7-4-8">7.4.8 release
12461     notes</link>.
12462    </para>
12463   </sect2>
12464
12465   <sect2>
12466    <title>Changes</title>
12467
12468 <itemizedlist>
12469 <listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
12470 misuse</para></listitem>
12471 <listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
12472 <type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
12473 <listitem><para>Guard against incorrect second parameter to
12474 <function>record_out</></para></listitem>
12475 <listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
12476 seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
12477 than for other purposes</para>
12478 <para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
12479 data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
12480 <listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
12481 VACUUM</para>
12482 <para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
12483 freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
12484 There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
12485 </para></listitem>
12486 <listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
12487 <para>
12488 The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
12489 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
12490 NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
12491 it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
12492 the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
12493 </para></listitem>
12494 <listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
12495 <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
12496 <listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
12497 <type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
12498 <para>
12499 This error only occurred when the
12500 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
12501 </para></listitem>
12502 <listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
12503 correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
12504 <listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
12505 <filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
12506 <listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
12507 <type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
12508 <listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
12509 <listitem><para>Fix Borland makefile for libpq</para></listitem>
12510 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> for <type>timetz</> type
12511 (Teodor)</para></listitem>
12512 <listitem><para>Make <command>pg_ctl</> check the PID found in
12513 <filename>postmaster.pid</> to see if it is still a live
12514 process</para></listitem>
12515 <listitem><para>Fix <command>pg_dump</>/<command>pg_restore</> problems caused
12516 by addition of dump timestamps</para></listitem>
12517 <listitem><para>Fix interaction between materializing holdable cursors and
12518 firing deferred triggers during transaction commit</para></listitem>
12519 <listitem><para>Fix memory leak in SQL functions returning pass-by-reference
12520 data types</para></listitem>
12521 </itemizedlist>
12522
12523   </sect2>
12524  </sect1>
12525
12526  <sect1 id="release-8-0-2">
12527   <title>Release 8.0.2</title>
12528
12529   <note>
12530   <title>Release date</title>
12531   <simpara>2005-04-07</simpara>
12532   </note>
12533
12534   <para>
12535    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.1.
12536    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12537    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12538   </para>
12539
12540   <sect2>
12541    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.2</title>
12542
12543    <para>
12544     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.*.
12545     This release updates the major version number of the
12546     <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries, so it might be
12547     necessary to re-link some user applications if they cannot
12548     find the properly-numbered shared library.
12549    </para>
12550   </sect2>
12551
12552   <sect2>
12553    <title>Changes</title>
12554
12555 <itemizedlist>
12556 <listitem><para>Increment the major version number of all interface
12557 libraries (Bruce)</para>
12558 <para>
12559 This should have been done in 8.0.0.  It is required so 7.4.X versions
12560 of PostgreSQL client applications, like <application>psql</>,
12561 can be used on the same machine as 8.0.X applications.  This might require
12562 re-linking user applications that use these libraries.
12563 </para></listitem>
12564 <listitem><para>Add Windows-only <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
12565 <option>fsync_writethrough</> (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
12566 <para>
12567 This setting causes <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to write through
12568 any disk-drive write cache when writing to WAL.
12569 This behavior was formerly called <option>fsync</>, but was
12570 renamed because it acts quite differently from <option>fsync</> on other
12571 platforms.
12572 </para>
12573 </listitem>
12574 <listitem><para>Enable the <varname>wal_sync_method</> setting of
12575 <option>open_datasync</> on Windows, and make it the default for that
12576  platform (Magnus, Bruce)</para>
12577 <para>
12578 Because the default is no longer <option>fsync_writethrough</>,
12579 data loss is possible during a power failure if the disk drive has
12580 write caching enabled. To turn off the write cache on Windows,
12581 from the <application>Device Manager</>, choose the drive properties,
12582 then <literal>Policies</>.
12583 </para>
12584 </listitem>
12585 <listitem><para>New cache management algorithm <acronym>2Q</> replaces
12586 <acronym>ARC</> (Tom)</para>
12587 <para>
12588 This was done to avoid a pending US patent on <acronym>ARC</>.  The
12589 <acronym>2Q</> code might be a few percentage points slower than
12590 <acronym>ARC</> for some work loads.  A better cache management algorithm
12591 will appear in 8.1.
12592 </para></listitem>
12593 <listitem><para>Planner adjustments to improve behavior on freshly-created
12594 tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
12595 <listitem><para>Allow plpgsql to assign to an element of an array that is
12596 initially <literal>NULL</> (Tom)</para>
12597 <para>
12598 Formerly the array would remain <literal>NULL</>, but now it becomes a
12599 single-element array.  The main SQL engine was changed to handle
12600 <command>UPDATE</> of a null array value this way in 8.0, but the similar
12601 case in plpgsql was overlooked.
12602 </para>
12603 </listitem>
12604 <listitem><para>Convert <literal>\r\n</> and <literal>\r</> to <literal>\n</>
12605 in plpython function bodies (Michael Fuhr)</para>
12606 <para>
12607  This prevents syntax errors when plpython code is written on a Windows or
12608  Mac client.
12609 </para>
12610 </listitem>
12611 <listitem><para>Allow SPI cursors to handle utility commands that return rows,
12612 such as <command>EXPLAIN</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
12613 <listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after <command>ALTER TABLE
12614 SET WITHOUT OIDS</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
12615 <listitem><para>Reduce memory usage of <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</>
12616 (Neil)</para></listitem>
12617 <listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
12618 <listitem><para>Document the Windows-only <literal>register</> and
12619 <literal>unregister</> options of <application>pg_ctl</> (Magnus)</para></listitem>
12620 <listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
12621 statistics collector</para>
12622 <para>
12623 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
12624 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
12625 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
12626 backend exit.
12627 </para></listitem>
12628 <listitem><para>Change the Windows default for configuration parameter
12629 <varname>log_destination</> to <option>eventlog</> (Magnus)</para>
12630 <para>
12631 By default, a server running on Windows will now send log output to the
12632 Windows event logger rather than standard error.
12633 </para></listitem>
12634 <listitem><para>Make Kerberos authentication work on Windows (Magnus)</para></listitem>
12635 <listitem><para>Allow <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</> by superusers
12636 who aren't flagged as having CREATEDB privilege (Tom)</para></listitem>
12637 <listitem><para>Modify WAL log entries for <command>CREATE</> and
12638 <command>DROP DATABASE</> to not specify absolute paths (Tom)</para>
12639 <para>This allows point-in-time recovery on a different machine with possibly
12640 different database location.  Note that <command>CREATE TABLESPACE</> still
12641 poses a hazard in such situations.
12642 </para></listitem>
12643 <listitem><para>Fix crash from a backend exiting with an open transaction
12644 that created a table and opened a cursor on it (Tom)</para></listitem>
12645 <listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map()</> so it can call PL functions
12646 (Tom)</para></listitem>
12647 <listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> and
12648 <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> fixes (Teodor)
12649 </para></listitem>
12650 <listitem><para>Fix crash of some <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</>
12651 functions on some platforms (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
12652 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/intagg</> for 64-bit platforms
12653 (Tom)</para></listitem>
12654 <listitem><para>Fix ecpg bugs in parsing of <command>CREATE</> statement
12655 (Michael)</para></listitem>
12656 <listitem><para>Work around gcc bug on powerpc and amd64 causing problems in
12657 ecpg (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
12658 <listitem><para>Do not use locale-aware versions of <function>upper()</>,
12659 <function>lower()</>, and <function>initcap()</> when the locale is
12660 <literal>C</> (Bruce)</para>
12661 <para>
12662  This allows these functions to work on platforms that generate errors
12663  for non-7-bit data when the locale is <literal>C</>.
12664 </para></listitem>
12665 <listitem><para>Fix <function>quote_ident()</> to quote names that match keywords (Tom)</para></listitem>
12666 <listitem><para>Fix <function>to_date()</> to behave reasonably when
12667 <literal>CC</> and <literal>YY</> fields are both used (Karel)</para></listitem>
12668 <listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from failing
12669 when given a zero-month interval (Tom)</para></listitem>
12670 <listitem><para>Fix wrong week returned by <function>date_trunc('week')</>
12671 (Bruce)</para>
12672 <para>
12673 <function>date_trunc('week')</>
12674 returned the wrong year for the first few days of January in some years.
12675 </para></listitem>
12676 <listitem><para>Use the correct default mask length for class <literal>D</>
12677 addresses in <type>INET</> data types (Tom)</para></listitem>
12678 </itemizedlist>
12679
12680   </sect2>
12681  </sect1>
12682
12683  <sect1 id="release-8-0-1">
12684   <title>Release 8.0.1</title>
12685
12686   <note>
12687   <title>Release date</title>
12688   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
12689   </note>
12690
12691   <para>
12692    This release contains a variety of fixes from 8.0.0, including several
12693    security-related issues.
12694    For information about new features in the 8.0 major release, see
12695    <xref linkend="release-8-0">.
12696   </para>
12697
12698   <sect2>
12699    <title>Migration to Version 8.0.1</title>
12700
12701    <para>
12702     A dump/restore is not required for those running 8.0.0.
12703    </para>
12704   </sect2>
12705
12706   <sect2>
12707    <title>Changes</title>
12708
12709 <itemizedlist>
12710 <listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
12711 <para>
12712 On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
12713 shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
12714 <command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
12715 Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
12716 <listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
12717 execute the specified transition functions</para>
12718 <para>
12719 This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
12720 permission on a function.</para></listitem>
12721 <listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
12722 contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
12723 <listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
12724 Jurka)</para></listitem>
12725 <listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
12726 many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
12727 <listitem><para>Make <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</> enforce domain
12728 constraints in all cases</para></listitem>
12729 <listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
12730 <para>
12731 The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
12732 left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
12733 in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
12734 </para></listitem>
12735 <listitem><para>Improve planning of grouped aggregate queries</para></listitem>
12736 <listitem><para><command>ROLLBACK TO <replaceable>savepoint</></command>
12737 closes cursors created since the savepoint</para></listitem>
12738 <listitem><para>Fix inadequate backend stack size on Windows</para></listitem>
12739 <listitem><para>Avoid SHGetSpecialFolderPath() on Windows
12740 (Magnus)</para></listitem>
12741 <listitem><para>Fix some problems in running pg_autovacuum as a Windows
12742 service (Dave Page)</para></listitem>
12743 <listitem><para>Multiple minor bug fixes in
12744 pg_dump/pg_restore</para></listitem>
12745 <listitem><para>Fix ecpg segfault with named structs used in
12746 typedefs (Michael)</para></listitem>
12747 </itemizedlist>
12748
12749   </sect2>
12750  </sect1>
12751
12752  <sect1 id="release-8-0">
12753   <title>Release 8.0</title>
12754
12755   <note>
12756    <title>Release date</title>
12757    <simpara>2005-01-19</simpara>
12758   </note>
12759
12760   <sect2>
12761    <title>Overview</title>
12762
12763    <para>
12764     Major changes in this release:
12765    </para>
12766
12767    <variablelist>
12768     <varlistentry>
12769      <term>
12770       Microsoft Windows Native Server
12771      </term>
12772
12773      <listitem>
12774       <para>
12775        This is the first <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> release
12776        to run natively on <trademark class="registered">Microsoft Windows</> as
12777        a server. It can run as a <productname>Windows</> service. This
12778        release supports NT-based Windows releases like
12779        <productname>Windows 2000 SP4</>, <productname>Windows XP</>, and
12780        <productname>Windows 2003</>. Older releases like
12781        <productname>Windows 95</>, <productname>Windows 98</>, and
12782        <productname>Windows ME</> are not supported because these operating
12783        systems do not have the infrastructure to support
12784        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>. A separate installer
12785        project has been created to ease installation on
12786        <productname>Windows</> &mdash; see <ulink
12787        url="http://www.postgresql.org/ftp/win32/"></ulink>.
12788       </para>
12789
12790       <para>
12791        Although tested throughout our release cycle, the Windows port
12792        does not have the benefit of years of use in production
12793        environments that <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has on
12794        Unix platforms.  Therefore it should be treated with the same
12795        level of caution as you would a new product.
12796       </para>
12797
12798       <para>
12799        Previous releases required the Unix emulation toolkit
12800        <productname>Cygwin</> in order to run the server on Windows
12801        operating systems.  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> has
12802        supported native clients on Windows for many years.
12803       </para>
12804      </listitem>
12805     </varlistentry>
12806
12807     <varlistentry>
12808      <term>
12809       Savepoints
12810      </term>
12811
12812      <listitem>
12813       <para>
12814        Savepoints allow specific parts of a transaction to be aborted
12815        without affecting the remainder of the transaction. Prior
12816        releases had no such capability; there was no way to recover
12817        from a statement failure within a transaction except by
12818        aborting the whole transaction. This feature is valuable for
12819        application writers who require error recovery within a
12820        complex transaction.
12821       </para>
12822      </listitem>
12823     </varlistentry>
12824
12825     <varlistentry>
12826      <term>
12827       Point-In-Time Recovery
12828      </term>
12829
12830      <listitem>
12831       <para>
12832        In previous releases there was no way to recover from disk
12833        drive failure except to restore from a previous backup or use
12834        a standby replication server.  Point-in-time recovery allows
12835        continuous backup of the server.  You can recover either to
12836        the point of failure or to some transaction in the past.
12837       </para>
12838      </listitem>
12839     </varlistentry>
12840
12841     <varlistentry>
12842      <term>
12843       Tablespaces
12844      </term>
12845
12846      <listitem>
12847       <para>
12848        Tablespaces allow administrators to select different file systems
12849        for storage of individual tables, indexes, and databases.
12850        This improves performance and control over disk space
12851        usage. Prior releases used <application>initlocation</> and
12852        manual symlink management for such tasks.
12853       </para>
12854      </listitem>
12855     </varlistentry>
12856
12857     <varlistentry>
12858      <term>
12859       Improved Buffer Management, <command>CHECKPOINT</command>,
12860       <command>VACUUM</command>
12861      </term>
12862
12863      <listitem>
12864       <para>
12865        This release has a more intelligent buffer replacement strategy,
12866        which will make better use of available shared buffers and
12867        improve performance. The performance impact of vacuum and
12868        checkpoints is also lessened.
12869       </para>
12870      </listitem>
12871     </varlistentry>
12872
12873     <varlistentry>
12874      <term>
12875       Change Column Types
12876      </term>
12877
12878      <listitem>
12879       <para>
12880        A column's data type can now be changed with <command>ALTER
12881        TABLE</command>.
12882       </para>
12883      </listitem>
12884     </varlistentry>
12885
12886     <varlistentry>
12887      <term>
12888       New Perl Server-Side Language
12889      </term>
12890
12891      <listitem>
12892       <para>
12893        A new version of the <application>plperl</> server-side language now
12894        supports a persistent shared storage area, triggers, returning records
12895        and arrays of records, and SPI calls to access the database.
12896       </para>
12897      </listitem>
12898     </varlistentry>
12899
12900     <varlistentry>
12901      <term>
12902        Comma-separated-value (CSV) support in <command>COPY</command>
12903      </term>
12904
12905      <listitem>
12906       <para>
12907        <command>COPY</command> can now read and write
12908        comma-separated-value files. It has the flexibility to
12909        interpret nonstandard quoting and separation characters too.
12910       </para>
12911      </listitem>
12912     </varlistentry>
12913
12914    </variablelist>
12915   </sect2>
12916
12917   <sect2>
12918    <title>Migration to Version 8.0</title>
12919
12920    <para>
12921     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
12922     required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
12923     release.
12924    </para>
12925
12926    <para>
12927     Observe the following incompatibilities:
12928    </para>
12929
12930    <itemizedlist>
12931
12932     <listitem>
12933      <para>
12934       In <option>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
12935       now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
12936       beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
12937       beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
12938      </para>
12939     </listitem>
12940
12941     <listitem>
12942      <para>
12943       Functions declared <option>STABLE</> or <option>IMMUTABLE</> always
12944       use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
12945       effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
12946       their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
12947       read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
12948       <command>SELECT</>.
12949      </para>
12950     </listitem>
12951
12952     <listitem>
12953      <para>
12954       Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
12955       after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
12956       finishing the current interactive command. This makes a
12957       difference when the triggering query occurred within a function:
12958       the trigger is invoked before the function proceeds to its next
12959       operation.
12960      </para>
12961     </listitem>
12962
12963     <listitem>
12964      <para>
12965       Server configuration parameters <varname>virtual_host</> and
12966       <varname>tcpip_socket</> have been replaced with a more general
12967       parameter <varname>listen_addresses</>. Also, the server now listens on
12968       <literal>localhost</> by default, which eliminates the need for the
12969       <literal>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios.
12970      </para>
12971     </listitem>
12972
12973     <listitem>
12974      <para>
12975       Server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
12976       <varname>VacuumMem</> have been renamed to <varname>work_mem</>
12977       and <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> to better reflect their
12978       use. The original names are still supported in
12979       <command>SET</command> and <command>SHOW</command>.
12980      </para>
12981     </listitem>
12982
12983     <listitem>
12984      <para>
12985       Server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
12986       <varname>log_timestamp</>, and <varname>log_source_port</> have been
12987       replaced with a more general parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</>.
12988      </para>
12989     </listitem>
12990
12991     <listitem>
12992      <para>
12993       Server configuration parameter <varname>syslog</> has been
12994       replaced with a more logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to
12995       control the log output destination.
12996      </para>
12997     </listitem>
12998
12999     <listitem>
13000      <para>
13001       Server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> has been
13002       changed so it can selectively log just database modification or
13003       data definition statements.  Server configuration parameter
13004       <varname>log_duration</> now prints only when <varname>log_statement</>
13005       prints the query.
13006      </para>
13007     </listitem>
13008
13009     <listitem>
13010      <para>
13011       Server configuration parameter <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter has
13012       been replaced with <varname>max_stack_depth</> which measures the
13013       physical stack size rather than the expression nesting depth. This
13014       helps prevent session termination due to stack overflow caused by
13015       recursive functions.
13016      </para>
13017     </listitem>
13018
13019     <listitem>
13020      <para>
13021       The <function>length()</> function no longer counts trailing spaces in
13022       <type>CHAR(n)</> values.
13023      </para>
13024     </listitem>
13025
13026    <listitem>
13027     <para>
13028      Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits of the
13029      integer, not the leftmost N bits as before.
13030     </para>
13031    </listitem>
13032
13033    <listitem>
13034     <para>
13035      Updating an element or slice of a NULL array value now produces
13036      a nonnull array result, namely an array containing
13037      just the assigned-to positions.
13038     </para>
13039    </listitem>
13040
13041     <listitem>
13042      <para>
13043       Syntax checking of array input values has been tightened up
13044       considerably. Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with
13045       odd results now causes an error. Empty-string element values
13046       must now be written as <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing.
13047       Also changed behavior with respect to whitespace surrounding
13048       array elements: trailing whitespace is now ignored, for symmetry
13049       with leading whitespace (which has always been ignored).
13050      </para>
13051     </listitem>
13052
13053     <listitem>
13054      <para>
13055       Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected and
13056       reported as an error.
13057      </para>
13058     </listitem>
13059
13060     <listitem>
13061      <para>
13062       The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
13063       <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
13064      </para>
13065     </listitem>
13066
13067     <listitem>
13068      <para>
13069       The <function>extract()</> function (also called
13070       <function>date_part</>) now returns the proper year for BC dates.
13071       It previously returned one less than the correct year. The
13072       function now also returns the proper values for millennium and
13073       century.
13074      </para>
13075     </listitem>
13076
13077    <listitem>
13078     <para>
13079      <type>CIDR</> values now must have their nonmasked bits be zero.
13080      For example, we no longer allow
13081      <literal>204.248.199.1/31</literal> as a <type>CIDR</> value. Such
13082      values should never have been accepted by
13083      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and will now be rejected.
13084     </para>
13085    </listitem>
13086
13087     <listitem>
13088      <para>
13089       <command>EXECUTE</command> now returns a completion tag that
13090       matches the executed statement.
13091      </para>
13092     </listitem>
13093
13094     <listitem>
13095      <para>
13096       <application>psql</>'s <command>\copy</> command now reads or
13097       writes to the query's <literal>stdin/stdout</>, rather than
13098       <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin/stdout</>. The previous
13099       behavior can be accessed via new
13100       <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> parameters.
13101      </para>
13102     </listitem>
13103
13104     <listitem>
13105      <para>
13106      The JDBC client interface has been removed from the core
13107      distribution, and is now hosted at <ulink url=
13108      "http://jdbc.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
13109      </para>
13110     </listitem>
13111
13112     <listitem>
13113      <para>
13114      The Tcl client interface has also been removed. There are several
13115      Tcl interfaces now hosted at <ulink url=
13116      "http://gborg.postgresql.org"></ulink>.
13117      </para>
13118     </listitem>
13119
13120     <listitem>
13121      <para>
13122       The server now uses its own time zone database, rather than the
13123       one supplied by the operating system. This will provide consistent
13124       behavior across all platforms.  In most cases, there should be
13125       little noticeable difference in time zone behavior, except that
13126       the time zone names used by <command>SET</>/<command>SHOW</>
13127       <varname>TimeZone</> might be different from what your platform provides.
13128      </para>
13129     </listitem>
13130
13131     <listitem>
13132      <para>
13133       <application>Configure</>'s threading option no longer requires
13134       users to run tests or edit configuration files; threading options
13135       are now detected automatically.
13136      </para>
13137     </listitem>
13138
13139     <listitem>
13140      <para>
13141       Now that tablespaces have been implemented,
13142       <application>initlocation</> has been removed.
13143      </para>
13144     </listitem>
13145
13146     <listitem>
13147      <para>
13148       The API for user-defined GiST indexes has been changed. The
13149       Union and PickSplit methods are now passed a pointer to a
13150       special <structname>GistEntryVector</structname> structure,
13151       rather than a <type>bytea</type>.
13152      </para>
13153     </listitem>
13154
13155    </itemizedlist>
13156   </sect2>
13157
13158  <sect2>
13159   <title>Deprecated Features</title>
13160
13161   <para>
13162     Some aspects of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s behavior
13163     have been determined to be suboptimal. For the sake of backward
13164     compatibility these have not been removed in 8.0, but they are
13165     considered deprecated and will be removed in the next major
13166     release.
13167     </para>
13168
13169    <itemizedlist>
13170     <listitem>
13171      <para>
13172       The 8.1 release will remove the <function>to_char()</> function
13173       for intervals.
13174      </para>
13175     </listitem>
13176
13177      <listitem>
13178       <para>
13179        The server now warns of empty strings passed to
13180        <type>oid</type>/<type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> data
13181        types, but continues to interpret them as zeroes as before.
13182        In the next major release, empty strings will be considered
13183        invalid input for these data types.
13184       </para>
13185      </listitem>
13186
13187     <listitem>
13188      <para>
13189       By default, tables in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 8.0
13190       and earlier are created with <type>OID</>s. In the next release,
13191       this will <emphasis>not</emphasis> be the case: to create a table
13192       that contains <type>OID</>s, the <option>WITH OIDS</> clause must
13193       be specified or the <varname>default_with_oids</varname>
13194       configuration parameter must be set. Users are encouraged to
13195       explicitly specify <option>WITH OIDS</> if their tables
13196       require OIDs for compatibility with future releases of
13197       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
13198      </para>
13199     </listitem>
13200
13201    </itemizedlist>
13202   </sect2>
13203
13204   <sect2>
13205    <title>Changes</title>
13206
13207    <para>
13208     Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
13209     release 8.0 and the previous major release.
13210    </para>
13211
13212    <sect3>
13213     <title>Performance Improvements</title>
13214     <itemizedlist>
13215
13216      <listitem>
13217       <para>
13218        Support cross-data-type index usage (Tom)
13219       </para>
13220       <para>
13221        Before this change, many queries would not use an index if the data
13222        types did not match exactly. This improvement makes index usage more
13223        intuitive and consistent.
13224       </para>
13225      </listitem>
13226
13227      <listitem>
13228       <para>
13229        New buffer replacement strategy that improves caching (Jan)
13230       </para>
13231       <para>
13232        Prior releases used a least-recently-used (LRU) cache to keep
13233        recently referenced pages in memory. The LRU algorithm
13234        did not consider the number of times a specific cache entry was
13235        accessed, so large table scans could force out useful cache pages.
13236        The new cache algorithm uses four separate lists to track most
13237        recently used and most frequently used cache pages and dynamically
13238        optimize their replacement based on the work load. This should
13239        lead to much more efficient use of the shared buffer cache.
13240        Administrators who have tested shared buffer sizes in the past
13241        should retest with this new cache replacement policy.
13242       </para>
13243      </listitem>
13244
13245      <listitem>
13246       <para>
13247        Add subprocess to write dirty buffers periodically to reduce
13248        checkpoint writes (Jan)
13249       </para>
13250       <para>
13251        In previous releases, the checkpoint process, which runs every few
13252        minutes, would write all dirty buffers to the operating system's
13253        buffer cache then flush all dirty operating system buffers to
13254        disk. This resulted in a periodic spike in disk usage that often
13255        hurt performance. The new code uses a background writer to trickle
13256        disk writes at a steady pace so checkpoints have far fewer dirty
13257        pages to write to disk. Also, the new code does not issue a global
13258        <function>sync()</> call, but instead <function>fsync()</>s just
13259        the files written since the last checkpoint. This should improve
13260        performance and minimize degradation during checkpoints.
13261       </para>
13262      </listitem>
13263
13264      <listitem>
13265       <para>
13266        Add ability to prolong vacuum to reduce performance impact (Jan)
13267       </para>
13268       <para>
13269        On busy systems, <command>VACUUM</command> performs many I/O
13270        requests which can hurt performance for other users. This
13271        release allows you to slow down <command>VACUUM</command> to
13272        reduce its impact on other users, though this increases the
13273        total duration of <command>VACUUM</command>.
13274       </para>
13275      </listitem>
13276
13277      <listitem>
13278       <para>
13279        Improve B-tree index performance for duplicate keys (Dmitry Tkach, Tom)
13280       </para>
13281       <para>
13282        This improves the way indexes are scanned when many duplicate
13283        values exist in the index.
13284       </para>
13285      </listitem>
13286
13287      <listitem>
13288       <para>
13289        Use dynamically-generated table size estimates while planning (Tom)
13290       </para>
13291       <para>
13292        Formerly the planner estimated table sizes using the values seen
13293        by the last <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>,
13294        both as to physical table size (number of pages) and number of rows.
13295        Now, the current physical table size is obtained from the kernel,
13296        and the number of rows is estimated by multiplying the table size
13297        by the row density (rows per page) seen by the last
13298        <command>VACUUM</command> or <command>ANALYZE</command>.  This should
13299        produce more reliable estimates in cases where the table size has
13300        changed significantly since the last housekeeping command.
13301       </para>
13302      </listitem>
13303
13304      <listitem>
13305       <para>
13306        Improved index usage with <literal>OR</> clauses (Tom)
13307       </para>
13308       <para>
13309        This allows the optimizer to use indexes in statements with many OR
13310        clauses that would not have been indexed in the past.  It can also use
13311        multi-column indexes where the first column is specified and the second
13312        column is part of an <literal>OR</> clause.
13313       </para>
13314      </listitem>
13315
13316      <listitem>
13317       <para>
13318        Improve matching of partial index clauses (Tom)
13319       </para>
13320       <para>
13321        The server is now smarter about using partial indexes in queries
13322        involving complex <option>WHERE</> clauses.
13323       </para>
13324      </listitem>
13325
13326      <listitem>
13327       <para>
13328        Improve performance of the GEQO optimizer (Tom)
13329       </para>
13330       <para>
13331        The GEQO optimizer is used to plan queries involving many tables (by
13332        default, twelve or more). This release speeds up the way queries are
13333        analyzed to decrease time spent in optimization.
13334       </para>
13335      </listitem>
13336
13337      <listitem>
13338       <para>
13339        Miscellaneous optimizer improvements
13340       </para>
13341       <para>
13342        There is not room here to list all the minor improvements made, but
13343        numerous special cases work better than in prior releases.
13344       </para>
13345      </listitem>
13346
13347      <listitem>
13348       <para>
13349        Improve lookup speed for C functions (Tom)
13350       </para>
13351       <para>
13352        This release uses a hash table to lookup information for dynamically
13353        loaded C functions. This improves their speed so they perform nearly as
13354        quickly as functions that are built into the server executable.
13355       </para>
13356      </listitem>
13357
13358      <listitem>
13359       <para>
13360        Add type-specific <command>ANALYZE</command> statistics
13361        capability (Mark Cave-Ayland)
13362       </para>
13363       <para>
13364        This feature allows more flexibility in generating statistics
13365        for nonstandard data types.
13366       </para>
13367      </listitem>
13368
13369      <listitem>
13370       <para>
13371        <command>ANALYZE</command> now collects statistics for
13372        expression indexes (Tom)
13373       </para>
13374       <para>
13375        Expression indexes (also called functional indexes) allow users to
13376        index not just columns but the results of expressions and function
13377        calls. With this release, the optimizer can gather and use statistics
13378        about the contents of expression indexes.  This will greatly improve
13379        the quality of planning for queries in which an expression index is
13380        relevant.
13381       </para>
13382      </listitem>
13383
13384      <listitem>
13385       <para>
13386        New two-stage sampling method for <command>ANALYZE</command>
13387        (Manfred Koizar)
13388       </para>
13389       <para>
13390        This gives better statistics when the density of valid rows is very
13391        different in different regions of a table.
13392       </para>
13393      </listitem>
13394
13395      <listitem>
13396       <para>
13397        Speed up <command>TRUNCATE</command> (Tom)
13398       </para>
13399       <para>
13400        This buys back some of the performance loss observed in 7.4, while still
13401        keeping <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe.
13402       </para>
13403      </listitem>
13404
13405     </itemizedlist>
13406    </sect3>
13407
13408
13409    <sect3>
13410     <title>Server Changes</title>
13411     <itemizedlist>
13412
13413      <listitem>
13414       <para>
13415        Add WAL file archiving and point-in-time recovery (Simon Riggs)
13416       </para>
13417      </listitem>
13418
13419      <listitem>
13420       <para>
13421        Add tablespaces so admins can control disk layout (Gavin)
13422       </para>
13423      </listitem>
13424
13425      <listitem>
13426       <para>
13427        Add a built-in log rotation program (Andreas Pflug)
13428       </para>
13429       <para>
13430        It is now possible to log server messages conveniently without
13431        relying on either <application>syslog</> or an external log
13432        rotation program.
13433       </para>
13434      </listitem>
13435
13436      <listitem>
13437       <para>
13438        Add new read-only server configuration parameters to show server
13439        compile-time settings: <varname>block_size</>,
13440        <varname>integer_datetimes</>, <varname>max_function_args</>,
13441        <varname>max_identifier_length</>, <varname>max_index_keys</>  (Joe)
13442       </para>
13443      </listitem>
13444
13445      <listitem>
13446       <para>
13447        Make quoting of <literal>sameuser</>, <literal>samegroup</>, and
13448        <literal>all</> remove special meaning of these terms in
13449        <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
13450       </para>
13451      </listitem>
13452
13453      <listitem>
13454       <para>
13455        Use clearer IPv6 name <literal>::1/128</> for
13456        <literal>localhost</> in default <filename>pg_hba.conf</> (Andrew)
13457       </para>
13458      </listitem>
13459
13460      <listitem>
13461       <para>
13462        Use CIDR format in <filename>pg_hba.conf</> examples (Andrew)
13463       </para>
13464      </listitem>
13465
13466      <listitem>
13467       <para>
13468        Rename server configuration parameters <varname>SortMem</> and
13469        <varname>VacuumMem</> to <varname>work_mem</> and
13470        <varname>maintenance_work_mem</> (Old names still supported) (Tom)
13471       </para>
13472       <para>
13473        This change was made to clarify that bulk operations such as index and
13474        foreign key creation use <varname>maintenance_work_mem</>, while
13475        <varname>work_mem</> is for workspaces used during query execution.
13476       </para>
13477      </listitem>
13478
13479      <listitem>
13480       <para>
13481        Allow logging of session disconnections using server configuration
13482        <varname>log_disconnections</> (Andrew)
13483       </para>
13484      </listitem>
13485
13486      <listitem>
13487       <para>
13488        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>log_line_prefix</> to
13489        allow control of information emitted in each log line (Andrew)
13490       </para>
13491       <para>
13492        Available information includes user name, database name, remote IP
13493        address, and session start time.
13494       </para>
13495      </listitem>
13496
13497      <listitem>
13498       <para>
13499        Remove server configuration parameters <varname>log_pid</>,
13500        <varname>log_timestamp</>, <varname>log_source_port</>; functionality
13501        superseded by <varname>log_line_prefix</> (Andrew)
13502       </para>
13503      </listitem>
13504
13505      <listitem>
13506       <para>
13507        Replace the <varname>virtual_host</> and <varname>tcpip_socket</>
13508        parameters with a unified <varname>listen_addresses</> parameter
13509        (Andrew, Tom)
13510       </para>
13511       <para>
13512        <varname>virtual_host</> could only specify a single IP address to
13513        listen on.  <varname>listen_addresses</> allows multiple addresses
13514        to be specified.
13515       </para>
13516      </listitem>
13517
13518      <listitem>
13519       <para>
13520        Listen on localhost by default, which eliminates the need for the
13521        <option>-i</> postmaster switch in many scenarios (Andrew)
13522       </para>
13523       <para>
13524        Listening on localhost (<literal>127.0.0.1</>) opens no new
13525        security holes but allows configurations like Windows and JDBC,
13526        which do not support local sockets, to work without special
13527        adjustments.
13528       </para>
13529      </listitem>
13530
13531      <listitem>
13532       <para>
13533        Remove <varname>syslog</> server configuration parameter, and add more
13534        logical <varname>log_destination</> variable to control log output
13535        location (Magnus)
13536       </para>
13537      </listitem>
13538
13539      <listitem>
13540       <para>
13541        Change server configuration parameter <varname>log_statement</> to take
13542        values <varname>all</>, <varname>mod</>, <varname>ddl</>, or
13543        <varname>none</> to select which queries are logged (Bruce)
13544       </para>
13545       <para>
13546        This allows administrators to log only data definition changes or
13547        only data modification statements.
13548       </para>
13549      </listitem>
13550
13551      <listitem>
13552       <para>
13553        Some logging-related configuration parameters could formerly be adjusted
13554        by ordinary users, but only in the <quote>more verbose</> direction.
13555        They are now treated more strictly: only superusers can set them.
13556        However, a superuser can use <command>ALTER USER</> to provide per-user
13557        settings of these values for non-superusers.  Also, it is now possible
13558        for superusers to set values of superuser-only configuration parameters
13559        via <literal>PGOPTIONS</>.
13560       </para>
13561      </listitem>
13562
13563      <listitem>
13564       <para>
13565        Allow configuration files to be placed outside the data directory (mlw)
13566       </para>
13567       <para>
13568        By default, configuration files are kept in the cluster's top directory.
13569        With this addition, configuration files can be placed outside the
13570        data directory, easing administration.
13571       </para>
13572      </listitem>
13573
13574      <listitem>
13575       <para>
13576        Plan prepared queries only when first executed so constants can be
13577        used for statistics (Oliver Jowett)
13578       </para>
13579       <para>
13580        Prepared statements plan queries once and execute them many
13581        times. While prepared queries avoid the overhead of re-planning
13582        on each use, the quality of the plan suffers from not knowing the exact
13583        parameters to be used in the query.  In this release, planning of
13584        unnamed prepared statements is delayed until the first execution,
13585        and the actual parameter values of that execution are used as
13586        optimization hints.  This allows use of out-of-line parameter passing
13587        without incurring a performance penalty.
13588       </para>
13589      </listitem>
13590
13591      <listitem>
13592       <para>
13593        Allow <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> to take parameters
13594        (Oliver Jowett)
13595       </para>
13596       <para>
13597        It is now useful to issue <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> in a
13598        <function>Parse</> message with parameters. The parameter values
13599        sent at <function>Bind</> time will be substituted into the
13600        execution of the cursor's query.
13601       </para>
13602      </listitem>
13603
13604      <listitem>
13605       <para>
13606        Fix hash joins and aggregates of <type>inet</type> and
13607        <type>cidr</type> data types (Tom)
13608       </para>
13609       <para>
13610        Release 7.4 handled hashing of mixed <type>inet</type> and
13611        <type>cidr</type> values incorrectly.  (This bug did not exist
13612        in prior releases because they wouldn't try to hash either
13613        data type.)
13614       </para>
13615      </listitem>
13616
13617      <listitem>
13618       <para>
13619        Make <varname>log_duration</> print only when <varname>log_statement</>
13620        prints the query (Ed L.)
13621       </para>
13622      </listitem>
13623
13624     </itemizedlist>
13625    </sect3>
13626
13627
13628    <sect3>
13629     <title>Query Changes</title>
13630     <itemizedlist>
13631
13632      <listitem>
13633       <para>
13634        Add savepoints (nested transactions) (Alvaro)
13635       </para>
13636      </listitem>
13637
13638      <listitem>
13639       <para>
13640        Unsupported isolation levels are now accepted and promoted to the
13641        nearest supported level (Peter)
13642       </para>
13643       <para>
13644        The SQL specification states that if a database doesn't support a
13645        specific isolation level, it should use the next more restrictive level.
13646        This change complies with that recommendation.
13647       </para>
13648      </listitem>
13649
13650      <listitem>
13651       <para>
13652        Allow <command>BEGIN WORK</command> to specify transaction
13653        isolation levels like <command>START TRANSACTION</command> does
13654        (Bruce)
13655       </para>
13656      </listitem>
13657
13658      <listitem>
13659       <para>
13660        Fix table permission checking for cases in which rules generate
13661        a query type different from the originally submitted query (Tom)
13662       </para>
13663      </listitem>
13664
13665      <listitem>
13666       <para>
13667        Implement dollar quoting to simplify single-quote usage (Andrew, Tom,
13668        David Fetter)
13669       </para>
13670       <para>
13671        In previous releases, because single quotes had to be used to
13672        quote a function's body, the use of single quotes inside the
13673        function text required use of two single quotes or other error-prone
13674        notations. With this release we add the ability to use "dollar
13675        quoting" to quote a block of text.  The ability to use different
13676        quoting delimiters at different nesting levels greatly simplifies
13677        the task of quoting correctly, especially in complex functions.
13678        Dollar quoting can be used anywhere quoted text is needed.
13679       </para>
13680      </listitem>
13681
13682      <listitem>
13683       <para>
13684        Make <literal>CASE val WHEN compval1 THEN ...</> evaluate <literal>val</> only once (Tom)
13685       </para>
13686       <para>
13687        <option>CASE</> no longer evaluates the tested expression multiple
13688        times. This has benefits when the expression is complex or is
13689        volatile.
13690       </para>
13691      </listitem>
13692
13693      <listitem>
13694       <para>
13695        Test <option>HAVING</> before computing target list of an
13696        aggregate query (Tom)
13697       </para>
13698       <para>
13699        Fixes improper failure of cases such as <literal>SELECT SUM(win)/SUM(lose)
13700        ... GROUP BY ... HAVING SUM(lose) &gt; 0</>.  This should work but formerly
13701        could fail with divide-by-zero.
13702       </para>
13703      </listitem>
13704
13705      <listitem>
13706       <para>
13707        Replace <varname>max_expr_depth</> parameter with
13708        <varname>max_stack_depth</> parameter, measured in kilobytes of stack
13709        size (Tom)
13710       </para>
13711       <para>
13712       This gives us a fairly bulletproof defense against crashing due to
13713       runaway recursive functions. Instead of measuring the depth of expression
13714       nesting, we now directly measure the size of the execution stack.
13715       </para>
13716      </listitem>
13717
13718      <listitem>
13719       <para>
13720        Allow arbitrary row expressions (Tom)
13721       </para>
13722       <para>
13723        This release allows SQL expressions to contain arbitrary composite
13724        types, that is, row values. It also allows functions to more easily
13725        take rows as arguments and return row values.
13726       </para>
13727      </listitem>
13728
13729      <listitem>
13730       <para>
13731        Allow <option>LIKE</>/<option>ILIKE</> to be used as the operator
13732        in row and subselect comparisons (Fabien Coelho)
13733       </para>
13734      </listitem>
13735
13736      <listitem>
13737       <para>
13738        Avoid locale-specific case conversion of basic ASCII letters in
13739        identifiers and keywords (Tom)
13740       </para>
13741       <para>
13742        This solves the <quote>Turkish problem</> with mangling of words
13743        containing <literal>I</> and  <literal>i</>.  Folding of characters
13744        outside the 7-bit-ASCII set is still locale-aware.
13745       </para>
13746      </listitem>
13747
13748      <listitem>
13749       <para>
13750        Improve syntax error reporting (Fabien, Tom)
13751       </para>
13752       <para>
13753        Syntax error reports are more useful than before.
13754       </para>
13755      </listitem>
13756
13757      <listitem>
13758       <para>
13759        Change <command>EXECUTE</command> to return a completion tag
13760        matching the executed statement (Kris Jurka)
13761       </para>
13762       <para>
13763        Previous releases return an <command>EXECUTE</command> tag for
13764        any <command>EXECUTE</command> call. In this release, the tag
13765        returned will reflect the command executed.
13766       </para>
13767      </listitem>
13768
13769      <listitem>
13770       <para>
13771        Avoid emitting <option>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> in rule listings (Tom)
13772       </para>
13773       <para>
13774        Such a clause makes no logical sense, but in some cases the rule
13775        decompiler formerly produced this syntax.
13776       </para>
13777      </listitem>
13778
13779     </itemizedlist>
13780    </sect3>
13781
13782
13783    <sect3>
13784     <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
13785     <itemizedlist>
13786
13787      <listitem>
13788       <para>
13789        Add <command>COMMENT ON</> for casts, conversions, languages,
13790        operator classes, and large objects (Christopher)
13791       </para>
13792      </listitem>
13793
13794      <listitem>
13795       <para>
13796        Add new server configuration parameter <varname>default_with_oids</> to
13797        control whether tables are created with <type>OID</>s by default (Neil)
13798       </para>
13799       <para>
13800        This allows administrators to control whether <command>CREATE
13801        TABLE</command> commands create tables with or without <type>OID</>
13802        columns by default.  (Note: the current factory default setting for
13803        <varname>default_with_oids</> is <literal>TRUE</>, but the default
13804        will become <literal>FALSE</> in future releases.)
13805       </para>
13806      </listitem>
13807
13808      <listitem>
13809       <para>
13810        Add <option>WITH</> / <option>WITHOUT OIDS</> clause to
13811        <command>CREATE TABLE AS</command> (Neil)
13812       </para>
13813      </listitem>
13814
13815      <listitem>
13816       <para>
13817        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</> to drop an <type>OID</>
13818        column (<command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</> still works)
13819        (Tom)
13820       </para>
13821      </listitem>
13822
13823      <listitem>
13824       <para>
13825        Allow composite types as table columns (Tom)
13826       </para>
13827      </listitem>
13828
13829      <listitem>
13830       <para>
13831        Allow <command>ALTER ... ADD COLUMN</> with defaults and
13832        <option>NOT NULL</> constraints; works per SQL spec (Rod)
13833       </para>
13834       <para>
13835        It is now possible for <option>ADD COLUMN</> to create a column
13836        that is not initially filled with NULLs, but with a specified
13837        default value.
13838       </para>
13839      </listitem>
13840
13841      <listitem>
13842       <para>
13843        Add <command>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> to change column's type (Rod)
13844       </para>
13845       <para>
13846        It is now possible to alter a column's data type without dropping
13847        and re-adding the column.
13848       </para>
13849      </listitem>
13850
13851      <listitem>
13852       <para>
13853        Allow multiple <command>ALTER</> actions in a single <command>ALTER
13854        TABLE</command> command (Rod)
13855       </para>
13856       <para>
13857        This is particularly useful for <command>ALTER</> commands that
13858        rewrite the table (which include <option>ALTER COLUMN TYPE</> and
13859        <option>ADD COLUMN</> with a default). By grouping
13860        <command>ALTER</> commands together, the table need be rewritten
13861        only once.
13862       </para>
13863      </listitem>
13864
13865      <listitem>
13866       <para>
13867        Allow <command>ALTER TABLE</command> to add <type>SERIAL</type>
13868        columns (Tom)
13869       </para>
13870       <para>
13871        This falls out from the new capability of specifying defaults for new
13872        columns.
13873       </para>
13874      </listitem>
13875
13876      <listitem>
13877       <para>
13878        Allow changing the owners of aggregates, conversions, databases,
13879        functions, operators, operator classes, schemas, types, and tablespaces
13880        (Christopher, Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
13881       </para>
13882       <para>
13883        Previously this required modifying the system tables directly.
13884       </para>
13885      </listitem>
13886
13887      <listitem>
13888       <para>
13889        Allow temporary object creation to be limited to <option>SECURITY
13890        DEFINER</> functions (Sean Chittenden)
13891       </para>
13892      </listitem>
13893
13894      <listitem>
13895       <para>
13896        Add <option>ALTER TABLE ... SET WITHOUT CLUSTER</> (Christopher)
13897       </para>
13898       <para>
13899        Prior to this release, there was no way to clear an auto-cluster
13900        specification except to modify the system tables.
13901       </para>
13902      </listitem>
13903
13904      <listitem>
13905       <para>
13906        Constraint/Index/<type>SERIAL</> names are now
13907        <replaceable>table_column_type</>
13908        with numbers appended to guarantee uniqueness within the schema
13909        (Tom)
13910       </para>
13911       <para>
13912        The SQL specification states that such names should be unique
13913        within a schema.
13914       </para>
13915      </listitem>
13916
13917      <listitem>
13918       <para>
13919        Add <function>pg_get_serial_sequence()</> to return a
13920        <type>SERIAL</> column's sequence name (Christopher)
13921       </para>
13922       <para>
13923        This allows automated scripts to reliably find the <type>SERIAL</>
13924        sequence name.
13925       </para>
13926      </listitem>
13927
13928      <listitem>
13929       <para>
13930        Warn when primary/foreign key data type mismatch requires costly lookup
13931       </para>
13932      </listitem>
13933
13934      <listitem>
13935       <para>
13936        New <command>ALTER INDEX</> command to allow moving of indexes
13937        between tablespaces (Gavin)
13938       </para>
13939      </listitem>
13940
13941      <listitem>
13942       <para>
13943        Make <command>ALTER TABLE OWNER</> change dependent sequence
13944        ownership too (Alvaro)
13945       </para>
13946      </listitem>
13947
13948
13949     </itemizedlist>
13950    </sect3>
13951
13952
13953    <sect3>
13954     <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
13955     <itemizedlist>
13956
13957      <listitem>
13958       <para>
13959        Allow <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> to create triggers,
13960        indexes, and sequences (Neil)
13961       </para>
13962      </listitem>
13963
13964      <listitem>
13965       <para>
13966        Add <option>ALSO</> keyword to <command>CREATE RULE</command> (Fabien
13967        Coelho)
13968       </para>
13969       <para>
13970        This allows <option>ALSO</> to be added to rule creation to contrast it with
13971        <option>INSTEAD</> rules.
13972       </para>
13973      </listitem>
13974
13975      <listitem>
13976       <para>
13977        Add <option>NOWAIT</> option to <command>LOCK</command> (Tatsuo)
13978       </para>
13979       <para>
13980        This allows the <command>LOCK</command> command to fail if it
13981        would have to wait for the requested lock.
13982       </para>
13983      </listitem>
13984
13985      <listitem>
13986       <para>
13987        Allow <command>COPY</command> to read and write
13988        comma-separated-value (CSV) files (Andrew, Bruce)
13989       </para>
13990      </listitem>
13991
13992      <listitem>
13993       <para>
13994        Generate error if the <command>COPY</command> delimiter and NULL
13995        string conflict (Bruce)
13996       </para>
13997      </listitem>
13998
13999      <listitem>
14000       <para>
14001        <command>GRANT</command>/<command>REVOKE</command> behavior
14002        follows the SQL spec more closely
14003       </para>
14004      </listitem>
14005
14006      <listitem>
14007       <para>
14008        Avoid locking conflict between <command>CREATE INDEX</command>
14009        and <command>CHECKPOINT</command> (Tom)
14010       </para>
14011       <para>
14012        In 7.3 and 7.4, a long-running B-tree index build could block concurrent
14013        <command>CHECKPOINT</>s from completing, thereby causing WAL bloat because the
14014        WAL log could not be recycled.
14015       </para>
14016      </listitem>
14017
14018      <listitem>
14019       <para>
14020        Database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command> does not hold locks
14021        across tables (Tom)
14022       </para>
14023       <para>
14024        This reduces the potential for deadlocks against other backends
14025        that want exclusive locks on tables.  To get the benefit of this
14026        change, do not execute database-wide <command>ANALYZE</command>
14027        inside a transaction block (<command>BEGIN</command> block); it
14028        must be able to commit and start a new transaction for each
14029        table.
14030       </para>
14031      </listitem>
14032
14033      <listitem>
14034       <para>
14035        <command>REINDEX</command> does not exclusively lock the index's
14036        parent table anymore
14037       </para>
14038       <para>
14039        The index itself is still exclusively locked, but readers of the
14040        table can continue if they are not using the particular index
14041        being rebuilt.
14042       </para>
14043      </listitem>
14044
14045      <listitem>
14046       <para>
14047        Erase MD5 user passwords when a user is renamed (Bruce)
14048       </para>
14049       <para>
14050        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses the user name as salt
14051        when encrypting passwords via MD5. When a user's name is changed,
14052        the salt will no longer match the stored MD5 password, so the
14053        stored password becomes useless.  In this release a notice is
14054        generated and the password is cleared.  A new password must then
14055        be assigned if the user is to be able to log in with a password.
14056       </para>
14057      </listitem>
14058
14059      <listitem>
14060       <para>
14061        New <application>pg_ctl</> <option>kill</> option for Windows (Andrew)
14062       </para>
14063       <para>
14064        Windows does not have a <literal>kill</> command to send signals to
14065        backends so this capability was added to <application>pg_ctl</>.
14066       </para>
14067      </listitem>
14068
14069      <listitem>
14070       <para>
14071        Information schema improvements
14072       </para>
14073      </listitem>
14074
14075      <listitem>
14076       <para>
14077        Add <option>--pwfile</> option to
14078        <application>initdb</application> so the initial password can be
14079        set by GUI tools (Magnus)
14080       </para>
14081      </listitem>
14082
14083      <listitem>
14084       <para>
14085        Detect locale/encoding mismatch in
14086        <application>initdb</application> (Peter)
14087       </para>
14088      </listitem>
14089
14090      <listitem>
14091       <para>
14092        Add <option>register</> command to <application>pg_ctl</> to
14093        register Windows operating system service (Dave Page)
14094       </para>
14095      </listitem>
14096
14097     </itemizedlist>
14098    </sect3>
14099
14100
14101    <sect3>
14102     <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
14103     <itemizedlist>
14104
14105      <listitem>
14106       <para>
14107        More complete support for composite types (row types)  (Tom)
14108       </para>
14109       <para>
14110        Composite values can be used in many places where only scalar values
14111        worked before.
14112       </para>
14113      </listitem>
14114
14115      <listitem>
14116       <para>
14117        Reject nonrectangular array values as erroneous (Joe)
14118       </para>
14119       <para>
14120        Formerly, <function>array_in</> would silently build a
14121        surprising result.
14122       </para>
14123      </listitem>
14124
14125       <listitem>
14126        <para>
14127         Overflow in integer arithmetic operations is now detected (Tom)
14128        </para>
14129       </listitem>
14130
14131       <listitem>
14132        <para>
14133         The arithmetic operators associated with the single-byte
14134         <type>"char"</> data type have been removed.
14135        </para>
14136        <para>
14137         Formerly, the parser would select these operators in many situations
14138         where an <quote>unable to select an operator</> error would be more
14139         appropriate, such as <literal>null * null</>.  If you actually want
14140         to do arithmetic on a <type>"char"</> column, you can cast it to
14141         integer explicitly.
14142        </para>
14143       </listitem>
14144
14145      <listitem>
14146        <para>
14147         Syntax checking of array input values considerably tightened up (Joe)
14148        </para>
14149       <para>
14150         Junk that was previously allowed in odd places with odd results
14151         now causes an <literal>ERROR</>, for example, non-whitespace
14152         after the closing right brace.
14153        </para>
14154      </listitem>
14155
14156      <listitem>
14157        <para>
14158         Empty-string array element values must now be written as
14159         <literal>""</>, rather than writing nothing (Joe)
14160        </para>
14161       <para>
14162         Formerly, both ways of writing an empty-string element value were
14163         allowed, but now a quoted empty string is required.  The case where
14164         nothing at all appears will probably be considered to be a NULL
14165         element value in some future release.
14166        </para>
14167      </listitem>
14168
14169      <listitem>
14170        <para>
14171         Array element trailing whitespace is now ignored (Joe)
14172        </para>
14173       <para>
14174         Formerly leading whitespace was ignored, but trailing whitespace
14175         between an element value and the delimiter or right brace was
14176         significant.  Now trailing whitespace is also ignored.
14177        </para>
14178      </listitem>
14179
14180      <listitem>
14181       <para>
14182        Emit array values with explicit array bounds when lower bound is not one
14183        (Joe)
14184       </para>
14185      </listitem>
14186
14187      <listitem>
14188       <para>
14189        Accept <literal>YYYY-monthname-DD</> as a date string (Tom)
14190       </para>
14191      </listitem>
14192
14193      <listitem>
14194       <para>
14195        Make <function>netmask</> and <function>hostmask</> functions
14196        return maximum-length mask length (Tom)
14197       </para>
14198      </listitem>
14199
14200      <listitem>
14201       <para>
14202        Change factorial function to return <type>numeric</type> (Gavin)
14203       </para>
14204       <para>
14205        Returning <type>numeric</type> allows the factorial function to
14206        work for a wider range of input values.
14207       </para>
14208      </listitem>
14209
14210      <listitem>
14211       <para>
14212        <function>to_char</>/<function>to_date()</> date conversion
14213        improvements (Kurt Roeckx, Fabien Coelho)
14214       </para>
14215      </listitem>
14216
14217      <listitem>
14218       <para>
14219        Make <function>length()</> disregard trailing spaces in
14220        <type>CHAR(n)</> (Gavin)
14221       </para>
14222       <para>
14223        This change was made to improve consistency: trailing spaces are
14224        semantically insignificant in <type>CHAR(n)</> data, so they
14225        should not be counted by <function>length()</>.
14226       </para>
14227      </listitem>
14228
14229      <listitem>
14230       <para>
14231        Warn about empty string being passed to
14232        <type>OID</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</> data types (Neil)
14233       </para>
14234       <para>
14235        8.1 will throw an error instead.
14236       </para>
14237      </listitem>
14238
14239      <listitem>
14240       <para>
14241        Allow leading or trailing whitespace in
14242        <type>int2</>/<type>int4</>/<type>int8</>/<type>float4</>/<type>float8</>
14243        input routines
14244        (Neil)
14245       </para>
14246      </listitem>
14247
14248      <listitem>
14249       <para>
14250        Better support for IEEE <literal>Infinity</> and <literal>NaN</>
14251        values in <type>float4</type>/<type>float8</type> (Neil)
14252       </para>
14253       <para>
14254        These should now work on all platforms that support IEEE-compliant
14255        floating point arithmetic.
14256       </para>
14257      </listitem>
14258
14259      <listitem>
14260       <para>
14261        Add <option>week</> option to <function>date_trunc()</> (Robert Creager)
14262       </para>
14263      </listitem>
14264
14265      <listitem>
14266       <para>
14267        Fix <function>to_char</function> for <literal>1 BC</>
14268        (previously it returned <literal>1 AD</>) (Bruce)
14269       </para>
14270      </listitem>
14271
14272      <listitem>
14273       <para>
14274        Fix <function>date_part(year)</> for BC dates (previously it
14275        returned one less than the correct year) (Bruce)
14276       </para>
14277      </listitem>
14278
14279      <listitem>
14280       <para>
14281        Fix <function>date_part()</> to return the proper millennium and
14282        century (Fabien Coelho)
14283       </para>
14284       <para>
14285        In previous versions, the century and millennium results had a wrong
14286        number and started in the wrong year, as compared to standard
14287        reckoning of such things.
14288       </para>
14289      </listitem>
14290
14291      <listitem>
14292       <para>
14293        Add <function>ceiling()</> as an alias for <function>ceil()</>,
14294        and <function>power()</> as an alias for <function>pow()</> for
14295        standards compliance (Neil)
14296       </para>
14297      </listitem>
14298
14299      <listitem>
14300       <para>
14301        Change <function>ln()</>, <function>log()</>,
14302        <function>power()</>, and <function>sqrt()</> to emit the correct
14303        <literal>SQLSTATE</> error codes for certain error conditions, as
14304        specified by SQL:2003 (Neil)
14305       </para>
14306      </listitem>
14307
14308      <listitem>
14309       <para>
14310        Add <function>width_bucket()</> function as defined by SQL:2003 (Neil)
14311       </para>
14312      </listitem>
14313
14314      <listitem>
14315       <para>
14316        Add <function>generate_series()</> functions to simplify working
14317        with numeric sets (Joe)
14318       </para>
14319      </listitem>
14320
14321      <listitem>
14322       <para>
14323        Fix <function>upper/lower/initcap()</> functions to work with
14324        multibyte encodings (Tom)
14325       </para>
14326      </listitem>
14327
14328      <listitem>
14329       <para>
14330        Add boolean and bitwise integer <option>AND</>/<option>OR</>
14331        aggregates (Fabien Coelho)
14332       </para>
14333      </listitem>
14334
14335      <listitem>
14336       <para>
14337        New session information functions to return network addresses for client
14338        and server (Sean Chittenden)
14339       </para>
14340      </listitem>
14341
14342      <listitem>
14343       <para>
14344        Add function to determine the area of a closed path (Sean Chittenden)
14345       </para>
14346      </listitem>
14347
14348      <listitem>
14349       <para>
14350        Add function to send cancel request to other backends (Magnus)
14351       </para>
14352      </listitem>
14353
14354      <listitem>
14355       <para>
14356        Add <type>interval</> plus <type>datetime</> operators (Tom)
14357       </para>
14358       <para>
14359        The reverse ordering, <type>datetime</> plus <type>interval</>,
14360        was already supported, but both are required by the SQL standard.
14361       </para>
14362      </listitem>
14363
14364      <listitem>
14365       <para>
14366        Casting an integer to <type>BIT(N)</> selects the rightmost N bits
14367        of the integer
14368        (Tom)
14369       </para>
14370       <para>
14371        In prior releases, the leftmost N bits were selected, but this was
14372        deemed unhelpful, not to mention inconsistent with casting from bit
14373        to int.
14374       </para>
14375      </listitem>
14376
14377      <listitem>
14378       <para>
14379        Require <type>CIDR</> values to have all nonmasked bits be zero
14380        (Kevin Brintnall)
14381       </para>
14382      </listitem>
14383
14384     </itemizedlist>
14385    </sect3>
14386
14387
14388    <sect3>
14389     <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>
14390     <itemizedlist>
14391
14392      <listitem>
14393       <para>
14394        In <literal>READ COMMITTED</> serialization mode, volatile functions
14395        now see the results of concurrent transactions committed up to the
14396        beginning of each statement within the function, rather than up to the
14397        beginning of the interactive command that called the function.
14398       </para>
14399      </listitem>
14400
14401      <listitem>
14402       <para>
14403        Functions declared <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</> always
14404        use the snapshot of the calling query, and therefore do not see the
14405        effects of actions taken after the calling query starts, whether in
14406        their own transaction or other transactions.  Such a function must be
14407        read-only, too, meaning that it cannot use any SQL commands other than
14408        <command>SELECT</>.  There is a considerable performance gain from
14409        declaring a function <literal>STABLE</> or <literal>IMMUTABLE</>
14410        rather than <literal>VOLATILE</>.
14411       </para>
14412      </listitem>
14413
14414      <listitem>
14415       <para>
14416        Nondeferred <option>AFTER</> triggers are now fired immediately
14417        after completion of the triggering query, rather than upon
14418        finishing the current interactive command. This makes a difference
14419        when the triggering query occurred within a function: the trigger
14420        is invoked before the function proceeds to its next operation. For
14421        example, if a function inserts a new row into a table, any
14422        nondeferred foreign key checks occur before proceeding with the
14423        function.
14424       </para>
14425      </listitem>
14426
14427      <listitem>
14428       <para>
14429        Allow function parameters to be declared with names (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
14430       </para>
14431       <para>
14432        This allows better documentation of functions.  Whether the names
14433        actually do anything depends on the specific function language
14434        being used.
14435       </para>
14436      </listitem>
14437
14438      <listitem>
14439       <para>
14440        Allow PL/pgSQL parameter names to be referenced in the function (Dennis Bj&ouml;rklund)
14441       </para>
14442       <para>
14443        This basically creates an automatic alias for each named parameter.
14444       </para>
14445      </listitem>
14446
14447      <listitem>
14448       <para>
14449        Do minimal syntax checking of PL/pgSQL functions at creation time (Tom)
14450       </para>
14451       <para>
14452        This allows us to catch simple syntax errors sooner.
14453       </para>
14454      </listitem>
14455
14456      <listitem>
14457       <para>
14458        More support for composite types (row and record variables) in PL/pgSQL
14459       </para>
14460       <para>
14461        For example, it now works to pass a rowtype variable to another function
14462        as a single variable.
14463       </para>
14464      </listitem>
14465
14466      <listitem>
14467       <para>
14468        Default values for PL/pgSQL variables can now reference previously
14469        declared variables
14470       </para>
14471      </listitem>
14472
14473      <listitem>
14474       <para>
14475        Improve parsing of PL/pgSQL FOR loops (Tom)
14476       </para>
14477       <para>
14478        Parsing is now driven by presence of <literal>".."</> rather than
14479        data type of <option>FOR</> variable. This makes no difference for
14480        correct functions, but should result in more understandable error
14481        messages when a mistake is made.
14482       </para>
14483      </listitem>
14484
14485      <listitem>
14486       <para>
14487        Major overhaul of PL/Perl server-side language (Command Prompt, Andrew Dunstan)
14488       </para>
14489      </listitem>
14490
14491      <listitem>
14492       <para>
14493        In PL/Tcl, SPI commands are now run in subtransactions.  If an error
14494        occurs, the subtransaction is cleaned up and the error is reported
14495        as an ordinary Tcl error, which can be trapped with <literal>catch</>.
14496        Formerly, it was not possible to catch such errors.
14497       </para>
14498      </listitem>
14499
14500      <listitem>
14501       <para>
14502        Accept <command>ELSEIF</> in PL/pgSQL (Neil)
14503       </para>
14504       <para>
14505        Previously PL/pgSQL only allowed <command>ELSIF</>, but many people
14506        are accustomed to spelling this keyword <command>ELSEIF</>.
14507       </para>
14508      </listitem>
14509
14510     </itemizedlist>
14511    </sect3>
14512
14513
14514    <sect3>
14515     <title><application>psql</> Changes</title>
14516     <itemizedlist>
14517
14518      <listitem>
14519       <para>
14520        Improve <application>psql</> information display about database
14521        objects (Christopher)
14522       </para>
14523      </listitem>
14524
14525      <listitem>
14526       <para>
14527        Allow <application>psql</> to display group membership in
14528        <command>\du</> and <command>\dg</> (Markus Bertheau)
14529       </para>
14530      </listitem>
14531
14532      <listitem>
14533       <para>
14534        Prevent <application>psql</> <command>\dn</command> from showing
14535        temporary schemas (Bruce)
14536       </para>
14537      </listitem>
14538
14539      <listitem>
14540       <para>
14541        Allow <application>psql</> to handle tilde user expansion for file
14542        names (Zach Irmen)
14543       </para>
14544      </listitem>
14545
14546      <listitem>
14547       <para>
14548        Allow <application>psql</> to display fancy prompts, including
14549        color, via <application>readline</> (Reece Hart, Chet Ramey)
14550       </para>
14551      </listitem>
14552
14553      <listitem>
14554       <para>
14555        Make <application>psql</> <command>\copy</> match <command>COPY</command> command syntax
14556        fully (Tom)
14557       </para>
14558      </listitem>
14559
14560      <listitem>
14561       <para>
14562        Show the location of syntax errors (Fabien Coelho, Tom)
14563       </para>
14564      </listitem>
14565
14566      <listitem>
14567       <para>
14568        Add <command>CLUSTER</command> information to <application>psql</>
14569        <command>\d</> display
14570        (Bruce)
14571       </para>
14572      </listitem>
14573
14574      <listitem>
14575       <para>
14576        Change <application>psql</> <command>\copy stdin/stdout</> to read
14577        from command input/output (Bruce)
14578       </para>
14579      </listitem>
14580
14581      <listitem>
14582       <para>
14583        Add <option>pstdin</>/<option>pstdout</> to read from
14584        <application>psql</>'s <literal>stdin</>/<literal>stdout</> (Mark
14585        Feit)
14586       </para>
14587      </listitem>
14588
14589      <listitem>
14590       <para>
14591        Add global <application>psql</> configuration file, <filename>psqlrc.sample</filename>
14592        (Bruce)
14593       </para>
14594       <para>
14595        This allows a central file where global <application>psql</> startup commands can
14596        be stored.
14597       </para>
14598      </listitem>
14599
14600      <listitem>
14601       <para>
14602        Have <application>psql</> <command>\d+</> indicate if the table
14603        has an <type>OID</> column (Neil)
14604       </para>
14605      </listitem>
14606
14607      <listitem>
14608       <para>
14609        On Windows, use binary mode in <application>psql</> when reading files so control-Z
14610        is not seen as end-of-file
14611       </para>
14612      </listitem>
14613
14614      <listitem>
14615       <para>
14616        Have <command>\dn+</> show permissions and description for schemas (Dennis
14617        Bj&ouml;rklund)
14618       </para>
14619      </listitem>
14620
14621      <listitem>
14622       <para>
14623        Improve tab completion support (Stefan Kaltenbrunn, Greg Sabino Mullane)
14624       </para>
14625      </listitem>
14626
14627      <listitem>
14628       <para>
14629        Allow boolean settings to be set using upper or lower case (Michael Paesold)
14630       </para>
14631      </listitem>
14632
14633     </itemizedlist>
14634    </sect3>
14635
14636
14637    <sect3>
14638     <title><application>pg_dump</> Changes</title>
14639     <itemizedlist>
14640
14641      <listitem>
14642       <para>
14643        Use dependency information to improve the reliability of
14644        <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)
14645       </para>
14646       <para>
14647        This should solve the longstanding problems with related objects
14648        sometimes being dumped in the wrong order.
14649       </para>
14650      </listitem>
14651
14652      <listitem>
14653       <para>
14654        Have <application>pg_dump</> output objects in alphabetical order if possible (Tom)
14655       </para>
14656       <para>
14657        This should make it easier to identify changes between
14658        dump files.
14659       </para>
14660      </listitem>
14661
14662      <listitem>
14663       <para>
14664        Allow <application>pg_restore</> to ignore some SQL errors (Fabien Coelho)
14665       </para>
14666       <para>
14667        This makes <application>pg_restore</>'s behavior similar to the
14668        results of feeding a <application>pg_dump</> output script to
14669        <application>psql</>. In most cases, ignoring errors and plowing
14670        ahead is the most useful thing to do. Also added was a pg_restore
14671        option to give the old behavior of exiting on an error.
14672       </para>
14673      </listitem>
14674
14675      <listitem>
14676       <para>
14677        <application>pg_restore</> <option>-l</> display now includes
14678        objects' schema names
14679       </para>
14680      </listitem>
14681
14682      <listitem>
14683       <para>
14684        New begin/end markers in <application>pg_dump</> text output (Bruce)
14685       </para>
14686      </listitem>
14687
14688      <listitem>
14689       <para>
14690        Add start/stop times for
14691        <application>pg_dump</>/<application>pg_dumpall</> in verbose mode
14692        (Bruce)
14693       </para>
14694      </listitem>
14695
14696      <listitem>
14697       <para>
14698        Allow most <application>pg_dump</> options in
14699        <application>pg_dumpall</> (Christopher)
14700       </para>
14701      </listitem>
14702
14703      <listitem>
14704       <para>
14705        Have <application>pg_dump</> use <command>ALTER OWNER</> rather
14706        than <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> by default
14707        (Christopher)
14708       </para>
14709      </listitem>
14710
14711     </itemizedlist>
14712    </sect3>
14713
14714
14715    <sect3>
14716     <title>libpq Changes</title>
14717     <itemizedlist>
14718
14719      <listitem>
14720       <para>
14721        Make libpq's <option>SIGPIPE</> handling thread-safe (Bruce)
14722       </para>
14723      </listitem>
14724
14725      <listitem>
14726       <para>
14727        Add <function>PQmbdsplen()</> which returns the display length
14728        of a character (Tatsuo)
14729       </para>
14730      </listitem>
14731
14732      <listitem>
14733       <para>
14734        Add thread locking to <application>SSL</> and
14735        <application>Kerberos</> connections (Manfred Spraul)
14736       </para>
14737      </listitem>
14738
14739      <listitem>
14740       <para>
14741        Allow <function>PQoidValue()</>, <function>PQcmdTuples()</>, and
14742        <function>PQoidStatus()</> to work on <command>EXECUTE</command>
14743        commands (Neil)
14744       </para>
14745      </listitem>
14746
14747      <listitem>
14748       <para>
14749        Add <function>PQserverVersion()</> to provide more convenient
14750        access to the server version number (Greg Sabino Mullane)
14751       </para>
14752      </listitem>
14753
14754      <listitem>
14755       <para>
14756        Add <function>PQprepare/PQsendPrepared()</> functions to support
14757        preparing statements without necessarily specifying the data types
14758        of their parameters (Abhijit Menon-Sen)
14759       </para>
14760      </listitem>
14761
14762      <listitem>
14763       <para>
14764        Many ECPG improvements, including <command>SET DESCRIPTOR</> (Michael)
14765       </para>
14766      </listitem>
14767
14768     </itemizedlist>
14769    </sect3>
14770
14771
14772    <sect3>
14773     <title>Source Code Changes</title>
14774     <itemizedlist>
14775
14776      <listitem>
14777       <para>
14778        Allow the database server to run natively on Windows (Claudio, Magnus, Andrew)
14779       </para>
14780      </listitem>
14781
14782      <listitem>
14783       <para>
14784        Shell script commands converted to C versions for Windows support (Andrew)
14785       </para>
14786      </listitem>
14787
14788      <listitem>
14789       <para>
14790        Create an extension makefile framework (Fabien Coelho, Peter)
14791       </para>
14792       <para>
14793        This simplifies the task of building extensions outside the original
14794        source tree.
14795       </para>
14796      </listitem>
14797
14798      <listitem>
14799       <para>
14800        Support relocatable installations (Bruce)
14801       </para>
14802       <para>
14803        Directory paths for installed files (such as the
14804        <filename>/share</> directory) are now computed relative to the
14805        actual location of the executables, so that an installation tree
14806        can be moved to another place without reconfiguring and
14807        rebuilding.
14808       </para>
14809      </listitem>
14810
14811      <listitem>
14812       <para>
14813        Use <option>--with-docdir</> to choose installation location of documentation; also
14814        allow <option>--infodir</> (Peter)
14815       </para>
14816      </listitem>
14817
14818      <listitem>
14819       <para>
14820        Add <option>--without-docdir</> to prevent installation of documentation (Peter)
14821       </para>
14822      </listitem>
14823
14824      <listitem>
14825       <para>
14826        Upgrade to <application>DocBook</> V4.2 SGML (Peter)
14827       </para>
14828      </listitem>
14829
14830      <listitem>
14831       <para>
14832        New <literal>PostgreSQL</> <application>CVS</> tag (Marc)
14833       </para>
14834       <para>
14835        This was done to make it easier for organizations to manage their
14836        own copies of the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
14837        <application>CVS</> repository. File version stamps from the master
14838        repository will not get munged by checking into or out of a copied
14839        repository.
14840       </para>
14841      </listitem>
14842
14843      <listitem>
14844       <para>
14845        Clarify locking code (Manfred Koizar)
14846       </para>
14847      </listitem>
14848
14849      <listitem>
14850       <para>
14851        Buffer manager cleanup (Neil)
14852       </para>
14853      </listitem>
14854
14855      <listitem>
14856       <para>
14857        Decouple platform tests from CPU spinlock code (Bruce, Tom)
14858       </para>
14859      </listitem>
14860
14861      <listitem>
14862       <para>
14863        Add inlined test-and-set code on PA-RISC for <application>gcc</>
14864        (ViSolve, Tom)
14865       </para>
14866      </listitem>
14867
14868      <listitem>
14869       <para>
14870        Improve i386 spinlock code (Manfred Spraul)
14871       </para>
14872      </listitem>
14873
14874      <listitem>
14875       <para>
14876        Clean up spinlock assembly code to avoid warnings from newer
14877        <application>gcc</> releases (Tom)
14878       </para>
14879      </listitem>
14880
14881      <listitem>
14882       <para>
14883        Remove JDBC from source tree; now a separate project
14884       </para>
14885      </listitem>
14886
14887      <listitem>
14888       <para>
14889        Remove the libpgtcl client interface; now a separate project
14890       </para>
14891      </listitem>
14892
14893      <listitem>
14894       <para>
14895        More accurately estimate memory and file descriptor usage (Tom)
14896       </para>
14897      </listitem>
14898
14899      <listitem>
14900       <para>
14901        Improvements to the Mac OS X startup scripts (Ray A.)
14902       </para>
14903      </listitem>
14904
14905      <listitem>
14906       <para>
14907        New <function>fsync()</> test program (Bruce)
14908       </para>
14909      </listitem>
14910
14911      <listitem>
14912       <para>
14913        Major documentation improvements (Neil, Peter)
14914       </para>
14915      </listitem>
14916
14917      <listitem>
14918       <para>
14919        Remove <application>pg_encoding</application>; not needed
14920        anymore
14921       </para>
14922      </listitem>
14923
14924      <listitem>
14925       <para>
14926        Remove <application>pg_id</application>; not needed anymore
14927       </para>
14928      </listitem>
14929
14930      <listitem>
14931       <para>
14932        Remove <application>initlocation</application>; not needed
14933        anymore
14934       </para>
14935      </listitem>
14936
14937      <listitem>
14938       <para>
14939        Auto-detect thread flags (no more manual testing) (Bruce)
14940       </para>
14941      </listitem>
14942
14943      <listitem>
14944       <para>
14945        Use Olson's public domain <application>timezone</> library (Magnus)
14946       </para>
14947      </listitem>
14948
14949      <listitem>
14950       <para>
14951        With threading enabled, use thread flags on Unixware for
14952        backend executables too (Bruce)
14953       </para>
14954       <para>
14955        Unixware cannot mix threaded and nonthreaded object files in the
14956        same executable, so everything must be compiled as threaded.
14957       </para>
14958      </listitem>
14959
14960      <listitem>
14961       <para>
14962        <application>psql</> now uses a <application>flex</>-generated
14963        lexical analyzer to process command strings
14964       </para>
14965      </listitem>
14966
14967      <listitem>
14968       <para>
14969        Reimplement the linked list data structure used throughout the
14970        backend (Neil)
14971       </para>
14972       <para>
14973        This improves performance by allowing list append and length
14974        operations to be more efficient.
14975       </para>
14976      </listitem>
14977
14978      <listitem>
14979       <para>
14980        Allow dynamically loaded modules to create their own server configuration
14981        parameters (Thomas Hallgren)
14982       </para>
14983      </listitem>
14984
14985      <listitem>
14986       <para>
14987        New Brazilian version of FAQ (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)
14988       </para>
14989      </listitem>
14990
14991      <listitem>
14992       <para>
14993        Add French FAQ (Guillaume Lelarge)
14994       </para>
14995      </listitem>
14996
14997      <listitem>
14998       <para>
14999        New <application>pgevent</> for Windows logging
15000       </para>
15001      </listitem>
15002
15003      <listitem>
15004       <para>
15005        Make libpq and ECPG build as proper shared libraries on OS X (Tom)
15006       </para>
15007      </listitem>
15008
15009     </itemizedlist>
15010    </sect3>
15011
15012
15013    <sect3>
15014     <title>Contrib Changes</title>
15015     <itemizedlist>
15016
15017      <listitem>
15018       <para>
15019        Overhaul of <filename>contrib/dblink</> (Joe)
15020       </para>
15021      </listitem>
15022
15023      <listitem>
15024       <para>
15025        <filename>contrib/dbmirror</> improvements (Steven Singer)
15026       </para>
15027      </listitem>
15028
15029      <listitem>
15030       <para>
15031        New <filename>contrib/xml2</> (John Gray, Torchbox)
15032       </para>
15033      </listitem>
15034
15035      <listitem>
15036       <para>
15037        Updated <filename>contrib/mysql</filename>
15038       </para>
15039      </listitem>
15040
15041      <listitem>
15042       <para>
15043        New version of <filename>contrib/btree_gist</> (Teodor)
15044       </para>
15045      </listitem>
15046
15047      <listitem>
15048       <para>
15049        New <filename>contrib/trgm</>, trigram matching for
15050        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> (Teodor)
15051       </para>
15052      </listitem>
15053
15054      <listitem>
15055       <para>
15056        Many <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> improvements (Teodor)
15057       </para>
15058      </listitem>
15059
15060      <listitem>
15061       <para>
15062        Add double metaphone to <filename>contrib/fuzzystrmatch</> (Andrew)
15063       </para>
15064      </listitem>
15065
15066      <listitem>
15067       <para>
15068        Allow <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</> to run as a Windows service (Dave Page)
15069       </para>
15070      </listitem>
15071
15072      <listitem>
15073       <para>
15074        Add functions to <filename>contrib/dbsize</> (Andreas Pflug)
15075       </para>
15076      </listitem>
15077
15078      <listitem>
15079       <para>
15080        Removed <filename>contrib/pg_logger</>: obsoleted by integrated logging
15081        subprocess
15082       </para>
15083      </listitem>
15084
15085      <listitem>
15086       <para>
15087        Removed <filename>contrib/rserv</>: obsoleted by various separate projects
15088       </para>
15089      </listitem>
15090
15091     </itemizedlist>
15092    </sect3>
15093
15094   </sect2>
15095  </sect1>
15096
15097  <sect1 id="release-7-4-20">
15098   <title>Release 7.4.20</title>
15099
15100   <note>
15101   <title>Release date</title>
15102   <simpara>2008-06-09</simpara>
15103   </note>
15104
15105   <para>
15106    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.19.
15107    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15108    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15109   </para>
15110
15111   <sect2>
15112    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.20</title>
15113
15114    <para>
15115     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
15116     However, if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11,
15117     see the release notes for 7.4.11.
15118    </para>
15119
15120   </sect2>
15121
15122   <sect2>
15123    <title>Changes</title>
15124
15125    <itemizedlist>
15126
15127     <listitem>
15128      <para>
15129       Fix conversions between ISO-8859-5 and other encodings to handle
15130       Cyrillic <quote>Yo</> characters (<literal>e</> and <literal>E</> with
15131       two dots) (Sergey Burladyan)
15132      </para>
15133     </listitem>
15134
15135     <listitem>
15136      <para>
15137       Fix a few datatype input functions
15138       that were allowing unused bytes in their results to contain
15139       uninitialized, unpredictable values (Tom)
15140      </para>
15141
15142      <para>
15143       This could lead to failures in which two apparently identical literal
15144       values were not seen as equal, resulting in the parser complaining
15145       about unmatched <literal>ORDER BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>
15146       expressions.
15147      </para>
15148     </listitem>
15149
15150     <listitem>
15151      <para>
15152       Fix a corner case in regular-expression substring matching
15153       (<literal>substring(<replaceable>string</> from
15154       <replaceable>pattern</>)</literal>) (Tom)
15155      </para>
15156
15157      <para>
15158       The problem occurs when there is a match to the pattern overall but
15159       the user has specified a parenthesized subexpression and that
15160       subexpression hasn't got a match.  An example is
15161       <literal>substring('foo' from 'foo(bar)?')</>.
15162       This should return NULL, since <literal>(bar)</> isn't matched, but
15163       it was mistakenly returning the whole-pattern match instead (ie,
15164       <literal>foo</>).
15165      </para>
15166     </listitem>
15167
15168     <listitem>
15169      <para>
15170       Fix incorrect result from <application>ecpg</>'s
15171       <function>PGTYPEStimestamp_sub()</> function (Michael)
15172      </para>
15173     </listitem>
15174
15175     <listitem>
15176      <para>
15177       Fix <literal>DatumGetBool</> macro to not fail with <application>gcc</>
15178       4.3 (Tom)
15179      </para>
15180
15181      <para>
15182       This problem affects <quote>old style</> (V0) C functions that
15183       return boolean.  The fix is already in 8.3, but the need to
15184       back-patch it was not realized at the time.
15185      </para>
15186     </listitem>
15187
15188     <listitem>
15189      <para>
15190       Fix longstanding <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</>
15191       race condition (Tom)
15192      </para>
15193
15194      <para>
15195       In rare cases a session that had just executed a
15196       <command>LISTEN</> might not get a notification, even though
15197       one would be expected because the concurrent transaction executing
15198       <command>NOTIFY</> was observed to commit later.
15199      </para>
15200
15201      <para>
15202       A side effect of the fix is that a transaction that has executed
15203       a not-yet-committed <command>LISTEN</> command will not see any
15204       row in <structname>pg_listener</> for the <command>LISTEN</>,
15205       should it choose to look; formerly it would have.  This behavior
15206       was never documented one way or the other, but it is possible that
15207       some applications depend on the old behavior.
15208      </para>
15209     </listitem>
15210
15211     <listitem>
15212      <para>
15213       Fix display of constant expressions in <literal>ORDER BY</>
15214       and <literal>GROUP BY</> (Tom)
15215      </para>
15216
15217      <para>
15218       An explictly casted constant would be shown incorrectly.  This could
15219       for example lead to corruption of a view definition during
15220       dump and reload.
15221      </para>
15222     </listitem>
15223
15224     <listitem>
15225      <para>
15226       Fix <application>libpq</> to handle NOTICE messages correctly
15227       during COPY OUT (Tom)
15228      </para>
15229
15230      <para>
15231       This failure has only been observed to occur when a user-defined
15232       datatype's output routine issues a NOTICE, but there is no
15233       guarantee it couldn't happen due to other causes.
15234      </para>
15235     </listitem>
15236
15237    </itemizedlist>
15238
15239   </sect2>
15240  </sect1>
15241
15242  <sect1 id="release-7-4-19">
15243   <title>Release 7.4.19</title>
15244
15245   <note>
15246   <title>Release date</title>
15247   <simpara>2008-01-07</simpara>
15248   </note>
15249
15250   <para>
15251    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.18,
15252    including fixes for significant security issues.
15253    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15254    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15255   </para>
15256
15257   <sect2>
15258    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.19</title>
15259
15260    <para>
15261     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15262     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15263     notes for 7.4.11.
15264    </para>
15265
15266   </sect2>
15267
15268   <sect2>
15269    <title>Changes</title>
15270
15271    <itemizedlist>
15272
15273     <listitem>
15274      <para>
15275       Prevent functions in indexes from executing with the privileges of
15276       the user running <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, etc (Tom)
15277      </para>
15278
15279      <para>
15280       Functions used in index expressions and partial-index
15281       predicates are evaluated whenever a new table entry is made.  It has
15282       long been understood that this poses a risk of trojan-horse code
15283       execution if one modifies a table owned by an untrustworthy user.
15284       (Note that triggers, defaults, check constraints, etc. pose the
15285       same type of risk.)  But functions in indexes pose extra danger
15286       because they will be executed by routine maintenance operations
15287       such as <command>VACUUM FULL</>, which are commonly performed
15288       automatically under a superuser account.  For example, a nefarious user
15289       can execute code with superuser privileges by setting up a
15290       trojan-horse index definition and waiting for the next routine vacuum.
15291       The fix arranges for standard maintenance operations
15292       (including <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, <command>REINDEX</>,
15293       and <command>CLUSTER</>) to execute as the table owner rather than
15294       the calling user, using the same privilege-switching mechanism already
15295       used for <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.  To prevent bypassing
15296       this security measure, execution of <command>SET SESSION
15297       AUTHORIZATION</> and <command>SET ROLE</> is now forbidden within a
15298       <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> context.  (CVE-2007-6600)
15299      </para>
15300     </listitem>
15301
15302     <listitem>
15303      <para>
15304       Repair assorted bugs in the regular-expression package (Tom, Will Drewry)
15305      </para>
15306
15307      <para>
15308       Suitably crafted regular-expression patterns could cause crashes,
15309       infinite or near-infinite looping, and/or massive memory consumption,
15310       all of which pose denial-of-service hazards for applications that
15311       accept regex search patterns from untrustworthy sources.
15312       (CVE-2007-4769, CVE-2007-4772, CVE-2007-6067)
15313      </para>
15314     </listitem>
15315
15316     <listitem>
15317      <para>
15318       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
15319       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
15320      </para>
15321
15322      <para>
15323       The fix that appeared for this in 7.4.18 was incomplete, as it plugged
15324       the hole for only some <filename>dblink</> functions.  (CVE-2007-6601,
15325       CVE-2007-3278)
15326      </para>
15327     </listitem>
15328
15329     <listitem>
15330      <para>
15331       Fix planner failure in some cases of <literal>WHERE false AND var IN
15332       (SELECT ...)</> (Tom)
15333      </para>
15334     </listitem>
15335
15336     <listitem>
15337      <para>
15338       Fix potential crash in <function>translate()</> when using a multibyte
15339       database encoding (Tom)
15340      </para>
15341     </listitem>
15342
15343     <listitem>
15344      <para>
15345       Fix PL/Python to not crash on long exception messages (Alvaro)
15346      </para>
15347     </listitem>
15348
15349     <listitem>
15350      <para>
15351       <application>ecpg</> parser fixes (Michael)
15352      </para>
15353     </listitem>
15354
15355     <listitem>
15356      <para>
15357       Make <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>crosstab()</> handle
15358       NULL rowid as a category in its own right, rather than crashing (Joe)
15359      </para>
15360     </listitem>
15361
15362     <listitem>
15363      <para>
15364       Fix <type>tsvector</> and <type>tsquery</> output routines to
15365       escape backslashes correctly (Teodor, Bruce)
15366      </para>
15367     </listitem>
15368
15369     <listitem>
15370      <para>
15371       Fix crash of <function>to_tsvector()</> on huge input strings (Teodor)
15372      </para>
15373     </listitem>
15374
15375     <listitem>
15376      <para>
15377       Require a specific version of <productname>Autoconf</> to be used
15378       when re-generating the <command>configure</> script (Peter)
15379      </para>
15380
15381      <para>
15382       This affects developers and packagers only.  The change was made
15383       to prevent accidental use of untested combinations of
15384       <productname>Autoconf</> and <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions.
15385       You can remove the version check if you really want to use a
15386       different <productname>Autoconf</> version, but it's
15387       your responsibility whether the result works or not.
15388      </para>
15389     </listitem>
15390
15391    </itemizedlist>
15392
15393   </sect2>
15394  </sect1>
15395
15396  <sect1 id="release-7-4-18">
15397   <title>Release 7.4.18</title>
15398
15399   <note>
15400   <title>Release date</title>
15401   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
15402   </note>
15403
15404   <para>
15405    This release contains fixes from 7.4.17.
15406    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15407    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15408   </para>
15409
15410   <sect2>
15411    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.18</title>
15412
15413    <para>
15414     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15415     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15416     notes for 7.4.11.
15417    </para>
15418
15419   </sect2>
15420
15421   <sect2>
15422    <title>Changes</title>
15423
15424    <itemizedlist>
15425
15426     <listitem>
15427      <para>
15428       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
15429       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
15430       on the same table (Tom)
15431      </para>
15432     </listitem>
15433
15434     <listitem>
15435      <para>
15436       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
15437      </para>
15438     </listitem>
15439
15440     <listitem>
15441      <para>
15442       Fix excessive logging of <acronym>SSL</> error messages (Tom)
15443      </para>
15444     </listitem>
15445
15446     <listitem>
15447      <para>
15448       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
15449       of memory (Tom)
15450      </para>
15451     </listitem>
15452
15453     <listitem>
15454      <para>
15455       Prevent <command>CLUSTER</> from failing
15456       due to attempting to process temporary tables of other sessions (Alvaro)
15457      </para>
15458     </listitem>
15459
15460     <listitem>
15461      <para>
15462       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
15463       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
15464      </para>
15465     </listitem>
15466
15467    </itemizedlist>
15468
15469   </sect2>
15470  </sect1>
15471
15472  <sect1 id="release-7-4-17">
15473   <title>Release 7.4.17</title>
15474
15475   <note>
15476   <title>Release date</title>
15477   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
15478   </note>
15479
15480   <para>
15481    This release contains fixes from 7.4.16,
15482    including a security fix.
15483    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15484    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15485   </para>
15486
15487   <sect2>
15488    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.17</title>
15489
15490    <para>
15491     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15492     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15493     notes for 7.4.11.
15494    </para>
15495
15496   </sect2>
15497
15498   <sect2>
15499    <title>Changes</title>
15500
15501    <itemizedlist>
15502
15503     <listitem>
15504     <para>
15505      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
15506      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
15507      and operators (Tom)
15508     </para>
15509     <para>
15510      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
15511      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
15512      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
15513      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
15514      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
15515     </para>
15516     </listitem>
15517
15518     <listitem>
15519     <para>
15520      <filename>/contrib/tsearch2</> crash fixes (Teodor)
15521     </para>
15522     </listitem>
15523
15524     <listitem>
15525     <para>
15526      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
15527      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
15528     </para>
15529     </listitem>
15530
15531     <listitem>
15532     <para>
15533      Fix PANIC during enlargement of a hash index (bug introduced in 7.4.15)
15534      (Tom)
15535     </para>
15536     </listitem>
15537
15538    </itemizedlist>
15539
15540   </sect2>
15541  </sect1>
15542
15543  <sect1 id="release-7-4-16">
15544   <title>Release 7.4.16</title>
15545
15546   <note>
15547   <title>Release date</title>
15548   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
15549   </note>
15550
15551   <para>
15552    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.15, including
15553    a security fix.
15554    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15555    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15556   </para>
15557
15558   <sect2>
15559    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.16</title>
15560
15561    <para>
15562     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15563     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15564     notes for 7.4.11.
15565    </para>
15566
15567   </sect2>
15568
15569   <sect2>
15570    <title>Changes</title>
15571
15572    <itemizedlist>
15573
15574     <listitem>
15575     <para>
15576      Remove security vulnerability that allowed connected users
15577      to read backend memory (Tom)
15578     </para>
15579     <para>
15580      The vulnerability involves suppressing the normal check that a SQL
15581      function returns the data type it's declared to, or changing the
15582      data type of a table column used in a SQL function (CVE-2007-0555).
15583      This error can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
15584      principle might be used to read database content that the user
15585      should not be able to access.
15586     </para>
15587     </listitem>
15588
15589     <listitem>
15590     <para>
15591      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
15592      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
15593     </para>
15594     </listitem>
15595
15596     <listitem>
15597     <para>
15598      Fix for rare Assert() crash triggered by <literal>UNION</> (Tom)
15599     </para>
15600     </listitem>
15601
15602     <listitem>
15603     <para>
15604      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
15605      over three bytes long (Tom)
15606     </para>
15607     </listitem>
15608
15609    </itemizedlist>
15610
15611   </sect2>
15612  </sect1>
15613
15614  <sect1 id="release-7-4-15">
15615   <title>Release 7.4.15</title>
15616
15617   <note>
15618   <title>Release date</title>
15619   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
15620   </note>
15621
15622   <para>
15623    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.14.
15624    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15625    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15626   </para>
15627
15628   <sect2>
15629    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.15</title>
15630
15631    <para>
15632     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15633     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15634     notes for 7.4.11.
15635    </para>
15636
15637   </sect2>
15638
15639   <sect2>
15640    <title>Changes</title>
15641
15642    <itemizedlist>
15643
15644     <listitem>
15645      <para>
15646       Improve handling of <function>getaddrinfo()</> on AIX (Tom)
15647      </para>
15648
15649      <para>
15650       This fixes a problem with starting the statistics collector,
15651       among other things.
15652      </para>
15653     </listitem>
15654
15655      <listitem>
15656       <para>
15657        Fix <quote>failed to re-find parent key</> errors in
15658        <command>VACUUM</> (Tom)
15659       </para>
15660      </listitem>
15661
15662      <listitem>
15663       <para>
15664        Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)
15665       </para>
15666      </listitem>
15667
15668     <listitem>
15669      <para>
15670       Fix error when constructing an <literal>ARRAY[]</> made up of multiple
15671       empty elements (Tom)
15672      </para>
15673     </listitem>
15674
15675     <listitem>
15676      <para>
15677       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
15678       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
15679       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
15680      </para>
15681
15682      <para>
15683       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
15684       change the output of these functions.
15685      </para>
15686     </listitem>
15687
15688     <listitem>
15689      <para>
15690       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
15691      </para>
15692
15693      <para>
15694       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
15695      </para>
15696     </listitem>
15697
15698    </itemizedlist>
15699
15700   </sect2>
15701  </sect1>
15702
15703  <sect1 id="release-7-4-14">
15704   <title>Release 7.4.14</title>
15705
15706   <note>
15707   <title>Release date</title>
15708   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
15709   </note>
15710
15711   <para>
15712    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.13.
15713    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15714    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15715   </para>
15716
15717   <sect2>
15718    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.14</title>
15719
15720    <para>
15721     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15722     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15723     notes for 7.4.11.
15724    </para>
15725
15726   </sect2>
15727
15728   <sect2>
15729    <title>Changes</title>
15730
15731 <itemizedlist>
15732 <listitem><para>Fix core dump when an untyped literal is taken as
15733 ANYARRAY</para></listitem>
15734 <listitem><para>Fix <function>string_to_array()</> to handle overlapping
15735  matches for the separator string</para>
15736 <para>For example, <literal>string_to_array('123xx456xxx789', 'xx')</>.
15737 </para></listitem>
15738 <listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
15739  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
15740 <listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
15741  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
15742 <listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
15743 <listitem><para>Adjust regression tests for recent changes in US DST laws
15744 </para> </listitem>
15745 </itemizedlist>
15746
15747   </sect2>
15748  </sect1>
15749
15750  <sect1 id="release-7-4-13">
15751   <title>Release 7.4.13</title>
15752
15753   <note>
15754   <title>Release date</title>
15755   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
15756   </note>
15757
15758   <para>
15759    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.12,
15760    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
15761    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15762    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15763   </para>
15764
15765   <sect2>
15766    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.13</title>
15767
15768    <para>
15769     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15770     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15771     notes for 7.4.11.
15772    </para>
15773
15774    <para>
15775     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
15776     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
15777     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
15778     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
15779     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
15780     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
15781     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
15782     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
15783     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
15784    </para>
15785   </sect2>
15786
15787   <sect2>
15788    <title>Changes</title>
15789
15790 <itemizedlist>
15791 <listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
15792 characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
15793 <para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
15794 some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
15795 textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
15796 defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
15797 </para></listitem>
15798
15799 <listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
15800 <para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
15801 described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
15802 <literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
15803 literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
15804 <varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
15805 GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
15806 A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
15807 adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
15808 CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
15809 <varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
15810 clients are insecure.
15811 </para></listitem>
15812
15813 <listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
15814 aware of encoding considerations and
15815 <varname>standard_conforming_strings</></para>
15816 <para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
15817 issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314, and also future-proofs
15818 them against the planned changeover to SQL-standard string literal syntax.
15819 Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
15820 concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
15821 <function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
15822 for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
15823 do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
15824 routines instead.
15825 </para></listitem>
15826
15827 <listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
15828 <para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
15829 <function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
15830 <function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
15831 extents.
15832 </para></listitem>
15833
15834 <listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
15835 (Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>
15836
15837 <listitem><para>Fix bug that sometimes caused OR'd index scans to
15838 miss rows they should have returned</para></listitem>
15839
15840 <listitem><para>Fix WAL replay for case where a btree index has been
15841 truncated</para></listitem>
15842
15843 <listitem><para>Fix <literal>SIMILAR TO</> for patterns involving
15844 <literal>|</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
15845
15846 <listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
15847 Fuhr)</para></listitem>
15848
15849 <listitem><para>Fix for Bonjour on Intel Macs (Ashley Clark)</para></listitem>
15850
15851 <listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
15852 </itemizedlist>
15853
15854   </sect2>
15855  </sect1>
15856
15857  <sect1 id="release-7-4-12">
15858   <title>Release 7.4.12</title>
15859
15860   <note>
15861   <title>Release date</title>
15862   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
15863   </note>
15864
15865   <para>
15866    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.11.
15867    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15868    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15869   </para>
15870
15871   <sect2>
15872    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.12</title>
15873
15874    <para>
15875     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15876     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.11, see the release
15877     notes for 7.4.11.
15878    </para>
15879   </sect2>
15880
15881   <sect2>
15882    <title>Changes</title>
15883
15884 <itemizedlist>
15885
15886 <listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
15887 SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
15888 <para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
15889 momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
15890 with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
15891 Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
15892 </para></listitem>
15893
15894 <listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
15895 rows (Tom)</para>
15896 <para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
15897 could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
15898 created in 7.4.9 and 7.3.11 releases.
15899 </para></listitem>
15900
15901 <listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
15902 exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
15903 (Tom)</para></listitem>
15904
15905 <listitem><para>Properly check <literal>DOMAIN</> constraints for
15906 <literal>UNKNOWN</> parameters in prepared statements
15907 (Neil)</para></listitem>
15908
15909 <listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
15910 references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
15911
15912 <listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
15913 and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
15914
15915 </itemizedlist>
15916
15917   </sect2>
15918  </sect1>
15919
15920  <sect1 id="release-7-4-11">
15921   <title>Release 7.4.11</title>
15922
15923   <note>
15924   <title>Release date</title>
15925   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
15926   </note>
15927
15928   <para>
15929    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.10.
15930    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15931    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15932   </para>
15933
15934   <sect2>
15935    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.11</title>
15936
15937    <para>
15938     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
15939     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
15940     notes for 7.4.8.
15941     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
15942     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
15943     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
15944    </para>
15945   </sect2>
15946
15947   <sect2>
15948    <title>Changes</title>
15949
15950 <itemizedlist>
15951
15952 <listitem><para>Fix for protocol-level Describe messages issued
15953 outside a transaction or in a failed transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
15954
15955 <listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
15956 different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
15957 <para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
15958 textual columns.</para></listitem>
15959
15960 <listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
15961 to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
15962 <para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
15963 started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
15964 <application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
15965 <application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
15966 <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
15967 textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
15968
15969 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
15970 handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
15971 </para></listitem>
15972
15973 <listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
15974 which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
15975 XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
15976 <para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
15977
15978 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
15979 rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
15980 what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
15981
15982 </itemizedlist>
15983
15984   </sect2>
15985  </sect1>
15986
15987  <sect1 id="release-7-4-10">
15988   <title>Release 7.4.10</title>
15989
15990   <note>
15991   <title>Release date</title>
15992   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
15993   </note>
15994
15995   <para>
15996    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.9.
15997    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
15998    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
15999   </para>
16000
16001   <sect2>
16002    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.10</title>
16003
16004    <para>
16005     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
16006     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
16007     notes for 7.4.8.
16008    </para>
16009   </sect2>
16010
16011   <sect2>
16012    <title>Changes</title>
16013
16014 <itemizedlist>
16015
16016 <listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
16017 <para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
16018 for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
16019 corruption.</para>
16020 </listitem>
16021
16022 <listitem><para>Prevent failure if client sends Bind protocol message
16023 when current transaction is already aborted</para></listitem>
16024
16025 <listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
16026
16027 <listitem><para>AIX and HPUX compile fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
16028
16029 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
16030 <para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
16031 only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>
16032
16033 <listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
16034 table has been dropped</para></listitem>
16035 </itemizedlist>
16036
16037   </sect2>
16038  </sect1>
16039
16040  <sect1 id="release-7-4-9">
16041   <title>Release 7.4.9</title>
16042
16043   <note>
16044   <title>Release date</title>
16045   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
16046   </note>
16047
16048   <para>
16049    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.8.
16050    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16051    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16052   </para>
16053
16054   <sect2>
16055    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.9</title>
16056
16057    <para>
16058     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
16059     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.4.8, see the release
16060     notes for 7.4.8.
16061    </para>
16062   </sect2>
16063
16064   <sect2>
16065    <title>Changes</title>
16066
16067 <itemizedlist>
16068 <listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
16069 <literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
16070 <literal>ctid</> links</para>
16071 <para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
16072 circumstances.</para></listitem>
16073 <listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
16074 length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
16075 <para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
16076 because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
16077 considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
16078 <listitem><para>Fix the sense of the test for read-only transaction
16079 in <command>COPY</></para>
16080 <para>The code formerly prohibited <command>COPY TO</>, where it should
16081 prohibit <command>COPY FROM</>.
16082 </para></listitem>
16083 <listitem><para>Fix planning problem with outer-join ON clauses that reference
16084 only the inner-side relation</para></listitem>
16085 <listitem><para>Further fixes for <literal>x FULL JOIN y ON true</> corner
16086 cases</para></listitem>
16087 <listitem><para>Make <function>array_in</> and <function>array_recv</> more
16088 paranoid about validating their OID parameter</para></listitem>
16089 <listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
16090 a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
16091 <listitem><para>Improve robustness of datetime parsing</para></listitem>
16092 <listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
16093 pages</para></listitem>
16094 <listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
16095 enabled</para></listitem>
16096 <listitem><para>Don't try to open more than <literal>max_files_per_process</>
16097 files during postmaster startup</para></listitem>
16098 <listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
16099 <listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
16100 <listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
16101 the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
16102 <listitem><para>Update <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to use current Snowball
16103 code</para></listitem>
16104 </itemizedlist>
16105
16106   </sect2>
16107  </sect1>
16108
16109  <sect1 id="release-7-4-8">
16110   <title>Release 7.4.8</title>
16111
16112   <note>
16113   <title>Release date</title>
16114   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
16115   </note>
16116
16117   <para>
16118    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.7, including several
16119    security-related issues.
16120    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16121    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16122   </para>
16123
16124   <sect2>
16125    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.8</title>
16126
16127    <para>
16128     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
16129     it is one possible way of handling two significant security problems
16130     that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
16131     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.8's initdb will
16132     automatically correct these problems.
16133    </para>
16134
16135    <para>
16136     The larger security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
16137     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
16138     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
16139     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
16140     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
16141     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
16142     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
16143    </para>
16144
16145    <para>
16146     The lesser problem is that the <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> module
16147     creates several functions that are misdeclared to return
16148     <type>internal</> when they do not accept <type>internal</> arguments.
16149     This breaks type safety for all functions using <type>internal</>
16150     arguments.
16151    </para>
16152
16153    <para>
16154     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair these errors,
16155     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedures given
16156     below.  The errors at least allow unprivileged database users to crash
16157     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
16158     privileges of a database superuser.
16159    </para>
16160
16161    <para>
16162     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedures instead.
16163     As the database superuser, do:
16164
16165 <programlisting>
16166 BEGIN;
16167 UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
16168 WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
16169      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
16170 -- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
16171 -- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
16172 COMMIT;
16173 </programlisting>
16174
16175     Next, if you have installed <filename>contrib/tsearch2</>, do:
16176
16177 <programlisting>
16178 BEGIN;
16179 UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[0] = 'internal'::regtype
16180 WHERE oid IN (
16181    'dex_init(text)'::regprocedure,
16182    'snb_en_init(text)'::regprocedure,
16183    'snb_ru_init(text)'::regprocedure,
16184    'spell_init(text)'::regprocedure,
16185    'syn_init(text)'::regprocedure
16186 );
16187 -- The command should report having updated 5 rows;
16188 -- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
16189 COMMIT;
16190 </programlisting>
16191
16192     If this command fails with a message like <quote>function
16193     "dex_init(text)" does not exist</>, then either <filename>tsearch2</>
16194     is not installed in this database, or you already did the update.
16195    </para>
16196
16197    <para>
16198     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
16199     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
16200     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
16201     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
16202     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
16203     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
16204     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
16205 <programlisting>
16206 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
16207 </programlisting>
16208      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
16209      procedures.  Finally, do:
16210 <programlisting>
16211 -- re-freeze template0:
16212 VACUUM FREEZE;
16213 -- and protect it against future alterations:
16214 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
16215 </programlisting>
16216    </para>
16217   </sect2>
16218
16219   <sect2>
16220    <title>Changes</title>
16221
16222 <itemizedlist>
16223 <listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
16224 misuse</para></listitem>
16225 <listitem><para>Change <filename>contrib/tsearch2</> to avoid unsafe use of
16226 <type>INTERNAL</> function results</para></listitem>
16227 <listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
16228 seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
16229 than for other purposes</para>
16230 <para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
16231 data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
16232 <listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
16233 VACUUM</para>
16234 <para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
16235 freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
16236 There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
16237 </para></listitem>
16238 <listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
16239 <para>
16240 The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
16241 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
16242 NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
16243 it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
16244 the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
16245 </para></listitem>
16246 <listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
16247 <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
16248 <listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
16249 <type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
16250 <para>
16251 This error only occurred when the
16252 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
16253 </para></listitem>
16254 <listitem><para>Ensure operations done during backend shutdown are counted by
16255 statistics collector</para>
16256 <para>
16257 This is expected to resolve reports of <application>pg_autovacuum</>
16258 not vacuuming the system catalogs often enough &mdash; it was not being
16259 told about catalog deletions caused by temporary table removal during
16260 backend exit.
16261 </para></listitem>
16262 <listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
16263 (Neil)</para></listitem>
16264 <listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
16265 correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
16266 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
16267 (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
16268 <listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
16269 <filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
16270 <listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
16271 <type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
16272 <listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
16273 month-related formats</para></listitem>
16274 <listitem><para>Prevent crash on <literal>COALESCE(NULL,NULL)</></para></listitem>
16275 <listitem><para>Fix <function>array_map</> to call PL functions correctly</para></listitem>
16276 <listitem><para>Fix permission checking in <command>ALTER DATABASE RENAME</></para></listitem>
16277 <listitem><para>Fix <command>ALTER LANGUAGE RENAME</></para></listitem>
16278 <listitem><para>Make <function>RemoveFromWaitQueue</> clean up after itself</para>
16279 <para>
16280 This fixes a lock management error that would only be visible if a transaction
16281 was kicked out of a wait for a lock (typically by query cancel) and then the
16282 holder of the lock released it within a very narrow window.
16283 </para></listitem>
16284 <listitem><para>Fix problem with untyped parameter appearing in
16285 <command>INSERT ... SELECT</></para></listitem>
16286 <listitem><para>Fix <command>CLUSTER</> failure after
16287 <command>ALTER TABLE SET WITHOUT OIDS</></para></listitem>
16288 </itemizedlist>
16289
16290   </sect2>
16291  </sect1>
16292
16293  <sect1 id="release-7-4-7">
16294   <title>Release 7.4.7</title>
16295
16296   <note>
16297   <title>Release date</title>
16298   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
16299   </note>
16300
16301   <para>
16302    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.6, including several
16303    security-related issues.
16304    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16305    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16306   </para>
16307
16308   <sect2>
16309    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.7</title>
16310
16311    <para>
16312     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
16313    </para>
16314   </sect2>
16315
16316   <sect2>
16317    <title>Changes</title>
16318
16319 <itemizedlist>
16320 <listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
16321 <para>
16322 On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
16323 shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
16324 <command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
16325 Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
16326 <listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
16327 execute the specified transition functions</para>
16328 <para>
16329 This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
16330 permission on a function.</para></listitem>
16331 <listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
16332 contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
16333 <listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
16334 Jurka)</para></listitem>
16335 <listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
16336 many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
16337 <listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
16338 <para>
16339 The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
16340 left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
16341 in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
16342 </para></listitem>
16343 <listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
16344 <listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
16345 datestyles</para></listitem>
16346 <listitem><para>Make age(timestamptz) do calculation in local timezone not
16347 GMT</para></listitem>
16348 </itemizedlist>
16349
16350   </sect2>
16351  </sect1>
16352
16353  <sect1 id="release-7-4-6">
16354   <title>Release 7.4.6</title>
16355
16356   <note>
16357   <title>Release date</title>
16358   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
16359   </note>
16360
16361   <para>
16362    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.5.
16363    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16364    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16365   </para>
16366
16367
16368   <sect2>
16369    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.6</title>
16370
16371    <para>
16372     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
16373    </para>
16374   </sect2>
16375
16376   <sect2>
16377    <title>Changes</title>
16378
16379 <itemizedlist>
16380 <listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
16381 <para>
16382 Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
16383 <quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
16384 it as a potential-data-loss bug.
16385 </para></listitem>
16386 <listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
16387 <para>
16388 Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
16389 left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
16390 </para></listitem>
16391 <listitem><para>Disallow running <application>pg_ctl</> as root</para>
16392 <para>
16393 This is to guard against any possible security issues.
16394 </para></listitem>
16395 <listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in <filename>/tmp</> in <command>make_oidjoins_check</command></para>
16396 <para>
16397 This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
16398 concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
16399 </para></listitem>
16400 <listitem><para>Prevent forced backend shutdown from re-emitting prior command
16401 result</para>
16402 <para>
16403 In rare cases, a client might think that its last command had succeeded when
16404 it really had been aborted by forced database shutdown.
16405 </para></listitem>
16406 <listitem><para>Repair bug in <function>pg_stat_get_backend_idset</function></para>
16407 <para>
16408 This could lead to misbehavior in some of the system-statistics views.
16409 </para></listitem>
16410 <listitem><para>Fix small memory leak in postmaster</para></listitem>
16411 <listitem><para>Fix <quote>expected both swapped tables to have TOAST
16412 tables</> bug</para>
16413 <para>
16414 This could arise in cases such as CLUSTER after ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN.
16415 </para></listitem>
16416 <listitem><para>Prevent <literal>pg_ctl restart</> from adding <literal>-D</> multiple times</para></listitem>
16417 <listitem><para>Fix problem with NULL values in GiST indexes</para></listitem>
16418 <listitem><para><literal>::</> is no longer interpreted as a variable in an
16419 ECPG prepare statement</para></listitem>
16420 </itemizedlist>
16421
16422   </sect2>
16423  </sect1>
16424
16425  <sect1 id="release-7-4-5">
16426   <title>Release 7.4.5</title>
16427
16428   <note>
16429   <title>Release date</title>
16430   <simpara>2004-08-18</simpara>
16431   </note>
16432
16433   <para>
16434    This release contains one serious bug fix over 7.4.4.
16435    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16436    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16437   </para>
16438
16439
16440   <sect2>
16441    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.5</title>
16442
16443    <para>
16444     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
16445    </para>
16446   </sect2>
16447
16448   <sect2>
16449    <title>Changes</title>
16450
16451 <itemizedlist>
16452 <listitem><para>Repair possible crash during concurrent B-tree index insertions</para>
16453 <para>
16454 This patch fixes a rare case in which concurrent insertions into a B-tree index
16455 could result in a server panic.  No permanent damage would result, but it's
16456 still worth a re-release.  The bug does not exist in pre-7.4 releases.
16457 </para></listitem>
16458 </itemizedlist>
16459
16460   </sect2>
16461  </sect1>
16462
16463  <sect1 id="release-7-4-4">
16464   <title>Release 7.4.4</title>
16465
16466   <note>
16467   <title>Release date</title>
16468   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
16469   </note>
16470
16471   <para>
16472    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.3.
16473    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16474    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16475   </para>
16476
16477
16478   <sect2>
16479    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.4</title>
16480
16481    <para>
16482     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
16483    </para>
16484   </sect2>
16485
16486   <sect2>
16487    <title>Changes</title>
16488
16489 <itemizedlist>
16490 <listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
16491 <para>
16492 Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
16493 it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
16494 checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
16495 restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
16496 since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
16497 </para></listitem>
16498 <listitem><para>Check HAVING restriction before evaluating result list of an
16499 aggregate plan</para></listitem>
16500 <listitem><para>Avoid crash when session's current user ID is deleted</para></listitem>
16501 <listitem><para>Fix hashed crosstab for zero-rows case (Joe)</para></listitem>
16502 <listitem><para>Force cache update after renaming a column in a foreign key</para></listitem>
16503 <listitem><para>Pretty-print UNION queries correctly</para></listitem>
16504 <listitem><para>Make psql handle <literal>\r\n</> newlines properly in COPY IN</para></listitem>
16505 <listitem><para><application>pg_dump</> handled ACLs with grant options incorrectly</para></listitem>
16506 <listitem><para>Fix thread support for OS X and Solaris</para></listitem>
16507 <listitem><para>Updated JDBC driver (build 215) with various fixes</para></listitem>
16508 <listitem><para>ECPG fixes</para></listitem>
16509 <listitem><para>Translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
16510 </itemizedlist>
16511
16512   </sect2>
16513  </sect1>
16514
16515  <sect1 id="release-7-4-3">
16516   <title>Release 7.4.3</title>
16517
16518   <note>
16519   <title>Release date</title>
16520   <simpara>2004-06-14</simpara>
16521   </note>
16522
16523   <para>
16524    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.2.
16525    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16526    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16527   </para>
16528
16529
16530   <sect2>
16531    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.3</title>
16532
16533    <para>
16534     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.
16535    </para>
16536   </sect2>
16537
16538   <sect2>
16539    <title>Changes</title>
16540
16541 <itemizedlist>
16542 <listitem><para>Fix temporary memory leak when using non-hashed aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
16543 <listitem><para>ECPG fixes, including some for Informix compatibility (Michael)</para></listitem>
16544 <listitem><para>Fixes for compiling with thread-safety, particularly Solaris (Bruce)</para></listitem>
16545 <listitem><para>Fix error in COPY IN termination when using the old network protocol (ljb)</para></listitem>
16546 <listitem><para>Several important fixes in pg_autovacuum, including fixes for
16547 large tables, unsigned oids, stability, temp tables, and debug mode
16548 (Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem>
16549 <listitem><para>Fix problem with reading tar-format dumps on NetBSD and BSD/OS (Bruce)</para></listitem>
16550 <listitem><para>Several JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
16551 <listitem><para>Fix ALTER SEQUENCE RESTART where last_value equals the restart value (Tom)</para></listitem>
16552 <listitem><para>Repair failure to recalculate nested sub-selects (Tom)</para></listitem>
16553 <listitem><para>Fix problems with non-constant expressions in LIMIT/OFFSET</para></listitem>
16554 <listitem><para>Support FULL JOIN with no join clause, such as X FULL JOIN Y ON TRUE (Tom)</para></listitem>
16555 <listitem><para>Fix another zero-column table bug (Tom)</para></listitem>
16556 <listitem><para>Improve handling of non-qualified identifiers in GROUP BY clauses in sub-selects (Tom)</para>
16557 <para>
16558 Select-list aliases within the sub-select will now take precedence over
16559 names from outer query levels.
16560 </para></listitem>
16561 <listitem><para>Do not generate <quote>NATURAL CROSS JOIN</> when decompiling rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
16562 <listitem><para>Add checks for invalid field length in binary COPY (Tom)</para>
16563 <para>
16564  This fixes a difficult-to-exploit security hole.
16565 </para></listitem>
16566 <listitem><para>Avoid locking conflict between <command>ANALYZE</command> and <command>LISTEN</command>/<command>NOTIFY</command></para></listitem>
16567 <listitem><para>Numerous translation updates (various contributors)</para></listitem>
16568 </itemizedlist>
16569
16570   </sect2>
16571  </sect1>
16572
16573  <sect1 id="release-7-4-2">
16574   <title>Release 7.4.2</title>
16575
16576   <note>
16577   <title>Release date</title>
16578   <simpara>2004-03-08</simpara>
16579   </note>
16580
16581   <para>
16582    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.1.
16583    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16584    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16585   </para>
16586
16587
16588   <sect2>
16589    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.2</title>
16590
16591    <para>
16592     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.4.X.  However,
16593     it might be advisable as the easiest method of incorporating fixes for
16594     two errors that have been found in the initial contents of 7.4.X system
16595     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.4.2's initdb will
16596     automatically correct these problems.
16597    </para>
16598
16599    <para>
16600     The more severe of the two errors is that data type <type>anyarray</>
16601     has the wrong alignment label; this is a problem because the
16602     <structname>pg_statistic</> system catalog uses <type>anyarray</>
16603     columns.  The mislabeling can cause planner misestimations and even
16604     crashes when planning queries that involve <literal>WHERE</> clauses on
16605     double-aligned columns (such as <type>float8</> and <type>timestamp</>).
16606     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
16607     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
16608     below.
16609    </para>
16610
16611    <para>
16612     The lesser error is that the system view <structname>pg_settings</>
16613     ought to be marked as having public update access, to allow
16614     <literal>UPDATE pg_settings</> to be used as a substitute for
16615     <command>SET</>.  This can also be fixed either by initdb or manually,
16616     but it is not necessary to fix unless you want to use <literal>UPDATE
16617     pg_settings</>.
16618    </para>
16619
16620    <para>
16621     If you wish not to do an initdb, the following procedure will work
16622     for fixing <structname>pg_statistic</>.  As the database superuser,
16623     do:
16624
16625 <programlisting>
16626 -- clear out old data in pg_statistic:
16627 DELETE FROM pg_statistic;
16628 VACUUM pg_statistic;
16629 -- this should update 1 row:
16630 UPDATE pg_type SET typalign = 'd' WHERE oid = 2277;
16631 -- this should update 6 rows:
16632 UPDATE pg_attribute SET attalign = 'd' WHERE atttypid = 2277;
16633 --
16634 -- At this point you MUST start a fresh backend to avoid a crash!
16635 --
16636 -- repopulate pg_statistic:
16637 ANALYZE;
16638 </programlisting>
16639
16640     This can be done in a live database, but beware that all backends
16641     running in the altered database must be restarted before it is safe to
16642     repopulate <structname>pg_statistic</>.
16643    </para>
16644
16645    <para>
16646     To repair the <structname>pg_settings</> error, simply do:
16647 <programlisting>
16648 GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON pg_settings TO PUBLIC;
16649 </programlisting>
16650    </para>
16651
16652    <para>
16653     The above procedures must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
16654     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
16655     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
16656     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
16657     the same errors.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
16658     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
16659     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
16660 <programlisting>
16661 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
16662 </programlisting>
16663      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
16664      procedures.  Finally, do:
16665 <programlisting>
16666 -- re-freeze template0:
16667 VACUUM FREEZE;
16668 -- and protect it against future alterations:
16669 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
16670 </programlisting>
16671    </para>
16672   </sect2>
16673
16674   <sect2>
16675    <title>Changes</title>
16676
16677 <para>
16678    Release 7.4.2 incorporates all the fixes included in release 7.3.6,
16679    plus the following fixes:
16680 </para>
16681
16682 <itemizedlist>
16683 <listitem><para>Fix <structname>pg_statistics</> alignment bug that could crash optimizer</para>
16684 <para>See above for details about this problem.</para></listitem>
16685 <listitem><para>Allow non-super users to update <structname>pg_settings</></para></listitem>
16686 <listitem><para>Fix several optimizer bugs, most of which led to
16687 <quote>variable not found in subplan target lists</> errors</para></listitem>
16688 <listitem><para>Avoid out-of-memory failure during startup of large multiple
16689 index scan</para></listitem>
16690 <listitem><para>Fix multibyte problem that could lead to <quote>out of
16691 memory</> error during <command>COPY IN</></para></listitem>
16692 <listitem><para>Fix problems with <command>SELECT INTO</> / <command>CREATE
16693 TABLE AS</> from tables without OIDs</para></listitem>
16694 <listitem><para>Fix problems with <filename>alter_table</> regression test
16695 during parallel testing</para></listitem>
16696 <listitem><para>Fix problems with hitting open file limit, especially on OS X (Tom)</para></listitem>
16697 <listitem><para>Partial fix for Turkish-locale issues</para>
16698 <para>initdb will succeed now in Turkish locale, but there are still some
16699 inconveniences associated with the <literal>i/I</> problem.</para></listitem>
16700 <listitem><para>Make pg_dump set client encoding on restore</para></listitem>
16701 <listitem><para>Other minor pg_dump fixes</para></listitem>
16702 <listitem><para>Allow ecpg to again use C keywords as column names (Michael)</para></listitem>
16703 <listitem><para>Added ecpg <literal>WHENEVER NOT_FOUND</> to
16704 <literal>SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE</> (Michael)</para></listitem>
16705 <listitem><para>Fix ecpg crash for queries calling set-returning functions (Michael)</para></listitem>
16706 <listitem><para>Various other ecpg fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
16707 <listitem><para>Fixes for Borland compiler</para></listitem>
16708 <listitem><para>Thread build improvements (Bruce)</para></listitem>
16709 <listitem><para>Various other build fixes</para></listitem>
16710 <listitem><para>Various JDBC fixes</para></listitem>
16711 </itemizedlist>
16712
16713   </sect2>
16714  </sect1>
16715
16716  <sect1 id="release-7-4-1">
16717   <title>Release 7.4.1</title>
16718
16719   <note>
16720   <title>Release date</title>
16721   <simpara>2003-12-22</simpara>
16722   </note>
16723
16724   <para>
16725    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.4.
16726    For information about new features in the 7.4 major release, see
16727    <xref linkend="release-7-4">.
16728   </para>
16729
16730
16731   <sect2>
16732    <title>Migration to Version 7.4.1</title>
16733
16734    <para>
16735     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
16736     running 7.4.
16737    </para>
16738
16739    <para>
16740     If you want to install the fixes in the information schema
16741     you need to reload it into the database.
16742     This is either accomplished by initializing a new cluster
16743     by running <command>initdb</command>, or by running the following
16744     sequence of SQL commands in each database (ideally including
16745     <literal>template1</literal>) as a superuser in
16746     <application>psql</application>, after installing the new release:
16747 <programlisting>
16748 DROP SCHEMA information_schema CASCADE;
16749 \i /usr/local/pgsql/share/information_schema.sql
16750 </programlisting>
16751     Substitute your installation path in the second command.
16752    </para>
16753
16754   </sect2>
16755
16756   <sect2>
16757    <title>Changes</title>
16758
16759 <itemizedlist>
16760 <listitem><para>Fixed bug in <command>CREATE SCHEMA</command> parsing in ECPG (Michael)</para></listitem>
16761 <listitem><para>Fix compile error when <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> and <option>--with-perl</option> are used together (Peter)</para></listitem>
16762 <listitem><para>Fix for subqueries that used hash joins (Tom)</para>
16763 <para>
16764    Certain subqueries that used hash joins would crash because of
16765    improperly shared structures.
16766 </para></listitem>
16767 <listitem><para>Fix free space map compaction bug (Tom)</para>
16768 <para>
16769    This fixes a bug where compaction of the free space map could lead
16770    to a database server shutdown.
16771 </para>
16772 </listitem>
16773 <listitem><para>Fix for Borland compiler build of libpq (Bruce)</para></listitem>
16774 <listitem><para>Fix <function>netmask()</function> and <function>hostmask()</function> to return the maximum-length masklen (Tom)</para>
16775 <para>
16776    Fix these functions to return values consistent with pre-7.4
16777    releases.
16778 </para>
16779 </listitem>
16780 <listitem><para>Several <filename>contrib/pg_autovacuum</filename> fixes</para>
16781 <para>
16782    Fixes include improper variable initialization, missing vacuum after
16783    <command>TRUNCATE</command>, and duration computation overflow for long vacuums.
16784 </para>
16785 </listitem>
16786 <listitem><para>Allow compile of <filename>contrib/cube</filename> under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
16787 <listitem><para>Fix Solaris use of password file when no passwords are defined (Tom)</para>
16788 <para>
16789    Fix crash on Solaris caused by use of any type of password
16790    authentication when no passwords were defined.
16791 </para>
16792 </listitem>
16793 <listitem><para>JDBC fix for thread problems, other fixes</para></listitem>
16794 <listitem><para>Fix for <type>bytea</type> index lookups (Joe)</para></listitem>
16795 <listitem><para>Fix information schema for bit data types (Peter)</para></listitem>
16796 <listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
16797 <listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
16798 <listitem><para>Make <function>PQescapeBytea</function> and <function>byteaout</function> consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
16799 <listitem><para>Escape <type>bytea</type> output for bytes &gt; 0x7e(Joe)</para>
16800 <para>
16801  If different client encodings are used for <type>bytea</type> output and input, it
16802  is possible for <type>bytea</type> values to be corrupted by the differing
16803  encodings.  This fix escapes all bytes that might be affected.
16804 </para>
16805 </listitem>
16806 <listitem><para>Added missing <function>SPI_finish()</function> calls to dblink's <function>get_tuple_of_interest()</function> (Joe)</para></listitem>
16807 <listitem><para>New Czech FAQ</para></listitem>
16808 <listitem><para>Fix information schema view <literal>constraint_column_usage</literal> for foreign keys (Peter)</para></listitem>
16809 <listitem><para>ECPG fixes (Michael)</para></listitem>
16810 <listitem><para>Fix bug with multiple <literal>IN</literal> subqueries and joins in the subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
16811 <listitem><para>Allow <literal>COUNT('x')</literal> to work (Tom)</para></listitem>
16812 <listitem><para>Install ECPG include files for Informix compatibility into separate directory (Peter)</para>
16813 <para>
16814  Some names of ECPG include files for Informix compatibility conflicted with operating system include files.
16815  By installing them in their own directory, name conflicts have been reduced.
16816 </para>
16817 </listitem>
16818 <listitem><para>Fix SSL memory leak (Neil)</para>
16819 <para>
16820  This release fixes a bug in 7.4 where SSL didn't free all memory it allocated.
16821 </para>
16822 </listitem>
16823 <listitem><para>Prevent <filename>pg_service.conf</filename> from using service name as default dbname (Bruce)</para></listitem>
16824 <listitem><para>Fix local ident authentication on FreeBSD (Tom)</para></listitem>
16825 </itemizedlist>
16826
16827  </sect2>
16828 </sect1>
16829
16830 <sect1 id="release-7-4">
16831  <title>Release 7.4</title>
16832
16833  <note>
16834   <title>Release date</title>
16835   <simpara>2003-11-17</simpara>
16836  </note>
16837
16838  <sect2>
16839   <title>Overview</title>
16840
16841   <para>
16842    Major changes in this release:
16843   </para>
16844
16845   <variablelist>
16846    <varlistentry>
16847     <term>
16848      <literal>IN</literal> / <literal>NOT IN</literal> subqueries are
16849      now much more efficient
16850     </term>
16851
16852     <listitem>
16853      <para>
16854       In previous releases, <literal>IN</literal>/<literal>NOT
16855       IN</literal> subqueries were joined to the upper query by
16856       sequentially scanning the subquery looking for a match.  The
16857       7.4 code uses the same sophisticated techniques used by
16858       ordinary joins and so is much faster.  An
16859       <literal>IN</literal> will now usually be as fast as or faster
16860       than an equivalent <literal>EXISTS</literal> subquery; this
16861       reverses the conventional wisdom that applied to previous
16862       releases.
16863      </para>
16864     </listitem>
16865    </varlistentry>
16866
16867    <varlistentry>
16868     <term>
16869      Improved <literal>GROUP BY</literal> processing by using hash buckets
16870     </term>
16871
16872     <listitem>
16873      <para>
16874       In previous releases, rows to be grouped had to be sorted
16875       first.  The 7.4 code can do <literal>GROUP BY</literal>
16876       without sorting, by accumulating results into a hash table
16877       with one entry per group.  It will still use the sort
16878       technique, however, if the hash table is estimated to be too
16879       large to fit in <varname>sort_mem</>.
16880      </para>
16881     </listitem>
16882    </varlistentry>
16883
16884    <varlistentry>
16885     <term>
16886      New multikey hash join capability
16887     </term>
16888
16889     <listitem>
16890      <para>
16891       In previous releases, hash joins could only occur on single
16892       keys.  This release allows multicolumn hash joins.
16893      </para>
16894     </listitem>
16895    </varlistentry>
16896
16897    <varlistentry>
16898     <term>
16899      Queries using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax are
16900      now better optimized
16901     </term>
16902
16903     <listitem>
16904      <para>
16905       Prior releases evaluated queries using the explicit
16906       <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax only in the order implied by
16907       the syntax. 7.4 allows full optimization of these queries,
16908       meaning the optimizer considers all possible join orderings
16909       and chooses the most efficient.  Outer joins, however, must
16910       still follow the declared ordering.
16911      </para>
16912     </listitem>
16913    </varlistentry>
16914
16915    <varlistentry>
16916     <term>
16917      Faster and more powerful regular expression code
16918     </term>
16919
16920     <listitem>
16921      <para>
16922       The entire regular expression module has been replaced with a
16923       new version by Henry Spencer, originally written for Tcl.  The
16924       code greatly improves performance and supports several flavors
16925       of regular expressions.
16926      </para>
16927     </listitem>
16928    </varlistentry>
16929
16930    <varlistentry>
16931     <term>
16932      Function-inlining for simple SQL functions
16933     </term>
16934
16935     <listitem>
16936      <para>
16937       Simple SQL functions can now be inlined by including their SQL
16938       in the main query.  This improves performance by eliminating
16939       per-call overhead.  That means simple SQL functions now
16940       behave like macros.
16941      </para>
16942     </listitem>
16943    </varlistentry>
16944
16945    <varlistentry>
16946     <term>
16947      Full support for IPv6 connections and IPv6 address data types
16948     </term>
16949
16950     <listitem>
16951      <para>
16952       Previous releases allowed only IPv4 connections, and the IP
16953       data types only supported IPv4 addresses. This release adds
16954       full IPv6 support in both of these areas.
16955      </para>
16956     </listitem>
16957    </varlistentry>
16958
16959    <varlistentry>
16960     <term>
16961      Major improvements in SSL performance and reliability
16962     </term>
16963
16964     <listitem>
16965      <para>
16966       Several people very familiar with the SSL API have overhauled
16967       our SSL code to improve SSL key negotiation and error
16968       recovery.
16969      </para>
16970     </listitem>
16971    </varlistentry>
16972
16973    <varlistentry>
16974     <term>
16975      Make free space map efficiently reuse empty index pages,
16976      and other free space management improvements
16977     </term>
16978
16979     <listitem>
16980      <para>
16981       In previous releases, B-tree index pages that were left empty
16982       because of deleted rows could only be reused by rows with
16983       index values similar to the rows originally indexed on that
16984       page. In 7.4, <command>VACUUM</command> records empty index
16985       pages and allows them to be reused for any future index rows.
16986      </para>
16987     </listitem>
16988    </varlistentry>
16989
16990    <varlistentry>
16991     <term>
16992      SQL-standard information schema
16993     </term>
16994
16995     <listitem>
16996      <para>
16997       The information schema provides a standardized and stable way
16998       to access information about the schema objects defined in a
16999       database.
17000      </para>
17001     </listitem>
17002    </varlistentry>
17003
17004    <varlistentry>
17005     <term>
17006      Cursors conform more closely to the SQL standard
17007     </term>
17008
17009     <listitem>
17010      <para>
17011       The commands <command>FETCH</command> and
17012       <command>MOVE</command> have been overhauled to conform more
17013       closely to the SQL standard.
17014      </para>
17015     </listitem>
17016    </varlistentry>
17017
17018    <varlistentry>
17019     <term>
17020      Cursors can exist outside transactions
17021     </term>
17022
17023     <listitem>
17024      <para>
17025       These cursors are also called holdable cursors.
17026      </para>
17027     </listitem>
17028    </varlistentry>
17029
17030    <varlistentry>
17031     <term>
17032      New client-to-server protocol
17033     </term>
17034
17035     <listitem>
17036      <para>
17037       The new protocol adds error codes, more status information,
17038       faster startup, better support for binary data transmission,
17039       parameter values separated from SQL commands, prepared
17040       statements available at the protocol level, and cleaner
17041       recovery from <command>COPY</command> failures.  The older
17042       protocol is still supported by both server and clients.
17043      </para>
17044     </listitem>
17045    </varlistentry>
17046
17047    <varlistentry>
17048     <term>
17049      <application>libpq</application> and
17050      <application>ECPG</application> applications are now fully
17051      thread-safe
17052     </term>
17053
17054     <listitem>
17055      <para>
17056       While previous <application>libpq</application> releases
17057       already supported threads, this release improves thread safety
17058       by fixing some non-thread-safe code that was used during
17059       database connection startup.  The <command>configure</command>
17060       option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> must be used to
17061       enable this feature.
17062      </para>
17063     </listitem>
17064    </varlistentry>
17065
17066    <varlistentry>
17067     <term>
17068      New version of full-text indexing
17069     </term>
17070
17071     <listitem>
17072      <para>
17073       A new full-text indexing suite is available in
17074       <filename>contrib/tsearch2</filename>.
17075      </para>
17076     </listitem>
17077    </varlistentry>
17078
17079    <varlistentry>
17080     <term>
17081      New autovacuum tool
17082     </term>
17083
17084     <listitem>
17085      <para>
17086       The new autovacuum tool in
17087       <filename>contrib/autovacuum</filename> monitors the database
17088       statistics tables for
17089       <command>INSERT</command>/<command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command>
17090       activity and automatically vacuums tables when needed.
17091      </para>
17092     </listitem>
17093    </varlistentry>
17094
17095    <varlistentry>
17096     <term>
17097      Array handling has been improved and moved into the server core
17098     </term>
17099
17100     <listitem>
17101      <para>
17102       Many array limitations have been removed, and arrays behave
17103       more like fully-supported data types.
17104      </para>
17105     </listitem>
17106    </varlistentry>
17107
17108   </variablelist>
17109  </sect2>
17110
17111  <sect2>
17112   <title>Migration to Version 7.4</title>
17113
17114   <para>
17115    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application> is
17116    required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous
17117    release.
17118   </para>
17119
17120   <para>
17121    Observe the following incompatibilities:
17122   </para>
17123
17124   <itemizedlist>
17125    <listitem>
17126     <para>
17127      The server-side autocommit setting was removed and
17128      reimplemented in client applications and languages.
17129      Server-side autocommit was causing too many problems with
17130      languages and applications that wanted to control their own
17131      autocommit behavior, so autocommit was removed from the server
17132      and added to individual client APIs as appropriate.
17133     </para>
17134    </listitem>
17135
17136    <listitem>
17137     <para>
17138      Error message wording has changed substantially in this
17139      release.  Significant effort was invested to make the messages
17140      more consistent and user-oriented.  If your applications try to
17141      detect different error conditions by parsing the error message,
17142      you are strongly encouraged to use the new error code facility instead.
17143     </para>
17144    </listitem>
17145
17146    <listitem>
17147     <para>
17148      Inner joins using the explicit <literal>JOIN</literal> syntax
17149      might behave differently because they are now better
17150      optimized.
17151     </para>
17152    </listitem>
17153
17154    <listitem>
17155     <para>
17156      A number of server configuration parameters have been renamed
17157      for clarity, primarily those related to
17158      logging.
17159     </para>
17160    </listitem>
17161
17162    <listitem>
17163     <para>
17164      <literal>FETCH 0</literal> or <literal>MOVE 0</literal> now
17165      does nothing.  In prior releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal>
17166      would fetch all remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal>
17167      would move to the end of the cursor.
17168     </para>
17169    </listitem>
17170
17171    <listitem>
17172     <para>
17173      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> now return
17174      the actual number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
17175      beginning/end of the cursor.  Prior releases would return the
17176      row count passed to the command, not the number of rows
17177      actually fetched or moved.
17178     </para>
17179    </listitem>
17180
17181    <listitem>
17182     <para>
17183      <command>COPY</command> now can process files that use
17184      carriage-return or carriage-return/line-feed end-of-line
17185      sequences. Literal carriage-returns and line-feeds are no
17186      longer accepted in data values; use <literal>\r</literal> and
17187      <literal>\n</literal> instead.
17188     </para>
17189    </listitem>
17190
17191    <listitem>
17192     <para>
17193      Trailing spaces are now trimmed when converting from type
17194      <type>char(<replaceable>n</>)</type> to
17195      <type>varchar(<replaceable>n</>)</type> or <type>text</type>.
17196      This is what most people always expected to happen anyway.
17197     </para>
17198    </listitem>
17199
17200    <listitem>
17201     <para>
17202      The data type <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</type> now
17203      measures <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal
17204      digits.  The new behavior follows the SQL standard.
17205     </para>
17206    </listitem>
17207
17208    <listitem>
17209     <para>
17210      Ambiguous date values now must match the ordering specified by
17211      the <varname>datestyle</varname> setting.  In prior releases, a
17212      date specification of <literal>10/20/03</> was interpreted as a
17213      date in October even if <varname>datestyle</> specified that
17214      the day should be first.  7.4 will throw an error if a date
17215      specification is invalid for the current setting of
17216      <varname>datestyle</>.
17217     </para>
17218    </listitem>
17219
17220    <listitem>
17221     <para>
17222      The functions <function>oidrand</function>,
17223      <function>oidsrand</function>, and
17224      <function>userfntest</function> have been removed.  These
17225      functions were determined to be no longer useful.
17226     </para>
17227    </listitem>
17228
17229    <listitem>
17230     <para>
17231      String literals specifying time-varying date/time values, such
17232      as <literal>'now'</literal> or <literal>'today'</literal> will
17233      no longer work as expected in column default expressions; they
17234      now cause the time of the table creation to be the default, not
17235      the time of the insertion.  Functions such as
17236      <function>now()</>, <function>current_timestamp</>, or
17237      <function>current_date</function> should be used instead.
17238     </para>
17239
17240     <para>
17241      In previous releases, there was special code so that strings
17242      such as <literal>'now'</literal> were interpreted at
17243      <command>INSERT</> time and not at table creation time, but
17244      this work around didn't cover all cases.  Release 7.4 now
17245      requires that defaults be defined properly using functions such
17246      as <function>now()</> or <function>current_timestamp</>. These
17247      will work in all situations.
17248     </para>
17249    </listitem>
17250
17251    <listitem>
17252     <para>
17253      The dollar sign (<literal>$</>) is no longer allowed in
17254      operator names.  It can instead be a non-first character in
17255      identifiers.  This was done to improve compatibility with other
17256      database systems, and to avoid syntax problems when parameter
17257      placeholders (<literal>$<replaceable>n</></>) are written
17258      adjacent to operators.
17259     </para>
17260    </listitem>
17261
17262   </itemizedlist>
17263  </sect2>
17264
17265  <sect2>
17266   <title>Changes</title>
17267
17268   <para>
17269    Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between
17270    release 7.4 and the previous major release.
17271   </para>
17272
17273  <sect3>
17274   <title>Server Operation Changes</title>
17275
17276   <itemizedlist>
17277    <listitem>
17278     <para>
17279      Allow IPv6 server connections (Nigel Kukard, Johan Jordaan,
17280      Bruce, Tom, Kurt Roeckx, Andrew Dunstan)
17281     </para>
17282    </listitem>
17283
17284    <listitem>
17285     <para>
17286      Fix SSL to handle errors cleanly (Nathan Mueller)
17287     </para>
17288     <para>
17289      In prior releases, certain SSL API error reports were not
17290      handled correctly.  This release fixes those problems.
17291     </para>
17292    </listitem>
17293
17294    <listitem>
17295     <para>
17296      SSL protocol security and performance improvements (Sean Chittenden)
17297     </para>
17298     <para>
17299      SSL key renegotiation was happening too frequently, causing poor
17300      SSL performance.  Also, initial key handling was improved.
17301     </para>
17302    </listitem>
17303
17304    <listitem>
17305     <para>
17306      Print lock information when a deadlock is detected (Tom)
17307     </para>
17308     <para>
17309      This allows easier debugging of deadlock situations.
17310     </para>
17311    </listitem>
17312
17313    <listitem>
17314     <para>
17315      Update <filename>/tmp</filename> socket modification times
17316      regularly to avoid their removal (Tom)
17317     </para>
17318     <para>
17319      This should help prevent <filename>/tmp</filename> directory
17320      cleaner administration scripts from removing server socket
17321      files.
17322     </para>
17323    </listitem>
17324
17325    <listitem><para>Enable PAM for Mac OS X (Aaron Hillegass)</para></listitem>
17326
17327    <listitem>
17328     <para>Make B-tree indexes fully WAL-safe (Tom)</para>
17329     <para>
17330      In prior releases, under certain rare cases, a server crash
17331      could cause B-tree indexes to become corrupt. This release
17332      removes those last few rare cases.
17333     </para>
17334    </listitem>
17335
17336    <listitem><para>Allow B-tree index compaction and empty page reuse (Tom)</para></listitem>
17337
17338    <listitem>
17339     <para>
17340      Fix inconsistent index lookups during split of first root page (Tom)
17341     </para>
17342     <para>
17343      In prior releases, when a single-page index split into two
17344      pages, there was a brief period when another database session
17345      could miss seeing an index entry.  This release fixes that rare
17346      failure case.
17347     </para>
17348    </listitem>
17349
17350    <listitem><para>Improve free space map allocation logic (Tom)</para></listitem>
17351
17352    <listitem>
17353     <para>Preserve free space information between server restarts (Tom)</para>
17354     <para>
17355      In prior releases, the free space map was not saved when the
17356      postmaster was stopped, so newly started servers had no free
17357      space information. This release saves the free space map, and
17358      reloads it when the server is restarted.
17359     </para>
17360    </listitem>
17361
17362    <listitem><para>Add start time to <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Neil)</para></listitem>
17363    <listitem><para>New code to detect corrupt disk pages; erase with <varname>zero_damaged_pages</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>
17364    <listitem><para>New client/server protocol: faster, no username length limit, allow clean exit from <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para></listitem>
17365    <listitem><para>Add transaction status, table ID, column ID to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
17366    <listitem><para>Add binary I/O to client/server protocol (Tom)</para></listitem>
17367    <listitem><para>Remove autocommit server setting; move to client applications (Tom)</para></listitem>
17368    <listitem><para>New error message wording, error codes, and three levels of error detail (Tom, Joe, Peter)</para></listitem>
17369   </itemizedlist>
17370  </sect3>
17371
17372  <sect3>
17373   <title>Performance Improvements</title>
17374
17375   <itemizedlist>
17376    <listitem><para>Add hashing for <literal>GROUP BY</literal> aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
17377    <listitem><para>Make nested-loop joins be smarter about multicolumn indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
17378    <listitem><para>Allow multikey hash joins (Tom)</para></listitem>
17379    <listitem><para>Improve constant folding (Tom)</para></listitem>
17380    <listitem><para>Add ability to inline simple SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
17381
17382    <listitem>
17383     <para>Reduce memory usage for queries using complex functions (Tom)</para>
17384     <para>
17385      In prior releases, functions returning allocated memory would
17386      not free it until the query completed. This release allows the
17387      freeing of function-allocated memory when the function call
17388      completes, reducing the total memory used by functions.
17389     </para>
17390    </listitem>
17391
17392    <listitem>
17393     <para>Improve GEQO optimizer performance (Tom)</para>
17394     <para>
17395      This release fixes several inefficiencies in the way the GEQO optimizer
17396      manages potential query paths.
17397     </para>
17398    </listitem>
17399
17400    <listitem>
17401     <para>
17402      Allow <literal>IN</>/<literal>NOT IN</> to be handled via hash
17403      tables (Tom)
17404     </para>
17405    </listitem>
17406
17407    <listitem>
17408     <para>
17409      Improve <literal>NOT IN (<replaceable>subquery</>)</literal>
17410      performance (Tom)
17411     </para>
17412    </listitem>
17413
17414    <listitem>
17415     <para>
17416      Allow most <literal>IN</literal> subqueries to be processed as
17417      joins (Tom)
17418     </para>
17419    </listitem>
17420
17421    <listitem>
17422     <para>
17423      Pattern matching operations can use indexes regardless of
17424      locale (Peter)
17425     </para>
17426     <para>
17427      There is no way for non-ASCII locales to use the standard
17428      indexes for <literal>LIKE</literal> comparisons. This release
17429      adds a way to create a special index for
17430      <literal>LIKE</literal>.
17431     </para>
17432    </listitem>
17433
17434    <listitem>
17435     <para>Allow the postmaster to preload libraries using <varname>preload_libraries</varname> (Joe)</para>
17436     <para>
17437      For shared libraries that require a long time to load, this
17438      option is available so the library can be preloaded in the
17439      postmaster and inherited by all database sessions.
17440     </para>
17441    </listitem>
17442
17443    <listitem>
17444     <para>
17445      Improve optimizer cost computations, particularly for subqueries (Tom)
17446     </para>
17447    </listitem>
17448
17449    <listitem>
17450     <para>
17451      Avoid sort when subquery <literal>ORDER BY</literal> matches upper query (Tom)
17452     </para>
17453    </listitem>
17454
17455    <listitem>
17456     <para>
17457      Deduce that <literal>WHERE a.x = b.y AND b.y = 42</literal> also
17458      means <literal>a.x = 42</literal> (Tom)
17459     </para>
17460    </listitem>
17461
17462    <listitem>
17463     <para>
17464      Allow hash/merge joins on complex joins (Tom)
17465     </para>
17466    </listitem>
17467
17468    <listitem>
17469     <para>
17470      Allow hash joins for more data types (Tom)
17471     </para>
17472    </listitem>
17473
17474    <listitem>
17475     <para>
17476      Allow join optimization of explicit inner joins, disable with
17477      <varname>join_collapse_limit</varname> (Tom)
17478     </para>
17479    </listitem>
17480
17481    <listitem>
17482     <para>
17483      Add parameter <varname>from_collapse_limit</varname> to control
17484      conversion of subqueries to joins (Tom)
17485     </para>
17486    </listitem>
17487
17488    <listitem>
17489     <para>
17490      Use faster and more powerful regular expression code from Tcl
17491      (Henry Spencer, Tom)
17492     </para>
17493    </listitem>
17494
17495    <listitem>
17496     <para>
17497      Use bit-mapped relation sets in the optimizer (Tom)
17498     </para>
17499    </listitem>
17500
17501    <listitem>
17502     <para>Improve connection startup time (Tom)</para>
17503     <para>
17504      The new client/server protocol requires fewer network packets to
17505      start a database session.
17506     </para>
17507    </listitem>
17508
17509    <listitem>
17510     <para>
17511      Improve trigger/constraint performance (Stephan)
17512     </para>
17513    </listitem>
17514
17515    <listitem>
17516     <para>
17517      Improve speed of <literal>col IN (const, const, const, ...)</literal> (Tom)
17518     </para>
17519    </listitem>
17520
17521    <listitem>
17522     <para>
17523      Fix hash indexes which were broken in rare cases (Tom)
17524     </para>
17525    </listitem>
17526
17527    <listitem><para>Improve hash index concurrency and speed (Tom)</para>
17528     <para>
17529      Prior releases suffered from poor hash index performance,
17530      particularly for high concurrency situations. This release fixes
17531      that, and the development group is interested in reports
17532      comparing B-tree and hash index performance.
17533     </para>
17534    </listitem>
17535
17536    <listitem>
17537     <para>Align shared buffers on 32-byte boundary for copy speed improvement (Manfred Spraul)</para>
17538     <para>
17539      Certain CPU's perform faster data copies when addresses are
17540      32-byte aligned.
17541     </para>
17542    </listitem>
17543
17544    <listitem>
17545     <para>Data type <type>numeric</type> reimplemented for better performance (Tom)</para>
17546     <para>
17547      <type>numeric</type> used to be stored in base 100. The new code
17548      uses base 10000, for significantly better performance.
17549     </para>
17550    </listitem>
17551   </itemizedlist>
17552  </sect3>
17553
17554  <sect3>
17555   <title>Server Configuration Changes</title>
17556
17557   <itemizedlist>
17558    <listitem>
17559     <para>Rename server parameter <varname>server_min_messages</> to <varname>log_min_messages</> (Bruce)</para>
17560     <para>
17561      This was done so most parameters that control the server logs
17562      begin with <literal>log_</>.
17563     </para>
17564    </listitem>
17565
17566    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_*_stats</> to <varname>log_*_stats</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
17567    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>show_source_port</> to <varname>log_source_port</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
17568    <listitem><para>Rename <varname>hostname_lookup</> to <varname>log_hostname</> (Bruce)</para></listitem>
17569
17570    <listitem>
17571     <para>Add <varname>checkpoint_warning</> to warn of excessive checkpointing (Bruce)</para>
17572     <para>
17573      In prior releases, it was difficult to determine if checkpoint
17574      was happening too frequently. This feature adds a warning to the
17575      server logs when excessive checkpointing happens.
17576     </para>
17577    </listitem>
17578
17579    <listitem><para>New read-only server parameters for localization (Tom)</para></listitem>
17580
17581    <listitem>
17582     <para>
17583      Change debug server log messages to output as <literal>DEBUG</>
17584      rather than <literal>LOG</> (Bruce)
17585     </para>
17586    </listitem>
17587
17588    <listitem>
17589     <para>Prevent server log variables from being turned off by non-superusers (Bruce)</para>
17590     <para>
17591      This is a security feature so non-superusers cannot disable
17592      logging that was enabled by the administrator.
17593     </para>
17594    </listitem>
17595
17596    <listitem>
17597     <para>
17598      <varname>log_min_messages</>/<varname>client_min_messages</> now
17599      controls <varname>debug_*</> output (Bruce)
17600     </para>
17601     <para>
17602      This centralizes client debug information so all debug output
17603      can be sent to either the client or server logs.
17604     </para>
17605    </listitem>
17606
17607    <listitem>
17608     <para>Add Mac OS X Rendezvous server support (Chris Campbell)</para>
17609     <para>
17610      This allows Mac OS X hosts to query the network for available
17611      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> servers.
17612     </para>
17613    </listitem>
17614
17615    <listitem>
17616     <para>
17617      Add ability to print only slow statements using
17618      <varname>log_min_duration_statement</varname>
17619      (Christopher)
17620     </para>
17621     <para>
17622      This is an often requested debugging feature that allows
17623      administrators to see only slow queries in their server logs.
17624     </para>
17625    </listitem>
17626
17627    <listitem>
17628     <para>Allow <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> to accept netmasks in CIDR format (Andrew Dunstan)</para>
17629     <para>
17630      This allows administrators to merge the host IP address and
17631      netmask fields into a single CIDR field in <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.
17632     </para>
17633    </listitem>
17634
17635    <listitem><para>New read-only parameter <varname>is_superuser</varname> (Tom)</para></listitem>
17636
17637    <listitem>
17638     <para>New parameter <varname>log_error_verbosity</varname> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
17639     <para>
17640      This works with the new error reporting feature to supply
17641      additional error information like hints, file names and line
17642      numbers.
17643     </para>
17644    </listitem>
17645
17646    <listitem>
17647     <para><literal>postgres --describe-config</literal> now dumps server config variables (Aizaz Ahmed, Peter)</para>
17648     <para>
17649      This option is useful for administration tools that need to know
17650      the configuration variable names and their minimums, maximums,
17651      defaults, and descriptions.
17652     </para>
17653    </listitem>
17654
17655    <listitem>
17656     <para>
17657      Add new columns in <literal>pg_settings</literal>:
17658      <literal>context</>, <literal>type</>, <literal>source</>,
17659      <literal>min_val</>, <literal>max_val</> (Joe)
17660     </para>
17661    </listitem>
17662
17663    <listitem>
17664     <para>
17665      Make default <varname>shared_buffers</> 1000 and
17666      <varname>max_connections</> 100, if possible (Tom)
17667     </para>
17668     <para>
17669      Prior versions defaulted to 64 shared buffers so <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
17670      would start on even very old systems. This release tests the
17671      amount of shared memory allowed by the platform and selects more
17672      reasonable default values if possible.  Of course, users are
17673      still encouraged to evaluate their resource load and size
17674      <varname>shared_buffers</varname> accordingly.
17675     </para>
17676    </listitem>
17677
17678    <listitem>
17679     <para>
17680      New <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> record type
17681      <literal>hostnossl</> to prevent SSL connections (Jon
17682      Jensen)
17683     </para>
17684     <para>
17685      In prior releases, there was no way to prevent SSL connections
17686      if both the client and server supported SSL. This option allows
17687      that capability.
17688     </para>
17689    </listitem>
17690
17691    <listitem>
17692     <para>
17693      Remove parameter <varname>geqo_random_seed</varname>
17694      (Tom)
17695     </para>
17696    </listitem>
17697
17698    <listitem>
17699     <para>
17700      Add server parameter <varname>regex_flavor</varname> to control regular expression processing (Tom)
17701     </para>
17702    </listitem>
17703
17704    <listitem>
17705     <para>
17706      Make <command>pg_ctl</command> better handle nonstandard ports (Greg)
17707     </para>
17708    </listitem>
17709   </itemizedlist>
17710  </sect3>
17711
17712  <sect3>
17713   <title>Query Changes</title>
17714
17715   <itemizedlist>
17716    <listitem><para>New SQL-standard information schema (Peter)</para></listitem>
17717    <listitem><para>Add read-only transactions (Peter)</para></listitem>
17718    <listitem><para>Print key name and value in foreign-key violation messages (Dmitry Tkach)</para></listitem>
17719
17720    <listitem>
17721     <para>Allow users to see their own queries in <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal> (Kevin Brown)</para>
17722     <para>
17723      In prior releases, only the superuser could see query strings
17724      using <literal>pg_stat_activity</literal>. Now ordinary users
17725      can see their own query strings.
17726     </para>
17727    </listitem>
17728
17729    <listitem>
17730     <para>Fix aggregates in subqueries to match SQL standard (Tom)</para>
17731     <para>
17732      The SQL standard says that an aggregate function appearing
17733      within a nested subquery belongs to the outer query if its
17734      argument contains only outer-query variables.  Prior
17735      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> releases did not handle
17736      this fine point correctly.
17737     </para>
17738    </listitem>
17739
17740    <listitem>
17741     <para>Add option to prevent auto-addition of tables referenced in query (Nigel J. Andrews)</para>
17742     <para>
17743      By default, tables mentioned in the query are automatically
17744      added to the <literal>FROM</> clause if they are not already
17745      there.  This is compatible with historic
17746      <productname>POSTGRES</productname> behavior but is contrary to
17747      the SQL standard.  This option allows selecting
17748      standard-compatible behavior.
17749     </para>
17750    </listitem>
17751
17752    <listitem>
17753     <para>Allow <literal>UPDATE ... SET col = DEFAULT</literal> (Rod)</para>
17754     <para>
17755      This allows <command>UPDATE</command> to set a column to its
17756      declared default value.
17757     </para>
17758    </listitem>
17759
17760    <listitem>
17761     <para>Allow expressions to be used in <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> (Tom)</para>
17762     <para>
17763      In prior releases, <literal>LIMIT</>/<literal>OFFSET</> could
17764      only use constants, not expressions.
17765     </para>
17766    </listitem>
17767
17768    <listitem>
17769     <para>Implement <literal>CREATE TABLE AS EXECUTE</literal> (Neil, Peter)</para>
17770    </listitem>
17771   </itemizedlist>
17772  </sect3>
17773
17774  <sect3>
17775   <title>Object Manipulation Changes</title>
17776
17777   <itemizedlist>
17778    <listitem>
17779     <para>Make <command>CREATE SEQUENCE</command> grammar more conforming to SQL:2003 (Neil)</para>
17780    </listitem>
17781
17782    <listitem>
17783     <para>Add statement-level triggers (Neil)</para>
17784     <para>
17785      While this allows a trigger to fire at the end of a statement,
17786      it does not allow the trigger to access all rows modified by the
17787      statement.  This capability is planned for a future release.
17788     </para>
17789    </listitem>
17790
17791    <listitem>
17792     <para>Add check constraints for domains (Rod)</para>
17793     <para>
17794      This greatly increases the usefulness of domains by allowing
17795      them to use check constraints.
17796     </para>
17797    </listitem>
17798
17799    <listitem>
17800     <para>Add <command>ALTER DOMAIN</command> (Rod)</para>
17801     <para>
17802      This allows manipulation of existing domains.
17803     </para>
17804    </listitem>
17805
17806    <listitem>
17807     <para>Fix several zero-column table bugs (Tom)</para>
17808     <para>
17809      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> supports zero-column tables. This fixes various bugs
17810      that occur when using such tables.
17811     </para>
17812    </listitem>
17813
17814    <listitem>
17815     <para>Have <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD PRIMARY KEY</literal> add not-null constraint (Rod)</para>
17816     <para>
17817      In prior releases, <literal>ALTER TABLE ... ADD
17818      PRIMARY</literal> would add a unique index, but not a not-null
17819      constraint.  That is fixed in this release.
17820     </para>
17821    </listitem>
17822
17823    <listitem><para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... WITHOUT OIDS</literal> (Rod)</para>
17824     <para>
17825      This allows control over whether new and updated rows will have
17826      an OID column.  This is most useful for saving storage space.
17827     </para>
17828    </listitem>
17829
17830    <listitem>
17831     <para>
17832      Add <literal>ALTER SEQUENCE</literal> to modify minimum, maximum,
17833      increment, cache, cycle values (Rod)
17834     </para>
17835    </listitem>
17836
17837    <listitem>
17838     <para>Add <literal>ALTER TABLE ... CLUSTER ON</literal> (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
17839     <para>
17840      This command is used by <command>pg_dump</command> to record the
17841      cluster column for each table previously clustered. This
17842      information is used by database-wide cluster to cluster all
17843      previously clustered tables.
17844     </para>
17845    </listitem>
17846
17847    <listitem><para>Improve automatic type casting for domains (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
17848    <listitem><para>Allow dollar signs in identifiers, except as first character (Tom)</para></listitem>
17849    <listitem><para>Disallow dollar signs in operator names, so <literal>x=$1</> works (Tom)</para></listitem>
17850
17851    <listitem>
17852     <para>
17853      Allow copying table schema using <literal>LIKE
17854      <replaceable>subtable</replaceable></literal>, also SQL:2003
17855      feature <literal>INCLUDING DEFAULTS</literal> (Rod)
17856     </para>
17857    </listitem>
17858
17859    <listitem>
17860     <para>
17861      Add <literal>WITH GRANT OPTION</literal> clause to
17862      <command>GRANT</command> (Peter)
17863     </para>
17864     <para>
17865      This enabled <command>GRANT</command> to give other users the
17866      ability to grant privileges on a object.
17867     </para>
17868    </listitem>
17869   </itemizedlist>
17870  </sect3>
17871
17872  <sect3>
17873   <title>Utility Command Changes</title>
17874
17875   <itemizedlist>
17876    <listitem>
17877     <para>Add <literal>ON COMMIT</literal> clause to <command>CREATE TABLE</command> for temporary tables (Gavin)</para>
17878     <para>
17879      This adds the ability for a table to be dropped or all rows
17880      deleted on transaction commit.
17881     </para>
17882    </listitem>
17883
17884    <listitem>
17885     <para>Allow cursors outside transactions using <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> (Neil)</para>
17886     <para>
17887      In previous releases, cursors were removed at the end of the
17888      transaction that created them. Cursors can now be created with
17889      the <literal>WITH HOLD</literal> option, which allows them to
17890      continue to be accessed after the creating transaction has
17891      committed.
17892     </para>
17893    </listitem>
17894
17895    <listitem>
17896     <para><literal>FETCH 0</literal> and <literal>MOVE 0 </literal> now do nothing (Bruce)</para>
17897     <para>
17898      In previous releases, <literal>FETCH 0</literal> fetched all
17899      remaining rows, and <literal>MOVE 0</literal> moved to the end
17900      of the cursor.
17901     </para>
17902    </listitem>
17903
17904    <listitem>
17905     <para>
17906      Cause <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> to
17907      return the number of rows fetched/moved, or zero if at the
17908      beginning/end of cursor, per SQL standard (Bruce)
17909     </para>
17910     <para>
17911      In prior releases, the row count returned by
17912      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> did not
17913      accurately reflect the number of rows processed.
17914     </para>
17915    </listitem>
17916
17917    <listitem>
17918     <para>Properly handle <literal>SCROLL</literal> with cursors, or
17919     report an error (Neil)</para>
17920     <para>
17921      Allowing random access (both forward and backward scrolling) to
17922      some kinds of queries cannot be done without some additional
17923      work. If <literal>SCROLL</literal> is specified when the cursor
17924      is created, this additional work will be performed. Furthermore,
17925      if the cursor has been created with <literal>NO SCROLL</literal>,
17926      no random access is allowed.
17927     </para>
17928    </listitem>
17929
17930    <listitem>
17931     <para>
17932      Implement SQL-compatible options <literal>FIRST</>,
17933      <literal>LAST</>, <literal>ABSOLUTE <replaceable>n</></>,
17934      <literal>RELATIVE <replaceable>n</></> for
17935      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>MOVE</command> (Tom)
17936     </para>
17937    </listitem>
17938
17939    <listitem>
17940     <para>Allow <command>EXPLAIN</command> on <command>DECLARE CURSOR</command> (Tom)</para>
17941    </listitem>
17942
17943    <listitem>
17944     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to use index marked as pre-clustered by default (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
17945    </listitem>
17946
17947    <listitem>
17948     <para>Allow <command>CLUSTER</command> to cluster all tables (Alvaro Herrera)</para>
17949     <para>
17950      This allows all previously clustered tables in a database to be
17951      reclustered with a single command.
17952     </para>
17953    </listitem>
17954
17955    <listitem><para>Prevent <command>CLUSTER</command> on partial indexes (Tom)</para></listitem>
17956
17957    <listitem><para>Allow DOS and Mac line-endings in <command>COPY</> files (Bruce)</para></listitem>
17958
17959    <listitem>
17960     <para>
17961      Disallow literal carriage return as a data value,
17962      backslash-carriage-return and <literal>\r</> are still allowed
17963      (Bruce)
17964     </para>
17965    </listitem>
17966
17967    <listitem>
17968     <para><command>COPY</> changes (binary, <literal>\.</>) (Tom)</para>
17969    </listitem>
17970
17971    <listitem>
17972     <para>Recover from <command>COPY</command> failure cleanly (Tom)</para>
17973    </listitem>
17974
17975    <listitem>
17976     <para>Prevent possible memory leaks in <command>COPY</command> (Tom)</para>
17977    </listitem>
17978
17979    <listitem>
17980     <para>Make <command>TRUNCATE</command> transaction-safe (Rod)</para>
17981     <para>
17982      <command>TRUNCATE</command> can now be used inside a
17983      transaction. If the transaction aborts, the changes made by the
17984      <command>TRUNCATE</command> are automatically rolled back.
17985     </para>
17986    </listitem>
17987
17988    <listitem>
17989     <para>
17990      Allow prepare/bind of utility commands like
17991      <command>FETCH</command> and <command>EXPLAIN</command> (Tom)
17992     </para>
17993    </listitem>
17994
17995    <listitem>
17996     <para>Add <command>EXPLAIN EXECUTE</command> (Neil)</para>
17997    </listitem>
17998
17999    <listitem>
18000     <para>Improve <command>VACUUM</command> performance on indexes by reducing WAL traffic (Tom)</para>
18001    </listitem>
18002
18003    <listitem>
18004     <para>Functional indexes have been generalized into indexes on expressions (Tom)</para>
18005     <para>
18006      In prior releases, functional indexes only supported a simple
18007      function applied to one or more column names.  This release
18008      allows any type of scalar expression.
18009     </para>
18010    </listitem>
18011
18012    <listitem>
18013     <para>
18014      Have <command>SHOW TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command> match input
18015      to <command>SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION</command>
18016      (Tom)
18017     </para>
18018    </listitem>
18019
18020    <listitem>
18021     <para>
18022       Have <command>COMMENT ON DATABASE</command> on nonlocal
18023       database generate a warning, rather than an error (Rod)
18024      </para>
18025
18026     <para>
18027      Database comments are stored in database-local tables so
18028      comments on a database have to be stored in each database.
18029     </para>
18030    </listitem>
18031
18032    <listitem>
18033     <para>
18034      Improve reliability of <command>LISTEN</>/<command>NOTIFY</> (Tom)
18035     </para>
18036    </listitem>
18037
18038    <listitem>
18039     <para>Allow <command>REINDEX</command> to reliably reindex nonshared system catalog indexes (Tom)</para>
18040     <para>
18041      This allows system tables to be reindexed without the
18042      requirement of a standalone session, which was necessary in
18043      previous releases. The only tables that now require a standalone
18044      session for reindexing are the global system tables
18045      <literal>pg_database</>, <literal>pg_shadow</>, and
18046      <literal>pg_group</>.
18047     </para>
18048    </listitem>
18049   </itemizedlist>
18050  </sect3>
18051
18052  <sect3>
18053   <title>Data Type and Function Changes</title>
18054
18055   <itemizedlist>
18056    <listitem>
18057     <para>
18058      New server parameter <varname>extra_float_digits</varname> to
18059      control precision display of floating-point numbers (Pedro
18060      Ferreira, Tom)
18061     </para>
18062     <para>
18063      This controls output precision which was causing regression
18064      testing problems.
18065     </para>
18066    </listitem>
18067
18068    <listitem><para>Allow <literal>+1300</literal> as a numeric time-zone specifier, for FJST (Tom)</para></listitem>
18069
18070    <listitem>
18071     <para>
18072      Remove rarely used functions <function>oidrand</>,
18073      <function>oidsrand</>, and <function>userfntest</> functions
18074      (Neil)
18075     </para>
18076    </listitem>
18077
18078    <listitem>
18079     <para>Add <function>md5()</> function to main server, already in <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename> (Joe)</para>
18080     <para>
18081      An MD5 function was frequently requested. For more complex
18082      encryption capabilities, use
18083      <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</filename>.
18084     </para>
18085    </listitem>
18086
18087    <listitem><para>Increase date range of <type>timestamp</type> (John Cochran)</para></listitem>
18088
18089    <listitem>
18090     <para>
18091      Change <literal>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp)</literal> so
18092      <type>timestamp without time zone</type> is assumed to be in
18093      local time, not GMT (Tom)
18094     </para>
18095    </listitem>
18096
18097    <listitem><para>Trap division by zero in case the operating system doesn't prevent it (Tom)</para></listitem>
18098    <listitem><para>Change the <type>numeric</type> data type internally to base 10000 (Tom)</para></listitem>
18099    <listitem><para>New <function>hostmask()</function> function (Greg Wickham)</para></listitem>
18100    <listitem><para>Fixes for <function>to_char()</function> and <function>to_timestamp()</function> (Karel)</para></listitem>
18101
18102    <listitem>
18103     <para>
18104      Allow functions that can take any argument data type and return
18105      any data type, using <type>anyelement</type> and
18106      <type>anyarray</type> (Joe)
18107     </para>
18108     <para>
18109      This allows the creation of functions that can work with any
18110      data type.
18111     </para>
18112    </listitem>
18113
18114    <listitem>
18115     <para>
18116      Arrays can now be specified as <literal>ARRAY[1,2,3]</literal>,
18117      <literal>ARRAY[['a','b'],['c','d']]</literal>, or
18118      <literal>ARRAY[ARRAY[ARRAY[2]]]</literal> (Joe)
18119     </para>
18120    </listitem>
18121
18122    <listitem>
18123     <para>
18124      Allow proper comparisons for arrays, including <literal>ORDER
18125      BY</literal> and <literal>DISTINCT</literal> support
18126      (Joe)
18127     </para>
18128    </listitem>
18129
18130    <listitem><para>Allow indexes on array columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
18131    <listitem><para>Allow array concatenation with <literal>||</literal> (Joe)</para></listitem>
18132
18133    <listitem>
18134     <para>
18135      Allow <literal>WHERE</literal> qualification
18136      <literal><replaceable>expr</> <replaceable>op</> ANY/SOME/ALL
18137      (<replaceable>array_expr</>)</literal> (Joe)
18138     </para>
18139     <para>
18140      This allows arrays to behave like a list of values, for purposes
18141      like <literal>SELECT * FROM tab WHERE col IN
18142      (array_val)</literal>.
18143     </para>
18144    </listitem>
18145
18146    <listitem>
18147     <para>
18148      New array functions <function>array_append</>,
18149      <function>array_cat</>, <function>array_lower</>,
18150      <function>array_prepend</>, <function>array_to_string</>,
18151      <function>array_upper</>, <function>string_to_array</> (Joe)
18152     </para>
18153    </listitem>
18154
18155    <listitem><para>Allow user defined aggregates to use polymorphic functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
18156    <listitem><para>Allow assignments to empty arrays (Joe)</para></listitem>
18157
18158    <listitem>
18159     <para>
18160      Allow 60 in seconds fields of <type>time</type>,
18161      <type>timestamp</type>, and <type>interval</type> input values
18162      (Tom)
18163     </para>
18164     <para>
18165      Sixty-second values are needed for leap seconds.
18166     </para>
18167    </listitem>
18168
18169    <listitem><para>Allow <type>cidr</type> data type to be cast to <type>text</type> (Tom)</para></listitem>
18170
18171    <listitem><para>Disallow invalid time zone names in SET TIMEZONE</para></listitem>
18172
18173    <listitem>
18174     <para>
18175      Trim trailing spaces when <type>char</type> is cast to
18176      <type>varchar</> or <type>text</> (Tom)
18177     </para>
18178    </listitem>
18179
18180    <listitem>
18181     <para>
18182      Make <type>float(<replaceable>p</>)</> measure the precision
18183      <replaceable>p</> in binary digits, not decimal digits
18184      (Tom)
18185     </para>
18186    </listitem>
18187
18188    <listitem>
18189     <para>Add IPv6 support to the <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type> data types (Michael Graff)</para>
18190    </listitem>
18191
18192    <listitem>
18193     <para>Add <function>family()</function> function to report whether address is IPv4 or IPv6 (Michael Graff)</para>
18194    </listitem>
18195
18196    <listitem>
18197     <para>
18198      Have <literal>SHOW datestyle</literal> generate output similar
18199      to that used by <literal>SET datestyle</literal> (Tom)
18200     </para>
18201    </listitem>
18202
18203    <listitem>
18204     <para>
18205      Make <literal>EXTRACT(TIMEZONE)</literal> and <literal>SET/SHOW
18206      TIME ZONE</literal> follow the SQL convention for the sign of
18207      time zone offsets, i.e., positive is east from UTC (Tom)
18208     </para>
18209    </listitem>
18210
18211    <listitem>
18212     <para>Fix <literal>date_trunc('quarter', ...)</literal> (Böjthe Zoltán)</para>
18213     <para>
18214      Prior releases returned an incorrect value for this function call.
18215     </para>
18216    </listitem>
18217
18218    <listitem>
18219     <para>Make <function>initcap()</function> more compatible with Oracle (Mike Nolan)</para>
18220     <para>
18221      <function>initcap()</function> now uppercases a letter appearing
18222      after any non-alphanumeric character, rather than only after
18223      whitespace.
18224     </para>
18225    </listitem>
18226
18227    <listitem>
18228     <para>Allow only <varname>datestyle</varname> field order for date values not in ISO-8601 format (Greg)</para>
18229    </listitem>
18230
18231    <listitem>
18232     <para>
18233      Add new <varname>datestyle</varname> values <literal>MDY</>,
18234      <literal>DMY</>, and <literal>YMD</> to set input field order;
18235      honor <literal>US</> and <literal>European</> for backward
18236      compatibility (Tom)
18237     </para>
18238    </listitem>
18239
18240    <listitem>
18241     <para>
18242      String literals like <literal>'now'</literal> or
18243      <literal>'today'</literal> will no longer work as a column
18244      default. Use functions such as <function>now()</function>,
18245      <function>current_timestamp</function> instead.  (change
18246      required for prepared statements) (Tom)
18247     </para>
18248    </listitem>
18249
18250    <listitem>
18251     <para>Treat NaN as larger than any other value in <function>min()</>/<function>max()</> (Tom)</para>
18252     <para>
18253      NaN was already sorted after ordinary numeric values for most
18254      purposes, but <function>min()</> and <function>max()</> didn't
18255      get this right.
18256     </para>
18257    </listitem>
18258
18259    <listitem>
18260     <para>Prevent interval from suppressing <literal>:00</literal>
18261     seconds display</para>
18262    </listitem>
18263
18264    <listitem>
18265     <para>
18266      New functions <function>pg_get_triggerdef(prettyprint)</function>
18267      and <function>pg_conversion_is_visible()</function> (Christopher)
18268     </para>
18269    </listitem>
18270
18271    <listitem>
18272     <para>Allow time to be specified as <literal>040506</> or <literal>0405</> (Tom)</para>
18273    </listitem>
18274
18275    <listitem>
18276     <para>
18277      Input date order must now be <literal>YYYY-MM-DD</literal> (with 4-digit year) or
18278      match <varname>datestyle</varname>
18279     </para>
18280    </listitem>
18281
18282    <listitem>
18283     <para>
18284      Make <function>pg_get_constraintdef</function> support
18285      unique, primary-key, and check constraints (Christopher)
18286     </para>
18287    </listitem>
18288   </itemizedlist>
18289  </sect3>
18290
18291  <sect3>
18292   <title>Server-Side Language Changes</title>
18293
18294   <itemizedlist>
18295    <listitem>
18296     <para>
18297      Prevent PL/pgSQL crash when <literal>RETURN NEXT</literal> is
18298      used on a zero-row record variable (Tom)
18299     </para>
18300    </listitem>
18301
18302    <listitem>
18303     <para>
18304      Make PL/Python's <function>spi_execute</function> interface
18305      handle null values properly (Andrew Bosma)
18306     </para>
18307    </listitem>
18308
18309    <listitem>
18310     <para>Allow PL/pgSQL to declare variables of composite types without <literal>%ROWTYPE</literal> (Tom)</para>
18311    </listitem>
18312
18313    <listitem>
18314     <para>Fix PL/Python's <function>_quote()</function> function to handle big integers</para>
18315    </listitem>
18316
18317    <listitem>
18318     <para>Make PL/Python an untrusted language, now called <literal>plpythonu</literal> (Kevin Jacobs, Tom)</para>
18319     <para>
18320      The Python language no longer supports a restricted execution
18321      environment, so the trusted version of PL/Python was removed. If
18322      this situation changes, a version of PL/Python that can be used
18323      by non-superusers will be readded.
18324     </para>
18325    </listitem>
18326
18327    <listitem>
18328     <para>Allow polymorphic PL/pgSQL functions (Joe, Tom)</para>
18329    </listitem>
18330
18331    <listitem>
18332     <para>Allow polymorphic SQL functions (Joe)</para>
18333    </listitem>
18334
18335    <listitem>
18336     <para>
18337      Improved compiled function caching mechanism in PL/pgSQL with
18338      full support for polymorphism (Joe)
18339     </para>
18340    </listitem>
18341
18342    <listitem>
18343     <para>
18344      Add new parameter <literal>$0</> in PL/pgSQL representing the
18345      function's actual return type (Joe)
18346     </para>
18347    </listitem>
18348
18349    <listitem>
18350     <para>
18351      Allow PL/Tcl and PL/Python to use the same trigger on multiple tables (Tom)
18352     </para>
18353    </listitem>
18354
18355    <listitem>
18356     <para>
18357      Fixed PL/Tcl's <function>spi_prepare</function> to accept fully
18358      qualified type names in the parameter type list
18359      (Jan)
18360     </para>
18361    </listitem>
18362   </itemizedlist>
18363  </sect3>
18364
18365  <sect3>
18366   <title>psql Changes</title>
18367
18368   <itemizedlist>
18369    <listitem>
18370     <para>Add <literal>\pset pager always</literal> to always use pager (Greg)</para>
18371     <para>
18372      This forces the pager to be used even if the number of rows is
18373      less than the screen height.  This is valuable for rows that
18374      wrap across several screen rows.
18375     </para>
18376    </listitem>
18377
18378    <listitem><para>Improve tab completion (Rod, Ross Reedstrom, Ian Barwick)</para></listitem>
18379    <listitem><para>Reorder <literal>\?</> help into groupings (Harald Armin Massa, Bruce)</para></listitem>
18380    <listitem><para>Add backslash commands for listing schemas, casts, and conversions (Christopher)</para></listitem>
18381
18382    <listitem>
18383     <para>
18384      <command>\encoding</> now changes based on the server parameter
18385      <varname>client_encoding</varname> (Tom)
18386     </para>
18387     <para>
18388      In previous versions, <command>\encoding</command> was not aware
18389      of encoding changes made using <literal>SET
18390      client_encoding</literal>.
18391     </para>
18392    </listitem>
18393
18394    <listitem>
18395     <para>Save editor buffer into readline history (Ross)</para>
18396     <para>
18397      When <command>\e</> is used to edit a query, the result is saved
18398      in the readline history for retrieval using the up arrow.
18399     </para>
18400    </listitem>
18401
18402    <listitem><para>Improve <command>\d</command> display (Christopher)</para></listitem>
18403    <listitem><para>Enhance HTML mode to be more standards-conforming (Greg)</para></listitem>
18404
18405    <listitem>
18406     <para>New <command>\set AUTOCOMMIT off</command> capability (Tom)</para>
18407     <para>
18408      This takes the place of the removed server parameter <varname>autocommit</varname>.
18409     </para>
18410    </listitem>
18411
18412    <listitem>
18413     <para>New <command>\set VERBOSITY</command> to control error detail (Tom)</para>
18414     <para>
18415      This controls the new error reporting details.
18416     </para>
18417    </listitem>
18418
18419    <listitem><para>New prompt escape sequence <literal>%x</literal> to show transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
18420    <listitem><para>Long options for <application>psql</application> are now available on all platforms</para></listitem>
18421   </itemizedlist>
18422  </sect3>
18423
18424  <sect3>
18425   <title>pg_dump Changes</title>
18426
18427   <itemizedlist>
18428    <listitem><para>Multiple pg_dump fixes, including tar format and large objects</para></listitem>
18429    <listitem><para>Allow pg_dump to dump specific schemas (Neil)</para></listitem>
18430
18431    <listitem>
18432     <para>Make pg_dump preserve column storage characteristics (Christopher)</para>
18433     <para>
18434      This preserves <literal>ALTER TABLE ... SET STORAGE</literal> information.
18435     </para>
18436    </listitem>
18437
18438    <listitem><para>Make pg_dump preserve <command>CLUSTER</command> characteristics (Christopher)</para></listitem>
18439
18440    <listitem>
18441     <para>
18442      Have pg_dumpall use <command>GRANT</>/<command>REVOKE</> to dump database-level privileges (Tom)
18443     </para>
18444    </listitem>
18445
18446    <listitem>
18447     <para>
18448      Allow pg_dumpall to support the options <option>-a</>,
18449      <option>-s</>, <option>-x</> of pg_dump (Tom)
18450     </para>
18451    </listitem>
18452
18453    <listitem><para>Prevent pg_dump from lowercasing identifiers specified on the command line (Tom)</para></listitem>
18454
18455    <listitem>
18456     <para>
18457      pg_dump options <option>--use-set-session-authorization</option>
18458      and <option>--no-reconnect</option> now do nothing, all dumps
18459      use <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>
18460     </para>
18461     <para>
18462      pg_dump no longer reconnects to switch users, but instead always
18463      uses <command>SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</command>. This will
18464      reduce password prompting during restores.
18465     </para>
18466    </listitem>
18467
18468    <listitem>
18469     <para>Long options for <application>pg_dump</application> are now available on all platforms</para>
18470     <para>
18471      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now includes its own
18472      long-option processing routines.
18473     </para>
18474    </listitem>
18475   </itemizedlist>
18476  </sect3>
18477
18478  <sect3>
18479   <title>libpq Changes</title>
18480
18481   <itemizedlist>
18482    <listitem>
18483     <para>
18484      Add function <function>PQfreemem</function> for freeing memory on
18485      Windows, suggested for <command>NOTIFY</command> (Bruce)
18486     </para>
18487     <para>
18488      Windows requires that memory allocated in a library be freed by
18489      a function in the same library, hence
18490      <function>free()</function> doesn't work for freeing memory
18491      allocated by libpq. <function>PQfreemem</function> is the proper
18492      way to free libpq memory, especially on Windows, and is
18493      recommended for other platforms as well.
18494     </para>
18495    </listitem>
18496
18497    <listitem>
18498     <para>Document service capability, and add sample file (Bruce)</para>
18499     <para>
18500      This allows clients to look up connection information in a
18501      central file on the client machine.
18502     </para>
18503    </listitem>
18504
18505    <listitem>
18506     <para>
18507      Make <function>PQsetdbLogin</function> have the same defaults as
18508      <function>PQconnectdb</function> (Tom)
18509     </para>
18510    </listitem>
18511
18512    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to cleanly fail when result sets are too large (Tom)</para></listitem>
18513
18514    <listitem>
18515     <para>
18516      Improve performance of function <function>PQunescapeBytea</function> (Ben Lamb)
18517     </para>
18518    </listitem>
18519
18520    <listitem>
18521     <para>
18522      Allow thread-safe libpq with <filename>configure</filename>
18523      option <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness,
18524      Philip Yarra)
18525     </para>
18526    </listitem>
18527
18528    <listitem>
18529     <para>
18530      Allow function <function>pqInternalNotice</function> to accept a
18531      format string and arguments instead of just a preformatted
18532      message (Tom, Sean Chittenden)
18533     </para>
18534    </listitem>
18535
18536    <listitem>
18537     <para>
18538      Control SSL negotiation with <literal>sslmode</literal> values
18539      <literal>disable</literal>, <literal>allow</literal>,
18540      <literal>prefer</literal>, and <literal>require</literal> (Jon
18541      Jensen)
18542     </para>
18543    </listitem>
18544
18545    <listitem>
18546     <para>Allow new error codes and levels of text (Tom)</para>
18547    </listitem>
18548
18549    <listitem>
18550     <para>Allow access to the underlying table and column of a query result (Tom)</para>
18551     <para>
18552      This is helpful for query-builder applications that want to know
18553      the underlying table and column names associated with a specific
18554      result set.
18555     </para>
18556    </listitem>
18557
18558    <listitem><para>Allow access to the current transaction status (Tom)</para></listitem>
18559    <listitem><para>Add ability to pass binary data directly to the server (Tom)</para></listitem>
18560
18561    <listitem>
18562     <para>
18563      Add function <function>PQexecPrepared</function> and
18564      <function>PQsendQueryPrepared</function> functions which perform
18565      bind/execute of previously prepared statements (Tom)
18566      </para>
18567     </listitem>
18568   </itemizedlist>
18569  </sect3>
18570
18571  <sect3>
18572   <title>JDBC Changes</title>
18573
18574   <itemizedlist>
18575    <listitem><para>Allow <function>setNull</function> on updateable result sets</para></listitem>
18576    <listitem><para>Allow <function>executeBatch</function> on a prepared statement (Barry)</para></listitem>
18577    <listitem><para>Support SSL connections (Barry)</para></listitem>
18578    <listitem><para>Handle schema names in result sets (Paul Sorenson)</para></listitem>
18579    <listitem><para>Add refcursor support (Nic Ferrier)</para></listitem>
18580   </itemizedlist>
18581  </sect3>
18582
18583  <sect3>
18584   <title>Miscellaneous Interface Changes</title>
18585
18586   <itemizedlist>
18587    <listitem>
18588     <para>Prevent possible memory leak or core dump during libpgtcl shutdown (Tom)</para>
18589    </listitem>
18590    <listitem>
18591     <para>Add Informix compatibility to ECPG (Michael)</para>
18592     <para>
18593      This allows ECPG to process embedded C programs that were
18594      written using certain Informix extensions.
18595     </para>
18596    </listitem>
18597
18598    <listitem>
18599     <para>Add type <type>decimal</type> to ECPG that is fixed length, for Informix (Michael)</para>
18600    </listitem>
18601
18602    <listitem>
18603     <para>
18604      Allow thread-safe embedded SQL programs with
18605      <filename>configure</filename> option
18606      <option>--enable-thread-safety</option> (Lee Kindness, Bruce)
18607     </para>
18608     <para>
18609      This allows multiple threads to access the database at the same
18610      time.
18611     </para>
18612    </listitem>
18613
18614    <listitem>
18615     <para>Moved Python client PyGreSQL to <ulink url="http://www.pygresql.org"></ulink> (Marc)</para>
18616    </listitem>
18617   </itemizedlist>
18618  </sect3>
18619
18620  <sect3>
18621   <title>Source Code Changes</title>
18622
18623   <itemizedlist>
18624    <listitem><para>Prevent need for separate platform geometry regression result files (Tom)</para></listitem>
18625    <listitem><para>Improved PPC locking primitive (Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
18626    <listitem><para>New function <function>palloc0</function> to allocate and clear memory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
18627    <listitem><para>Fix locking code for s390x CPU (64-bit) (Tom)</para></listitem>
18628    <listitem><para>Allow OpenBSD to use local ident credentials (William Ahern)</para></listitem>
18629    <listitem><para>Make query plan trees read-only to executor (Tom)</para></listitem>
18630    <listitem><para>Add Darwin startup scripts (David Wheeler)</para></listitem>
18631    <listitem><para>Allow libpq to compile with Borland C++ compiler (Lester Godwin, Karl Waclawek)</para></listitem>
18632    <listitem><para>Use our own version of <function>getopt_long()</function> if needed (Peter)</para></listitem>
18633    <listitem><para>Convert administration scripts to C (Peter)</para></listitem>
18634    <listitem><para> Bison &gt;= 1.85 is now required to build the <productname>PostgreSQL</> grammar, if building from CVS</para></listitem>
18635    <listitem><para>Merge documentation into one book (Peter)</para></listitem>
18636    <listitem><para>Add Windows compatibility functions (Bruce)</para></listitem>
18637    <listitem><para>Allow client interfaces to compile under MinGW (Bruce)</para></listitem>
18638    <listitem><para>New <function>ereport()</function> function for error reporting (Tom)</para></listitem>
18639    <listitem><para>Support Intel compiler on Linux (Peter)</para></listitem>
18640    <listitem><para>Improve Linux startup scripts (Slawomir Sudnik, Darko Prenosil)</para></listitem>
18641    <listitem><para>Add support for AMD Opteron and Itanium (Jeffrey W. Baker, Bruce)</para></listitem>
18642    <listitem>
18643     <para>Remove <option>--enable-recode</option> option from <command>configure</command></para>
18644     <para>
18645      This was no longer needed now that we have <command>CREATE CONVERSION</command>.
18646     </para>
18647    </listitem>
18648    <listitem>
18649     <para>Generate a compile error if spinlock code is not found (Bruce)</para>
18650     <para>
18651      Platforms without spinlock code will now fail to compile, rather
18652      than silently using semaphores. This failure can be disabled
18653      with a new <command>configure</command> option.
18654     </para>
18655    </listitem>
18656   </itemizedlist>
18657  </sect3>
18658
18659  <sect3>
18660   <title>Contrib Changes</title>
18661
18662   <itemizedlist>
18663    <listitem><para>Change dbmirror license to BSD</para></listitem>
18664    <listitem><para>Improve earthdistance (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
18665    <listitem><para>Portability improvements to pgcrypto (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
18666    <listitem><para>Prevent crash in xml (John Gray, Michael Richards)</para></listitem>
18667    <listitem><para>Update oracle</para></listitem>
18668    <listitem><para>Update mysql</para></listitem>
18669    <listitem><para>Update cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
18670    <listitem><para>Update earthdistance to use cube (Bruno Wolff III)</para></listitem>
18671    <listitem><para>Update btree_gist (Oleg)</para></listitem>
18672    <listitem><para>New tsearch2 full-text search module (Oleg, Teodor)</para></listitem>
18673    <listitem><para>Add hash-based crosstab function to tablefuncs (Joe)</para></listitem>
18674    <listitem><para>Add serial column to order <function>connectby()</> siblings in tablefuncs (Nabil Sayegh,Joe)</para></listitem>
18675    <listitem><para>Add named persistent connections to dblink (Shridhar Daithanka)</para></listitem>
18676    <listitem><para>New pg_autovacuum allows automatic <command>VACUUM</command> (Matthew T. O'Connor)</para></listitem>
18677    <listitem><para>Make pgbench honor environment variables <envar>PGHOST</>, <envar>PGPORT</>, <envar>PGUSER</> (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
18678    <listitem><para>Improve intarray (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
18679    <listitem><para>Improve pgstattuple (Rod)</para></listitem>
18680    <listitem><para>Fix bug in <function>metaphone()</function> in fuzzystrmatch</para></listitem>
18681    <listitem><para>Improve adddepend (Rod)</para></listitem>
18682    <listitem><para>Update spi/timetravel (Böjthe Zoltán)</para></listitem>
18683    <listitem><para>Fix dbase <option>-s</> option and improve non-ASCII handling (Thomas Behr, Márcio Smiderle)</para></listitem>
18684    <listitem><para>Remove array module because features now included by default (Joe)</para></listitem>
18685   </itemizedlist>
18686  </sect3>
18687  </sect2>
18688 </sect1>
18689
18690  <sect1 id="release-7-3-21">
18691   <title>Release 7.3.21</title>
18692
18693   <note>
18694   <title>Release date</title>
18695   <simpara>2008-01-07</simpara>
18696   </note>
18697
18698   <para>
18699    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.20,
18700    including fixes for significant security issues.
18701   </para>
18702
18703   <para>
18704    This is expected to be the last <productname>PostgreSQL</> release
18705    in the 7.3.X series.  Users are encouraged to update to a newer
18706    release branch soon.
18707   </para>
18708
18709   <sect2>
18710    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.21</title>
18711
18712    <para>
18713     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
18714     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
18715     notes for 7.3.13.
18716    </para>
18717
18718   </sect2>
18719
18720   <sect2>
18721    <title>Changes</title>
18722
18723    <itemizedlist>
18724
18725     <listitem>
18726      <para>
18727       Prevent functions in indexes from executing with the privileges of
18728       the user running <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, etc (Tom)
18729      </para>
18730
18731      <para>
18732       Functions used in index expressions and partial-index
18733       predicates are evaluated whenever a new table entry is made.  It has
18734       long been understood that this poses a risk of trojan-horse code
18735       execution if one modifies a table owned by an untrustworthy user.
18736       (Note that triggers, defaults, check constraints, etc. pose the
18737       same type of risk.)  But functions in indexes pose extra danger
18738       because they will be executed by routine maintenance operations
18739       such as <command>VACUUM FULL</>, which are commonly performed
18740       automatically under a superuser account.  For example, a nefarious user
18741       can execute code with superuser privileges by setting up a
18742       trojan-horse index definition and waiting for the next routine vacuum.
18743       The fix arranges for standard maintenance operations
18744       (including <command>VACUUM</>, <command>ANALYZE</>, <command>REINDEX</>,
18745       and <command>CLUSTER</>) to execute as the table owner rather than
18746       the calling user, using the same privilege-switching mechanism already
18747       used for <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> functions.  To prevent bypassing
18748       this security measure, execution of <command>SET SESSION
18749       AUTHORIZATION</> and <command>SET ROLE</> is now forbidden within a
18750       <literal>SECURITY DEFINER</> context.  (CVE-2007-6600)
18751      </para>
18752     </listitem>
18753
18754     <listitem>
18755      <para>
18756       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
18757       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
18758      </para>
18759
18760      <para>
18761       The fix that appeared for this in 7.3.20 was incomplete, as it plugged
18762       the hole for only some <filename>dblink</> functions.  (CVE-2007-6601,
18763       CVE-2007-3278)
18764      </para>
18765     </listitem>
18766
18767     <listitem>
18768      <para>
18769       Fix potential crash in <function>translate()</> when using a multibyte
18770       database encoding (Tom)
18771      </para>
18772     </listitem>
18773
18774     <listitem>
18775      <para>
18776       Make <filename>contrib/tablefunc</>'s <function>crosstab()</> handle
18777       NULL rowid as a category in its own right, rather than crashing (Joe)
18778      </para>
18779     </listitem>
18780
18781     <listitem>
18782      <para>
18783       Require a specific version of <productname>Autoconf</> to be used
18784       when re-generating the <command>configure</> script (Peter)
18785      </para>
18786
18787      <para>
18788       This affects developers and packagers only.  The change was made
18789       to prevent accidental use of untested combinations of
18790       <productname>Autoconf</> and <productname>PostgreSQL</> versions.
18791       You can remove the version check if you really want to use a
18792       different <productname>Autoconf</> version, but it's
18793       your responsibility whether the result works or not.
18794      </para>
18795     </listitem>
18796
18797    </itemizedlist>
18798
18799   </sect2>
18800  </sect1>
18801
18802  <sect1 id="release-7-3-20">
18803   <title>Release 7.3.20</title>
18804
18805   <note>
18806   <title>Release date</title>
18807   <simpara>2007-09-17</simpara>
18808   </note>
18809
18810   <para>
18811    This release contains fixes from 7.3.19.
18812   </para>
18813
18814   <sect2>
18815    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.20</title>
18816
18817    <para>
18818     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
18819     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
18820     notes for 7.3.13.
18821    </para>
18822
18823   </sect2>
18824
18825   <sect2>
18826    <title>Changes</title>
18827
18828    <itemizedlist>
18829
18830     <listitem>
18831      <para>
18832       Prevent index corruption when a transaction inserts rows and
18833       then aborts close to the end of a concurrent <command>VACUUM</>
18834       on the same table (Tom)
18835      </para>
18836     </listitem>
18837
18838     <listitem>
18839      <para>
18840       Make <command>CREATE DOMAIN ... DEFAULT NULL</> work properly (Tom)
18841      </para>
18842     </listitem>
18843
18844     <listitem>
18845      <para>
18846       Fix crash when <varname>log_min_error_statement</> logging runs out
18847       of memory (Tom)
18848      </para>
18849     </listitem>
18850
18851     <listitem>
18852      <para>
18853       Require non-superusers who use <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to use only
18854       password authentication, as a security measure (Joe)
18855      </para>
18856     </listitem>
18857
18858    </itemizedlist>
18859
18860   </sect2>
18861  </sect1>
18862
18863  <sect1 id="release-7-3-19">
18864   <title>Release 7.3.19</title>
18865
18866   <note>
18867   <title>Release date</title>
18868   <simpara>2007-04-23</simpara>
18869   </note>
18870
18871   <para>
18872    This release contains fixes from 7.3.18,
18873    including a security fix.
18874   </para>
18875
18876   <sect2>
18877    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.19</title>
18878
18879    <para>
18880     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
18881     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
18882     notes for 7.3.13.
18883    </para>
18884
18885   </sect2>
18886
18887   <sect2>
18888    <title>Changes</title>
18889
18890    <itemizedlist>
18891
18892     <listitem>
18893     <para>
18894      Support explicit placement of the temporary-table schema within
18895      <varname>search_path</>, and disable searching it for functions
18896      and operators (Tom)
18897     </para>
18898     <para>
18899      This is needed to allow a security-definer function to set a
18900      truly secure value of <varname>search_path</>.  Without it,
18901      an unprivileged SQL user can use temporary objects to execute code
18902      with the privileges of the security-definer function (CVE-2007-2138).
18903      See <command>CREATE FUNCTION</> for more information.
18904     </para>
18905     </listitem>
18906
18907     <listitem>
18908     <para>
18909      Fix potential-data-corruption bug in how <command>VACUUM FULL</> handles
18910      <command>UPDATE</> chains (Tom, Pavan Deolasee)
18911     </para>
18912     </listitem>
18913
18914    </itemizedlist>
18915
18916   </sect2>
18917  </sect1>
18918
18919  <sect1 id="release-7-3-18">
18920   <title>Release 7.3.18</title>
18921
18922   <note>
18923   <title>Release date</title>
18924   <simpara>2007-02-05</simpara>
18925   </note>
18926
18927   <para>
18928    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.17, including
18929    a security fix.
18930   </para>
18931
18932   <sect2>
18933    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.18</title>
18934
18935    <para>
18936     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
18937     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
18938     notes for 7.3.13.
18939    </para>
18940
18941   </sect2>
18942
18943   <sect2>
18944    <title>Changes</title>
18945
18946    <itemizedlist>
18947
18948     <listitem>
18949     <para>
18950      Remove security vulnerability that allowed connected users
18951      to read backend memory (Tom)
18952     </para>
18953     <para>
18954      The vulnerability involves changing the
18955      data type of a table column used in a SQL function (CVE-2007-0555).
18956      This error can easily be exploited to cause a backend crash, and in
18957      principle might be used to read database content that the user
18958      should not be able to access.
18959     </para>
18960     </listitem>
18961
18962     <listitem>
18963     <para>
18964      Fix rare bug wherein btree index page splits could fail
18965      due to choosing an infeasible split point (Heikki Linnakangas)
18966     </para>
18967     </listitem>
18968
18969     <listitem>
18970     <para>
18971      Tighten security of multi-byte character processing for UTF8 sequences
18972      over three bytes long (Tom)
18973     </para>
18974     </listitem>
18975
18976    </itemizedlist>
18977
18978   </sect2>
18979  </sect1>
18980
18981  <sect1 id="release-7-3-17">
18982   <title>Release 7.3.17</title>
18983
18984   <note>
18985   <title>Release date</title>
18986   <simpara>2007-01-08</simpara>
18987   </note>
18988
18989   <para>
18990    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.16.
18991   </para>
18992
18993   <sect2>
18994    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.17</title>
18995
18996    <para>
18997     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
18998     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
18999     notes for 7.3.13.
19000    </para>
19001
19002   </sect2>
19003
19004   <sect2>
19005    <title>Changes</title>
19006
19007    <itemizedlist>
19008
19009     <listitem>
19010      <para>
19011       <function>to_number()</> and <function>to_char(numeric)</>
19012       are now <literal>STABLE</>, not <literal>IMMUTABLE</>, for
19013       new <application>initdb</> installs (Tom)
19014      </para>
19015
19016      <para>
19017       This is because <varname>lc_numeric</> can potentially
19018       change the output of these functions.
19019      </para>
19020     </listitem>
19021
19022     <listitem>
19023      <para>
19024       Improve index usage of regular expressions that use parentheses (Tom)
19025      </para>
19026
19027      <para>
19028       This improves <application>psql</> <literal>\d</> performance also.
19029      </para>
19030     </listitem>
19031
19032    </itemizedlist>
19033
19034   </sect2>
19035  </sect1>
19036
19037  <sect1 id="release-7-3-16">
19038   <title>Release 7.3.16</title>
19039
19040   <note>
19041   <title>Release date</title>
19042   <simpara>2006-10-16</simpara>
19043   </note>
19044
19045   <para>
19046    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.15.
19047   </para>
19048
19049   <sect2>
19050    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.16</title>
19051
19052    <para>
19053     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19054     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
19055     notes for 7.3.13.
19056    </para>
19057
19058   </sect2>
19059
19060   <sect2>
19061    <title>Changes</title>
19062
19063 <itemizedlist>
19064 <listitem><para>Fix corner cases in pattern matching for
19065  <application>psql</>'s <literal>\d</> commands</para></listitem>
19066 <listitem><para>Fix index-corrupting bugs in /contrib/ltree
19067  (Teodor)</para></listitem>
19068 <listitem><para>Back-port 7.4 spinlock code to improve performance and support
19069 64-bit architectures better</para> </listitem>
19070 <listitem><para>Fix SSL-related memory leak in libpq</para> </listitem>
19071 <listitem><para>Fix backslash escaping in /contrib/dbmirror</para></listitem>
19072 <listitem><para>Adjust regression tests for recent changes in US DST laws
19073 </para> </listitem>
19074 </itemizedlist>
19075
19076   </sect2>
19077  </sect1>
19078
19079  <sect1 id="release-7-3-15">
19080   <title>Release 7.3.15</title>
19081
19082   <note>
19083   <title>Release date</title>
19084   <simpara>2006-05-23</simpara>
19085   </note>
19086
19087   <para>
19088    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.14,
19089    including patches for extremely serious security issues.
19090   </para>
19091
19092   <sect2>
19093    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.15</title>
19094
19095    <para>
19096     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19097     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
19098     notes for 7.3.13.
19099    </para>
19100
19101    <para>
19102     Full security against the SQL-injection attacks described in
19103     CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314 might require changes in application
19104     code.  If you have applications that embed untrustworthy strings
19105     into SQL commands, you should examine them as soon as possible to
19106     ensure that they are using recommended escaping techniques.  In
19107     most cases, applications should be using subroutines provided by
19108     libraries or drivers (such as <application>libpq</>'s
19109     <function>PQescapeStringConn()</>) to perform string escaping,
19110     rather than relying on <foreignphrase>ad hoc</> code to do it.
19111    </para>
19112   </sect2>
19113
19114   <sect2>
19115    <title>Changes</title>
19116
19117 <itemizedlist>
19118 <listitem><para>Change the server to reject invalidly-encoded multibyte
19119 characters in all cases (Tatsuo, Tom)</para>
19120 <para>While <productname>PostgreSQL</> has been moving in this direction for
19121 some time, the checks are now applied uniformly to all encodings and all
19122 textual input, and are now always errors not merely warnings.  This change
19123 defends against SQL-injection attacks of the type described in CVE-2006-2313.
19124 </para></listitem>
19125
19126 <listitem><para>Reject unsafe uses of <literal>\'</> in string literals</para>
19127 <para>As a server-side defense against SQL-injection attacks of the type
19128 described in CVE-2006-2314, the server now only accepts <literal>''</> and not
19129 <literal>\'</> as a representation of ASCII single quote in SQL string
19130 literals.  By default, <literal>\'</> is rejected only when
19131 <varname>client_encoding</> is set to a client-only encoding (SJIS, BIG5, GBK,
19132 GB18030, or UHC), which is the scenario in which SQL injection is possible.
19133 A new configuration parameter <varname>backslash_quote</> is available to
19134 adjust this behavior when needed.  Note that full security against
19135 CVE-2006-2314 might require client-side changes; the purpose of
19136 <varname>backslash_quote</> is in part to make it obvious that insecure
19137 clients are insecure.
19138 </para></listitem>
19139
19140 <listitem><para>Modify <application>libpq</>'s string-escaping routines to be
19141 aware of encoding considerations</para>
19142 <para>This fixes <application>libpq</>-using applications for the security
19143 issues described in CVE-2006-2313 and CVE-2006-2314.
19144 Applications that use multiple <productname>PostgreSQL</> connections
19145 concurrently should migrate to <function>PQescapeStringConn()</> and
19146 <function>PQescapeByteaConn()</> to ensure that escaping is done correctly
19147 for the settings in use in each database connection.  Applications that
19148 do string escaping <quote>by hand</> should be modified to rely on library
19149 routines instead.
19150 </para></listitem>
19151
19152 <listitem><para>Fix some incorrect encoding conversion functions</para>
19153 <para><function>win1251_to_iso</>, <function>alt_to_iso</>,
19154 <function>euc_tw_to_big5</>, <function>euc_tw_to_mic</>,
19155 <function>mic_to_euc_tw</> were all broken to varying
19156 extents.
19157 </para></listitem>
19158
19159 <listitem><para>Clean up stray remaining uses of <literal>\'</> in strings
19160 (Bruce, Jan)</para></listitem>
19161
19162 <listitem><para>Fix server to use custom DH SSL parameters correctly (Michael
19163 Fuhr)</para></listitem>
19164
19165 <listitem><para>Fix various minor memory leaks</para></listitem>
19166 </itemizedlist>
19167
19168   </sect2>
19169  </sect1>
19170
19171  <sect1 id="release-7-3-14">
19172   <title>Release 7.3.14</title>
19173
19174   <note>
19175   <title>Release date</title>
19176   <simpara>2006-02-14</simpara>
19177   </note>
19178
19179   <para>
19180    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.13.
19181   </para>
19182
19183   <sect2>
19184    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.14</title>
19185
19186    <para>
19187     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19188     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.13, see the release
19189     notes for 7.3.13.
19190    </para>
19191   </sect2>
19192
19193   <sect2>
19194    <title>Changes</title>
19195
19196 <itemizedlist>
19197
19198 <listitem><para>Fix potential crash in <command>SET
19199 SESSION AUTHORIZATION</> (CVE-2006-0553)</para>
19200 <para>An unprivileged user could crash the server process, resulting in
19201 momentary denial of service to other users, if the server has been compiled
19202 with Asserts enabled (which is not the default).
19203 Thanks to Akio Ishida for reporting this problem.
19204 </para></listitem>
19205
19206 <listitem><para>Fix bug with row visibility logic in self-inserted
19207 rows (Tom)</para>
19208 <para>Under rare circumstances a row inserted by the current command
19209 could be seen as already valid, when it should not be.  Repairs bug
19210 created in 7.3.11 release.
19211 </para></listitem>
19212
19213 <listitem><para>Fix race condition that could lead to <quote>file already
19214 exists</> errors during pg_clog file creation
19215 (Tom)</para></listitem>
19216
19217 <listitem><para>Fix to allow restoring dumps that have cross-schema
19218 references to custom operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
19219
19220 <listitem><para>Portability fix for testing presence of <function>finite</>
19221 and <function>isinf</> during configure (Tom)</para></listitem>
19222
19223 </itemizedlist>
19224
19225   </sect2>
19226  </sect1>
19227
19228  <sect1 id="release-7-3-13">
19229   <title>Release 7.3.13</title>
19230
19231   <note>
19232   <title>Release date</title>
19233   <simpara>2006-01-09</simpara>
19234   </note>
19235
19236   <para>
19237    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.12.
19238   </para>
19239
19240   <sect2>
19241    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.13</title>
19242
19243    <para>
19244     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19245     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
19246     notes for 7.3.10.
19247     Also, you might need to <command>REINDEX</> indexes on textual
19248     columns after updating, if you are affected by the locale or
19249     <application>plperl</> issues described below.
19250    </para>
19251   </sect2>
19252
19253   <sect2>
19254    <title>Changes</title>
19255
19256 <itemizedlist>
19257
19258 <listitem><para>Fix character string comparison for locales that consider
19259 different character combinations as equal, such as Hungarian (Tom)</para>
19260 <para>This might require <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
19261 textual columns.</para></listitem>
19262
19263 <listitem><para>Set locale environment variables during postmaster startup
19264 to ensure that <application>plperl</> won't change the locale later</para>
19265 <para>This fixes a problem that occurred if the <application>postmaster</> was
19266 started with environment variables specifying a different locale than what
19267 <application>initdb</> had been told.  Under these conditions, any use of
19268 <application>plperl</> was likely to lead to corrupt indexes.  You might need
19269 <command>REINDEX</> to fix existing indexes on
19270 textual columns if this has happened to you.</para></listitem>
19271
19272 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding bug in strpos() and regular expression
19273 handling in certain rarely used Asian multi-byte character sets (Tatsuo)
19274 </para></listitem>
19275
19276 <listitem><para>Fix bug in <filename>/contrib/pgcrypto</> gen_salt,
19277 which caused it not to use all available salt space for MD5 and
19278 XDES algorithms (Marko Kreen, Solar Designer)</para>
19279 <para>Salts for Blowfish and standard DES are unaffected.</para></listitem>
19280
19281 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>/contrib/dblink</> to throw an error,
19282 rather than crashing, when the number of columns specified is different from
19283 what's actually returned by the query (Joe)</para></listitem>
19284
19285 </itemizedlist>
19286
19287   </sect2>
19288  </sect1>
19289
19290  <sect1 id="release-7-3-12">
19291   <title>Release 7.3.12</title>
19292
19293   <note>
19294   <title>Release date</title>
19295   <simpara>2005-12-12</simpara>
19296   </note>
19297
19298   <para>
19299    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.11.
19300   </para>
19301
19302   <sect2>
19303    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.12</title>
19304
19305    <para>
19306     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19307     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
19308     notes for 7.3.10.
19309    </para>
19310   </sect2>
19311
19312   <sect2>
19313    <title>Changes</title>
19314
19315 <itemizedlist>
19316
19317 <listitem><para>Fix race condition in transaction log management</para>
19318 <para>There was a narrow window in which an I/O operation could be initiated
19319 for the wrong page, leading to an Assert failure or data
19320 corruption.</para>
19321 </listitem>
19322
19323 <listitem><para><filename>/contrib/ltree</> fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
19324
19325 <listitem><para>Fix longstanding planning error for outer joins</para>
19326 <para>This bug sometimes caused a bogus error <quote>RIGHT JOIN is
19327 only supported with merge-joinable join conditions</>.</para></listitem>
19328
19329 <listitem><para>Prevent core dump in <application>pg_autovacuum</> when a
19330 table has been dropped</para></listitem>
19331
19332 </itemizedlist>
19333
19334   </sect2>
19335  </sect1>
19336
19337  <sect1 id="release-7-3-11">
19338   <title>Release 7.3.11</title>
19339
19340   <note>
19341   <title>Release date</title>
19342   <simpara>2005-10-04</simpara>
19343   </note>
19344
19345   <para>
19346    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.10.
19347   </para>
19348
19349   <sect2>
19350    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.11</title>
19351
19352    <para>
19353     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19354     if you are upgrading from a version earlier than 7.3.10, see the release
19355     notes for 7.3.10.
19356    </para>
19357   </sect2>
19358
19359   <sect2>
19360    <title>Changes</title>
19361
19362 <itemizedlist>
19363 <listitem><para>Fix error that allowed <command>VACUUM</> to remove
19364 <literal>ctid</> chains too soon, and add more checking in code that follows
19365 <literal>ctid</> links</para>
19366 <para>This fixes a long-standing problem that could cause crashes in very rare
19367 circumstances.</para></listitem>
19368 <listitem><para>Fix <type>CHAR()</> to properly pad spaces to the specified
19369 length when using a multiple-byte character set (Yoshiyuki Asaba)</para>
19370 <para>In prior releases, the padding of <type>CHAR()</> was incorrect
19371 because it only padded to the specified number of bytes without
19372 considering how many characters were stored.</para></listitem>
19373 <listitem><para>Fix missing rows in queries like <literal>UPDATE a=... WHERE
19374 a...</> with GiST index on column <literal>a</></para></listitem>
19375 <listitem><para>Improve checking for partially-written WAL
19376 pages</para></listitem>
19377 <listitem><para>Improve robustness of signal handling when SSL is
19378 enabled</para></listitem>
19379 <listitem><para>Various memory leakage fixes</para></listitem>
19380 <listitem><para>Various portability improvements</para></listitem>
19381 <listitem><para>Fix PL/PgSQL to handle <literal>var := var</> correctly when
19382 the variable is of pass-by-reference type</para></listitem>
19383 </itemizedlist>
19384
19385   </sect2>
19386  </sect1>
19387
19388  <sect1 id="release-7-3-10">
19389   <title>Release 7.3.10</title>
19390
19391   <note>
19392   <title>Release date</title>
19393   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
19394   </note>
19395
19396   <para>
19397    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.9, including several
19398    security-related issues.
19399   </para>
19400
19401   <sect2>
19402    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.10</title>
19403
19404    <para>
19405     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.  However,
19406     it is one possible way of handling a significant security problem
19407     that has been found in the initial contents of 7.3.X system
19408     catalogs.  A dump/initdb/reload sequence using 7.3.10's initdb will
19409     automatically correct this problem.
19410    </para>
19411
19412    <para>
19413     The security problem is that the built-in character set encoding
19414     conversion functions can be invoked from SQL commands by unprivileged
19415     users, but the functions were not designed for such use and are not
19416     secure against malicious choices of arguments.  The fix involves changing
19417     the declared parameter list of these functions so that they can no longer
19418     be invoked from SQL commands.  (This does not affect their normal use
19419     by the encoding conversion machinery.)
19420     It is strongly recommended that all installations repair this error,
19421     either by initdb or by following the manual repair procedure given
19422     below.  The error at least allows unprivileged database users to crash
19423     their server process, and might allow unprivileged users to gain the
19424     privileges of a database superuser.
19425    </para>
19426
19427    <para>
19428     If you wish not to do an initdb, perform the following procedure instead.
19429     As the database superuser, do:
19430
19431 <programlisting>
19432 BEGIN;
19433 UPDATE pg_proc SET proargtypes[3] = 'internal'::regtype
19434 WHERE pronamespace = 11 AND pronargs = 5
19435      AND proargtypes[2] = 'cstring'::regtype;
19436 -- The command should report having updated 90 rows;
19437 -- if not, rollback and investigate instead of committing!
19438 COMMIT;
19439 </programlisting>
19440    </para>
19441
19442    <para>
19443     The above procedure must be carried out in <emphasis>each</> database
19444     of an installation, including <literal>template1</>, and ideally
19445     including <literal>template0</> as well.  If you do not fix the
19446     template databases then any subsequently created databases will contain
19447     the same error.  <literal>template1</> can be fixed in the same way
19448     as any other database, but fixing <literal>template0</> requires
19449     additional steps.  First, from any database issue:
19450 <programlisting>
19451 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = true WHERE datname = 'template0';
19452 </programlisting>
19453      Next connect to <literal>template0</> and perform the above repair
19454      procedure.  Finally, do:
19455 <programlisting>
19456 -- re-freeze template0:
19457 VACUUM FREEZE;
19458 -- and protect it against future alterations:
19459 UPDATE pg_database SET datallowconn = false WHERE datname = 'template0';
19460 </programlisting>
19461    </para>
19462   </sect2>
19463
19464   <sect2>
19465    <title>Changes</title>
19466
19467 <itemizedlist>
19468 <listitem><para>Change encoding function signature to prevent
19469 misuse</para></listitem>
19470 <listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
19471 seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
19472 than for other purposes</para>
19473 <para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
19474 data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
19475 <listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
19476 VACUUM</para>
19477 <para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
19478 freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
19479 There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
19480 </para></listitem>
19481 <listitem><para>Fix comparisons of <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para>
19482 <para>
19483 The comparison code was wrong in the case where the
19484 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
19485 NOTE: if you have an index on a <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> column,
19486 it will need to be <command>REINDEX</>ed after installing this update, because
19487 the fix corrects the sort order of column values.
19488 </para></listitem>
19489 <listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
19490 <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
19491 <listitem><para>Fix mis-display of negative fractional seconds in
19492 <type>INTERVAL</> values</para>
19493 <para>
19494 This error only occurred when the
19495 <literal>--enable-integer-datetimes</> configuration switch had been used.
19496 </para></listitem>
19497 <listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
19498 (Neil)</para></listitem>
19499 <listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump trigger names containing <literal>%</>
19500 correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
19501 <listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
19502 month-related formats</para></listitem>
19503 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
19504 (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
19505 <listitem><para>Still more 64-bit fixes for
19506 <filename>contrib/intagg</></para></listitem>
19507 <listitem><para>Prevent incorrect optimization of functions returning
19508 <type>RECORD</></para></listitem>
19509 </itemizedlist>
19510
19511  </sect2>
19512 </sect1>
19513
19514  <sect1 id="release-7-3-9">
19515   <title>Release 7.3.9</title>
19516
19517   <note>
19518   <title>Release date</title>
19519   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
19520   </note>
19521
19522   <para>
19523    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.8, including several
19524    security-related issues.
19525   </para>
19526
19527   <sect2>
19528    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.9</title>
19529
19530    <para>
19531     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
19532    </para>
19533   </sect2>
19534
19535   <sect2>
19536    <title>Changes</title>
19537
19538 <itemizedlist>
19539 <listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
19540 <para>
19541 On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
19542 shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
19543 <command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
19544 Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
19545 <listitem><para>Check that creator of an aggregate function has the right to
19546 execute the specified transition functions</para>
19547 <para>
19548 This oversight made it possible to bypass denial of EXECUTE
19549 permission on a function.</para></listitem>
19550 <listitem><para>Fix security and 64-bit issues in
19551 contrib/intagg</para></listitem>
19552 <listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
19553 Jurka)</para></listitem>
19554 <listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
19555 many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
19556 <listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
19557 <para>
19558 The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
19559 left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
19560 in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
19561 </para></listitem>
19562 <listitem><para>Fix plperl for quote marks in tuple fields</para></listitem>
19563 <listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
19564 datestyles</para></listitem>
19565 </itemizedlist>
19566
19567  </sect2>
19568 </sect1>
19569
19570  <sect1 id="release-7-3-8">
19571   <title>Release 7.3.8</title>
19572
19573   <note>
19574   <title>Release date</title>
19575   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
19576   </note>
19577
19578   <para>
19579    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.7.
19580   </para>
19581
19582
19583   <sect2>
19584    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.8</title>
19585
19586    <para>
19587     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
19588    </para>
19589   </sect2>
19590
19591   <sect2>
19592    <title>Changes</title>
19593
19594 <itemizedlist>
19595 <listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
19596 <para>
19597 Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
19598 <quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
19599 it as a potential-data-loss bug.
19600 </para></listitem>
19601 <listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
19602 <para>
19603 Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
19604 left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
19605 </para></listitem>
19606 <listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
19607 <para>
19608 This is to guard against any possible security issues.
19609 </para></listitem>
19610 <listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
19611 <para>
19612 This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
19613 concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
19614 </para></listitem>
19615 </itemizedlist>
19616
19617  </sect2>
19618 </sect1>
19619
19620  <sect1 id="release-7-3-7">
19621   <title>Release 7.3.7</title>
19622
19623   <note>
19624   <title>Release date</title>
19625   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
19626   </note>
19627
19628   <para>
19629    This release contains one critical fix over 7.3.6, and some minor items.
19630   </para>
19631
19632
19633   <sect2>
19634    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.7</title>
19635
19636    <para>
19637     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.3.X.
19638    </para>
19639   </sect2>
19640
19641   <sect2>
19642    <title>Changes</title>
19643
19644 <itemizedlist>
19645 <listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
19646 <para>
19647 Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
19648 it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
19649 checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
19650 restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
19651 since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
19652 </para></listitem>
19653 <listitem><para>Remove asymmetrical word processing in tsearch (Teodor)</para></listitem>
19654 <listitem><para>Properly schema-qualify function names when pg_dump'ing a CAST</para></listitem>
19655 </itemizedlist>
19656
19657  </sect2>
19658 </sect1>
19659
19660  <sect1 id="release-7-3-6">
19661   <title>Release 7.3.6</title>
19662
19663   <note>
19664   <title>Release date</title>
19665   <simpara>2004-03-02</simpara>
19666   </note>
19667
19668   <para>
19669    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.3.5.
19670   </para>
19671
19672
19673   <sect2>
19674    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.6</title>
19675
19676    <para>
19677     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
19678     running 7.3.*.
19679    </para>
19680
19681   </sect2>
19682
19683   <sect2>
19684    <title>Changes</title>
19685
19686 <itemizedlist>
19687 <listitem><para>Revert erroneous changes in rule permissions checking</para>
19688 <para>A patch applied in 7.3.3 to fix a corner case in rule permissions checks
19689 turns out to have disabled rule-related permissions checks in many
19690 not-so-corner cases.  This would for example allow users to insert into views
19691 they weren't supposed to have permission to insert into.  We have therefore
19692 reverted the 7.3.3 patch.  The original bug will be fixed in 8.0.
19693 </para></listitem>
19694 <listitem><para>Repair incorrect order of operations in
19695 GetNewTransactionId()</para>
19696 <para>
19697 This bug could result in failure under out-of-disk-space conditions, including
19698 inability to restart even after disk space is freed.
19699 </para></listitem>
19700 <listitem><para>Ensure configure selects -fno-strict-aliasing even when
19701 an external value for CFLAGS is supplied</para>
19702 <para>
19703 On some platforms, building with -fstrict-aliasing causes bugs.
19704 </para></listitem>
19705 <listitem><para>Make pg_restore handle 64-bit off_t correctly</para>
19706 <para>
19707 This bug prevented proper restoration from archive files exceeding 4 GB.
19708 </para></listitem>
19709 <listitem><para>Make contrib/dblink not assume that local and remote type OIDs
19710 match (Joe)</para></listitem>
19711 <listitem><para>Quote connectby()'s start_with argument properly (Joe)</para></listitem>
19712 <listitem><para>Don't crash when a rowtype argument to a plpgsql function is
19713 NULL</para></listitem>
19714 <listitem><para>Avoid generating invalid character encoding sequences in
19715 corner cases when planning LIKE operations</para></listitem>
19716 <listitem><para>Ensure text_position() cannot scan past end of source string
19717 in multibyte cases (Korea PostgreSQL Users' Group)</para></listitem>
19718 <listitem><para>Fix index optimization and selectivity estimates for LIKE
19719 operations on bytea columns (Joe)</para></listitem>
19720 </itemizedlist>
19721
19722  </sect2>
19723 </sect1>
19724
19725  <sect1 id="release-7-3-5">
19726   <title>Release 7.3.5</title>
19727
19728   <note>
19729   <title>Release date</title>
19730   <simpara>2003-12-03</simpara>
19731   </note>
19732
19733   <para>
19734    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.4.
19735   </para>
19736
19737
19738   <sect2>
19739    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.5</title>
19740
19741    <para>
19742     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
19743     running 7.3.*.
19744    </para>
19745   </sect2>
19746
19747   <sect2>
19748    <title>Changes</title>
19749
19750 <itemizedlist>
19751 <listitem><para>Force zero_damaged_pages to be on during recovery from WAL</para></listitem>
19752 <listitem><para>Prevent some obscure cases of <quote>variable not in subplan target lists</quote></para></listitem>
19753 <listitem><para>Force stats processes to detach from shared memory, ensuring cleaner shutdown</para></listitem>
19754 <listitem><para>Make PQescapeBytea and byteaout consistent with each other (Joe)</para></listitem>
19755 <listitem><para>Added missing SPI_finish() calls to dblink's get_tuple_of_interest() (Joe)</para></listitem>
19756 <listitem><para>Fix for possible foreign key violation when rule rewrites INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
19757 <listitem><para>Support qualified type names in PL/Tcl's spi_prepare command (Jan)</para></listitem>
19758 <listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle a procedural language handler located in pg_catalog</para></listitem>
19759 <listitem><para>Make pg_dump handle cases where a custom opclass is in another schema</para></listitem>
19760 <listitem><para>Make pg_dump dump binary-compatible casts correctly (Jan)</para></listitem>
19761 <listitem><para>Fix insertion of expressions containing subqueries into rule bodies</para></listitem>
19762 <listitem><para>Fix incorrect argument processing in clusterdb script (Anand Ranganathan)</para></listitem>
19763 <listitem><para>Fix problems with dropped columns in plpython triggers</para></listitem>
19764 <listitem><para>Repair problems with to_char() reading past end of its input string (Karel)</para></listitem>
19765 <listitem><para>Fix GB18030 mapping errors (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
19766 <listitem><para>Fix several problems with SSL error handling and asynchronous SSL I/O</para></listitem>
19767 <listitem><para>Remove ability to bind a list of values to a single parameter in JDBC
19768 (prevents possible SQL-injection attacks)</para></listitem>
19769 <listitem><para>Fix some errors in HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP code paths</para></listitem>
19770 <listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
19771 </itemizedlist>
19772
19773  </sect2>
19774 </sect1>
19775
19776  <sect1 id="release-7-3-4">
19777   <title>Release 7.3.4</title>
19778
19779   <note>
19780   <title>Release date</title>
19781   <simpara>2003-07-24</simpara>
19782   </note>
19783
19784   <para>
19785    This has a variety of fixes from 7.3.3.
19786   </para>
19787
19788
19789   <sect2>
19790    <title>Migration to Version 7.3.4</title>
19791
19792    <para>
19793     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
19794     running 7.3.*.
19795    </para>
19796   </sect2>
19797
19798   <sect2>
19799    <title>Changes</title>
19800
19801 <itemizedlist>
19802 <listitem><para>Repair breakage in timestamp-to-date conversion for dates before 2000</para></listitem>
19803 <listitem><para>Prevent rare possibility of server startup failure (Tom)</para></listitem>
19804 <listitem><para>Fix bugs in interval-to-time conversion (Tom)</para></listitem>
19805 <listitem><para>Add constraint names in a few places in pg_dump (Rod)</para></listitem>
19806 <listitem><para>Improve performance of functions with many parameters (Tom)</para></listitem>
19807 <listitem><para>Fix to_ascii() buffer overruns (Tom)</para></listitem>
19808 <listitem><para>Prevent restore of database comments from throwing an error (Tom)</para></listitem>
19809 <listitem><para>Work around buggy strxfrm() present in some Solaris releases (Tom)</para></listitem>
19810 <listitem><para>Properly escape jdbc setObject() strings to improve security (Barry)</para></listitem>
19811 </itemizedlist>
19812   </sect2>
19813  </sect1>
19814
19815
19816 <sect1 id="release-7-3-3">
19817  <title>Release 7.3.3</title>
19818
19819  <note>
19820   <title>Release date</title>
19821   <simpara>2003-05-22</simpara>
19822  </note>
19823
19824  <para>
19825   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.2.
19826  </para>
19827
19828  <sect2>
19829   <title>Migration to Version 7.3.3</title>
19830
19831   <para>
19832    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
19833    running version 7.3.*.
19834   </para>
19835  </sect2>
19836
19837  <sect2>
19838   <title>Changes</title>
19839
19840 <itemizedlist>
19841 <listitem><para>Repair sometimes-incorrect computation of StartUpID after a crash</para></listitem>
19842 <listitem><para>Avoid slowness with lots of deferred triggers in one transaction (Stephan)</para></listitem>
19843 <listitem><para>Don't lock referenced row when <command>UPDATE</command> doesn't change foreign key's value (Jan)</para></listitem>
19844 <listitem><para>Use <command>-fPIC</command> not <command>-fpic</command> on Sparc (Tom Callaway)</para></listitem>
19845 <listitem><para>Repair lack of schema-awareness in contrib/reindexdb</para></listitem>
19846 <listitem><para>Fix contrib/intarray error for zero-element result array (Teodor)</para></listitem>
19847 <listitem><para>Ensure createuser script will exit on control-C (Oliver)</para></listitem>
19848 <listitem><para>Fix errors when the type of a dropped column has itself been dropped</para></listitem>
19849 <listitem><para><command>CHECKPOINT</command> does not cause database panic on failure in noncritical steps</para></listitem>
19850 <listitem><para>Accept 60 in seconds fields of timestamp, time, interval input values</para></listitem>
19851 <listitem><para>Issue notice, not error, if <type>TIMESTAMP</type>,
19852 <type> TIME</type>, or <type>INTERVAL</type> precision too large</para></listitem>
19853 <listitem><para>Fix <function>abstime-to-time</function> cast function (fix is
19854       not applied unless you <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
19855 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_proc</application> entry for
19856      <type>timestampt_izone</type> (fix is not applied unless you
19857        <application>initdb</application>)</para></listitem>
19858 <listitem><para>Make <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM timestamp without time zone)</function> treat input as local time</para></listitem>
19859 <listitem><para><command>'now'::timestamptz</command> gave wrong answer if timezone changed earlier in transaction</para></listitem>
19860 <listitem><para><envar>HAVE_INT64_TIMESTAMP</envar> code for time with timezone overwrote its input</para></listitem>
19861 <listitem><para>Accept <command>GLOBAL TEMP/TEMPORARY</command> as a
19862       synonym for <command>TEMPORARY</command></para></listitem>
19863 <listitem><para>Avoid improper schema-privilege-check failure in foreign-key triggers</para></listitem>
19864 <listitem><para>Fix bugs in foreign-key triggers for <command>SET DEFAULT</command> action</para></listitem>
19865 <listitem><para>Fix incorrect time-qual check in row fetch for
19866       <command>UPDATE</command> and <command>DELETE</command> triggers</para></listitem>
19867 <listitem><para>Foreign-key clauses were parsed but ignored in
19868       <command>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</command></para></listitem>
19869 <listitem><para>Fix createlang script breakage for case where handler function already exists</para></listitem>
19870 <listitem><para>Fix misbehavior on zero-column tables in <application>pg_dump</application>, COPY, ANALYZE, other places</para></listitem>
19871 <listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>func_error()</function> on type names containing '%'</para></listitem>
19872 <listitem><para>Fix misbehavior of <function>replace()</function> on strings containing '%'</para></listitem>
19873 <listitem><para>Regular-expression patterns containing certain multibyte characters failed</para></listitem>
19874 <listitem><para>Account correctly for <command>NULL</command>s in more cases in join size estimation</para></listitem>
19875 <listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
19876 <listitem><para>Fix failure to convert large code point values in EUC_TW conversions (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
19877 <listitem><para>Fix error recovery for <function>SSL_read</function>/<function>SSL_write</function> calls</para></listitem>
19878 <listitem><para>Don't do early constant-folding of type coercion expressions</para></listitem>
19879 <listitem><para>Validate page header fields immediately after reading in any page</para></listitem>
19880 <listitem><para>Repair incorrect check for ungrouped variables in unnamed joins</para></listitem>
19881 <listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
19882 <listitem><para>contrib/ltree fixes (Teodor)</para></listitem>
19883 <listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
19884 <listitem><para>Avoid running out of buffers in many-way indexscan (bug introduced in 7.3)</para></listitem>
19885 <listitem><para>Fix planner's selectivity estimation functions to handle domains properly</para></listitem>
19886 <listitem><para>Fix <application>dbmirror</application> memory-allocation bug (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
19887 <listitem><para>Prevent infinite loop in <function>ln(numeric)</function> due to roundoff error</para></listitem>
19888 <listitem><para><command>GROUP BY</command> got confused if there were multiple equal GROUP BY items</para></listitem>
19889 <listitem><para>Fix bad plan when inherited <command>UPDATE</command>/<command>DELETE</command> references another inherited table</para></listitem>
19890 <listitem><para>Prevent clustering on incomplete (partial or non-NULL-storing) indexes</para></listitem>
19891 <listitem><para>Service shutdown request at proper time if it arrives while still starting up</para></listitem>
19892 <listitem><para>Fix left-links in temporary indexes (could make backwards scans miss entries)</para></listitem>
19893 <listitem><para>Fix incorrect handling of client_encoding setting in postgresql.conf (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
19894 <listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
19895 <listitem><para>Fix SPI for case where rule contains multiple statements of the same type</para></listitem>
19896 <listitem><para>Fix problem with checking for wrong type of access privilege in rule query</para></listitem>
19897 <listitem><para>Fix problem with <command>EXCEPT</command> in <command>CREATE RULE</command></para></listitem>
19898 <listitem><para>Prevent problem with dropping temp tables having serial columns</para></listitem>
19899 <listitem><para>Fix replace_vars_with_subplan_refs failure in complex views</para></listitem>
19900 <listitem><para>Fix regexp slowness in single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
19901 <listitem><para>Allow qualified type names in <command>CREATE CAST</command>
19902       and <command> DROP CAST</command></para></listitem>
19903 <listitem><para>Accept <function>SETOF type[]</function>, which formerly had to
19904       be written <function>SETOF _type</function></para></listitem>
19905 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</application> core dump in some cases with procedural languages</para></listitem>
19906 <listitem><para>Force ISO datestyle in <application>pg_dump</application> output, for portability (Oliver)</para></listitem>
19907 <listitem><para><application>pg_dump</application> failed to handle error return
19908       from <function>lo_read</function> (Oleg Drokin)</para></listitem>
19909 <listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed with groups having no members (Nick Eskelinen)</para></listitem>
19910 <listitem><para><application>pg_dumpall</application> failed to recognize --globals-only switch</para></listitem>
19911 <listitem><para>pg_restore failed to restore blobs if -X disable-triggers is specified</para></listitem>
19912 <listitem><para>Repair intrafunction memory leak in plpgsql</para></listitem>
19913 <listitem><para>pltcl's <command>elog</command> command dumped core if given wrong parameters (Ian Harding)</para></listitem>
19914 <listitem><para>plpython used wrong value of <envar>atttypmod</envar> (Brad McLean)</para></listitem>
19915 <listitem><para>Fix improper quoting of boolean values in Python interface (D'Arcy)</para></listitem>
19916 <listitem><para>Added <function>addDataType()</function> method to PGConnection interface for JDBC</para></listitem>
19917 <listitem><para>Fixed various problems with updateable ResultSets for JDBC (Shawn Green)</para></listitem>
19918 <listitem><para>Fixed various problems with DatabaseMetaData for JDBC (Kris Jurka, Peter Royal)</para></listitem>
19919 <listitem><para>Fixed problem with parsing table ACLs in JDBC</para></listitem>
19920 <listitem><para>Better error message for character set conversion problems in JDBC</para></listitem>
19921 </itemizedlist>
19922  </sect2>
19923 </sect1>
19924
19925
19926 <sect1 id="release-7-3-2">
19927  <title>Release 7.3.2</title>
19928
19929  <note>
19930   <title>Release date</title>
19931   <simpara>2003-02-04</simpara>
19932  </note>
19933
19934  <para>
19935   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.1.
19936  </para>
19937
19938
19939  <sect2>
19940   <title>Migration to Version 7.3.2</title>
19941
19942   <para>
19943    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
19944    running version 7.3.*.
19945   </para>
19946  </sect2>
19947
19948  <sect2>
19949   <title>Changes</title>
19950
19951 <itemizedlist>
19952 <listitem><para>Restore creation of OID column in CREATE TABLE AS / SELECT INTO</para></listitem>
19953 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> core dump when dumping views having comments</para></listitem>
19954 <listitem><para>Dump DEFERRABLE/INITIALLY DEFERRED constraints properly</para></listitem>
19955 <listitem><para>Fix UPDATE when child table's column numbering differs from parent</para></listitem>
19956 <listitem><para>Increase default value of max_fsm_relations</para></listitem>
19957 <listitem><para>Fix problem when fetching backwards in a cursor for a single-row query</para></listitem>
19958 <listitem><para>Make backward fetch work properly with cursor on SELECT DISTINCT query</para></listitem>
19959 <listitem><para>Fix problems with loading <application>pg_dump</> files containing contrib/lo usage</para></listitem>
19960 <listitem><para>Fix problem with all-numeric user names</para></listitem>
19961 <listitem><para>Fix possible memory leak and core dump during disconnect in libpgtcl</para></listitem>
19962 <listitem><para>Make plpython's spi_execute command handle nulls properly (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
19963 <listitem><para>Adjust plpython error reporting so that its regression test passes again</para></listitem>
19964 <listitem><para>Work with bison 1.875</para></listitem>
19965 <listitem><para>Handle mixed-case names properly in plpgsql's %type (Neil)</para></listitem>
19966 <listitem><para>Fix core dump in pltcl when executing a query rewritten by a rule</para></listitem>
19967 <listitem><para>Repair array subscript overruns (per report from Yichen Xie)</para></listitem>
19968 <listitem><para>Reduce MAX_TIME_PRECISION from 13 to 10 in floating-point case</para></listitem>
19969 <listitem><para>Correctly case-fold variable names in per-database and per-user settings</para></listitem>
19970 <listitem><para>Fix coredump in plpgsql's RETURN NEXT when SELECT into record returns no rows</para></listitem>
19971 <listitem><para>Fix outdated use of pg_type.typprtlen in python client interface</para></listitem>
19972 <listitem><para>Correctly handle fractional seconds in timestamps in JDBC driver</para></listitem>
19973 <listitem><para>Improve performance of getImportedKeys() in JDBC</para></listitem>
19974 <listitem><para>Make shared-library symlinks work standardly on HPUX (Giles)</para></listitem>
19975 <listitem><para>Repair inconsistent rounding behavior for timestamp, time, interval</para></listitem>
19976 <listitem><para>SSL negotiation fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
19977 <listitem><para>Make libpq's ~/.pgpass feature work when connecting with PQconnectDB</para></listitem>
19978 <listitem><para>Update my2pg, ora2pg</para></listitem>
19979 <listitem><para>Translation updates</para></listitem>
19980 <listitem><para>Add casts between types lo and oid in contrib/lo</para></listitem>
19981 <listitem><para>fastpath code now checks for privilege to call function</para></listitem>
19982 </itemizedlist>
19983  </sect2>
19984 </sect1>
19985
19986
19987 <sect1 id="release-7-3-1">
19988  <title>Release 7.3.1</title>
19989
19990  <note>
19991   <title>Release date</title>
19992   <simpara>2002-12-18</simpara>
19993  </note>
19994
19995  <para>
19996   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.3.
19997  </para>
19998
19999
20000  <sect2>
20001   <title>Migration to Version 7.3.1</title>
20002
20003   <para>
20004    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
20005    running version 7.3. However, it should be noted that the main
20006    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> interface library, libpq,
20007    has a new major version number for this release, which might require
20008    recompilation of client code in certain cases.
20009   </para>
20010  </sect2>
20011
20012  <sect2>
20013   <title>Changes</title>
20014
20015 <itemizedlist>
20016 <listitem><para>Fix a core dump of COPY TO when client/server encodings don't match (Tom)</para></listitem>
20017 <listitem><para>Allow <application>pg_dump</> to work with pre-7.2 servers (Philip)</para></listitem>
20018 <listitem><para>contrib/adddepend fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
20019 <listitem><para>Fix problem with deletion of per-user/per-database config settings (Tom)</para></listitem>
20020 <listitem><para>contrib/vacuumlo fix (Tom)</para></listitem>
20021 <listitem><para>Allow 'password' encryption even when pg_shadow contains MD5 passwords (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20022 <listitem><para>contrib/dbmirror fix (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
20023 <listitem><para>Optimizer fixes (Tom)</para></listitem>
20024 <listitem><para>contrib/tsearch fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Magnus)</para></listitem>
20025 <listitem><para>Allow locale names to be mixed case (Nicolai Tufar)</para></listitem>
20026 <listitem><para>Increment libpq library's major version number (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20027 <listitem><para>pg_hba.conf error reporting fixes (Bruce, Neil)</para></listitem>
20028 <listitem><para>Add SCO Openserver 5.0.4 as a supported platform (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20029 <listitem><para>Prevent EXPLAIN from crashing server (Tom)</para></listitem>
20030 <listitem><para>SSL fixes (Nathan Mueller)</para></listitem>
20031 <listitem><para>Prevent composite column creation via ALTER TABLE (Tom)</para></listitem>
20032 </itemizedlist>
20033  </sect2>
20034 </sect1>
20035
20036
20037 <sect1 id="release-7-3">
20038  <title>Release 7.3</title>
20039
20040  <note>
20041   <title>Release date</title>
20042   <simpara>2002-11-27</simpara>
20043  </note>
20044
20045  <sect2>
20046   <title>Overview</title>
20047
20048   <para>
20049    Major changes in this release:
20050   </para>
20051
20052   <variablelist>
20053    <varlistentry>
20054     <term>Schemas</term>
20055     <listitem>
20056      <para>
20057       Schemas allow users to create objects in separate namespaces,
20058       so two people or applications can have tables with the same
20059       name. There is also a public schema for shared tables.
20060       Table/index creation can be restricted by removing privileges
20061       on the public schema.
20062      </para>
20063     </listitem>
20064    </varlistentry>
20065
20066    <varlistentry>
20067     <term>Drop Column</term>
20068     <listitem>
20069      <para>
20070       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports the
20071       <literal>ALTER TABLE ... DROP COLUMN</literal> functionality.
20072      </para>
20073     </listitem>
20074    </varlistentry>
20075
20076    <varlistentry>
20077     <term>Table Functions</term>
20078     <listitem>
20079      <para>
20080       Functions returning multiple rows and/or multiple columns are
20081       now much easier to use than before.  You can call such a
20082       <quote>table function</quote> in the <literal>SELECT</literal>
20083       <literal>FROM</literal> clause, treating its output like a
20084       table. Also, <application>PL/pgSQL</application> functions can
20085       now return sets.
20086      </para>
20087     </listitem>
20088    </varlistentry>
20089
20090    <varlistentry>
20091     <term>Prepared Queries</term>
20092     <listitem>
20093      <para>
20094       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now supports prepared
20095       queries, for improved performance.
20096      </para>
20097     </listitem>
20098    </varlistentry>
20099
20100    <varlistentry>
20101     <term>Dependency Tracking</term>
20102     <listitem>
20103      <para>
20104       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> now records object
20105       dependencies, which allows improvements in many areas.
20106       <command>DROP</command> statements now take either
20107       <literal>CASCADE</> or <literal>RESTRICT</> to control whether
20108       dependent objects are also dropped.
20109      </para>
20110     </listitem>
20111    </varlistentry>
20112
20113    <varlistentry>
20114     <term>Privileges</term>
20115     <listitem>
20116      <para>
20117       Functions and procedural languages now have privileges, and
20118       functions can be defined to run with the privileges of their
20119       creator.
20120      </para>
20121     </listitem>
20122    </varlistentry>
20123
20124    <varlistentry>
20125     <term>Internationalization</term>
20126     <listitem>
20127      <para>
20128       Both multibyte and locale support are now always enabled.
20129      </para>
20130     </listitem>
20131    </varlistentry>
20132
20133    <varlistentry>
20134     <term>Logging</term>
20135     <listitem>
20136      <para>
20137       A variety of logging options have been enhanced.
20138      </para>
20139     </listitem>
20140    </varlistentry>
20141
20142    <varlistentry>
20143     <term>Interfaces</term>
20144     <listitem>
20145      <para>
20146       A large number of interfaces have been moved to <ulink
20147       url="http://gborg.postgresql.org">http://gborg.postgresql.org</>
20148       where they can be developed and released independently.
20149      </para>
20150     </listitem>
20151    </varlistentry>
20152
20153    <varlistentry>
20154     <term>Functions/Identifiers</term>
20155     <listitem>
20156      <para>
20157       By default, functions can now take up to 32 parameters, and
20158       identifiers can be up to 63 bytes long.  Also, <literal>OPAQUE</>
20159       is now deprecated: there are specific <quote>pseudo-datatypes</>
20160       to represent each of the former meanings of <literal>OPAQUE</>
20161       in function argument and result types.
20162      </para>
20163     </listitem>
20164    </varlistentry>
20165
20166   </variablelist>
20167  </sect2>
20168
20169  <sect2>
20170   <title>Migration to Version 7.3</title>
20171
20172   <para>
20173    A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</> is required for those
20174    wishing to migrate data from any previous release. If your
20175    application examines the system catalogs, additional changes will
20176    be required due to the introduction of schemas in 7.3; for more
20177    information, see: <ulink
20178    url="http://developer.postgresql.org/~momjian/upgrade_tips_7.3"></>.
20179   </para>
20180
20181   <para>
20182    Observe the following incompatibilities:
20183   </para>
20184
20185   <itemizedlist>
20186    <listitem>
20187     <para>
20188      Pre-6.3 clients are no longer supported.
20189     </para>
20190    </listitem>
20191
20192    <listitem>
20193     <para>
20194      <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> now has a column for the user
20195      name and additional features.  Existing files need to be
20196      adjusted.
20197     </para>
20198    </listitem>
20199
20200    <listitem>
20201     <para>
20202      Several <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> logging parameters
20203      have been renamed.
20204     </para>
20205    </listitem>
20206
20207    <listitem>
20208     <para>
20209      <literal>LIMIT #,#</literal> has been disabled; use
20210      <literal>LIMIT # OFFSET #</literal>.
20211     </para>
20212    </listitem>
20213
20214    <listitem>
20215     <para>
20216      <command>INSERT</command> statements with column lists must
20217      specify a value for each specified column. For example,
20218      <literal>INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1')</literal>
20219      is now invalid.  It's still allowed to supply fewer columns than
20220      expected if the <command>INSERT</command> does not have a column list.
20221     </para>
20222    </listitem>
20223
20224    <listitem>
20225     <para>
20226      <type>serial</type> columns are no longer automatically
20227      <literal>UNIQUE</>; thus, an index will not automatically be
20228      created.
20229     </para>
20230    </listitem>
20231
20232    <listitem>
20233     <para>
20234      A <command>SET</command> command inside an aborted transaction
20235      is now rolled back.
20236     </para>
20237    </listitem>
20238
20239    <listitem>
20240     <para>
20241      <command>COPY</command> no longer considers missing trailing
20242      columns to be null.  All columns need to be specified.
20243      (However, one can achieve a similar effect by specifying a
20244      column list in the <command>COPY</command> command.)
20245     </para>
20246    </listitem>
20247
20248    <listitem>
20249     <para>
20250      The data type <type>timestamp</type> is now equivalent to
20251      <type>timestamp without time zone</type>, instead of
20252      <type>timestamp with time zone</type>.
20253     </para>
20254    </listitem>
20255
20256    <listitem>
20257     <para>
20258      Pre-7.3 databases loaded into 7.3 will not have the new object
20259      dependencies for <type>serial</type> columns, unique
20260      constraints, and foreign keys. See the directory
20261      <filename>contrib/adddepend/</filename> for a detailed
20262      description and a script that will add such dependencies.
20263     </para>
20264    </listitem>
20265
20266    <listitem>
20267     <para>
20268      An empty string (<literal>''</literal>) is no longer allowed as
20269      the input into an integer field.  Formerly, it was silently
20270      interpreted as 0.
20271     </para>
20272    </listitem>
20273
20274   </itemizedlist>
20275  </sect2>
20276
20277  <sect2>
20278   <title>Changes</title>
20279
20280   <sect3>
20281    <title>Server Operation</title>
20282 <itemizedlist>
20283 <listitem><para>Add pg_locks view to show locks (Neil)</para></listitem>
20284 <listitem><para>Security fixes for password negotiation memory allocation (Neil)</para></listitem>
20285 <listitem><para>Remove support for version 0 FE/BE protocol (<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.2 and earlier) (Tom)</para></listitem>
20286 <listitem><para>Reserve the last few backend slots for superusers, add parameter superuser_reserved_connections to control this (Nigel J. Andrews)</para></listitem>
20287 </itemizedlist>
20288   </sect3>
20289
20290   <sect3>
20291    <title>Performance</title>
20292 <itemizedlist>
20293 <listitem><para>Improve startup by calling localtime() only once (Tom)</para></listitem>
20294 <listitem><para>Cache system catalog information in flat files for faster startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
20295 <listitem><para>Improve caching of index information (Tom)</para></listitem>
20296 <listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom, Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
20297 <listitem><para>Catalog caches now store failed lookups (Tom)</para></listitem>
20298 <listitem><para>Hash function improvements (Neil)</para></listitem>
20299 <listitem><para>Improve performance of query tokenization and network handling (Peter)</para></listitem>
20300 <listitem><para>Speed improvement for large object restore (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
20301 <listitem><para>Mark expired index entries on first lookup, saving later heap fetches (Tom)</para></listitem>
20302 <listitem><para>Avoid excessive NULL bitmap padding (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
20303 <listitem><para>Add BSD-licensed qsort() for Solaris, for performance (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20304 <listitem><para>Reduce per-row overhead by four bytes (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
20305 <listitem><para>Fix GEQO optimizer bug (Neil Conway)</para></listitem>
20306 <listitem><para>Make WITHOUT OID actually save four bytes per row (Manfred Koizar)</para></listitem>
20307 <listitem><para>Add default_statistics_target variable to specify ANALYZE buckets (Neil)</para></listitem>
20308 <listitem><para>Use local buffer cache for temporary tables so no WAL overhead (Tom)</para></listitem>
20309 <listitem><para>Improve free space map performance on large tables (Stephen Marshall, Tom)</para></listitem>
20310 <listitem><para>Improved WAL write concurrency (Tom)</para></listitem>
20311 </itemizedlist>
20312   </sect3>
20313
20314   <sect3>
20315    <title>Privileges</title>
20316 <itemizedlist>
20317 <listitem><para>Add privileges on functions and procedural languages (Peter)</para></listitem>
20318 <listitem><para>Add OWNER to CREATE DATABASE so superusers can create databases on behalf of unprivileged users (Gavin Sherry, Tom)</para></listitem>
20319 <listitem><para>Add new object privilege bits EXECUTE and USAGE (Tom)</para></listitem>
20320 <listitem><para>Add SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT and RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION (Tom)</para></listitem>
20321 <listitem><para>Allow functions to be executed with the privilege of the function owner (Peter)</para></listitem>
20322 </itemizedlist>
20323   </sect3>
20324
20325   <sect3>
20326    <title>Server Configuration</title>
20327 <itemizedlist>
20328 <listitem><para>Server log messages now tagged with LOG, not DEBUG (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20329 <listitem><para>Add user column to pg_hba.conf (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20330 <listitem><para>Have log_connections output two lines in log file (Tom)</para></listitem>
20331 <listitem><para>Remove debug_level from postgresql.conf, now server_min_messages (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20332 <listitem><para>New ALTER DATABASE/USER ... SET command for per-user/database initialization (Peter)</para></listitem>
20333 <listitem><para>New parameters server_min_messages and client_min_messages to control which messages are sent to the server logs or client applications (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20334 <listitem><para>Allow pg_hba.conf to specify lists of users/databases separated by commas, group names prepended with +, and file names prepended with @ (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20335 <listitem><para>Remove secondary password file capability and pg_password utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20336 <listitem><para>Add variable db_user_namespace for database-local user names (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20337 <listitem><para>SSL improvements (Bear Giles)</para></listitem>
20338 <listitem><para>Make encryption of stored passwords the default (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20339 <listitem><para>Allow pg_statistics to be reset by calling pg_stat_reset() (Christopher)</para></listitem>
20340 <listitem><para>Add log_duration parameter (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20341 <listitem><para>Rename debug_print_query to log_statement (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20342 <listitem><para>Rename show_query_stats to show_statement_stats (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20343 <listitem><para>Add param log_min_error_statement to print commands to logs on error (Gavin)</para></listitem>
20344 </itemizedlist>
20345   </sect3>
20346
20347   <sect3>
20348    <title>Queries</title>
20349 <itemizedlist>
20350 <listitem><para>Make cursors insensitive, meaning their contents do not change (Tom)</para></listitem>
20351 <listitem><para>Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20352 <listitem><para>Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20353 <listitem><para>UNION fixes for merging &gt;= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
20354 <listitem><para>Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)</para></listitem>
20355 <listitem><para>Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)</para></listitem>
20356 <listitem><para>Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1');  (Rod)</para></listitem>
20357 <listitem><para>Fix for join aliases (Tom)</para></listitem>
20358 <listitem><para>Fix for FULL OUTER JOINs (Tom)</para></listitem>
20359 <listitem><para>Improve reporting of invalid identifier and location (Tom, Gavin)</para></listitem>
20360 <listitem><para>Fix OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
20361 <listitem><para>Allow 'ctid' to be used in a view and currtid(viewname) (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
20362 <listitem><para>Fix for CREATE TABLE AS with UNION (Tom)</para></listitem>
20363 <listitem><para>SQL99 syntax improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20364 <listitem><para>Add statement_timeout variable to cancel queries (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20365 <listitem><para>Allow prepared queries with PREPARE/EXECUTE (Neil)</para></listitem>
20366 <listitem><para>Allow FOR UPDATE to appear after LIMIT/OFFSET (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20367 <listitem><para>Add variable autocommit (Tom, David Van Wie)</para></listitem>
20368 </itemizedlist>
20369   </sect3>
20370
20371   <sect3>
20372    <title>Object Manipulation</title>
20373 <itemizedlist>
20374 <listitem><para>Make equals signs optional in CREATE DATABASE (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
20375 <listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE OWNER change index ownership too (Neil)</para></listitem>
20376 <listitem><para>New ALTER TABLE tabname ALTER COLUMN colname SET STORAGE controls TOAST storage, compression (John Gray)</para></listitem>
20377 <listitem><para>Add schema support, CREATE/DROP SCHEMA (Tom)</para></listitem>
20378 <listitem><para>Create schema for temporary tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
20379 <listitem><para>Add variable search_path for schema search (Tom)</para></listitem>
20380 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE SET/DROP NOT NULL (Christopher)</para></listitem>
20381 <listitem><para>New CREATE FUNCTION volatility levels (Tom)</para></listitem>
20382 <listitem><para>Make rule names unique only per table (Tom)</para></listitem>
20383 <listitem><para>Add 'ON tablename' clause to DROP RULE and COMMENT ON RULE (Tom)</para></listitem>
20384 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TRIGGER RENAME (Joe)</para></listitem>
20385 <listitem><para>New current_schema() and current_schemas() inquiry functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
20386 <listitem><para>Allow functions to return multiple rows (table functions) (Joe)</para></listitem>
20387 <listitem><para>Make WITH optional in CREATE DATABASE, for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20388 <listitem><para>Add object dependency tracking (Rod, Tom)</para></listitem>
20389 <listitem><para>Add RESTRICT/CASCADE to DROP commands (Rod)</para></listitem>
20390 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP for non-CHECK CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
20391 <listitem><para>Autodestroy sequence on DROP of table with SERIAL (Rod)</para></listitem>
20392 <listitem><para>Prevent column dropping if column is used by foreign key (Rod)</para></listitem>
20393 <listitem><para>Automatically drop constraints/functions when object is dropped (Rod)</para></listitem>
20394 <listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP OPERATOR CLASS (Bill Studenmund, Tom)</para></listitem>
20395 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN (Christopher, Tom, Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
20396 <listitem><para>Prevent inherited columns from being removed or renamed (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
20397 <listitem><para>Fix foreign key constraints to not error on intermediate database states (Stephan)</para></listitem>
20398 <listitem><para>Propagate column or table renaming to foreign key constraints</para></listitem>
20399 <listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
20400 <listitem><para>Add CREATE OR REPLACE RULE (Gavin, Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
20401 <listitem><para>Have rules execute alphabetically, returning more predictable values (Tom)</para></listitem>
20402 <listitem><para>Triggers are now fired in alphabetical order (Tom)</para></listitem>
20403 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/adddepend to handle pre-7.3 object dependencies (Rod)</para></listitem>
20404 <listitem><para>Allow better casting when inserting/updating values (Tom)</para></listitem>
20405 </itemizedlist>
20406   </sect3>
20407
20408   <sect3>
20409    <title>Utility Commands</title>
20410 <itemizedlist>
20411 <listitem><para>Have COPY TO output embedded carriage returns and newlines as \r and \n (Tom)</para></listitem>
20412 <listitem><para>Allow DELIMITER in COPY FROM to be 8-bit clean (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20413 <listitem><para>Make <application>pg_dump</> use ALTER TABLE ADD PRIMARY KEY, for performance (Neil)</para></listitem>
20414 <listitem><para>Disable brackets in multistatement rules (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20415 <listitem><para>Disable VACUUM from being called inside a function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20416 <listitem><para>Allow dropdb and other scripts to use identifiers with spaces (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20417 <listitem><para>Restrict database comment changes to the current database</para></listitem>
20418 <listitem><para>Allow comments on operators, independent of the underlying function (Rod)</para></listitem>
20419 <listitem><para>Rollback SET commands in aborted transactions (Tom)</para></listitem>
20420 <listitem><para>EXPLAIN now outputs as a query (Tom)</para></listitem>
20421 <listitem><para>Display condition expressions and sort keys in EXPLAIN (Tom)</para></listitem>
20422 <listitem><para>Add 'SET LOCAL var = value' to set configuration variables for a single transaction (Tom)</para></listitem>
20423 <listitem><para>Allow ANALYZE to run in a transaction (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20424 <listitem><para>Improve COPY syntax using new WITH clauses, keep backward compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20425 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to consistently output tags in non-ASCII dumps (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20426 <listitem><para>Make foreign key constraints clearer in dump file (Rod)</para></listitem>
20427 <listitem><para>Add COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT (Rod)</para></listitem>
20428 <listitem><para>Allow COPY TO/FROM to specify column names (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
20429 <listitem><para>Dump UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints as ALTER TABLE (Rod)</para></listitem>
20430 <listitem><para>Have SHOW output a query result (Joe)</para></listitem>
20431 <listitem><para>Generate failure on short COPY lines rather than pad NULLs (Neil)</para></listitem>
20432 <listitem><para>Fix CLUSTER to preserve all table attributes (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
20433 <listitem><para>New pg_settings table to view/modify GUC settings (Joe)</para></listitem>
20434 <listitem><para>Add smart quoting, portability improvements to <application>pg_dump</> output (Peter)</para></listitem>
20435 <listitem><para>Dump serial columns out as SERIAL (Tom)</para></listitem>
20436 <listitem><para>Enable large file support, &gt;2G for <application>pg_dump</> (Peter, Philip Warner, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20437 <listitem><para>Disallow TRUNCATE on tables that are involved in referential constraints (Rod)</para></listitem>
20438 <listitem><para>Have TRUNCATE also auto-truncate the toast table of the relation (Tom)</para></listitem>
20439 <listitem><para>Add clusterdb utility that will auto-cluster an entire database based on previous CLUSTER operations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
20440 <listitem><para>Overhaul pg_dumpall (Peter)</para></listitem>
20441 <listitem><para>Allow REINDEX of TOAST tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
20442 <listitem><para>Implemented START TRANSACTION, per SQL99 (Neil)</para></listitem>
20443 <listitem><para>Fix rare index corruption when a page split affects bulk delete (Tom)</para></listitem>
20444 <listitem><para>Fix ALTER TABLE ... ADD COLUMN for inheritance (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
20445 </itemizedlist>
20446   </sect3>
20447
20448   <sect3>
20449    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
20450 <itemizedlist>
20451 <listitem><para>Fix factorial(0) to return 1 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20452 <listitem><para>Date/time/timezone improvements (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20453 <listitem><para>Fix for array slice extraction (Tom)</para></listitem>
20454 <listitem><para>Fix extract/date_part to report proper microseconds for timestamp (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20455 <listitem><para>Allow text_substr() and bytea_substr() to read TOAST values more efficiently (John Gray)</para></listitem>
20456 <listitem><para>Add domain support (Rod)</para></listitem>
20457 <listitem><para>Make WITHOUT TIME ZONE the default for TIMESTAMP and TIME data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20458 <listitem><para>Allow alternate storage scheme of 64-bit integers for date/time types using --enable-integer-datetimes in configure (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20459 <listitem><para>Make timezone(timestamptz) return timestamp rather than a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20460 <listitem><para>Allow fractional seconds in date/time types for dates prior to 1BC (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20461 <listitem><para>Limit timestamp data types to 6 decimal places of precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20462 <listitem><para>Change timezone conversion functions from timetz() to timezone() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20463 <listitem><para>Add configuration variables datestyle and timezone (Tom)</para></listitem>
20464 <listitem><para>Add OVERLAY(), which allows substitution of a substring in a string (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20465 <listitem><para>Add SIMILAR TO (Thomas, Tom)</para></listitem>
20466 <listitem><para>Add regular expression SUBSTRING(string FROM pat FOR escape) (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20467 <listitem><para>Add LOCALTIME and LOCALTIMESTAMP functions (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20468 <listitem><para>Add named composite types using CREATE TYPE typename AS (column) (Joe)</para></listitem>
20469 <listitem><para>Allow composite type definition in the table alias clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
20470 <listitem><para>Add new API to simplify creation of C language table functions (Joe)</para></listitem>
20471 <listitem><para>Remove ODBC-compatible empty parentheses from calls to SQL99 functions for which these parentheses do not match the standard (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20472 <listitem><para>Allow macaddr data type to accept 12 hex digits with no separators (Mike Wyer)</para></listitem>
20473 <listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CAST (Peter)</para></listitem>
20474 <listitem><para>Add IS DISTINCT FROM operator (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20475 <listitem><para>Add SQL99 TREAT() function, synonym for CAST() (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20476 <listitem><para>Add pg_backend_pid() to output backend pid (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20477 <listitem><para>Add IS OF / IS NOT OF type predicate (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20478 <listitem><para>Allow bit string constants without fully-specified length (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20479 <listitem><para>Allow conversion between 8-byte integers and bit strings (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20480 <listitem><para>Implement hex literal conversion to bit string literal (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20481 <listitem><para>Allow table functions to appear in the FROM clause (Joe)</para></listitem>
20482 <listitem><para>Increase maximum number of function parameters to 32 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20483 <listitem><para>No longer automatically create index for SERIAL column (Tom)</para></listitem>
20484 <listitem><para>Add current_database() (Rod)</para></listitem>
20485 <listitem><para>Fix cash_words() to not overflow buffer (Tom)</para></listitem>
20486 <listitem><para>Add functions replace(), split_part(), to_hex() (Joe)</para></listitem>
20487 <listitem><para>Fix LIKE for bytea as a right-hand argument (Joe)</para></listitem>
20488 <listitem><para>Prevent crashes caused by SELECT cash_out(2) (Tom)</para></listitem>
20489 <listitem><para>Fix to_char(1,'FM999.99') to return a period (Karel)</para></listitem>
20490 <listitem><para>Fix trigger/type/language functions returning OPAQUE to return proper type (Tom)</para></listitem>
20491 </itemizedlist>
20492   </sect3>
20493
20494   <sect3>
20495    <title>Internationalization</title>
20496 <itemizedlist>
20497 <listitem><para>Add additional encodings: Korean (JOHAB), Thai (WIN874), Vietnamese (TCVN), Arabic (WIN1256), Simplified Chinese (GBK), Korean (UHC) (Eiji Tokuya)</para></listitem>
20498 <listitem><para>Enable locale support by default (Peter)</para></listitem>
20499 <listitem><para>Add locale variables (Peter)</para></listitem>
20500 <listitem><para>Escape byes &gt;= 0x7f for multibyte in PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20501 <listitem><para>Add locale awareness to regular expression character classes</para></listitem>
20502 <listitem><para>Enable multibyte support by default (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20503 <listitem><para>Add GB18030 multibyte support (Bill Huang)</para></listitem>
20504 <listitem><para>Add CREATE/DROP CONVERSION, allowing loadable encodings (Tatsuo, Kaori)</para></listitem>
20505 <listitem><para>Add pg_conversion table (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20506 <listitem><para>Add SQL99 CONVERT() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20507 <listitem><para>pg_dumpall, pg_controldata, and pg_resetxlog now national-language aware (Peter)</para></listitem>
20508 <listitem><para>New and updated translations</para></listitem>
20509 </itemizedlist>
20510   </sect3>
20511
20512   <sect3>
20513    <title>Server-side Languages</title>
20514 <itemizedlist>
20515 <listitem><para>Allow recursive SQL function (Peter)</para></listitem>
20516 <listitem><para>Change PL/Tcl build to use configured compiler and Makefile.shlib (Peter)</para></listitem>
20517 <listitem><para>Overhaul the PL/pgSQL FOUND variable to be more Oracle-compatible (Neil, Tom)</para></listitem>
20518 <listitem><para>Allow PL/pgSQL to handle quoted identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
20519 <listitem><para>Allow set-returning PL/pgSQL functions (Neil)</para></listitem>
20520 <listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL schema-aware (Joe)</para></listitem>
20521 <listitem><para>Remove some memory leaks (Nigel J. Andrews, Tom)</para></listitem>
20522 </itemizedlist>
20523   </sect3>
20524
20525   <sect3>
20526    <title>psql</title>
20527 <itemizedlist>
20528 <listitem><para>Don't lowercase psql \connect database name for 7.2.0 compatibility (Tom)</para></listitem>
20529 <listitem><para>Add psql \timing to time user queries (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
20530 <listitem><para>Have psql \d show index information (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
20531 <listitem><para>New psql \dD shows domains (Jonathan Eisler)</para></listitem>
20532 <listitem><para>Allow psql to show rules on views (Paul ?)</para></listitem>
20533 <listitem><para>Fix for psql variable substitution (Tom)</para></listitem>
20534 <listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show temporary table structure (Tom)</para></listitem>
20535 <listitem><para>Allow psql \d to show foreign keys (Rod)</para></listitem>
20536 <listitem><para>Fix \? to honor \pset pager (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20537 <listitem><para>Have psql reports its version number on startup (Tom)</para></listitem>
20538 <listitem><para>Allow \copy to specify column names (Tom)</para></listitem>
20539 </itemizedlist>
20540   </sect3>
20541
20542   <sect3>
20543    <title>libpq</title>
20544 <itemizedlist>
20545 <listitem><para>Add ~/.pgpass to store host/user password combinations (Alvaro Herrera)</para></listitem>
20546 <listitem><para>Add PQunescapeBytea() function to libpq (Patrick Welche)</para></listitem>
20547 <listitem><para>Fix for sending large queries over non-blocking connections (Bernhard Herzog)</para></listitem>
20548 <listitem><para>Fix for libpq using timers on Win9X (David Ford)</para></listitem>
20549 <listitem><para>Allow libpq notify to handle servers with different-length identifiers (Tom)</para></listitem>
20550 <listitem><para>Add libpq PQescapeString() and PQescapeBytea() to Windows (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20551 <listitem><para>Fix for SSL with non-blocking connections (Jack Bates)</para></listitem>
20552 <listitem><para>Add libpq connection timeout parameter (Denis A Ustimenko)</para></listitem>
20553 </itemizedlist>
20554   </sect3>
20555
20556   <sect3>
20557    <title>JDBC</title>
20558 <itemizedlist>
20559 <listitem><para>Allow JDBC to compile with JDK 1.4 (Dave)</para></listitem>
20560 <listitem><para>Add JDBC 3 support (Barry)</para></listitem>
20561 <listitem><para>Allows JDBC to set loglevel by adding ?loglevel=X to the connection URL (Barry)</para></listitem>
20562 <listitem><para>Add Driver.info() message that prints out the version number (Barry)</para></listitem>
20563 <listitem><para>Add updateable result sets (Raghu Nidagal, Dave)</para></listitem>
20564 <listitem><para>Add support for callable statements (Paul Bethe)</para></listitem>
20565 <listitem><para>Add query cancel capability</para></listitem>
20566 <listitem><para>Add refresh row (Dave)</para></listitem>
20567 <listitem><para>Fix MD5 encryption handling for multibyte servers (Jun Kawai)</para></listitem>
20568 <listitem><para>Add support for prepared statements (Barry)</para></listitem>
20569 </itemizedlist>
20570   </sect3>
20571
20572   <sect3>
20573    <title>Miscellaneous Interfaces</title>
20574 <itemizedlist>
20575 <listitem><para>Fixed ECPG bug concerning octal numbers in single quotes (Michael)</para></listitem>
20576 <listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20577 <listitem><para>Improve Python interface (Elliot Lee, Andrew Johnson, Greg Copeland)</para></listitem>
20578 <listitem><para>Add libpgtcl connection close event (Gerhard Hintermayer)</para></listitem>
20579 <listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpq++ to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20580 <listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/odbc to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc)</para></listitem>
20581 <listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/libpgeasy to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20582 <listitem><para>Move src/interfaces/perl5 to http://gborg.postgresql.org (Marc, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20583 <listitem><para>Remove src/bin/pgaccess from main tree, now at http://www.pgaccess.org (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20584 <listitem><para>Add pg_on_connection_loss command to libpgtcl (Gerhard Hintermayer, Tom)</para></listitem>
20585 </itemizedlist>
20586   </sect3>
20587
20588   <sect3>
20589    <title>Source Code</title>
20590 <itemizedlist>
20591 <listitem><para>Fix for parallel make (Peter)</para></listitem>
20592 <listitem><para>AIX fixes for linking Tcl (Andreas Zeugswetter)</para></listitem>
20593 <listitem><para>Allow PL/Perl to build under Cygwin (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
20594 <listitem><para>Improve MIPS compiles (Peter, Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
20595 <listitem><para>Require Autoconf version 2.53 (Peter)</para></listitem>
20596 <listitem><para>Require readline and zlib by default in configure (Peter)</para></listitem>
20597 <listitem><para>Allow Solaris to use Intimate Shared Memory (ISM), for performance (Scott Brunza, P.J. Josh Rovero)</para></listitem>
20598 <listitem><para>Always enable syslog in compile, remove --enable-syslog option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20599 <listitem><para>Always enable multibyte in compile, remove --enable-multibyte option (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20600 <listitem><para>Always enable locale in compile, remove --enable-locale option (Peter)</para></listitem>
20601 <listitem><para>Fix for Win9x DLL creation (Magnus Naeslund)</para></listitem>
20602 <listitem><para>Fix for link() usage by WAL code on Windows, BeOS (Jason Tishler)</para></listitem>
20603 <listitem><para>Add sys/types.h to c.h, remove from main files (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20604 <listitem><para>Fix AIX hang on SMP machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
20605 <listitem><para>AIX SMP hang fix (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
20606 <listitem><para>Fix pre-1970 date handling on newer glibc libraries (Tom)</para></listitem>
20607 <listitem><para>Fix PowerPC SMP locking (Tom)</para></listitem>
20608 <listitem><para>Prevent gcc -ffast-math from being used (Peter, Tom)</para></listitem>
20609 <listitem><para>Bison &gt;= 1.50 now required for developer builds</para></listitem>
20610 <listitem><para>Kerberos 5 support now builds with Heimdal (Peter)</para></listitem>
20611 <listitem><para>Add appendix in the User's Guide which lists SQL features (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20612 <listitem><para>Improve loadable module linking to use RTLD_NOW (Tom)</para></listitem>
20613 <listitem><para>New error levels WARNING, INFO, LOG, DEBUG[1-5] (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20614 <listitem><para>New src/port directory holds replaced libc functions (Peter, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20615 <listitem><para>New pg_namespace system catalog for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
20616 <listitem><para>Add pg_class.relnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
20617 <listitem><para>Add pg_type.typnamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
20618 <listitem><para>Add pg_proc.pronamespace for schemas (Tom)</para></listitem>
20619 <listitem><para>Restructure aggregates to have pg_proc entries (Tom)</para></listitem>
20620 <listitem><para>System relations now have their own namespace, pg_* test not required (Fernando Nasser)</para></listitem>
20621 <listitem><para>Rename TOAST index names to be *_index rather than *_idx (Neil)</para></listitem>
20622 <listitem><para>Add namespaces for operators, opclasses (Tom)</para></listitem>
20623 <listitem><para>Add additional checks to server control file (Thomas)</para></listitem>
20624 <listitem><para>New Polish FAQ (Marcin Mazurek)</para></listitem>
20625 <listitem><para>Add Posix semaphore support (Tom)</para></listitem>
20626 <listitem><para>Document need for reindex (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20627 <listitem><para>Rename some internal identifiers to simplify Windows compile (Jan, Katherine Ward)</para></listitem>
20628 <listitem><para>Add documentation on computing disk space (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20629 <listitem><para>Remove KSQO from GUC (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20630 <listitem><para>Fix memory leak in rtree (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
20631 <listitem><para>Modify a few error messages for consistency (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20632 <listitem><para>Remove unused system table columns (Peter)</para></listitem>
20633 <listitem><para>Make system columns NOT NULL where appropriate (Tom)</para></listitem>
20634 <listitem><para>Clean up use of sprintf in favor of snprintf() (Neil, Jukka Holappa)</para></listitem>
20635 <listitem><para>Remove OPAQUE and create specific subtypes (Tom)</para></listitem>
20636 <listitem><para>Cleanups in array internal handling (Joe, Tom)</para></listitem>
20637 <listitem><para>Disallow pg_atoi('') (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20638 <listitem><para>Remove parameter wal_files because WAL files are now recycled (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20639 <listitem><para>Add version numbers to heap pages (Tom)</para></listitem>
20640 </itemizedlist>
20641   </sect3>
20642
20643   <sect3>
20644    <title>Contrib</title>
20645 <itemizedlist>
20646 <listitem><para>Allow inet arrays in /contrib/array (Neil)</para></listitem>
20647 <listitem><para>GiST fixes (Teodor Sigaev, Neil)</para></listitem>
20648 <listitem><para>Upgrade /contrib/mysql</para></listitem>
20649 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbsize which shows table sizes without vacuum (Peter)</para></listitem>
20650 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/intagg, integer aggregator routines (mlw)</para></listitem>
20651 <listitem><para>Improve /contrib/oid2name (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
20652 <listitem><para>Improve /contrib/tsearch (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
20653 <listitem><para>Cleanups of /contrib/rserver (Alexey V. Borzov)</para></listitem>
20654 <listitem><para>Update /contrib/oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
20655 <listitem><para>Update /contrib/dblink (Joe)</para></listitem>
20656 <listitem><para>Improve options supported by /contrib/vacuumlo (Mario Weilguni)</para></listitem>
20657 <listitem><para>Improvements to /contrib/intarray (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev, Andrey Oktyabrski)</para></listitem>
20658 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/reindexdb utility (Shaun Thomas)</para></listitem>
20659 <listitem><para>Add indexing to /contrib/isbn_issn (Dan Weston)</para></listitem>
20660 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/dbmirror (Steven Singer)</para></listitem>
20661 <listitem><para>Improve /contrib/pgbench (Neil)</para></listitem>
20662 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/tablefunc table function examples (Joe)</para></listitem>
20663 <listitem><para>Add /contrib/ltree data type for tree structures (Teodor Sigaev, Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
20664 <listitem><para>Move /contrib/pg_controldata, pg_resetxlog into main tree (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20665 <listitem><para>Fixes to /contrib/cube (Bruno Wolff)</para></listitem>
20666 <listitem><para>Improve /contrib/fulltextindex (Christopher)</para></listitem>
20667 </itemizedlist>
20668   </sect3>
20669
20670  </sect2>
20671 </sect1>
20672
20673  <sect1 id="release-7-2-8">
20674   <title>Release 7.2.8</title>
20675
20676   <note>
20677   <title>Release date</title>
20678   <simpara>2005-05-09</simpara>
20679   </note>
20680
20681   <para>
20682    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.7, including one
20683    security-related issue.
20684   </para>
20685
20686   <sect2>
20687    <title>Migration to Version 7.2.8</title>
20688
20689    <para>
20690     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
20691    </para>
20692   </sect2>
20693
20694   <sect2>
20695    <title>Changes</title>
20696
20697 <itemizedlist>
20698 <listitem><para>Repair ancient race condition that allowed a transaction to be
20699 seen as committed for some purposes (eg SELECT FOR UPDATE) slightly sooner
20700 than for other purposes</para>
20701 <para>This is an extremely serious bug since it could lead to apparent
20702 data inconsistencies being briefly visible to applications.</para></listitem>
20703 <listitem><para>Repair race condition between relation extension and
20704 VACUUM</para>
20705 <para>This could theoretically have caused loss of a page's worth of
20706 freshly-inserted data, although the scenario seems of very low probability.
20707 There are no known cases of it having caused more than an Assert failure.
20708 </para></listitem>
20709 <listitem><para>Fix <function>EXTRACT(EPOCH)</> for
20710 <type>TIME WITH TIME ZONE</> values</para></listitem>
20711 <listitem><para>Additional buffer overrun checks in plpgsql
20712 (Neil)</para></listitem>
20713 <listitem><para>Fix pg_dump to dump index names and trigger names containing
20714 <literal>%</> correctly (Neil)</para></listitem>
20715 <listitem><para>Prevent <function>to_char(interval)</> from dumping core for
20716 month-related formats</para></listitem>
20717 <listitem><para>Fix <filename>contrib/pgcrypto</> for newer OpenSSL builds
20718 (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
20719 </itemizedlist>
20720
20721  </sect2>
20722 </sect1>
20723
20724  <sect1 id="release-7-2-7">
20725   <title>Release 7.2.7</title>
20726
20727   <note>
20728   <title>Release date</title>
20729   <simpara>2005-01-31</simpara>
20730   </note>
20731
20732   <para>
20733    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.6, including several
20734    security-related issues.
20735   </para>
20736
20737   <sect2>
20738    <title>Migration to Version 7.2.7</title>
20739
20740    <para>
20741     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
20742    </para>
20743   </sect2>
20744
20745   <sect2>
20746    <title>Changes</title>
20747
20748 <itemizedlist>
20749 <listitem><para>Disallow <command>LOAD</> to non-superusers</para>
20750 <para>
20751 On platforms that will automatically execute initialization functions of a
20752 shared library (this includes at least Windows and ELF-based Unixen),
20753 <command>LOAD</> can be used to make the server execute arbitrary code.
20754 Thanks to NGS Software for reporting this.</para></listitem>
20755 <listitem><para>Add needed STRICT marking to some contrib functions (Kris
20756 Jurka)</para></listitem>
20757 <listitem><para>Avoid buffer overrun when plpgsql cursor declaration has too
20758 many parameters (Neil)</para></listitem>
20759 <listitem><para>Fix planning error for FULL and RIGHT outer joins</para>
20760 <para>
20761 The result of the join was mistakenly supposed to be sorted the same as the
20762 left input.  This could not only deliver mis-sorted output to the user, but
20763 in case of nested merge joins could give outright wrong answers.
20764 </para></listitem>
20765 <listitem><para>Fix display of negative intervals in SQL and GERMAN
20766 datestyles</para></listitem>
20767 </itemizedlist>
20768
20769  </sect2>
20770 </sect1>
20771
20772  <sect1 id="release-7-2-6">
20773   <title>Release 7.2.6</title>
20774
20775   <note>
20776   <title>Release date</title>
20777   <simpara>2004-10-22</simpara>
20778   </note>
20779
20780   <para>
20781    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.5.
20782   </para>
20783
20784
20785   <sect2>
20786    <title>Migration to Version 7.2.6</title>
20787
20788    <para>
20789     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
20790    </para>
20791   </sect2>
20792
20793   <sect2>
20794    <title>Changes</title>
20795
20796 <itemizedlist>
20797 <listitem><para>Repair possible failure to update hint bits on disk</para>
20798 <para>
20799 Under rare circumstances this oversight could lead to
20800 <quote>could not access transaction status</> failures, which qualifies
20801 it as a potential-data-loss bug.
20802 </para></listitem>
20803 <listitem><para>Ensure that hashed outer join does not miss tuples</para>
20804 <para>
20805 Very large left joins using a hash join plan could fail to output unmatched
20806 left-side rows given just the right data distribution.
20807 </para></listitem>
20808 <listitem><para>Disallow running pg_ctl as root</para>
20809 <para>
20810 This is to guard against any possible security issues.
20811 </para></listitem>
20812 <listitem><para>Avoid using temp files in /tmp in make_oidjoins_check</para>
20813 <para>
20814 This has been reported as a security issue, though it's hardly worthy of
20815 concern since there is no reason for non-developers to use this script anyway.
20816 </para></listitem>
20817 <listitem><para>Update to newer versions of Bison</para></listitem>
20818 </itemizedlist>
20819
20820  </sect2>
20821 </sect1>
20822
20823  <sect1 id="release-7-2-5">
20824   <title>Release 7.2.5</title>
20825
20826   <note>
20827   <title>Release date</title>
20828   <simpara>2004-08-16</simpara>
20829   </note>
20830
20831   <para>
20832    This release contains a variety of fixes from 7.2.4.
20833   </para>
20834
20835
20836   <sect2>
20837    <title>Migration to Version 7.2.5</title>
20838
20839    <para>
20840     A dump/restore is not required for those running 7.2.X.
20841    </para>
20842   </sect2>
20843
20844   <sect2>
20845    <title>Changes</title>
20846
20847 <itemizedlist>
20848 <listitem><para>Prevent possible loss of committed transactions during crash</para>
20849 <para>
20850 Due to insufficient interlocking between transaction commit and checkpointing,
20851 it was possible for transactions committed just before the most recent
20852 checkpoint to be lost, in whole or in part, following a database crash and
20853 restart.  This is a serious bug that has existed
20854 since <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.1.
20855 </para></listitem>
20856 <listitem><para>Fix corner case for btree search in parallel with first root page split</para></listitem>
20857 <listitem><para>Fix buffer overrun in <function>to_ascii</function> (Guido Notari)</para></listitem>
20858 <listitem><para>Fix core dump in deadlock detection on machines where char is unsigned</para></listitem>
20859 <listitem><para>Fix failure to respond to <command>pg_ctl stop -m fast</command> after Async_NotifyHandler runs</para></listitem>
20860 <listitem><para>Repair memory leaks in pg_dump</para></listitem>
20861 <listitem><para>Avoid conflict with system definition of <function>isblank()</function> function or macro</para></listitem>
20862 </itemizedlist>
20863  </sect2>
20864 </sect1>
20865
20866 <sect1 id="release-7-2-4">
20867  <title>Release 7.2.4</title>
20868
20869  <note>
20870   <title>Release date</title>
20871   <simpara>2003-01-30</simpara>
20872  </note>
20873
20874  <para>
20875   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.3,
20876   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
20877  </para>
20878
20879  <sect2>
20880   <title>Migration to Version 7.2.4</title>
20881
20882   <para>
20883    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
20884    running version 7.2.*.
20885   </para>
20886  </sect2>
20887
20888  <sect2>
20889   <title>Changes</title>
20890
20891 <itemizedlist>
20892 <listitem><para>Fix some additional cases of VACUUM "No one parent tuple was found" error</para></listitem>
20893 <listitem><para>Prevent VACUUM from being called inside a function  (Bruce)</para></listitem>
20894 <listitem><para>Ensure pg_clog updates are sync'd to disk before marking checkpoint complete</para></listitem>
20895 <listitem><para>Avoid integer overflow during large hash joins</para></listitem>
20896 <listitem><para>Make GROUP commands work when pg_group.grolist is large enough to be toasted</para></listitem>
20897 <listitem><para>Fix errors in datetime tables; some timezone names weren't being recognized</para></listitem>
20898 <listitem><para>Fix integer overflows in circle_poly(), path_encode(), path_add()  (Neil)</para></listitem>
20899 <listitem><para>Repair long-standing logic errors in lseg_eq(), lseg_ne(), lseg_center()</para></listitem>
20900 </itemizedlist>
20901  </sect2>
20902 </sect1>
20903
20904
20905 <sect1 id="release-7-2-3">
20906  <title>Release 7.2.3</title>
20907
20908  <note>
20909   <title>Release date</title>
20910   <simpara>2002-10-01</simpara>
20911  </note>
20912
20913  <para>
20914   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.2,
20915   including fixes to prevent possible data loss.
20916  </para>
20917
20918  <sect2>
20919   <title>Migration to Version 7.2.3</title>
20920
20921   <para>
20922    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
20923    running version 7.2.*.
20924   </para>
20925  </sect2>
20926
20927  <sect2>
20928   <title>Changes</title>
20929
20930 <itemizedlist>
20931 <listitem><para>Prevent possible compressed transaction log loss (Tom)</para></listitem>
20932 <listitem><para>Prevent non-superuser from increasing most recent vacuum info (Tom)</para></listitem>
20933 <listitem><para>Handle pre-1970 date values in newer versions of glibc (Tom)</para></listitem>
20934 <listitem><para>Fix possible hang during server shutdown</para></listitem>
20935 <listitem><para>Prevent spinlock hangs on SMP PPC machines (Tomoyuki Niijima)</para></listitem>
20936 <listitem><para>Fix <application>pg_dump</> to properly dump FULL JOIN USING (Tom)</para></listitem>
20937 </itemizedlist>
20938  </sect2>
20939 </sect1>
20940
20941
20942 <sect1 id="release-7-2-2">
20943  <title>Release 7.2.2</title>
20944
20945  <note>
20946   <title>Release date</title>
20947   <simpara>2002-08-23</simpara>
20948  </note>
20949
20950  <para>
20951   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.1.
20952  </para>
20953
20954  <sect2>
20955   <title>Migration to Version 7.2.2</title>
20956
20957   <para>
20958    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
20959    running version 7.2.*.
20960   </para>
20961  </sect2>
20962
20963  <sect2>
20964   <title>Changes</title>
20965
20966 <itemizedlist>
20967 <listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
20968 <listitem><para>Fix for compressed transaction log id wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
20969 <listitem><para>Fix PQescapeBytea/PQunescapeBytea so that they handle bytes &gt; 0x7f (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20970 <listitem><para>Fix for psql and <application>pg_dump</> crashing when invoked with non-existent long options (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20971 <listitem><para>Fix crash when invoking geometric operators (Tom)</para></listitem>
20972 <listitem><para>Allow OPEN cursor(args) (Tom)</para></listitem>
20973 <listitem><para>Fix for rtree_gist index build (Teodor)</para></listitem>
20974 <listitem><para>Fix for dumping user-defined aggregates (Tom)</para></listitem>
20975 <listitem><para>contrib/intarray fixes (Oleg)</para></listitem>
20976 <listitem><para>Fix for complex UNION/EXCEPT/INTERSECT queries using parens (Tom)</para></listitem>
20977 <listitem><para>Fix to pg_convert (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
20978 <listitem><para>Fix for crash with long DATA strings (Thomas, Neil)</para></listitem>
20979 <listitem><para>Fix for repeat(), lpad(), rpad() and long strings (Neil)</para></listitem>
20980 </itemizedlist>
20981  </sect2>
20982 </sect1>
20983
20984
20985 <sect1 id="release-7-2-1">
20986  <title>Release 7.2.1</title>
20987
20988  <note>
20989   <title>Release date</title>
20990   <simpara>2002-03-21</simpara>
20991  </note>
20992
20993  <para>
20994   This release contains a variety of fixes for version 7.2.
20995  </para>
20996
20997  <sect2>
20998   <title>Migration to Version 7.2.1</title>
20999
21000   <para>
21001    A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those
21002    running version 7.2.
21003   </para>
21004  </sect2>
21005
21006  <sect2>
21007   <title>Changes</title>
21008
21009 <itemizedlist>
21010 <listitem><para>Ensure that sequence counters do not go backwards after a crash (Tom)</para></listitem>
21011 <listitem><para>Fix pgaccess kanji-conversion key binding (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21012 <listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
21013 <listitem><para>Cash I/O improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
21014 <listitem><para>New Russian FAQ</para></listitem>
21015 <listitem><para>Compile fix for missing AuthBlockSig (Heiko)</para></listitem>
21016 <listitem><para>Additional time zones and time zone fixes (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21017 <listitem><para>Allow psql \connect to handle mixed case database and user names (Tom)</para></listitem>
21018 <listitem><para>Return proper OID on command completion even with ON INSERT rules (Tom)</para></listitem>
21019 <listitem><para>Allow COPY FROM to use 8-bit DELIMITERS (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21020 <listitem><para>Fix bug in extract/date_part for milliseconds/microseconds (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21021 <listitem><para>Improve handling of multiple UNIONs with different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
21022 <listitem><para>contrib/btree_gist improvements (Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
21023 <listitem><para>contrib/tsearch dictionary improvements, see README.tsearch for an additional installation step (Thomas T. Thai, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
21024 <listitem><para>Fix for array subscripts handling (Tom)</para></listitem>
21025 <listitem><para>Allow EXECUTE of "CREATE TABLE AS ... SELECT" in PL/pgSQL (Tom)</para></listitem>
21026 </itemizedlist>
21027  </sect2>
21028 </sect1>
21029
21030
21031 <sect1 id="release-7-2">
21032  <title>Release 7.2</title>
21033
21034  <note>
21035   <title>Release date</title>
21036   <simpara>2002-02-04</simpara>
21037  </note>
21038
21039  <sect2>
21040   <title>Overview</title>
21041
21042   <para>
21043    This release improves <productname>PostgreSQL</> for use in
21044    high-volume applications.
21045   </para>
21046
21047   <para>
21048    Major changes in this release:
21049   </para>
21050
21051   <variablelist>
21052    <varlistentry>
21053     <term>VACUUM</term>
21054     <listitem>
21055      <para>
21056       Vacuuming no longer locks tables, thus allowing normal user
21057       access during the vacuum.  A new <command>VACUUM FULL</>
21058       command does old-style vacuum by locking the table and
21059       shrinking the on-disk copy of the table.
21060      </para>
21061     </listitem>
21062    </varlistentry>
21063
21064    <varlistentry>
21065     <term>Transactions</term>
21066     <listitem>
21067      <para>
21068       There is no longer a problem with installations that exceed
21069       four billion transactions.
21070      </para>
21071     </listitem>
21072    </varlistentry>
21073
21074    <varlistentry>
21075     <term>OIDs</term>
21076     <listitem>
21077      <para>
21078       OIDs are now optional.  Users can now create tables without
21079       OIDs for cases where OID usage is excessive.
21080      </para>
21081     </listitem>
21082    </varlistentry>
21083
21084    <varlistentry>
21085     <term>Optimizer</term>
21086     <listitem>
21087      <para>
21088       The system now computes histogram column statistics during
21089       <command>ANALYZE</>, allowing much better optimizer choices.
21090      </para>
21091     </listitem>
21092    </varlistentry>
21093
21094    <varlistentry>
21095     <term>Security</term>
21096     <listitem>
21097      <para>
21098       A new MD5 encryption option allows more secure storage and
21099       transfer of passwords.  A new Unix-domain socket
21100       authentication option is available on Linux and BSD systems.
21101      </para>
21102     </listitem>
21103    </varlistentry>
21104
21105    <varlistentry>
21106     <term>Statistics</term>
21107     <listitem>
21108      <para>
21109       Administrators can use the new table access statistics module
21110       to get fine-grained information about table and index usage.
21111      </para>
21112     </listitem>
21113    </varlistentry>
21114
21115    <varlistentry>
21116     <term>Internationalization</term>
21117     <listitem>
21118      <para>
21119       Program and library messages can now be displayed in several
21120       languages.
21121      </para>
21122     </listitem>
21123    </varlistentry>
21124
21125   </variablelist>
21126  </sect2>
21127
21128  <sect2>
21129   <title>Migration to Version 7.2</title>
21130
21131   <para>
21132    A dump/restore using <command>pg_dump</command> is required for
21133    those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.
21134   </para>
21135
21136   <para>
21137    Observe the following incompatibilities:
21138   </para>
21139
21140   <itemizedlist>
21141    <listitem>
21142     <para>
21143      The semantics of the <command>VACUUM</command> command have
21144      changed in this release.  You might wish to update your
21145      maintenance procedures accordingly.
21146     </para>
21147    </listitem>
21148
21149    <listitem>
21150     <para>
21151      In this release, comparisons using <literal>= NULL</literal>
21152      will always return false (or NULL, more precisely).  Previous
21153      releases automatically transformed this syntax to <literal>IS
21154      NULL</literal>.  The old behavior can be re-enabled using a
21155      <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> parameter.
21156     </para>
21157    </listitem>
21158
21159    <listitem>
21160     <para>
21161      The <filename>pg_hba.conf</> and <filename>pg_ident.conf</>
21162      configuration is now only reloaded after receiving a
21163      <systemitem>SIGHUP</> signal, not with each connection.
21164     </para>
21165    </listitem>
21166
21167    <listitem>
21168     <para>
21169      The function <filename>octet_length()</> now returns the uncompressed data length.
21170     </para>
21171    </listitem>
21172
21173    <listitem>
21174     <para>
21175      The date/time value <literal>'current'</literal> is no longer
21176      available.  You will need to rewrite your applications.
21177     </para>
21178    </listitem>
21179
21180    <listitem>
21181     <para>
21182      The <literal>timestamp()</literal>, <literal>time()</literal>,
21183      and <literal>interval()</literal> functions are no longer
21184      available.  Instead of <literal>timestamp()</literal>, use
21185      <literal>timestamp 'string'</literal> or <literal>CAST</literal>.
21186     </para>
21187    </listitem>
21188
21189   </itemizedlist>
21190
21191   <para>
21192    The <literal>SELECT ... LIMIT #,#</literal> syntax will be removed
21193    in the next release. You should change your queries to use
21194    separate LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, e.g. <literal>LIMIT 10 OFFSET
21195    20</literal>.
21196   </para>
21197  </sect2>
21198
21199  <sect2>
21200   <title>Changes</title>
21201
21202   <sect3>
21203    <title>Server Operation</title>
21204 <itemizedlist>
21205 <listitem><para>Create temporary files in a separate directory (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21206 <listitem><para>Delete orphaned temporary files on postmaster startup (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21207 <listitem><para>Added unique indexes to some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
21208 <listitem><para>System table operator reorganization (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
21209 <listitem><para>Renamed pg_log to pg_clog (Tom)</para></listitem>
21210 <listitem><para>Enable SIGTERM, SIGQUIT to kill backends (Jan)</para></listitem>
21211 <listitem><para>Removed compile-time limit on number of backends (Tom)</para></listitem>
21212 <listitem><para>Better cleanup for semaphore resource failure (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
21213 <listitem><para>Allow safe transaction ID wraparound (Tom)</para></listitem>
21214 <listitem><para>Removed OIDs from some system tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
21215 <listitem><para>Removed "triggered data change violation" error check (Tom)</para></listitem>
21216 <listitem><para>SPI portal creation of prepared/saved plans (Jan)</para></listitem>
21217 <listitem><para>Allow SPI column functions to work for system columns (Tom)</para></listitem>
21218 <listitem><para>Long value compression improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
21219 <listitem><para>Statistics collector for table, index access (Jan)</para></listitem>
21220 <listitem><para>Truncate extra-long sequence names to a reasonable value (Tom)</para></listitem>
21221 <listitem><para>Measure transaction times in milliseconds (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21222 <listitem><para>Fix TID sequential scans (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21223 <listitem><para>Superuser ID now fixed at 1 (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21224 <listitem><para>New pg_ctl "reload" option (Tom)</para></listitem>
21225 </itemizedlist>
21226   </sect3>
21227
21228   <sect3>
21229    <title>Performance</title>
21230 <itemizedlist>
21231 <listitem><para>Optimizer improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
21232 <listitem><para>New histogram column statistics for optimizer (Tom)</para></listitem>
21233 <listitem><para>Reuse write-ahead log files rather than discarding them (Tom)</para></listitem>
21234 <listitem><para>Cache improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
21235 <listitem><para>IS NULL, IS NOT NULL optimizer improvement (Tom)</para></listitem>
21236 <listitem><para>Improve lock manager to reduce lock contention (Tom)</para></listitem>
21237 <listitem><para>Keep relcache entries for index access support functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
21238 <listitem><para>Allow better selectivity with NaN and infinities in NUMERIC (Tom)</para></listitem>
21239 <listitem><para>R-tree performance improvements (Kenneth Been)</para></listitem>
21240 <listitem><para>B-tree splits more efficient (Tom)</para></listitem>
21241 </itemizedlist>
21242   </sect3>
21243
21244   <sect3>
21245    <title>Privileges</title>
21246 <itemizedlist>
21247 <listitem><para>Change UPDATE, DELETE privileges to be distinct (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21248 <listitem><para>New REFERENCES, TRIGGER privileges (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21249 <listitem><para>Allow GRANT/REVOKE to/from more than one user at a time (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21250 <listitem><para>New has_table_privilege() function (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
21251 <listitem><para>Allow non-superuser to vacuum database (Tom)</para></listitem>
21252 <listitem><para>New SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION command (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21253 <listitem><para>Fix bug in privilege modifications on newly created tables (Tom)</para></listitem>
21254 <listitem><para>Disallow access to pg_statistic for non-superuser, add user-accessible views (Tom)</para></listitem>
21255 </itemizedlist>
21256   </sect3>
21257
21258   <sect3>
21259    <title>Client Authentication</title>
21260 <itemizedlist>
21261 <listitem><para>Fork postmaster before doing authentication to prevent hangs (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21262 <listitem><para>Add ident authentication over Unix domain sockets on Linux, *BSD (Helge Bahmann, Oliver Elphick, Teodor Sigaev, Bruce)</para></listitem>
21263 <listitem><para>Add a password authentication method that uses MD5 encryption (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21264 <listitem><para>Allow encryption of stored passwords using MD5 (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21265 <listitem><para>PAM authentication (Dominic J. Eidson)</para></listitem>
21266 <listitem><para>Load pg_hba.conf and pg_ident.conf only on startup and SIGHUP (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21267 </itemizedlist>
21268   </sect3>
21269
21270   <sect3>
21271    <title>Server Configuration</title>
21272 <itemizedlist>
21273 <listitem><para>Interpretation of some time zone abbreviations as Australian rather than North American now settable at run time (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21274 <listitem><para>New parameter to set default transaction isolation level (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21275 <listitem><para>New parameter to enable conversion of "expr = NULL" into "expr IS NULL", off by default (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21276 <listitem><para>New parameter to control memory usage by VACUUM (Tom)</para></listitem>
21277 <listitem><para>New parameter to set client authentication timeout (Tom)</para></listitem>
21278 <listitem><para>New parameter to set maximum number of open files (Tom)</para></listitem>
21279 </itemizedlist>
21280   </sect3>
21281
21282   <sect3>
21283    <title>Queries</title>
21284 <itemizedlist>
21285 <listitem><para>Statements added by INSERT rules now execute after the INSERT (Jan)</para></listitem>
21286 <listitem><para>Prevent unadorned relation names in target list (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21287 <listitem><para>NULLs now sort after all normal values in ORDER BY (Tom)</para></listitem>
21288 <listitem><para>New IS UNKNOWN, IS NOT UNKNOWN Boolean tests (Tom)</para></listitem>
21289 <listitem><para>New SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE lock mode (Tom)</para></listitem>
21290 <listitem><para>New EXPLAIN ANALYZE command that shows run times and row counts (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
21291 <listitem><para>Fix problem with LIMIT and subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
21292 <listitem><para>Fix for LIMIT, DISTINCT ON pushed into subqueries (Tom)</para></listitem>
21293 <listitem><para>Fix nested EXCEPT/INTERSECT (Tom)</para></listitem>
21294 </itemizedlist>
21295   </sect3>
21296
21297   <sect3>
21298    <title>Schema Manipulation</title>
21299 <itemizedlist>
21300 <listitem><para>Fix SERIAL in temporary tables (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21301 <listitem><para>Allow temporary sequences (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21302 <listitem><para>Sequences now use int8 internally (Tom)</para></listitem>
21303 <listitem><para>New SERIAL8 creates int8 columns with sequences, default still SERIAL4 (Tom)</para></listitem>
21304 <listitem><para>Make OIDs optional using WITHOUT OIDS (Tom)</para></listitem>
21305 <listitem><para>Add %TYPE syntax to CREATE TYPE (Ian Lance Taylor)</para></listitem>
21306 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / DROP CONSTRAINT for CHECK constraints (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
21307 <listitem><para>New CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION to alter existing function (preserving the function OID) (Gavin Sherry)</para></listitem>
21308 <listitem><para>Add ALTER TABLE / ADD [ UNIQUE | PRIMARY ] (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
21309 <listitem><para>Allow column renaming in views</para></listitem>
21310 <listitem><para>Make ALTER TABLE / RENAME COLUMN update column names of indexes (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
21311 <listitem><para>Fix for ALTER TABLE / ADD CONSTRAINT ... CHECK with inherited tables (Stephan Szabo)</para></listitem>
21312 <listitem><para>ALTER TABLE RENAME update foreign-key trigger arguments correctly (Brent Verner)</para></listitem>
21313 <listitem><para>DROP AGGREGATE and COMMENT ON AGGREGATE now accept an aggtype (Tom)</para></listitem>
21314 <listitem><para>Add automatic return type data casting for SQL functions (Tom)</para></listitem>
21315 <listitem><para>Allow GiST indexes to handle NULLs and multikey indexes (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev, Tom)</para></listitem>
21316 <listitem><para>Enable partial indexes (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
21317 </itemizedlist>
21318   </sect3>
21319
21320   <sect3>
21321    <title>Utility Commands</title>
21322 <itemizedlist>
21323 <listitem><para>Add RESET ALL, SHOW ALL (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
21324 <listitem><para>CREATE/ALTER USER/GROUP now allow options in any order (Vince)</para></listitem>
21325 <listitem><para>Add LOCK A, B, C functionality (Neil Padgett)</para></listitem>
21326 <listitem><para>New ENCRYPTED/UNENCRYPTED option to CREATE/ALTER USER (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21327 <listitem><para>New light-weight VACUUM does not lock table; old semantics are available as VACUUM FULL (Tom)</para></listitem>
21328 <listitem><para>Disable COPY TO/FROM on views (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21329 <listitem><para>COPY DELIMITERS string must be exactly one character (Tom)</para></listitem>
21330 <listitem><para>VACUUM warning about index tuples fewer than heap now only appears when appropriate (Martijn van Oosterhout)</para></listitem>
21331 <listitem><para>Fix privilege checks for CREATE INDEX (Tom)</para></listitem>
21332 <listitem><para>Disallow inappropriate use of CREATE/DROP INDEX/TRIGGER/VIEW (Tom)</para></listitem>
21333 </itemizedlist>
21334   </sect3>
21335
21336   <sect3>
21337    <title>Data Types and Functions</title>
21338 <itemizedlist>
21339 <listitem><para>SUM(), AVG(), COUNT() now uses int8 internally for speed (Tom)</para></listitem>
21340 <listitem><para>Add convert(), convert2() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21341 <listitem><para>New function bit_length() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21342 <listitem><para>Make the "n" in CHAR(n)/VARCHAR(n) represents letters, not bytes (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21343 <listitem><para>CHAR(), VARCHAR() now reject strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21344 <listitem><para>BIT VARYING now rejects bit strings that are too long (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21345 <listitem><para>BIT now rejects bit strings that do not match declared size (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21346 <listitem><para>INET, CIDR text conversion functions (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
21347 <listitem><para>INET, CIDR operators &lt;&lt; and &lt;&lt;= indexable (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
21348 <listitem><para>Bytea \### now requires valid three digit octal number</para></listitem>
21349 <listitem><para>Bytea comparison improvements, now supports =, &lt;&gt;, &gt;, &gt;=, &lt;, and &lt;=</para></listitem>
21350 <listitem><para>Bytea now supports B-tree indexes</para></listitem>
21351 <listitem><para>Bytea now supports LIKE, LIKE...ESCAPE, NOT LIKE, NOT LIKE...ESCAPE</para></listitem>
21352 <listitem><para>Bytea now supports concatenation</para></listitem>
21353 <listitem><para>New bytea functions: position, substring, trim, btrim, and length</para></listitem>
21354 <listitem><para>New encode() function mode, "escaped", converts minimally escaped bytea to/from text</para></listitem>
21355 <listitem><para>Add pg_database_encoding_max_length() (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21356 <listitem><para>Add pg_client_encoding() function (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21357 <listitem><para>now() returns time with millisecond precision (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21358 <listitem><para>New TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE data type (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21359 <listitem><para>Add ISO date/time specification with "T", yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21360 <listitem><para>New xid/int comparison functions (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21361 <listitem><para>Add precision to TIME, TIMESTAMP, and INTERVAL data types (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21362 <listitem><para>Modify type coercion logic to attempt binary-compatible functions first (Tom)</para></listitem>
21363 <listitem><para>New encode() function installed by default (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
21364 <listitem><para>Improved to_*() conversion functions (Karel Zak)</para></listitem>
21365 <listitem><para>Optimize LIKE/ILIKE when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21366 <listitem><para>New functions in contrib/pgcrypto: crypt(), hmac(), encrypt(), gen_salt() (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
21367 <listitem><para>Correct description of translate() function (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21368 <listitem><para>Add INTERVAL argument for SET TIME ZONE (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21369 <listitem><para>Add INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH (etc.) syntax (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21370 <listitem><para>Optimize length functions when using single-byte encodings (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21371 <listitem><para>Fix path_inter, path_distance, path_length, dist_ppath to handle closed paths (Curtis Barrett, Tom)</para></listitem>
21372 <listitem><para>octet_length(text) now returns non-compressed length (Tatsuo, Bruce)</para></listitem>
21373 <listitem><para>Handle "July" full name in date/time literals (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
21374 <listitem><para>Some datatype() function calls now evaluated differently</para></listitem>
21375 <listitem><para>Add support for Julian and ISO time specifications (Thomas)</para></listitem>
21376 </itemizedlist>
21377   </sect3>
21378
21379   <sect3>
21380    <title>Internationalization</title>
21381 <itemizedlist>
21382 <listitem><para>National language support in psql, <application>pg_dump</>, libpq, and server (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21383 <listitem><para>Message translations in Chinese (simplified, traditional), Czech, French, German, Hungarian, Russian, Swedish (Peter E, Serguei A. Mokhov, Karel Zak, Weiping He, Zhenbang Wei, Kovacs Zoltan)</para></listitem>
21384 <listitem><para>Make trim, ltrim, rtrim, btrim, lpad, rpad, translate multibyte aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21385 <listitem><para>Add LATIN5,6,7,8,9,10 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21386 <listitem><para>Add ISO 8859-5,6,7,8 support (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21387 <listitem><para>Correct LATIN5 to mean ISO-8859-9, not ISO-8859-5 (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21388 <listitem><para>Make mic2ascii() non-ASCII aware (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21389 <listitem><para>Reject invalid multibyte character sequences (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21390 </itemizedlist>
21391   </sect3>
21392
21393   <sect3>
21394    <title><application>PL/pgSQL</></title>
21395 <itemizedlist>
21396 <listitem><para>Now uses portals for SELECT loops, allowing huge result sets (Jan)</para></listitem>
21397 <listitem><para>CURSOR and REFCURSOR support (Jan)</para></listitem>
21398 <listitem><para>Can now return open cursors (Jan)</para></listitem>
21399 <listitem><para>Add ELSEIF (Klaus Reger)</para></listitem>
21400 <listitem><para>Improve PL/pgSQL error reporting, including location of error (Tom)</para></listitem>
21401 <listitem><para>Allow IS or FOR key words in cursor declaration, for compatibility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21402 <listitem><para>Fix for SELECT ... FOR UPDATE (Tom)</para></listitem>
21403 <listitem><para>Fix for PERFORM returning multiple rows (Tom)</para></listitem>
21404 <listitem><para>Make PL/pgSQL use the server's type coercion code (Tom)</para></listitem>
21405 <listitem><para>Memory leak fix (Jan, Tom)</para></listitem>
21406 <listitem><para>Make trailing semicolon optional (Tom)</para></listitem>
21407 </itemizedlist>
21408   </sect3>
21409
21410   <sect3>
21411    <title>PL/Perl</title>
21412 <itemizedlist>
21413 <listitem><para>New untrusted PL/Perl (Alex Pilosov)</para></listitem>
21414 <listitem><para>PL/Perl is now built on some platforms even if libperl is not shared (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21415 </itemizedlist>
21416    </sect3>
21417
21418   <sect3>
21419    <title>PL/Tcl</title>
21420 <itemizedlist>
21421 <listitem><para>Now reports errorInfo (Vsevolod Lobko)</para></listitem>
21422 <listitem><para>Add spi_lastoid function (bob@redivi.com)</para></listitem>
21423 </itemizedlist>
21424   </sect3>
21425
21426   <sect3>
21427    <title>PL/Python</title>
21428 <itemizedlist>
21429 <listitem><para>...is new (Andrew Bosma)</para></listitem>
21430 </itemizedlist>
21431   </sect3>
21432
21433   <sect3>
21434    <title><application>psql</></title>
21435 <itemizedlist>
21436 <listitem><para>\d displays indexes in unique, primary groupings (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
21437 <listitem><para>Allow trailing semicolons in backslash commands (Greg Sabino Mullane)</para></listitem>
21438 <listitem><para>Read password from /dev/tty if possible</para></listitem>
21439 <listitem><para>Force new password prompt when changing user and database (Tatsuo, Tom)</para></listitem>
21440 <listitem><para>Format the correct number of columns for Unicode (Patrice)</para></listitem>
21441 </itemizedlist>
21442   </sect3>
21443
21444   <sect3>
21445    <title><application>libpq</></title>
21446 <itemizedlist>
21447 <listitem><para>New function PQescapeString() to escape quotes in command strings (Florian Weimer)</para></listitem>
21448 <listitem><para>New function PQescapeBytea() escapes binary strings for use as SQL string literals</para></listitem>
21449 </itemizedlist>
21450   </sect3>
21451
21452   <sect3>
21453    <title>JDBC</title>
21454 <itemizedlist>
21455 <listitem><para>Return OID of INSERT (Ken K)</para></listitem>
21456 <listitem><para>Handle more data types (Ken K)</para></listitem>
21457 <listitem><para>Handle single quotes and newlines in strings (Ken K)</para></listitem>
21458 <listitem><para>Handle NULL variables (Ken K)</para></listitem>
21459 <listitem><para>Fix for time zone handling (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
21460 <listitem><para>Improved Druid support</para></listitem>
21461 <listitem><para>Allow eight-bit characters with non-multibyte server (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
21462 <listitem><para>Support BIT, BINARY types (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
21463 <listitem><para>Reduce memory usage (Michael Stephens, Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
21464 <listitem><para>Update DatabaseMetaData (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21465 <listitem><para>Add DatabaseMetaData.getCatalogs() (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21466 <listitem><para>Encoding fixes (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
21467 <listitem><para>Get/setCatalog methods (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
21468 <listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() now returns column defaults (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
21469 <listitem><para>DatabaseMetaData.getColumns() performance improvement (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
21470 <listitem><para>Some JDBC1 and JDBC2 merging (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
21471 <listitem><para>Transaction performance improvements (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
21472 <listitem><para>Array fixes (Greg Zoller)</para></listitem>
21473 <listitem><para>Serialize addition </para></listitem>
21474 <listitem><para>Fix batch processing (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
21475 <listitem><para>ExecSQL method reorganization (Anders Bengtsson)</para></listitem>
21476 <listitem><para>GetColumn() fixes (Jeroen van Vianen)</para></listitem>
21477 <listitem><para>Fix isWriteable() function (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
21478 <listitem><para>Improved passage of JDBC2 conformance tests (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
21479 <listitem><para>Add bytea type capability (Barry Lind)</para></listitem>
21480 <listitem><para>Add isNullable() (Rene Pijlman)</para></listitem>
21481 <listitem><para>JDBC date/time test suite fixes (Liam Stewart)</para></listitem>
21482 <listitem><para>Fix for SELECT 'id' AS xxx FROM table (Dave Cramer)</para></listitem>
21483 <listitem><para>Fix DatabaseMetaData to show precision properly (Mark Lillywhite)</para></listitem>
21484 <listitem><para>New getImported/getExported keys (Jason Davies)</para></listitem>
21485 <listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Jeremy Wohl)</para></listitem>
21486 <listitem><para>Fix to actually use type cache (Ned Wolpert)</para></listitem>
21487 </itemizedlist>
21488   </sect3>
21489
21490   <sect3>
21491    <title>ODBC</title>
21492 <itemizedlist>
21493 <listitem><para>Remove query size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21494 <listitem><para>Remove text field size limit (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21495 <listitem><para>Fix for SQLPrimaryKeys in multibyte mode (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21496 <listitem><para>Allow ODBC procedure calls (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21497 <listitem><para>Improve boolean handing (Aidan Mountford)</para></listitem>
21498 <listitem><para>Most configuration options now settable via DSN (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21499 <listitem><para>Multibyte, performance fixes (Hiroshi)</para></listitem>
21500 <listitem><para>Allow driver to be used with iODBC or unixODBC (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21501 <listitem><para>MD5 password encryption support (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21502 <listitem><para>Add more compatibility functions to odbc.sql (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21503 </itemizedlist>
21504   </sect3>
21505
21506   <sect3>
21507    <title><application>ECPG</></title>
21508 <itemizedlist>
21509 <listitem><para>EXECUTE ... INTO implemented (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
21510 <listitem><para>Multiple row descriptor support (e.g. CARDINALITY) (Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
21511 <listitem><para>Fix for GRANT parameters (Lee Kindness)</para></listitem>
21512 <listitem><para>Fix INITIALLY DEFERRED bug</para></listitem>
21513 <listitem><para>Various bug fixes (Michael, Christof Petig)</para></listitem>
21514 <listitem><para>Auto allocation for indicator variable arrays (int *ind_p=NULL)</para></listitem>
21515 <listitem><para>Auto allocation for string arrays (char **foo_pp=NULL)</para></listitem>
21516 <listitem><para>ECPGfree_auto_mem fixed</para></listitem>
21517 <listitem><para>All function names with external linkage are now prefixed by ECPG</para></listitem>
21518 <listitem><para>Fixes for arrays of structures (Michael)</para></listitem>
21519 </itemizedlist>
21520   </sect3>
21521
21522   <sect3>
21523    <title>Misc. Interfaces</title>
21524 <itemizedlist>
21525 <listitem><para>Python fix fetchone() (Gerhard Haring)</para></listitem>
21526 <listitem><para>Use UTF, Unicode in Tcl where appropriate (Vsevolod Lobko, Reinhard Max)</para></listitem>
21527 <listitem><para>Add Tcl COPY TO/FROM (ljb)</para></listitem>
21528 <listitem><para>Prevent output of default index op class in <application>pg_dump</> (Tom)</para></listitem>
21529 <listitem><para>Fix libpgeasy memory leak (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21530 </itemizedlist>
21531   </sect3>
21532
21533   <sect3>
21534    <title>Build and Install</title>
21535 <itemizedlist>
21536 <listitem><para>Configure, dynamic loader, and shared library fixes (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21537 <listitem><para>Fixes in QNX 4 port (Bernd Tegge)</para></listitem>
21538 <listitem><para>Fixes in Cygwin and Windows ports (Jason Tishler, Gerhard Haring, Dmitry Yurtaev, Darko Prenosil, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
21539 <listitem><para>Fix for Windows socket communication failures (Magnus, Mikhail Terekhov)</para></listitem>
21540 <listitem><para>Hurd compile fix (Oliver Elphick)</para></listitem>
21541 <listitem><para>BeOS fixes (Cyril Velter)</para></listitem>
21542 <listitem><para>Remove configure --enable-unicode-conversion, now enabled by multibyte (Tatsuo)</para></listitem>
21543 <listitem><para>AIX fixes (Tatsuo, Andreas)</para></listitem>
21544 <listitem><para>Fix parallel make (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21545 <listitem><para>Install SQL language manual pages into OS-specific directories (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21546 <listitem><para>Rename config.h to pg_config.h (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21547 <listitem><para>Reorganize installation layout of header files (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21548 </itemizedlist>
21549   </sect3>
21550
21551   <sect3>
21552    <title>Source Code</title>
21553 <itemizedlist>
21554 <listitem><para>Remove SEP_CHAR (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21555 <listitem><para>New GUC hooks (Tom)</para></listitem>
21556 <listitem><para>Merge GUC and command line handling (Marko Kreen)</para></listitem>
21557 <listitem><para>Remove EXTEND INDEX (Martijn van Oosterhout, Tom)</para></listitem>
21558 <listitem><para>New pgjindent utility to indent java code (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21559 <listitem><para>Remove define of true/false when compiling under C++ (Leandro Fanzone, Tom)</para></listitem>
21560 <listitem><para>pgindent fixes (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
21561 <listitem><para>Replace strcasecmp() with strcmp() where appropriate (Peter E)</para></listitem>
21562 <listitem><para>Dynahash portability improvements (Tom)</para></listitem>
21563 <listitem><para>Add 'volatile' usage in spinlock structures</para></listitem>
21564 <listitem><para>Improve signal handling logic (Tom)</para></listitem>
21565 </itemizedlist>
21566   </sect3>
21567
21568   <sect3>
21569    <title>Contrib</title>
21570 <itemizedlist>
21571 <listitem><para>New contrib/rtree_gist (Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
21572 <listitem><para>New contrib/tsearch full-text indexing (Oleg, Teodor Sigaev)</para></listitem>
21573 <listitem><para>Add contrib/dblink for remote database access (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
21574 <listitem><para>contrib/ora2pg Oracle conversion utility (Gilles Darold)</para></listitem>
21575 <listitem><para>contrib/xml XML conversion utility (John Gray)</para></listitem>
21576 <listitem><para>contrib/fulltextindex fixes (Christopher Kings-Lynne)</para></listitem>
21577 <listitem><para>New contrib/fuzzystrmatch with levenshtein and metaphone, soundex merged (Joe Conway)</para></listitem>
21578 <listitem><para>Add contrib/intarray boolean queries, binary search, fixes (Oleg Bartunov)</para></listitem>
21579 <listitem><para>New pg_upgrade utility (Bruce)</para></listitem>
21580 <listitem><para>Add new pg_resetxlog options (Bruce, Tom)</para></listitem>
21581 </itemizedlist>
21582   </sect3>
21583  </sect2>
21584 </sect1>
21585
21586
21587  <sect1 id="release-7-1-3">
21588   <title>Release 7.1.3</title>
21589
21590   <note>
21591   <title>Release date</title>
21592   <simpara>2001-08-15</simpara>
21593   </note>
21594
21595   <sect2>
21596    <title>Migration to Version 7.1.3</title>
21597
21598    <para>
21599     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
21600     7.1.X.
21601    </para>
21602   </sect2>
21603
21604   <sect2>
21605    <title>Changes</title>
21606
21607    <para>
21608     <programlisting>
21609 Remove unused WAL segments of large transactions (Tom)
21610 Multiaction rule fix (Tom)
21611 PL/pgSQL memory allocation fix (Jan)
21612 VACUUM buffer fix (Tom)
21613 Regression test fixes (Tom)
21614 pg_dump fixes for GRANT/REVOKE/comments on views, user-defined types (Tom)
21615 Fix subselects with DISTINCT ON or LIMIT (Tom)
21616 BeOS fix
21617 Disable COPY TO/FROM a view (Tom)
21618 Cygwin build (Jason Tishler)
21619     </programlisting>
21620    </para>
21621   </sect2>
21622  </sect1>
21623
21624
21625  <sect1 id="release-7-1-2">
21626   <title>Release 7.1.2</title>
21627
21628   <note>
21629   <title>Release date</title>
21630   <simpara>2001-05-11</simpara>
21631   </note>
21632
21633   <para>
21634    This has one fix from 7.1.1.
21635   </para>
21636
21637
21638   <sect2>
21639    <title>Migration to Version 7.1.2</title>
21640
21641    <para>
21642     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
21643     7.1.X.
21644    </para>
21645   </sect2>
21646
21647   <sect2>
21648    <title>Changes</title>
21649
21650    <para>
21651     <programlisting>
21652 Fix PL/pgSQL SELECTs when returning no rows
21653 Fix for psql backslash core dump
21654 Referential integrity privilege fix
21655 Optimizer fixes
21656 pg_dump cleanups
21657     </programlisting>
21658    </para>
21659   </sect2>
21660  </sect1>
21661
21662
21663  <sect1 id="release-7-1-1">
21664   <title>Release 7.1.1</title>
21665
21666   <note>
21667   <title>Release date</title>
21668   <simpara>2001-05-05</simpara>
21669   </note>
21670
21671   <para>
21672    This has a variety of fixes from 7.1.
21673   </para>
21674
21675
21676   <sect2>
21677    <title>Migration to Version 7.1.1</title>
21678
21679    <para>
21680     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
21681     7.1.
21682    </para>
21683   </sect2>
21684
21685   <sect2>
21686    <title>Changes</title>
21687
21688    <para>
21689     <programlisting>
21690 Fix for numeric MODULO operator (Tom)
21691 pg_dump fixes (Philip)
21692 pg_dump can dump 7.0 databases (Philip)
21693 readline 4.2 fixes (Peter E)
21694 JOIN fixes (Tom)
21695 AIX, MSWIN, VAX, N32K fixes (Tom)
21696 Multibytes fixes (Tom)
21697 Unicode fixes (Tatsuo)
21698 Optimizer improvements (Tom)
21699 Fix for whole rows in functions (Tom)
21700 Fix for pg_ctl and option strings with spaces (Peter E)
21701 ODBC fixes (Hiroshi)
21702 EXTRACT can now take string argument (Thomas)
21703 Python fixes (Darcy)
21704     </programlisting>
21705    </para>
21706   </sect2>
21707  </sect1>
21708
21709
21710  <sect1 id="release-7-1">
21711   <title>Release 7.1</title>
21712
21713   <note>
21714   <title>Release date</title>
21715   <simpara>2001-04-13</simpara>
21716   </note>
21717
21718   <para>
21719        This release focuses on removing limitations that have existed in the
21720        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> code for many years.
21721   </para>
21722
21723   <para>
21724    Major changes in this release:
21725   </para>
21726
21727   <variablelist>
21728    <varlistentry>
21729     <term>
21730       Write-ahead Log (WAL)
21731     </term>
21732     <listitem>
21733      <para>
21734 To maintain database consistency in case of an operating system crash,
21735 previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> have forced
21736 all data modifications to disk before each transaction commit.  With
21737 WAL, only one log file must be flushed to disk, greatly improving
21738 performance.  If you have been using -F in previous releases to
21739 disable disk flushes, you might want to consider discontinuing its use.
21740      </para>
21741     </listitem>
21742    </varlistentry>
21743
21744    <varlistentry>
21745     <term>
21746       TOAST
21747     </term>
21748     <listitem>
21749      <para>
21750       TOAST - Previous releases had a compiled-in row length limit,
21751 typically 8k - 32k. This limit made storage of long text fields
21752 difficult.  With TOAST, long rows of any length can be stored with good
21753 performance.
21754      </para>
21755     </listitem>
21756    </varlistentry>
21757
21758    <varlistentry>
21759     <term>
21760       Outer Joins
21761     </term>
21762     <listitem>
21763      <para>
21764 We now support outer joins.  The UNION/NOT IN
21765 workaround for outer joins is no longer required.  We use the SQL92
21766 outer join syntax.
21767      </para>
21768     </listitem>
21769    </varlistentry>
21770
21771    <varlistentry>
21772     <term>
21773       Function Manager
21774     </term>
21775     <listitem>
21776      <para>
21777 The previous C function manager did not
21778 handle null values properly, nor did it support 64-bit <acronym>CPU</acronym>'s (Alpha).  The new
21779 function manager does.  You can continue using your old custom
21780 functions, but you might want to rewrite them in the future to use the new
21781 function manager call interface.
21782      </para>
21783     </listitem>
21784    </varlistentry>
21785
21786    <varlistentry>
21787     <term>
21788       Complex Queries
21789     </term>
21790     <listitem>
21791      <para>
21792 A large number of complex queries that were
21793 unsupported in previous releases now work.  Many combinations of views,
21794 aggregates, UNION, LIMIT, cursors, subqueries, and inherited tables
21795 now work properly. Inherited tables are now accessed by default.
21796 Subqueries in FROM are now supported.
21797      </para>
21798     </listitem>
21799    </varlistentry>
21800
21801   </variablelist>
21802
21803   <sect2>
21804    <title>Migration to Version 7.1</title>
21805
21806    <para>
21807        A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate
21808        data from any previous release.
21809    </para>
21810   </sect2>
21811
21812   <sect2>
21813    <title>Changes</title>
21814
21815    <para>
21816     <programlisting>
21817 Bug Fixes
21818 ---------
21819 Many multibyte/Unicode/locale fixes (Tatsuo and others)
21820 More reliable ALTER TABLE RENAME (Tom)
21821 Kerberos V fixes (David Wragg)
21822 Fix for INSERT INTO...SELECT where targetlist has subqueries (Tom)
21823 Prompt username/password on standard error (Bruce)
21824 Large objects inv_read/inv_write fixes (Tom)
21825 Fixes for to_char(), to_date(), to_ascii(), and to_timestamp() (Karel,
21826    Daniel Baldoni)
21827 Prevent query expressions from leaking memory (Tom)
21828 Allow UPDATE of arrays elements (Tom)
21829 Wake up lock waiters during cancel (Hiroshi)
21830 Fix rare cursor crash when using hash join (Tom)
21831 Fix for DROP TABLE/INDEX in rolled-back transaction (Hiroshi)
21832 Fix psql crash from \l+ if MULTIBYTE enabled (Peter E)
21833 Fix truncation of rule names during CREATE VIEW (Ross Reedstrom)
21834 Fix PL/perl (Alex Kapranoff)
21835 Disallow LOCK on views (Mark Hollomon)
21836 Disallow INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE on views (Mark Hollomon)
21837 Disallow DROP RULE, CREATE INDEX, TRUNCATE on views (Mark Hollomon)
21838 Allow PL/pgSQL accept non-ASCII identifiers (Tatsuo)
21839 Allow views to proper handle GROUP BY, aggregates, DISTINCT (Tom)
21840 Fix rare failure with TRUNCATE command (Tom)
21841 Allow UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT to be used with ALL, subqueries, views,
21842    DISTINCT, ORDER BY, SELECT...INTO (Tom)
21843 Fix parser failures during aborted transactions (Tom)
21844 Allow temporary relations to properly clean up indexes (Bruce)
21845 Fix VACUUM problem with moving rows in same page (Tom)
21846 Modify pg_dump to better handle user-defined items in template1 (Philip)
21847 Allow LIMIT in VIEW (Tom)
21848 Require cursor FETCH to honor LIMIT (Tom)
21849 Allow PRIMARY/FOREIGN Key definitions on inherited columns (Stephan)
21850 Allow ORDER BY, LIMIT in subqueries (Tom)
21851 Allow UNION in CREATE RULE (Tom)
21852 Make ALTER/DROP TABLE rollback-able (Vadim, Tom)
21853 Store initdb collation in pg_control so collation cannot be changed (Tom)
21854 Fix INSERT...SELECT with rules (Tom)
21855 Fix FOR UPDATE inside views and subselects (Tom)
21856 Fix OVERLAPS operators conform to SQL92 spec regarding NULLs (Tom)
21857 Fix lpad() and rpad() to handle length less than input string (Tom)
21858 Fix use of NOTIFY in some rules (Tom)
21859 Overhaul btree code (Tom)
21860 Fix NOT NULL use in Pl/pgSQL variables (Tom)
21861 Overhaul GIST code (Oleg)
21862 Fix CLUSTER to preserve constraints and column default (Tom)
21863 Improved deadlock detection handling (Tom)
21864 Allow multiple SERIAL columns in a table (Tom)
21865 Prevent occasional index corruption (Vadim)
21866
21867 Enhancements
21868 ------------
21869 Add OUTER JOINs (Tom)
21870 Function manager overhaul (Tom)
21871 Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME on indexes (Tom)
21872 Improve CLUSTER (Tom)
21873 Improve ps status display for more platforms (Peter E, Marc)
21874 Improve CREATE FUNCTION failure message (Ross)
21875 JDBC improvements (Peter, Travis Bauer, Christopher Cain, William Webber,
21876    Gunnar)
21877 Grand Unified Configuration scheme/GUC.  Many options can now be set in
21878    data/postgresql.conf, postmaster/postgres flags, or SET commands (Peter E)
21879 Improved handling of file descriptor cache (Tom)
21880 New warning code about auto-created table alias entries (Bruce)
21881 Overhaul initdb process (Tom, Peter E)
21882 Overhaul of inherited tables; inherited tables now accessed by default;
21883   new ONLY key word prevents it (Chris Bitmead, Tom)
21884 ODBC cleanups/improvements (Nick Gorham, Stephan Szabo, Zoltan Kovacs,
21885    Michael Fork)
21886 Allow renaming of temp tables (Tom)
21887 Overhaul memory manager contexts (Tom)
21888 pg_dumpall uses CREATE USER or CREATE GROUP rather using COPY (Peter E)
21889 Overhaul pg_dump (Philip Warner)
21890 Allow pg_hba.conf secondary password file to specify only username (Peter E)
21891 Allow TEMPORARY or TEMP key word when creating temporary tables (Bruce)
21892 New memory leak checker (Karel)
21893 New SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS (Thomas)
21894 Allow nested block comments (Thomas)
21895 Add WITHOUT TIME ZONE type qualifier (Thomas)
21896 New ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT (Stephan)
21897 Use NUMERIC accumulators for INTEGER aggregates (Tom)
21898 Overhaul aggregate code (Tom)
21899 New VARIANCE and STDDEV() aggregates
21900 Improve dependency ordering of pg_dump (Philip)
21901 New pg_restore command (Philip)
21902 New pg_dump tar output option (Philip)
21903 New pg_dump of large objects  (Philip)
21904 New ESCAPE option to LIKE (Thomas)
21905 New case-insensitive LIKE - ILIKE (Thomas)
21906 Allow functional indexes to use binary-compatible type (Tom)
21907 Allow SQL functions to be used in more contexts (Tom)
21908 New pg_config utility (Peter E)
21909 New PL/pgSQL EXECUTE command which allows dynamic SQL and utility statements
21910    (Jan)
21911 New PL/pgSQL GET DIAGNOSTICS statement for SPI value access (Jan)
21912 New quote_identifiers() and quote_literal() functions (Jan)
21913 New ALTER TABLE table OWNER TO user command (Mark Hollomon)
21914 Allow subselects in FROM, i.e. FROM (SELECT ...) [AS] alias (Tom)
21915 Update PyGreSQL to version 3.1 (D'Arcy)
21916 Store tables as files named by OID (Vadim)
21917 New SQL function setval(seq,val,bool) for use in pg_dump (Philip)
21918 Require DROP VIEW to remove views, no DROP TABLE (Mark)
21919 Allow DROP VIEW view1, view2 (Mark)
21920 Allow multiple objects in DROP INDEX, DROP RULE, and DROP TYPE (Tom)
21921 Allow automatic conversion to/from Unicode (Tatsuo, Eiji)
21922 New /contrib/pgcrypto hashing functions (Marko Kreen)
21923 New pg_dumpall --globals-only option (Peter E)
21924 New CHECKPOINT command for WAL which creates new WAL log file (Vadim)
21925 New AT TIME ZONE syntax (Thomas)
21926 Allow location of Unix domain socket to be configurable (David J. MacKenzie)
21927 Allow postmaster to listen on a specific IP address (David J. MacKenzie)
21928 Allow socket path name to be specified in hostname by using leading slash
21929    (David J. MacKenzie)
21930 Allow CREATE DATABASE to specify template database (Tom)
21931 New utility to convert MySQL schema dumps to SQL92 and PostgreSQL (Thomas)
21932 New /contrib/rserv replication toolkit (Vadim)
21933 New file format for COPY BINARY (Tom)
21934 New /contrib/oid2name to map numeric files to table names (B Palmer)
21935 New "idle in transaction" ps status message (Marc)
21936 Update to pgaccess 0.98.7 (Constantin Teodorescu)
21937 pg_ctl now defaults to -w (wait) on shutdown, new -l (log) option
21938 Add rudimentary dependency checking to pg_dump (Philip)
21939
21940 Types
21941 -----
21942 Fix INET/CIDR type ordering and add new functions (Tom)
21943 Make OID behave as an unsigned type (Tom)
21944 Allow BIGINT as synonym for INT8 (Peter E)
21945 New int2 and int8 comparison operators (Tom)
21946 New BIT and BIT VARYING types (Adriaan Joubert, Tom, Peter E)
21947 CHAR() no longer faster than VARCHAR() because of TOAST (Tom)
21948 New GIST seg/cube examples (Gene Selkov)
21949 Improved round(numeric) handling (Tom)
21950 Fix CIDR output formatting (Tom)
21951 New CIDR abbrev() function (Tom)
21952
21953 Performance
21954 -----------
21955 Write-Ahead Log (WAL) to provide crash recovery with less performance
21956    overhead (Vadim)
21957 ANALYZE stage of VACUUM no longer exclusively locks table (Bruce)
21958 Reduced file seeks (Denis Perchine)
21959 Improve BTREE code for duplicate keys (Tom)
21960 Store all large objects in a single table (Denis Perchine, Tom)
21961 Improve memory allocation performance (Karel, Tom)
21962
21963 Source Code
21964 -----------
21965 New function manager call conventions (Tom)
21966 SGI portability fixes (David Kaelbling)
21967 New configure --enable-syslog option (Peter E)
21968 New BSDI README (Bruce)
21969 configure script moved to top level, not /src (Peter E)
21970 Makefile/configuration/compilation overhaul (Peter E)
21971 New configure --with-python option (Peter E)
21972 Solaris cleanups (Peter E)
21973 Overhaul /contrib Makefiles (Karel)
21974 New OpenSSL configuration option (Magnus, Peter E)
21975 AIX fixes (Andreas)
21976 QNX fixes (Maurizio)
21977 New heap_open(), heap_openr() API (Tom)
21978 Remove colon and semi-colon operators (Thomas)
21979 New pg_class.relkind value for views (Mark Hollomon)
21980 Rename ichar() to chr() (Karel)
21981 New documentation for btrim(), ascii(), chr(), repeat() (Karel)
21982 Fixes for NT/Cygwin (Pete Forman)
21983 AIX port fixes (Andreas)
21984 New BeOS port (David Reid, Cyril Velter)
21985 Add proofreader's changes to docs (Addison-Wesley, Bruce)
21986 New Alpha spinlock code (Adriaan Joubert, Compaq)
21987 UnixWare port overhaul (Peter E)
21988 New Darwin/MacOS X port (Peter Bierman, Bruce Hartzler)
21989 New FreeBSD Alpha port (Alfred)
21990 Overhaul shared memory segments (Tom)
21991 Add IBM S/390 support (Neale Ferguson)
21992 Moved macmanuf to /contrib (Larry Rosenman)
21993 Syslog improvements (Larry Rosenman)
21994 New template0 database that contains no user additions (Tom)
21995 New /contrib/cube and /contrib/seg GIST sample code (Gene Selkov)
21996 Allow NetBSD's libedit instead of readline (Peter)
21997 Improved assembly language source code format (Bruce)
21998 New contrib/pg_logger
21999 New --template option to createdb
22000 New contrib/pg_control utility (Oliver)
22001 New FreeBSD tools ipc_check, start-scripts/freebsd
22002     </programlisting>
22003    </para>
22004   </sect2>
22005  </sect1>
22006
22007
22008  <sect1 id="release-7-0-3">
22009   <title>Release 7.0.3</title>
22010
22011   <note>
22012   <title>Release date</title>
22013   <simpara>2000-11-11</simpara>
22014   </note>
22015
22016   <para>
22017    This has a variety of fixes from 7.0.2.
22018   </para>
22019
22020
22021   <sect2>
22022    <title>Migration to Version 7.0.3</title>
22023
22024    <para>
22025     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22026     7.0.*.
22027    </para>
22028   </sect2>
22029
22030   <sect2>
22031    <title>Changes</title>
22032
22033    <para>
22034     <programlisting>
22035 Jdbc fixes (Peter)
22036 Large object fix (Tom)
22037 Fix lean in COPY WITH OIDS leak (Tom)
22038 Fix backwards-index-scan (Tom)
22039 Fix SELECT ... FOR UPDATE so it checks for duplicate keys (Hiroshi)
22040 Add --enable-syslog to configure (Marc)
22041 Fix abort transaction at backend exit in rare cases (Tom)
22042 Fix for psql \l+ when multibyte enabled (Tatsuo)
22043 Allow PL/pgSQL to accept non ascii identifiers (Tatsuo)
22044 Make vacuum always flush buffers (Tom)
22045 Fix to allow cancel while waiting for a lock (Hiroshi)
22046 Fix for memory allocation problem in user authentication code (Tom)
22047 Remove bogus use of int4out() (Tom)
22048 Fixes for multiple subqueries in COALESCE or BETWEEN (Tom)
22049 Fix for failure of triggers on heap open in certain cases (Jeroen van
22050    Vianen)
22051 Fix for erroneous selectivity of not-equals (Tom)
22052 Fix for erroneous use of strcmp() (Tom)
22053 Fix for bug where storage manager accesses items beyond end of file
22054    (Tom)
22055 Fix to include kernel errno message in all smgr elog messages (Tom)
22056 Fix for '.' not in PATH at build time (SL Baur)
22057 Fix for out-of-file-descriptors error (Tom)
22058 Fix to make pg_dump dump 'iscachable' flag for functions (Tom)
22059 Fix for subselect in targetlist of Append node (Tom)
22060 Fix for mergejoin plans (Tom)
22061 Fix TRUNCATE failure on relations with indexes (Tom)
22062 Avoid database-wide restart on write error (Hiroshi)
22063 Fix nodeMaterial to honor chgParam by recomputing its output (Tom)
22064 Fix VACUUM problem with moving chain of update row versions when source
22065    and destination of a row version lie on the same page (Tom)
22066 Fix user.c CommandCounterIncrement (Tom)
22067 Fix for AM/PM boundary problem in to_char() (Karel Zak)
22068 Fix TIME aggregate handling (Tom)
22069 Fix to_char() to avoid coredump on NULL input (Tom)
22070 Buffer fix (Tom)
22071 Fix for inserting/copying longer multibyte strings into char() data
22072    types (Tatsuo)
22073 Fix for crash of backend, on abort (Tom)
22074     </programlisting>
22075    </para>
22076   </sect2>
22077  </sect1>
22078
22079
22080  <sect1 id="release-7-0-2">
22081   <title>Release 7.0.2</title>
22082
22083   <note>
22084   <title>Release date</title>
22085   <simpara>2000-06-05</simpara>
22086   </note>
22087
22088   <para>
22089    This is a repackaging of 7.0.1 with added documentation.
22090   </para>
22091
22092
22093   <sect2>
22094    <title>Migration to Version 7.0.2</title>
22095
22096    <para>
22097     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22098     7.*.
22099    </para>
22100   </sect2>
22101
22102   <sect2>
22103    <title>Changes</title>
22104
22105    <para>
22106     <programlisting>
22107 Added documentation to tarball.
22108     </programlisting>
22109    </para>
22110   </sect2>
22111  </sect1>
22112
22113
22114  <sect1 id="release-7-0-1">
22115   <title>Release 7.0.1</title>
22116
22117   <note>
22118   <title>Release date</title>
22119   <simpara>2000-06-01</simpara>
22120   </note>
22121
22122   <para>
22123    This is a cleanup release for 7.0.
22124   </para>
22125
22126   <sect2>
22127    <title>Migration to Version 7.0.1</title>
22128
22129    <para>
22130     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22131     7.0.
22132    </para>
22133   </sect2>
22134
22135   <sect2>
22136    <title>Changes</title>
22137
22138    <para>
22139     <programlisting>
22140 Fix many CLUSTER failures (Tom)
22141 Allow ALTER TABLE RENAME works on indexes (Tom)
22142 Fix plpgsql to handle datetime-&gt;timestamp and timespan-&gt;interval (Bruce)
22143 New configure --with-setproctitle switch to use setproctitle() (Marc, Bruce)
22144 Fix the off by one errors in ResultSet from 6.5.3, and more.
22145 jdbc ResultSet fixes (Joseph Shraibman)
22146 optimizer tunings (Tom)
22147 Fix create user for pgaccess
22148 Fix for UNLISTEN failure
22149 IRIX fixes (David Kaelbling)
22150 QNX fixes (Andreas Kardos)
22151 Reduce COPY IN lock level (Tom)
22152 Change libpqeasy to use PQconnectdb() style parameters (Bruce)
22153 Fix pg_dump to handle OID indexes (Tom)
22154 Fix small memory leak (Tom)
22155 Solaris fix for createdb/dropdb (Tatsuo)
22156 Fix for non-blocking connections (Alfred Perlstein)
22157 Fix improper recovery after RENAME TABLE failures (Tom)
22158 Copy pg_ident.conf.sample into /lib directory in install (Bruce)
22159 Add SJIS UDC (NEC selection IBM kanji) support (Eiji Tokuya)
22160 Fix too long syslog message (Tatsuo)
22161 Fix problem with quoted indexes that are too long (Tom)
22162 JDBC ResultSet.getTimestamp() fix (Gregory Krasnow &amp; Floyd Marinescu)
22163 ecpg changes (Michael)
22164     </programlisting>
22165    </para>
22166   </sect2>
22167  </sect1>
22168
22169  <sect1 id="release-7-0">
22170   <title>Release 7.0</title>
22171
22172   <note>
22173   <title>Release date</title>
22174   <simpara>2000-05-08</simpara>
22175   </note>
22176
22177   <para>
22178    This release contains improvements in many areas, demonstrating
22179    the continued growth of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
22180    There are more improvements and fixes in 7.0 than in any previous
22181    release. The developers have confidence that this is the best
22182    release yet; we do our best to put out only solid releases, and
22183    this one is no exception.
22184   </para>
22185
22186   <para>
22187    Major changes in this release:
22188   </para>
22189
22190   <variablelist>
22191    <varlistentry>
22192     <term>
22193      Foreign Keys
22194     </term>
22195     <listitem>
22196      <para>
22197       Foreign keys are now implemented, with the exception of PARTIAL MATCH
22198       foreign keys. Many users have been asking for this feature, and we are
22199       pleased to offer it.
22200      </para>
22201     </listitem>
22202    </varlistentry>
22203
22204    <varlistentry>
22205     <term>
22206      Optimizer Overhaul
22207     </term>
22208     <listitem>
22209      <para>
22210       Continuing on work started a year ago, the optimizer has been
22211       improved, allowing better query plan selection and faster performance
22212       with less memory usage.
22213      </para>
22214     </listitem>
22215    </varlistentry>
22216
22217    <varlistentry>
22218     <term>
22219      Updated <application>psql</application>
22220     </term>
22221     <listitem>
22222      <para>
22223       <application>psql</application>, our interactive terminal monitor, has been
22224       updated with a variety of new features. See the <application>psql</application> manual page for details.
22225      </para>
22226     </listitem>
22227    </varlistentry>
22228
22229    <varlistentry>
22230     <term>
22231      Join Syntax
22232     </term>
22233     <listitem>
22234      <para>
22235       SQL92 join syntax is now supported, though only as
22236       <literal>INNER JOIN</> for this release. <literal>JOIN</>,
22237       <literal>NATURAL JOIN</>, <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>USING</>,
22238       and <literal>JOIN</>/<literal>ON</> are available, as are
22239       column correlation names.
22240      </para>
22241     </listitem>
22242
22243    </varlistentry>
22244   </variablelist>
22245
22246   <sect2>
22247    <title>Migration to Version 7.0</title>
22248
22249    <para>
22250     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
22251     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
22252     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
22253     For those upgrading from 6.5.*, you can instead use
22254     <application>pg_upgrade</application> to upgrade to this
22255     release; however, a full dump/reload installation is always the
22256     most robust method for upgrades.
22257    </para>
22258
22259    <para>
22260     Interface and compatibility issues to consider for the new
22261     release include:
22262    </para>
22263
22264    <itemizedlist>
22265     <listitem>
22266      <para>
22267       The date/time types <type>datetime</type> and
22268       <type>timespan</type> have been superseded by the
22269       SQL92-defined types <type>timestamp</type> and
22270       <type>interval</type>. Although there has been some effort to
22271       ease the transition by allowing
22272       <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to recognize
22273       the deprecated type names and translate them to the new type
22274       names, this mechanism cannot be completely transparent to
22275       your existing application.
22276      </para>
22277     </listitem>
22278
22279     <listitem>
22280      <para>
22281       The optimizer has been substantially improved in the area of
22282       query cost estimation. In some cases, this will result in
22283       decreased query times as the optimizer makes a better choice
22284       for the preferred plan. However, in a small number of cases,
22285       usually involving pathological distributions of data, your
22286       query times might go up. If you are dealing with large amounts
22287       of data, you might want to check your queries to verify
22288       performance.
22289      </para>
22290     </listitem>
22291
22292     <listitem>
22293      <para>
22294       The <acronym>JDBC</acronym> and <acronym>ODBC</acronym>
22295       interfaces have been upgraded and extended.
22296      </para>
22297     </listitem>
22298
22299     <listitem>
22300      <para>
22301       The string function <function>CHAR_LENGTH</function> is now a
22302       native function. Previous versions translated this into a call
22303       to <function>LENGTH</function>, which could result in
22304       ambiguity with other types implementing
22305       <function>LENGTH</function> such as the geometric types.
22306      </para>
22307     </listitem>
22308    </itemizedlist>
22309   </sect2>
22310
22311   <sect2>
22312    <title>Changes</title>
22313
22314    <para>
22315     <programlisting>
22316 Bug Fixes
22317 ---------
22318 Prevent function calls exceeding maximum number of arguments (Tom)
22319 Improve CASE construct (Tom)
22320 Fix SELECT coalesce(f1,0) FROM int4_tbl GROUP BY f1 (Tom)
22321 Fix SELECT sentence.words[0] FROM sentence GROUP BY sentence.words[0] (Tom)
22322 Fix GROUP BY scan bug (Tom)
22323 Improvements in SQL grammar processing (Tom)
22324 Fix for views involved in INSERT ... SELECT ... (Tom)
22325 Fix for SELECT a/2, a/2 FROM test_missing_target GROUP BY a/2 (Tom)
22326 Fix for subselects in INSERT ... SELECT (Tom)
22327 Prevent INSERT ... SELECT ... ORDER BY (Tom)
22328 Fixes for relations greater than 2GB, including vacuum
22329 Improve propagating system table changes to other backends (Tom)
22330 Improve propagating user table changes to other backends (Tom)
22331 Fix handling of temp tables in complex situations (Bruce, Tom)
22332 Allow table locking at table open, improving concurrent reliability (Tom)
22333 Properly quote sequence names in pg_dump (Ross J. Reedstrom)
22334 Prevent DROP DATABASE while others accessing
22335 Prevent any rows from being returned by GROUP BY if no rows processed (Tom)
22336 Fix SELECT COUNT(1) FROM table WHERE ...' if no rows matching WHERE (Tom)
22337 Fix pg_upgrade so it works for MVCC (Tom)
22338 Fix for SELECT ... WHERE x IN (SELECT ... HAVING SUM(x) &gt; 1) (Tom)
22339 Fix for "f1 datetime DEFAULT 'now'"  (Tom)
22340 Fix problems with CURRENT_DATE used in DEFAULT (Tom)
22341 Allow comment-only lines, and ;;; lines too. (Tom)
22342 Improve recovery after failed disk writes, disk full (Hiroshi)
22343 Fix cases where table is mentioned in FROM but not joined (Tom)
22344 Allow HAVING clause without aggregate functions (Tom)
22345 Fix for "--" comment and no trailing newline, as seen in perl interface
22346 Improve pg_dump failure error reports (Bruce)
22347 Allow sorts and hashes to exceed 2GB file sizes (Tom)
22348 Fix for pg_dump dumping of inherited rules (Tom)
22349 Fix for NULL handling comparisons (Tom)
22350 Fix inconsistent state caused by failed CREATE/DROP commands (Hiroshi)
22351 Fix for dbname with dash
22352 Prevent DROP INDEX from interfering with other backends (Tom)
22353 Fix file descriptor leak in verify_password()
22354 Fix for "Unable to identify an operator =$" problem
22355 Fix ODBC so no segfault if CommLog and Debug enabled (Dirk Niggemann)
22356 Fix for recursive exit call (Massimo)
22357 Fix for extra-long timezones (Jeroen van Vianen)
22358 Make pg_dump preserve primary key information (Peter E)
22359 Prevent databases with single quotes (Peter E)
22360 Prevent DROP DATABASE inside  transaction (Peter E)
22361 ecpg memory leak fixes (Stephen Birch)
22362 Fix for SELECT null::text, SELECT int4fac(null) and SELECT 2 + (null) (Tom)
22363 Y2K timestamp fix (Massimo)
22364 Fix for VACUUM 'HEAP_MOVED_IN was not expected' errors (Tom)
22365 Fix for views with tables/columns containing spaces  (Tom)
22366 Prevent privileges on indexes (Peter E)
22367 Fix for spinlock stuck problem when error is generated (Hiroshi)
22368 Fix ipcclean on Linux
22369 Fix handling of NULL constraint conditions (Tom)
22370 Fix memory leak in odbc driver (Nick Gorham)
22371 Fix for privilege check on UNION tables (Tom)
22372 Fix to allow SELECT 'a' LIKE 'a' (Tom)
22373 Fix for SELECT 1 + NULL (Tom)
22374 Fixes to CHAR
22375 Fix log() on numeric type (Tom)
22376 Deprecate ':' and ';' operators
22377 Allow vacuum of temporary tables
22378 Disallow inherited columns with the same name as new columns
22379 Recover or force failure when disk space is exhausted (Hiroshi)
22380 Fix INSERT INTO ... SELECT with AS columns matching result columns
22381 Fix INSERT ... SELECT ... GROUP BY groups by target columns not source columns (Tom)
22382 Fix CREATE TABLE test (a char(5) DEFAULT text '', b int4) with INSERT (Tom)
22383 Fix UNION with LIMIT
22384 Fix CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 2
22385 Fix CREATE TABLE test(col char(2) DEFAULT user)
22386 Fix mismatched types in CREATE TABLE ... DEFAULT
22387 Fix SELECT * FROM pg_class where oid in (0,-1)
22388 Fix SELECT COUNT('asdf') FROM pg_class WHERE oid=12
22389 Prevent user who can create databases can modifying pg_database table (Peter E)
22390 Fix btree to give a useful elog when key &gt; 1/2 (page - overhead) (Tom)
22391 Fix INSERT of 0.0 into DECIMAL(4,4) field (Tom)
22392
22393 Enhancements
22394 ------------
22395 New CLI interface include file sqlcli.h, based on SQL3/SQL98
22396 Remove all limits on query length, row length limit still exists (Tom)
22397 Update jdbc protocol to 2.0 (Jens Glaser <email>jens@jens.de</email>)
22398 Add TRUNCATE command to quickly truncate relation (Mike Mascari)
22399 Fix to give super user and createdb user proper update catalog rights (Peter E)
22400 Allow ecpg bool variables to have NULL values (Christof)
22401 Issue ecpg error if NULL value for variable with no NULL indicator (Christof)
22402 Allow ^C to cancel COPY command (Massimo)
22403 Add SET FSYNC and SHOW PG_OPTIONS commands(Massimo)
22404 Function name overloading for dynamically-loaded C functions (Frankpitt)
22405 Add CmdTuples() to libpq++(Vince)
22406 New CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER and SET CONSTRAINTS commands(Jan)
22407 Allow CREATE FUNCTION/WITH clause to be used for all language types
22408 configure --enable-debug adds -g (Peter E)
22409 configure --disable-debug removes -g (Peter E)
22410 Allow more complex default expressions (Tom)
22411 First real FOREIGN KEY constraint trigger functionality (Jan)
22412 Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH FULL ... ON DELETE CASCADE (Jan)
22413 Add FOREIGN KEY ... MATCH &lt;unspecified&gt; referential actions (Don Baccus)
22414 Allow WHERE restriction on ctid (physical heap location) (Hiroshi)
22415 Move pginterface from contrib to interface directory, rename to pgeasy (Bruce)
22416 Change pgeasy connectdb() parameter ordering (Bruce)
22417 Require SELECT DISTINCT target list to have all ORDER BY columns (Tom)
22418 Add Oracle's COMMENT ON command (Mike Mascari <email>mascarim@yahoo.com</email>)
22419 libpq's PQsetNoticeProcessor function now returns previous hook(Peter E)
22420 Prevent PQsetNoticeProcessor from being set to NULL (Peter E)
22421 Make USING in COPY optional (Bruce)
22422 Allow subselects in the target list (Tom)
22423 Allow subselects on the left side of comparison operators (Tom)
22424 New parallel regression test (Jan)
22425 Change backend-side COPY to write files with permissions 644 not 666 (Tom)
22426 Force permissions on PGDATA directory to be secure, even if it exists (Tom)
22427 Added psql LASTOID variable to return last inserted oid (Peter E)
22428 Allow concurrent vacuum and remove pg_vlock vacuum lock file (Tom)
22429 Add privilege check for vacuum (Peter E)
22430 New libpq functions to allow asynchronous connections: PQconnectStart(),
22431   PQconnectPoll(), PQresetStart(), PQresetPoll(), PQsetenvStart(),
22432   PQsetenvPoll(), PQsetenvAbort (Ewan Mellor)
22433 New libpq PQsetenv() function (Ewan Mellor)
22434 create/alter user extension (Peter E)
22435 New postmaster.pid and postmaster.opts under $PGDATA (Tatsuo)
22436 New scripts for create/drop user/db (Peter E)
22437 Major psql overhaul (Peter E)
22438 Add const to libpq interface (Peter E)
22439 New libpq function PQoidValue (Peter E)
22440 Show specific non-aggregate causing problem with GROUP BY (Tom)
22441 Make changes to pg_shadow recreate pg_pwd file (Peter E)
22442 Add aggregate(DISTINCT ...) (Tom)
22443 Allow flag to control COPY input/output of NULLs (Peter E)
22444 Make postgres user have a password by default (Peter E)
22445 Add CREATE/ALTER/DROP GROUP (Peter E)
22446 All administration scripts now support --long options (Peter E, Karel)
22447 Vacuumdb script now supports --all option (Peter E)
22448 ecpg new portable FETCH syntax
22449 Add ecpg EXEC SQL IFDEF, EXEC SQL IFNDEF, EXEC SQL ELSE, EXEC SQL ELIF
22450        and EXEC SQL ENDIF directives
22451 Add pg_ctl script to control backend start-up (Tatsuo)
22452 Add postmaster.opts.default file to store start-up flags (Tatsuo)
22453 Allow --with-mb=SQL_ASCII
22454 Increase maximum number of index keys to 16 (Bruce)
22455 Increase maximum number of function arguments to 16 (Bruce)
22456 Allow configuration of maximum number of index keys and arguments (Bruce)
22457 Allow unprivileged users to change their passwords (Peter E)
22458 Password authentication enabled; required for new users (Peter E)
22459 Disallow dropping a user who owns a database (Peter E)
22460 Change initdb option --with-mb to --enable-multibyte
22461 Add option for initdb to prompts for superuser password (Peter E)
22462 Allow complex type casts like col::numeric(9,2) and col::int2::float8 (Tom)
22463 Updated user interfaces on initdb, initlocation, pg_dump, ipcclean (Peter E)
22464 New pg_char_to_encoding() and pg_encoding_to_char() functions (Tatsuo)
22465 libpq non-blocking mode (Alfred Perlstein)
22466 Improve conversion of types in casts that don't specify a length
22467 New plperl internal programming language (Mark Hollomon)
22468 Allow COPY IN to read file that do not end with a newline (Tom)
22469 Indicate when long identifiers are truncated (Tom)
22470 Allow aggregates to use type equivalency (Peter E)
22471 Add Oracle's to_char(), to_date(), to_datetime(), to_timestamp(), to_number()
22472        conversion functions (Karel Zak &lt;zakkr@zf.jcu.cz&gt;)
22473 Add SELECT DISTINCT ON (expr [, expr ...]) targetlist ... (Tom)
22474 Check to be sure ORDER BY is compatible with the DISTINCT operation (Tom)
22475 Add NUMERIC and int8 types to ODBC
22476 Improve EXPLAIN results for Append, Group, Agg, Unique (Tom)
22477 Add ALTER TABLE ... ADD FOREIGN KEY (Stephan Szabo)
22478 Allow SELECT .. FOR UPDATE in PL/pgSQL (Hiroshi)
22479 Enable backward sequential scan even after reaching EOF (Hiroshi)
22480 Add btree indexing of boolean values, &gt;= and &lt;= (Don Baccus)
22481 Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo)
22482 Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas)
22483 Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas)
22484 Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 key word, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas)
22485 Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas)
22486 Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas)
22487 Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas)
22488 Implement REINDEX command (Hiroshi)
22489 Accept ALL in aggregate function SUM(ALL col) (Tom)
22490 Prevent GROUP BY from using column aliases (Tom)
22491 New psql \encoding option (Tatsuo)
22492 Allow PQrequestCancel() to terminate when in waiting-for-lock state (Hiroshi)
22493 Allow negation of a negative number in all cases
22494 Add ecpg descriptors (Christof, Michael)
22495 Allow CREATE VIEW v AS SELECT f1::char(8) FROM tbl
22496 Allow casts with length, like foo::char(8)
22497 New libpq functions PQsetClientEncoding(), PQclientEncoding() (Tatsuo)
22498 Add support for SJIS user defined characters (Tatsuo)
22499 Larger views/rules supported
22500 Make libpq's PQconndefaults() thread-safe (Tom)
22501 Disable // as comment to be ANSI conforming, should use -- (Tom)
22502 Allow column aliases on views CREATE VIEW name (collist)
22503 Fixes for views with subqueries (Tom)
22504 Allow UPDATE table SET fld = (SELECT ...) (Tom)
22505 SET command options no longer require quotes
22506 Update pgaccess to 0.98.6
22507 New SET SEED command
22508 New pg_options.sample file
22509 New SET FSYNC command (Massimo)
22510 Allow pg_descriptions when creating tables
22511 Allow pg_descriptions when creating types, columns, and functions
22512 Allow psql \copy to allow delimiters (Peter E)
22513 Allow psql to print nulls as distinct from "" [null] (Peter E)
22514
22515 Types
22516 -----
22517 Many array fixes (Tom)
22518 Allow bare column names to be subscripted as arrays (Tom)
22519 Improve type casting of int and float constants (Tom)
22520 Cleanups for int8 inputs, range checking, and type conversion (Tom)
22521 Fix for SELECT timespan('21:11:26'::time) (Tom)
22522 netmask('x.x.x.x/0') is 255.255.255.255 instead of 0.0.0.0 (Oleg Sharoiko)
22523 Add btree index on NUMERIC (Jan)
22524 Perl fix for large objects containing NUL characters (Douglas Thomson)
22525 ODBC fix for large objects (free)
22526 Fix indexing of cidr data type
22527 Fix for Ethernet MAC addresses (macaddr type) comparisons
22528 Fix for date/time types when overflows happened in computations (Tom)
22529 Allow array on int8 (Peter E)
22530 Fix for rounding/overflow of NUMERIC type, like NUMERIC(4,4) (Tom)
22531 Allow NUMERIC arrays
22532 Fix bugs in NUMERIC ceil() and floor() functions (Tom)
22533 Make char_length()/octet_length including trailing blanks (Tom)
22534 Made abstime/reltime use int4 instead of time_t (Peter E)
22535 New lztext data type for compressed text fields
22536 Revise code to handle coercion of int and float constants (Tom)
22537 Start at new code to implement a BIT and BIT VARYING type (Adriaan Joubert)
22538 NUMERIC now accepts scientific notation (Tom)
22539 NUMERIC to int4 rounds (Tom)
22540 Convert float4/8 to NUMERIC properly (Tom)
22541 Allow type conversion with NUMERIC (Thomas)
22542 Make ISO date style (2000-02-16 09:33) the default (Thomas)
22543 Add NATIONAL CHAR [ VARYING ] (Thomas)
22544 Allow NUMERIC round and trunc to accept negative scales (Tom)
22545 New TIME WITH TIME ZONE type (Thomas)
22546 Add MAX()/MIN() on time type (Thomas)
22547 Add abs(), mod(), fac() for int8 (Thomas)
22548 Rename functions to round(), sqrt(), cbrt(), pow() for float8 (Thomas)
22549 Add transcendental math functions (e.g. sin(), acos()) for float8 (Thomas)
22550 Add exp() and ln() for NUMERIC type
22551 Rename NUMERIC power() to pow() (Thomas)
22552 Improved TRANSLATE() function (Edwin Ramirez, Tom)
22553 Allow X=-Y operators  (Tom)
22554 Allow SELECT float8(COUNT(*))/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t) FROM t GROUP BY f1; (Tom)
22555 Allow LOCALE to use indexes in regular expression searches (Tom)
22556 Allow creation of functional indexes to use default types
22557
22558 Performance
22559 -----------
22560 Prevent exponential space consumption with many AND's and OR's (Tom)
22561 Collect attribute selectivity values for system columns (Tom)
22562 Reduce memory usage of aggregates (Tom)
22563 Fix for LIKE optimization to use indexes with multibyte encodings (Tom)
22564 Fix r-tree index optimizer selectivity (Thomas)
22565 Improve optimizer selectivity computations and functions (Tom)
22566 Optimize btree searching for cases where many equal keys exist (Tom)
22567 Enable fast LIKE index processing only if index present (Tom)
22568 Re-use free space on index pages with duplicates (Tom)
22569 Improve hash join processing (Tom)
22570 Prevent descending sort if result is already sorted(Hiroshi)
22571 Allow commuting of index scan query qualifications (Tom)
22572 Prefer index scans in cases where ORDER BY/GROUP BY is required (Tom)
22573 Allocate large memory requests in fix-sized chunks for performance (Tom)
22574 Fix vacuum's performance by reducing memory allocation requests (Tom)
22575 Implement constant-expression simplification (Bernard Frankpitt, Tom)
22576 Use secondary columns to be used to determine start of index scan (Hiroshi)
22577 Prevent quadruple use of disk space when doing internal sorting (Tom)
22578 Faster sorting by calling fewer functions (Tom)
22579 Create system indexes to match all system caches (Bruce, Hiroshi)
22580 Make system caches use system indexes (Bruce)
22581 Make all system indexes unique (Bruce)
22582 Improve pg_statistics management for VACUUM speed improvement (Tom)
22583 Flush backend cache less frequently (Tom, Hiroshi)
22584 COPY now reuses previous memory allocation, improving performance (Tom)
22585 Improve optimization cost estimation (Tom)
22586 Improve optimizer estimate of range queries x &gt; lowbound AND x &lt; highbound (Tom)
22587 Use DNF instead of CNF where appropriate (Tom, Taral)
22588 Further cleanup for OR-of-AND WHERE-clauses (Tom)
22589 Make use of index in OR clauses (x = 1 AND y = 2) OR (x = 2 AND y = 4) (Tom)
22590 Smarter optimizer computations for random index page access (Tom)
22591 New SET variable to control optimizer costs (Tom)
22592 Optimizer queries based on LIMIT, OFFSET, and EXISTS qualifications (Tom)
22593 Reduce optimizer internal housekeeping of join paths for speedup (Tom)
22594 Major subquery speedup (Tom)
22595 Fewer fsync writes when fsync is not disabled (Tom)
22596 Improved LIKE optimizer estimates (Tom)
22597 Prevent fsync in SELECT-only queries (Vadim)
22598 Make index creation use psort code, because it is now faster (Tom)
22599 Allow creation of sort temp tables &gt; 1 Gig
22600
22601 Source Tree Changes
22602 -------------------
22603 Fix for linux PPC compile
22604 New generic expression-tree-walker subroutine (Tom)
22605 Change form() to varargform() to prevent portability problems
22606 Improved range checking for large integers on Alphas
22607 Clean up #include in /include directory (Bruce)
22608 Add scripts for checking includes (Bruce)
22609 Remove un-needed #include's from *.c files (Bruce)
22610 Change #include's to use &lt;&gt; and "" as appropriate (Bruce)
22611 Enable Windows compilation of libpq
22612 Alpha spinlock fix from Uncle George <email>gatgul@voicenet.com</email>
22613 Overhaul of optimizer data structures (Tom)
22614 Fix to cygipc library (Yutaka Tanida)
22615 Allow pgsql to work on newer Cygwin snapshots (Dan)
22616 New catalog version number (Tom)
22617 Add Linux ARM
22618 Rename heap_replace to heap_update
22619 Update for QNX (Dr. Andreas Kardos)
22620 New platform-specific regression handling (Tom)
22621 Rename oid8 -&gt; oidvector and int28 -&gt; int2vector (Bruce)
22622 Included all yacc and lex files into the distribution (Peter E.)
22623 Remove lextest, no longer needed (Peter E)
22624 Fix for libpq and psql on Windows (Magnus)
22625 Internally change datetime and timespan into timestamp and interval (Thomas)
22626 Fix for plpgsql on BSD/OS
22627 Add SQL_ASCII test case to the regression test (Tatsuo)
22628 configure --with-mb now deprecated (Tatsuo)
22629 NT fixes
22630 NetBSD fixes (Johnny C. Lam <email>lamj@stat.cmu.edu</email>)
22631 Fixes for Alpha compiles
22632 New multibyte encodings
22633     </programlisting>
22634    </para>
22635   </sect2>
22636  </sect1>
22637
22638  <sect1 id="release-6-5-3">
22639   <title>Release 6.5.3</title>
22640
22641   <note>
22642   <title>Release date</title>
22643   <simpara>1999-10-13</simpara>
22644   </note>
22645
22646   <para>
22647    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.2.  We have added a new
22648    <application>PgAccess</> that was missing in 6.5.2, and installed an NT-specific fix.
22649   </para>
22650
22651
22652   <sect2>
22653    <title>Migration to Version 6.5.3</title>
22654
22655    <para>
22656     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22657     6.5.*.
22658    </para>
22659   </sect2>
22660   <sect2>
22661    <title>Changes</title>
22662
22663    <para>
22664     <programlisting>
22665 Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
22666 NT-specific patch
22667 Fix dumping rules on inherited tables
22668     </programlisting>
22669    </para>
22670   </sect2>
22671  </sect1>
22672
22673
22674  <sect1 id="release-6-5-2">
22675   <title>Release 6.5.2</title>
22676
22677   <note>
22678   <title>Release date</title>
22679   <simpara>1999-09-15</simpara>
22680   </note>
22681
22682   <para>
22683    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.1.  We have fixed a variety of
22684    problems reported by 6.5.1 users.
22685   </para>
22686
22687
22688   <sect2>
22689    <title>Migration to Version 6.5.2</title>
22690
22691    <para>
22692     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22693     6.5.*.
22694    </para>
22695   </sect2>
22696
22697   <sect2>
22698    <title>Changes</title>
22699
22700    <para>
22701     <programlisting>
22702 subselect+CASE fixes(Tom)
22703 Add SHLIB_LINK setting for solaris_i386 and solaris_sparc ports(Daren Sefcik)
22704 Fixes for CASE in WHERE join clauses(Tom)
22705 Fix BTScan abort(Tom)
22706 Repair the check for redundant UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY indexes(Thomas)
22707 Improve it so that it checks for multicolumn constraints(Thomas)
22708 Fix for Windows making problem with MB enabled(Hiroki Kataoka)
22709 Allow BSD yacc and bison to compile pl code(Bruce)
22710 Fix SET NAMES working
22711 int8 fixes(Thomas)
22712 Fix vacuum's memory consumption(Hiroshi,Tatsuo)
22713 Reduce the total memory consumption of vacuum(Tom)
22714 Fix for timestamp(datetime)
22715 Rule deparsing bugfixes(Tom)
22716 Fix quoting problems in mkMakefile.tcldefs.sh.in and mkMakefile.tkdefs.sh.in(Tom)
22717 This is to re-use space on index pages freed by vacuum(Vadim)
22718 document -x for pg_dump(Bruce)
22719 Fix for unary operators in rule deparser(Tom)
22720 Comment out FileUnlink of excess segments during mdtruncate()(Tom)
22721 IRIX linking fix from Yu Cao &gt;yucao@falcon.kla-tencor.com&lt;
22722 Repair logic error in LIKE: should not return LIKE_ABORT
22723   when reach end of pattern before end of text(Tom)
22724 Repair incorrect cleanup of heap memory allocation during transaction abort(Tom)
22725 Updated version of pgaccess 0.98
22726     </programlisting>
22727    </para>
22728   </sect2>
22729  </sect1>
22730
22731  <sect1 id="release-6-5-1">
22732   <title>Release 6.5.1</title>
22733
22734   <note>
22735   <title>Release date</title>
22736   <simpara>1999-07-15</simpara>
22737   </note>
22738
22739   <para>
22740    This is basically a cleanup release for 6.5.  We have fixed a variety of
22741    problems reported by 6.5 users.
22742   </para>
22743
22744   <sect2>
22745    <title>Migration to Version 6.5.1</title>
22746
22747    <para>
22748     A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
22749     6.5.
22750    </para>
22751   </sect2>
22752
22753   <sect2>
22754    <title>Changes</title>
22755
22756    <para>
22757     <programlisting>
22758 Add NT README file
22759 Portability fixes for linux_ppc, IRIX, linux_alpha, OpenBSD, alpha
22760 Remove QUERY_LIMIT, use SELECT...LIMIT
22761 Fix for EXPLAIN on inheritance(Tom)
22762 Patch to allow vacuum on multisegment tables(Hiroshi)
22763 R-Tree optimizer selectivity fix(Tom)
22764 ACL file descriptor leak fix(Atsushi Ogawa)
22765 New expression subtree code(Tom)
22766 Avoid disk writes for read-only transactions(Vadim)
22767 Fix for removal of temp tables if last transaction was aborted(Bruce)
22768 Fix to prevent too large row from being created(Bruce)
22769 plpgsql fixes
22770 Allow port numbers 32k - 64k(Bruce)
22771 Add ^ precedence(Bruce)
22772 Rename sort files called pg_temp to pg_sorttemp(Bruce)
22773 Fix for microseconds in time values(Tom)
22774 Tutorial source cleanup
22775 New linux_m68k port
22776 Fix for sorting of NULL's in some cases(Tom)
22777 Shared library dependencies fixed (Tom)
22778 Fixed glitches affecting GROUP BY in subselects(Tom)
22779 Fix some compiler warnings (Tomoaki Nishiyama)
22780 Add Win1250 (Czech) support (Pavel Behal)
22781     </programlisting>
22782    </para>
22783   </sect2>
22784  </sect1>
22785
22786  <sect1 id="release-6-5">
22787   <title>Release 6.5</title>
22788
22789   <note>
22790   <title>Release date</title>
22791   <simpara>1999-06-09</simpara>
22792   </note>
22793
22794   <para>
22795    This release marks a major step in the development team's mastery of the source
22796    code we inherited from Berkeley.  You will see we are now easily adding
22797    major features, thanks to the increasing size and experience of our
22798    world-wide development team.
22799   </para>
22800
22801   <para>
22802    Here is a brief summary of the more notable changes:
22803
22804    <variablelist>
22805     <varlistentry>
22806      <term>
22807       Multiversion concurrency control(MVCC)
22808      </term>
22809      <listitem>
22810       <para>
22811        This removes our old table-level locking, and replaces it with
22812        a locking system that is superior to most commercial database
22813        systems.  In a traditional system, each row that is modified
22814        is locked until committed, preventing reads by other users.
22815        MVCC uses the natural multiversion nature of
22816        <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> to allow readers to
22817        continue reading consistent data during writer activity.
22818        Writers continue to use the compact pg_log transaction system.
22819        This is all performed without having to allocate a lock for
22820        every row like traditional database systems.  So, basically,
22821        we no longer are restricted by simple table-level locking; we
22822        have something better than row-level locking.
22823       </para>
22824      </listitem>
22825     </varlistentry>
22826
22827     <varlistentry>
22828      <term>
22829       Hot backups from <application>pg_dump</application>
22830      </term>
22831      <listitem>
22832       <para>
22833        <application>pg_dump</application> takes advantage of the new
22834        MVCC features to give a consistent database dump/backup while
22835        the database stays online and available for queries.
22836       </para>
22837      </listitem>
22838     </varlistentry>
22839
22840     <varlistentry>
22841      <term>
22842       Numeric data type
22843      </term>
22844      <listitem>
22845       <para>
22846        We now have a true numeric data type, with
22847        user-specified precision.
22848       </para>
22849      </listitem>
22850     </varlistentry>
22851
22852     <varlistentry>
22853      <term>
22854       Temporary tables
22855      </term>
22856      <listitem>
22857       <para>
22858        Temporary tables are guaranteed to have unique names
22859        within a database session, and are destroyed on session exit.
22860       </para>
22861      </listitem>
22862     </varlistentry>
22863
22864     <varlistentry>
22865      <term>
22866       New SQL features
22867      </term>
22868      <listitem>
22869       <para>
22870        We now have CASE, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT statement
22871        support.  We have new LIMIT/OFFSET, SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL,
22872        SELECT ... FOR UPDATE, and an improved LOCK TABLE command.
22873       </para>
22874      </listitem>
22875     </varlistentry>
22876
22877     <varlistentry>
22878      <term>
22879       Speedups
22880      </term>
22881      <listitem>
22882       <para>
22883        We continue to speed up <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>,
22884        thanks to the variety of talents within our team.  We have
22885        sped up memory allocation, optimization, table joins, and row
22886        transfer routines.
22887       </para>
22888      </listitem>
22889     </varlistentry>
22890
22891     <varlistentry>
22892      <term>
22893       Ports
22894      </term>
22895      <listitem>
22896       <para>
22897        We continue to expand our port list, this time including
22898        <systemitem class="osname">Windows NT</>/<systemitem>ix86</> and <systemitem class="osname">NetBSD</>/<systemitem>arm32</>.
22899       </para>
22900      </listitem>
22901     </varlistentry>
22902
22903     <varlistentry>
22904      <term>
22905       Interfaces
22906      </term>
22907      <listitem>
22908       <para>
22909        Most interfaces have new versions, and existing functionality
22910        has been improved.
22911       </para>
22912      </listitem>
22913     </varlistentry>
22914
22915     <varlistentry>
22916      <term>
22917       Documentation
22918      </term>
22919      <listitem>
22920       <para>
22921        New and updated material is present throughout the
22922        documentation. New <acronym>FAQ</acronym>s have been
22923        contributed for <systemitem class="osname">SGI</> and <systemitem class="osname">AIX</> platforms.
22924        The <citetitle>Tutorial</citetitle> has introductory information
22925        on <acronym>SQL</acronym> from Stefan Simkovics.
22926        For the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>, there are
22927        reference pages covering the postmaster and more utility
22928        programs, and a new appendix
22929        contains details on date/time behavior.
22930        The <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> has a new
22931        chapter on troubleshooting from Tom Lane.
22932        And the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle> has a
22933        description of query processing, also from Stefan, and details
22934        on obtaining the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> source
22935        tree via anonymous <productname>CVS</productname> and
22936        <productname>CVSup</productname>.
22937       </para>
22938      </listitem>
22939     </varlistentry>
22940    </variablelist>
22941   </para>
22942
22943   <sect2>
22944    <title>Migration to Version 6.5</title>
22945
22946    <para>
22947     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
22948     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
22949     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
22950     <application>pg_upgrade</application> can <emphasis>not</emphasis>
22951     be used to upgrade to this release because the on-disk structure
22952     of the tables has changed compared to previous releases.
22953    </para>
22954
22955    <para>
22956     The new Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) features can
22957     give somewhat different behaviors in multiuser
22958     environments. <emphasis>Read and understand the following section
22959      to ensure that your existing applications will give you the
22960      behavior you need.</emphasis>
22961    </para>
22962
22963    <sect3>
22964     <title>Multiversion Concurrency Control</title>
22965
22966     <para>
22967      Because readers in 6.5 don't lock data, regardless of transaction
22968      isolation level, data read by one transaction can be overwritten by
22969      another. In other words, if a row is returned by
22970      <command>SELECT</command> it doesn't mean that this row really exists
22971      at the time it is returned (i.e. sometime after the statement or
22972      transaction began) nor that the row is protected from being deleted or
22973      updated by concurrent transactions before the current transaction does
22974      a commit or rollback.
22975     </para>
22976
22977     <para>
22978      To ensure the actual existence of a row and protect it against
22979      concurrent updates one must use <command>SELECT FOR UPDATE</command> or
22980      an appropriate <command>LOCK TABLE</command> statement. This should be
22981      taken into account when porting applications from previous releases of
22982      <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> and other environments.
22983     </para>
22984
22985     <para>
22986      Keep the above in mind if you are using
22987      <filename>contrib/refint.*</filename> triggers for
22988      referential integrity. Additional techniques are required now. One way is
22989      to use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE</command>
22990      command if a transaction is going to update/delete a primary key and
22991      use <command>LOCK parent_table IN SHARE MODE</command> command if a
22992      transaction is going to update/insert a foreign key.
22993
22994      <note>
22995       <para>
22996        Note that if you run a transaction in SERIALIZABLE mode then you must
22997        execute the <command>LOCK</command> commands above before execution of any
22998        <acronym>DML</acronym> statement
22999        (<command>SELECT/INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE/FETCH/COPY_TO</command>) in the
23000        transaction.
23001       </para>
23002      </note>
23003     </para>
23004
23005     <para>
23006      These inconveniences will disappear in the future
23007      when the ability to read dirty
23008      (uncommitted) data (regardless of isolation level) and true referential
23009      integrity will be implemented.
23010     </para>
23011    </sect3>
23012    </sect2>
23013
23014   <sect2>
23015    <title>Changes</title>
23016
23017    <para>
23018     <programlisting>
23019 Bug Fixes
23020 ---------
23021 Fix text&lt;-&gt;float8 and text&lt;-&gt;float4 conversion functions(Thomas)
23022 Fix for creating tables with mixed-case constraints(Billy)
23023 Change exp()/pow() behavior to generate error on underflow/overflow(Jan)
23024 Fix bug in pg_dump -z
23025 Memory overrun cleanups(Tatsuo)
23026 Fix for lo_import crash(Tatsuo)
23027 Adjust handling of data type names to suppress double quotes(Thomas)
23028 Use type coercion for matching columns and DEFAULT(Thomas)
23029 Fix deadlock so it only checks once after one second of sleep(Bruce)
23030 Fixes for aggregates and PL/pgsql(Hiroshi)
23031 Fix for subquery crash(Vadim)
23032 Fix for libpq function PQfnumber and case-insensitive names(Bahman Rafatjoo)
23033 Fix for large object write-in-middle, no extra block, memory consumption(Tatsuo)
23034 Fix for pg_dump -d or -D and  quote special characters in INSERT
23035 Repair serious problems with dynahash(Tom)
23036 Fix INET/CIDR portability problems
23037 Fix problem with selectivity error in ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN(Bruce)
23038 Fix executor so mergejoin of different column types works(Tom)
23039 Fix for Alpha OR selectivity bug
23040 Fix OR index selectivity problem(Bruce)
23041 Fix so \d shows proper length for char()/varchar()(Ryan)
23042 Fix tutorial code(Clark)
23043 Improve destroyuser checking(Oliver)
23044 Fix for Kerberos(Rodney McDuff)
23045 Fix for dropping database while dirty buffers(Bruce)
23046 Fix so sequence nextval() can be case-sensitive(Bruce)
23047 Fix !!= operator
23048 Drop buffers before destroying database files(Bruce)
23049 Fix case where executor evaluates functions twice(Tatsuo)
23050 Allow sequence nextval actions to be case-sensitive(Bruce)
23051 Fix optimizer indexing not working for negative numbers(Bruce)
23052 Fix for memory leak in executor with fjIsNull
23053 Fix for aggregate memory leaks(Erik Riedel)
23054 Allow user name containing a dash to grant privileges
23055 Cleanup of NULL in inet types
23056 Clean up system table bugs(Tom)
23057 Fix problems of PAGER and \? command(Masaaki Sakaida)
23058 Reduce default multisegment file size limit to 1GB(Peter)
23059 Fix for dumping of CREATE OPERATOR(Tom)
23060 Fix for backward scanning of cursors(Hiroshi Inoue)
23061 Fix for COPY FROM STDIN when using \i(Tom)
23062 Fix for subselect is compared inside an expression(Jan)
23063 Fix handling of error reporting while returning rows(Tom)
23064 Fix problems with reference to array types(Tom,Jan)
23065 Prevent UPDATE SET oid(Jan)
23066 Fix pg_dump so -t option can handle case-sensitive tablenames
23067 Fixes for GROUP BY in special cases(Tom, Jan)
23068 Fix for memory leak in failed queries(Tom)
23069 DEFAULT now supports mixed-case identifiers(Tom)
23070 Fix for multisegment uses of DROP/RENAME table, indexes(Ole Gjerde)
23071 Disable use of pg_dump with both -o and -d options(Bruce)
23072 Allow pg_dump to properly dump group privileges(Bruce)
23073 Fix GROUP BY in INSERT INTO table SELECT * FROM table2(Jan)
23074 Fix for computations in views(Jan)
23075 Fix for aggregates on array indexes(Tom)
23076 Fix for DEFAULT handles single quotes in value requiring too many quotes
23077 Fix security problem with non-super users importing/exporting large objects(Tom)
23078 Rollback of transaction that creates table cleaned up properly(Tom)
23079 Fix to allow long table and column names to generate proper serial names(Tom)
23080
23081 Enhancements
23082 ------------
23083 Add "vacuumdb" utility
23084 Speed up libpq by allocating memory better(Tom)
23085 EXPLAIN all indexes used(Tom)
23086 Implement CASE, COALESCE, NULLIF  expression(Thomas)
23087 New pg_dump table output format(Constantin)
23088 Add string min()/max() functions(Thomas)
23089 Extend new type coercion techniques to aggregates(Thomas)
23090 New moddatetime contrib(Terry)
23091 Update to pgaccess 0.96(Constantin)
23092 Add routines for single-byte "char" type(Thomas)
23093 Improved substr() function(Thomas)
23094 Improved multibyte handling(Tatsuo)
23095 Multiversion concurrency control/MVCC(Vadim)
23096 New Serialized mode(Vadim)
23097 Fix for tables over 2gigs(Peter)
23098 New SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL(Vadim)
23099 New LOCK TABLE IN ... MODE(Vadim)
23100 Update ODBC driver(Byron)
23101 New NUMERIC data type(Jan)
23102 New SELECT FOR UPDATE(Vadim)
23103 Handle "NaN" and "Infinity" for input values(Jan)
23104 Improved date/year handling(Thomas)
23105 Improved handling of backend connections(Magnus)
23106 New options ELOG_TIMESTAMPS and USE_SYSLOG options for log files(Massimo)
23107 New TCL_ARRAYS option(Massimo)
23108 New INTERSECT and EXCEPT(Stefan)
23109 New pg_index.indisprimary for primary key tracking(D'Arcy)
23110 New pg_dump option to allow dropping of tables before creation(Brook)
23111 Speedup of row output routines(Tom)
23112 New READ COMMITTED isolation level(Vadim)
23113 New TEMP tables/indexes(Bruce)
23114 Prevent sorting if result is already sorted(Jan)
23115 New memory allocation optimization(Jan)
23116 Allow psql to do \p\g(Bruce)
23117 Allow multiple rule actions(Jan)
23118 Added LIMIT/OFFSET functionality(Jan)
23119 Improve optimizer when joining a large number of tables(Bruce)
23120 New intro to SQL from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan, Thomas)
23121 New intro to backend processing from S. Simkovics' Master's Thesis (Stefan)
23122 Improved int8 support(Ryan Bradetich, Thomas, Tom)
23123 New routines to convert between int8 and text/varchar types(Thomas)
23124 New bushy plans, where meta-tables are joined(Bruce)
23125 Enable right-hand queries by default(Bruce)
23126 Allow reliable maximum number of backends to be set at configure time
23127      (--with-maxbackends and postmaster switch (-N backends))(Tom)
23128 GEQO default now 10 tables because of optimizer speedups(Tom)
23129 Allow NULL=Var for MS-SQL portability(Michael, Bruce)
23130 Modify contrib check_primary_key() so either "automatic" or "dependent"(Anand)
23131 Allow psql \d on a view show query(Ryan)
23132 Speedup for LIKE(Bruce)
23133 Ecpg fixes/features, see src/interfaces/ecpg/ChangeLog file(Michael)
23134 JDBC fixes/features, see src/interfaces/jdbc/CHANGELOG(Peter)
23135 Make % operator have precedence like /(Bruce)
23136 Add new postgres -O option to allow system table structure changes(Bruce)
23137 Update contrib/pginterface/findoidjoins script(Tom)
23138 Major speedup in vacuum of deleted rows with indexes(Vadim)
23139 Allow non-SQL functions to run different versions based on arguments(Tom)
23140 Add -E option that shows actual queries sent by \dt and friends(Masaaki Sakaida)
23141 Add version number in start-up banners for psql(Masaaki Sakaida)
23142 New contrib/vacuumlo removes large objects not referenced(Peter)
23143 New initialization for table sizes so non-vacuumed tables perform better(Tom)
23144 Improve error messages when a connection is rejected(Tom)
23145 Support for arrays of char() and varchar() fields(Massimo)
23146 Overhaul of hash code to increase reliability and performance(Tom)
23147 Update to PyGreSQL 2.4(D'Arcy)
23148 Changed debug options so -d4 and -d5 produce different node displays(Jan)
23149 New pg_options: pretty_plan, pretty_parse, pretty_rewritten(Jan)
23150 Better optimization statistics for system table access(Tom)
23151 Better handling of non-default block sizes(Massimo)
23152 Improve GEQO optimizer memory consumption(Tom)
23153 UNION now supports ORDER BY of columns not in target list(Jan)
23154 Major libpq++ improvements(Vince Vielhaber)
23155 pg_dump now uses -z(ACL's) as default(Bruce)
23156 backend cache, memory speedups(Tom)
23157 have pg_dump do everything in one snapshot transaction(Vadim)
23158 fix for large object memory leakage, fix for pg_dumping(Tom)
23159 INET type now respects netmask for comparisons
23160 Make VACUUM ANALYZE only use a readlock(Vadim)
23161 Allow VIEWs on UNIONS(Jan)
23162 pg_dump now can generate consistent snapshots on active databases(Vadim)
23163
23164 Source Tree Changes
23165 -------------------
23166 Improve port matching(Tom)
23167 Portability fixes for SunOS
23168 Add Windows NT backend port and enable dynamic loading(Magnus and Daniel Horak)
23169 New port to Cobalt Qube(Mips) running Linux(Tatsuo)
23170 Port to NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
23171 Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
23172 Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
23173 Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince)
23174 Removed CURRENT key word for rule queries(Jan)
23175 NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak)
23176 Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry)
23177 Better support for HP-UX 11 and UnixWare
23178 Improve file handling to be more uniform, prevent file descriptor leak(Tom)
23179 New install commands for plpgsql(Jan)
23180     </programlisting>
23181    </para>
23182   </sect2>
23183  </sect1>
23184
23185
23186 <sect1 id="release-6-4-2">
23187 <title>Release 6.4.2</title>
23188
23189   <note>
23190   <title>Release date</title>
23191   <simpara>1998-12-20</simpara>
23192   </note>
23193
23194 <para>
23195 The 6.4.1 release was improperly packaged.  This also has one additional
23196 bug fix.
23197 </para>
23198
23199
23200 <sect2>
23201 <title>Migration to Version 6.4.2</title>
23202
23203 <para>
23204 A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
23205 6.4.*.
23206 </para>
23207 </sect2>
23208 <sect2>
23209 <title>Changes</title>
23210
23211 <para>
23212 <programlisting>
23213 Fix for datetime constant problem on some platforms(Thomas)
23214 </programlisting>
23215 </para>
23216 </sect2>
23217 </sect1>
23218
23219
23220
23221 <sect1 id="release-6-4-1">
23222 <title>Release 6.4.1</title>
23223
23224   <note>
23225   <title>Release date</title>
23226   <simpara>1998-12-18</simpara>
23227   </note>
23228
23229 <para>
23230 This is basically a cleanup release for 6.4.  We have fixed a variety of
23231 problems reported by 6.4 users.
23232 </para>
23233
23234
23235 <sect2>
23236 <title>Migration to Version 6.4.1</title>
23237
23238 <para>
23239 A dump/restore is <emphasis>not</emphasis> required for those running
23240 6.4.
23241 </para>
23242 </sect2>
23243 <sect2>
23244 <title>Changes</title>
23245
23246 <para>
23247 <programlisting>
23248 Add pg_dump -N flag to force double quotes around identifiers.  This is
23249        the default(Thomas)
23250 Fix for NOT in where clause causing crash(Bruce)
23251 EXPLAIN VERBOSE coredump fix(Vadim)
23252 Fix shared-library problems on Linux
23253 Fix test for table existence to allow mixed-case and whitespace in
23254        the table name(Thomas)
23255 Fix a couple of pg_dump bugs
23256 Configure matches template/.similar entries better(Tom)
23257 Change builtin function names from SPI_* to spi_*
23258 OR WHERE clause fix(Vadim)
23259 Fixes for mixed-case table names(Billy)
23260 contrib/linux/postgres.init.csh/sh fix(Thomas)
23261 libpq memory overrun fix
23262 SunOS fixes(Tom)
23263 Change exp() behavior to generate error on underflow(Thomas)
23264 pg_dump fixes for memory leak, inheritance constraints, layout change
23265 update pgaccess to 0.93
23266 Fix prototype for 64-bit platforms
23267 Multibyte fixes(Tatsuo)
23268 New ecpg man page
23269 Fix memory overruns(Tatsuo)
23270 Fix for lo_import() crash(Bruce)
23271 Better search for install program(Tom)
23272 Timezone fixes(Tom)
23273 HP-UX fixes(Tom)
23274 Use implicit type coercion for matching DEFAULT values(Thomas)
23275 Add routines to help with single-byte (internal) character type(Thomas)
23276 Compilation of libpq for Windows fixes(Magnus)
23277 Upgrade to PyGreSQL 2.2(D'Arcy)
23278 </programlisting>
23279 </para>
23280 </sect2>
23281 </sect1>
23282
23283
23284
23285 <sect1 id="release-6-4">
23286 <title>Release 6.4</title>
23287
23288   <note>
23289   <title>Release date</title>
23290   <simpara>1998-10-30</simpara>
23291   </note>
23292
23293 <para>
23294 There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
23295 Thanks to our developers and maintainers, nearly every aspect of the system
23296 has received some attention since the previous release.
23297 Here is a brief, incomplete summary:
23298
23299 <itemizedlist>
23300 <listitem>
23301 <para>
23302 Views and rules are now functional thanks to extensive new code in the
23303 rewrite rules system from Jan Wieck. He also wrote a chapter on it
23304 for the <citetitle>Programmer's Guide</citetitle>.
23305 </para>
23306 </listitem>
23307 <listitem>
23308 <para>
23309 Jan also contributed a second procedural language, <application>PL/pgSQL</application>, to go with the
23310 original <application>PL/pgTCL</application> procedural language he contributed last release.
23311 </para>
23312 </listitem>
23313
23314 <listitem>
23315 <para>
23316 We have optional multiple-byte character set support from Tatsuo Ishii
23317 to complement our existing locale support.
23318 </para>
23319 </listitem>
23320
23321 <listitem>
23322 <para>
23323 Client/server communications has been cleaned up, with better support for
23324 asynchronous messages and interrupts thanks to Tom Lane.
23325 </para>
23326 </listitem>
23327
23328 <listitem>
23329 <para>
23330 The parser will now perform automatic type coercion to match arguments
23331 to available operators and functions, and to match columns and expressions
23332 with target columns. This uses a generic mechanism which supports
23333 the type extensibility features of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
23334 There is a new chapter in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle>
23335 which covers this topic.
23336 </para>
23337 </listitem>
23338
23339 <listitem>
23340 <para>
23341 Three new data types have been added.
23342 Two types, <type>inet</type> and <type>cidr</type>, support various forms
23343 of IP network, subnet, and machine addressing. There is now an 8-byte integer
23344 type available on some platforms. See the chapter on data types
23345 in the <citetitle>User's Guide</citetitle> for details.
23346 A fourth type, <type>serial</type>, is now supported by the parser as an
23347 amalgam of the <type>int4</type> type, a sequence, and a unique index.
23348 </para>
23349 </listitem>
23350
23351 <listitem>
23352 <para>
23353 Several more <acronym>SQL92</acronym>-compatible syntax features have been
23354 added, including <command>INSERT DEFAULT VALUES</command>
23355 </para>
23356 </listitem>
23357
23358 <listitem>
23359 <para>
23360 The automatic configuration and installation system has received some
23361 attention, and should be more robust for more platforms than it has ever
23362 been.
23363 </para>
23364 </listitem>
23365
23366 </itemizedlist>
23367 </para>
23368
23369 <sect2>
23370 <title>Migration to Version 6.4</title>
23371
23372 <para>
23373 A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
23374 or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
23375 is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
23376 previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
23377 </para>
23378 </sect2>
23379
23380   <sect2>
23381 <title>Changes</title>
23382
23383    <para>
23384     <programlisting>
23385 Bug Fixes
23386 ---------
23387 Fix for a tiny memory leak in PQsetdb/PQfinish(Bryan)
23388 Remove char2-16 data types, use char/varchar(Darren)
23389 Pqfn not handles a NOTICE message(Anders)
23390 Reduced busywaiting overhead for spinlocks with many backends (dg)
23391 Stuck spinlock detection (dg)
23392 Fix up "ISO-style" timespan decoding and encoding(Thomas)
23393 Fix problem with table drop after rollback of transaction(Vadim)
23394 Change error message and remove non-functional update message(Vadim)
23395 Fix for COPY array checking
23396 Fix for SELECT 1 UNION SELECT NULL
23397 Fix for buffer leaks in large object calls(Pascal)
23398 Change owner from oid to int4 type(Bruce)
23399 Fix a bug in the oracle compatibility functions btrim() ltrim() and rtrim()
23400 Fix for shared invalidation cache overflow(Massimo)
23401 Prevent file descriptor leaks in failed COPY's(Bruce)
23402 Fix memory leak in libpgtcl's pg_select(Constantin)
23403 Fix problems with username/passwords over 8 characters(Tom)
23404 Fix problems with handling of asynchronous NOTIFY in backend(Tom)
23405 Fix of many bad system table entries(Tom)
23406
23407 Enhancements
23408 ------------
23409 Upgrade ecpg and ecpglib,see src/interfaces/ecpc/ChangeLog(Michael)
23410 Show the index used in an EXPLAIN(Zeugswetter)
23411 EXPLAIN  invokes  rule system and shows plan(s) for rewritten queries(Jan)
23412 Multibyte awareness of many data types and functions, via configure(Tatsuo)
23413 New configure --with-mb option(Tatsuo)
23414 New initdb --pgencoding option(Tatsuo)
23415 New createdb -E multibyte option(Tatsuo)
23416 Select version(); now returns PostgreSQL version(Jeroen)
23417 libpq now allows asynchronous clients(Tom)
23418 Allow cancel from client of backend query(Tom)
23419 psql now cancels query with Control-C(Tom)
23420 libpq users need not issue dummy queries to get NOTIFY messages(Tom)
23421 NOTIFY now sends sender's PID, so you can tell whether it was your own(Tom)
23422 PGresult struct now includes associated error message, if any(Tom)
23423 Define "tz_hour" and "tz_minute" arguments to date_part()(Thomas)
23424 Add routines to convert between varchar and bpchar(Thomas)
23425 Add routines to allow sizing of varchar and bpchar into target columns(Thomas)
23426 Add bit flags to support timezonehour and minute in data retrieval(Thomas)
23427 Allow more variations on valid floating point numbers (e.g. ".1", "1e6")(Thomas)
23428 Fixes for unary minus parsing with leading spaces(Thomas)
23429 Implement TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
23430 Check for and properly ignore FOREIGN KEY column constraints(Thomas)
23431 Define USER as synonym for CURRENT_USER per SQL92 specs(Thomas)
23432 Enable HAVING clause but no fixes elsewhere yet.
23433 Make "char" type a synonym for "char(1)" (actually implemented as bpchar)(Thomas)
23434 Save string type if specified for DEFAULT clause handling(Thomas)
23435 Coerce operations involving different data types(Thomas)
23436 Allow some index use for columns of different types(Thomas)
23437 Add capabilities for automatic type conversion(Thomas)
23438 Cleanups for large objects, so file is truncated on open(Peter)
23439 Readline cleanups(Tom)
23440 Allow psql  \f \ to make spaces as delimiter(Bruce)
23441 Pass pg_attribute.atttypmod to the frontend for column field lengths(Tom,Bruce)
23442 Msql compatibility library in /contrib(Aldrin)
23443 Remove the requirement that ORDER/GROUP BY clause identifiers be
23444 included in the target list(David)
23445 Convert columns to match columns in UNION clauses(Thomas)
23446 Remove fork()/exec() and only do fork()(Bruce)
23447 Jdbc cleanups(Peter)
23448 Show backend status on ps command line(only works on some platforms)(Bruce)
23449 Pg_hba.conf now has a sameuser option in the database field
23450 Make lo_unlink take oid param, not int4
23451 New DISABLE_COMPLEX_MACRO for compilers that cannot handle our macros(Bruce)
23452 Libpgtcl now handles NOTIFY as a Tcl event, need not send dummy queries(Tom)
23453 libpgtcl cleanups(Tom)
23454 Add -error option to libpgtcl's pg_result command(Tom)
23455 New locale patch, see docs/README/locale(Oleg)
23456 Fix for pg_dump so CONSTRAINT and CHECK syntax is correct(ccb)
23457 New contrib/lo code for large object orphan removal(Peter)
23458 New psql command "SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'encoding'" for multibytes
23459 feature, see /doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
23460 contrib/noupdate code to revoke update permission on a column
23461 libpq can now be compiled on Windows(Magnus)
23462 Add PQsetdbLogin() in libpq
23463 New 8-byte integer type, checked by configure for OS support(Thomas)
23464 Better support for quoted table/column names(Thomas)
23465 Surround table and column names with double-quotes in pg_dump(Thomas)
23466 PQreset() now works with passwords(Tom)
23467 Handle case of GROUP BY target list column number out of range(David)
23468 Allow UNION in subselects
23469 Add auto-size to screen to \d? commands(Bruce)
23470 Use UNION to show all \d? results in one query(Bruce)
23471 Add \d? field search feature(Bruce)
23472 Pg_dump issues fewer \connect requests(Tom)
23473 Make pg_dump -z flag work better, document it in manual page(Tom)
23474 Add HAVING clause with full support for subselects and unions(Stephan)
23475 Full text indexing routines in contrib/fulltextindex(Maarten)
23476 Transaction ids now stored in shared memory(Vadim)
23477 New PGCLIENTENCODING when issuing COPY command(Tatsuo)
23478 Support for SQL92 syntax "SET NAMES"(Tatsuo)
23479 Support for LATIN2-5(Tatsuo)
23480 Add UNICODE regression test case(Tatsuo)
23481 Lock manager cleanup, new locking modes for LLL(Vadim)
23482 Allow index use with OR clauses(Bruce)
23483 Allows "SELECT NULL ORDER BY 1;"
23484 Explain VERBOSE prints the plan, and now pretty-prints the plan to
23485 the postmaster log file(Bruce)
23486 Add indexes display to \d command(Bruce)
23487 Allow GROUP BY on functions(David)
23488 New pg_class.relkind for large objects(Bruce)
23489 New way to send libpq NOTICE messages to a different location(Tom)
23490 New \w write command to psql(Bruce)
23491 New /contrib/findoidjoins scans oid columns to find join relationships(Bruce)
23492 Allow binary-compatible indexes to be considered when checking for valid
23493 Indexes for restriction clauses containing a constant(Thomas)
23494 New ISBN/ISSN code in /contrib/isbn_issn
23495 Allow NOT LIKE, IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, and NOT BETWEEN constraint(Thomas)
23496 New rewrite system fixes many problems with rules and views(Jan)
23497        * Rules on relations work
23498        * Event qualifications on insert/update/delete work
23499        * New OLD variable to reference CURRENT, CURRENT will be remove in future
23500        * Update rules can reference NEW and OLD in rule qualifications/actions
23501        * Insert/update/delete rules on views work
23502        * Multiple rule actions are now supported, surrounded by parentheses
23503        * Regular users can create views/rules on tables they have RULE permits
23504        * Rules and views inherit the privileges of the creator
23505        * No rules at the column level
23506        * No UPDATE NEW/OLD rules
23507        * New pg_tables, pg_indexes, pg_rules and pg_views system views
23508        * Only a single action on SELECT rules
23509        * Total rewrite overhaul, perhaps for 6.5
23510        * handle subselects
23511        * handle aggregates on views
23512        * handle insert into select from view works
23513 System indexes are now multikey(Bruce)
23514 Oidint2, oidint4, and oidname types are removed(Bruce)
23515 Use system cache for more system table lookups(Bruce)
23516 New backend programming language PL/pgSQL in backend/pl(Jan)
23517 New SERIAL data type, auto-creates sequence/index(Thomas)
23518 Enable assert checking without a recompile(Massimo)
23519 User lock enhancements(Massimo)
23520 New setval() command to set sequence value(Massimo)
23521 Auto-remove unix socket file on start-up if no postmaster running(Massimo)
23522 Conditional trace package(Massimo)
23523 New UNLISTEN command(Massimo)
23524 psql and libpq now compile under Windows using win32.mak(Magnus)
23525 Lo_read no longer stores trailing NULL(Bruce)
23526 Identifiers are now truncated to 31 characters internally(Bruce)
23527 Createuser options now available on the command line
23528 Code for 64-bit integer supported added, configure tested, int8 type(Thomas)
23529 Prevent file descriptor leaf from failed COPY(Bruce)
23530 New pg_upgrade command(Bruce)
23531 Updated /contrib directories(Massimo)
23532 New CREATE TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
23533 New INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
23534 New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas)
23535 libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom)
23536 Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce)
23537 Remove ARCHIVE key word, that is no longer used(Thomas)
23538 pg_dump -n flag to suppress quotes around indentifiers
23539 disable system columns for views(Jan)
23540 new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul)
23541 no more double quotes in psql output
23542 pg_dump now dumps views(Terry)
23543 new SET QUERY_LIMIT(Tatsuo,Jan)
23544
23545 Source Tree Changes
23546 -------------------
23547 /contrib cleanup(Jun)
23548 Inline some small functions called for every row(Bruce)
23549 Alpha/linux fixes
23550 HP-UX cleanups(Tom)
23551 Multibyte regression tests(Soonmyung.)
23552 Remove --disabled options from configure
23553 Define PGDOC to use POSTGRESDIR by default
23554 Make regression optional
23555 Remove extra braces code to pgindent(Bruce)
23556 Add bsdi shared library support(Bruce)
23557 New --without-CXX support configure option(Brook)
23558 New FAQ_CVS
23559 Update backend flowchart in tools/backend(Bruce)
23560 Change atttypmod from int16 to int32(Bruce, Tom)
23561 Getrusage() fix for platforms that do not have it(Tom)
23562 Add PQconnectdb, PGUSER, PGPASSWORD to libpq man page
23563 NS32K platform fixes(Phil Nelson, John Buller)
23564 SCO 7/UnixWare 2.x fixes(Billy,others)
23565 Sparc/Solaris 2.5 fixes(Ryan)
23566 Pgbuiltin.3 is obsolete, move to doc files(Thomas)
23567 Even more documentation(Thomas)
23568 Nextstep support(Jacek)
23569 Aix support(David)
23570 pginterface manual page(Bruce)
23571 shared libraries all have version numbers
23572 merged all OS-specific shared library defines into one file
23573 smarter TCL/TK configuration checking(Billy)
23574 smarter perl configuration(Brook)
23575 configure uses supplied install-sh if no install script found(Tom)
23576 new Makefile.shlib for shared library configuration(Tom)
23577 </programlisting>
23578 </para>
23579 </sect2>
23580 </sect1>
23581
23582 <sect1 id="release-6-3-2">
23583 <title>Release 6.3.2</title>
23584
23585   <note>
23586   <title>Release date</title>
23587   <simpara>1998-04-07</simpara>
23588   </note>
23589
23590 <para>
23591 This is a bug-fix release for 6.3.x.
23592 Refer to the release notes for version 6.3 for a more complete summary of new features.
23593 </para>
23594 <para>
23595 Summary:
23596
23597 <itemizedlist>
23598 <listitem>
23599 <para>
23600 Repairs automatic configuration support for some platforms, including Linux,
23601 from breakage inadvertently introduced in version 6.3.1.
23602 </para>
23603 </listitem>
23604
23605 <listitem>
23606 <para>
23607 Correctly handles function calls on the left side of BETWEEN and LIKE clauses.
23608 </para>
23609 </listitem>
23610
23611 </itemizedlist>
23612 </para>
23613 <para>
23614 A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3 or 6.3.1.  A
23615 <literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
23616 This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
23617 You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
23618 </para>
23619 <para>
23620 For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
23621 refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
23622 </para>
23623
23624   <sect2>
23625    <title>Changes</title>
23626
23627    <para>
23628     <programlisting>
23629 Configure detection improvements for tcl/tk(Brook Milligan, Alvin)
23630 Manual page improvements(Bruce)
23631 BETWEEN and LIKE fix(Thomas)
23632 fix for psql \connect used by pg_dump(Oliver Elphick)
23633 New odbc driver
23634 pgaccess, version 0.86
23635 qsort removed, now uses libc version, cleanups(Jeroen)
23636 fix for buffer over-runs detected(Maurice Gittens)
23637 fix for buffer overrun in libpgtcl(Randy Kunkee)
23638 fix for UNION with DISTINCT or ORDER BY(Bruce)
23639 gettimeofday configure check(Doug Winterburn)
23640 Fix "indexes not used" bug(Vadim)
23641 docs additions(Thomas)
23642 Fix for backend memory leak(Bruce)
23643 libreadline cleanup(Erwan MAS)
23644 Remove DISTDIR(Bruce)
23645 Makefile dependency cleanup(Jeroen van Vianen)
23646 ASSERT fixes(Bruce)
23647     </programlisting>
23648    </para>
23649   </sect2>
23650  </sect1>
23651
23652  <sect1 id="release-6-3-1">
23653   <title>Release 6.3.1</title>
23654
23655   <note>
23656   <title>Release date</title>
23657   <simpara>1998-03-23</simpara>
23658   </note>
23659
23660   <para>
23661    Summary:
23662
23663 <itemizedlist>
23664 <listitem>
23665 <para>
23666 Additional support for multibyte character sets.
23667 </para>
23668 </listitem>
23669
23670 <listitem>
23671 <para>
23672 Repair byte ordering for mixed-endian clients and servers.
23673 </para>
23674 </listitem>
23675
23676 <listitem>
23677 <para>
23678 Minor updates to allowed SQL syntax.
23679 </para>
23680 </listitem>
23681
23682 <listitem>
23683 <para>
23684 Improvements to the configuration autodetection for installation.
23685 </para>
23686 </listitem>
23687
23688 </itemizedlist>
23689 </para>
23690 <para>
23691 A dump/restore is NOT required for those running 6.3.  A
23692 <literal>make distclean</>, <literal>make</>, and <literal>make install</> is all that is required.
23693 This last step should be performed while the postmaster is not running.
23694 You should re-link any custom applications that use <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> libraries.
23695 </para>
23696 <para>
23697 For upgrades from pre-6.3 installations,
23698 refer to the installation and migration instructions for version 6.3.
23699 </para>
23700
23701   <sect2>
23702    <title>Changes</title>
23703
23704    <para>
23705     <programlisting>
23706 ecpg cleanup/fixes, now version 1.1(Michael Meskes)
23707 pg_user cleanup(Bruce)
23708 large object fix for pg_dump and tclsh (alvin)
23709 LIKE fix for multiple adjacent underscores
23710 fix for redefining builtin functions(Thomas)
23711 ultrix4 cleanup
23712 upgrade to pg_access 0.83
23713 updated CLUSTER manual page
23714 multibyte character set support, see doc/README.mb(Tatsuo)
23715 configure --with-pgport fix
23716 pg_ident fix
23717 big-endian fix for backend communications(Kataoka)
23718 SUBSTR() and substring() fix(Jan)
23719 several jdbc fixes(Peter)
23720 libpgtcl improvements, see libptcl/README(Randy Kunkee)
23721 Fix for "Datasize = 0" error(Vadim)
23722 Prevent \do from wrapping(Bruce)
23723 Remove duplicate Russian character set entries
23724 Sunos4 cleanup
23725 Allow optional TABLE key word in LOCK and SELECT INTO(Thomas)
23726 CREATE SEQUENCE options to allow a negative integer(Thomas)
23727 Add "PASSWORD" as an allowed column identifier(Thomas)
23728 Add checks for UNION target fields(Bruce)
23729 Fix Alpha port(Dwayne Bailey)
23730 Fix for text arrays containing quotes(Doug Gibson)
23731 Solaris compile fix(Albert Chin-A-Young)
23732 Better identify tcl and tk libs and includes(Bruce)
23733     </programlisting>
23734    </para>
23735   </sect2>
23736  </sect1>
23737
23738  <sect1 id="release-6-3">
23739   <title>Release 6.3</title>
23740
23741   <note>
23742   <title>Release date</title>
23743   <simpara>1998-03-01</simpara>
23744   </note>
23745
23746   <para>
23747    There are <emphasis>many</emphasis> new features and improvements in this release.
23748    Here is a brief, incomplete summary:
23749
23750    <itemizedlist>
23751     <listitem>
23752      <para>
23753       Many new SQL features, including
23754       full <acronym>SQL92</acronym> subselect capability
23755       (everything is here but target-list subselects).
23756      </para>
23757     </listitem>
23758
23759     <listitem>
23760      <para>
23761       Support for client-side environment variables to specify time zone and date style.
23762      </para>
23763     </listitem>
23764
23765     <listitem>
23766      <para>
23767       Socket interface for client/server connection. This is the default now
23768       so you might need to start <application>postmaster</application> with the
23769       <option>-i</option> flag.
23770      </para>
23771     </listitem>
23772
23773     <listitem>
23774      <para>
23775       Better password authorization mechanisms. Default table privileges have changed.
23776      </para>
23777     </listitem>
23778
23779     <listitem>
23780      <para>
23781       Old-style <firstterm>time travel</firstterm>
23782       has been removed. Performance has been improved.
23783      </para>
23784     </listitem>
23785    </itemizedlist>
23786   </para>
23787
23788   <note>
23789    <para>
23790     Bruce Momjian wrote the following notes to introduce the new release.
23791    </para>
23792   </note>
23793
23794   <para>
23795    There are some general 6.3 issues that I want to mention.  These are
23796    only the big items that cannot be described in one sentence.  A review
23797    of the detailed changes list is still needed.
23798   </para>
23799   <para>
23800    First, we now have subselects.  Now that we have them, I would like to
23801    mention that without subselects, SQL is a very limited language.
23802    Subselects are a major feature, and you should review your code for
23803    places where subselects provide a better solution for your queries.  I
23804    think you will find that there are more uses for subselects than you might
23805    think.  Vadim has put us on the big SQL map with subselects, and fully
23806    functional ones too.  The only thing you cannot do with subselects is to
23807    use them in the target list.
23808   </para>
23809   <para>
23810    Second, 6.3 uses Unix domain sockets rather than TCP/IP by default.  To
23811    enable connections from other machines, you have to use the new
23812    postmaster -i option, and of course edit <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename>.  Also, for this
23813    reason, the format of <filename>pg_hba.conf</filename> has changed.
23814   </para>
23815   <para>
23816    Third, <type>char()</type> fields will now allow faster access than <type>varchar()</type> or
23817    <type>text</type>. Specifically, the <type>text</> and <type>varchar()</type> have a penalty for access to
23818    any columns after the first column of this type.  <type>char()</type> used to also
23819    have this access penalty, but it no longer does.  This might suggest that
23820    you redesign some of your tables, especially if you have short character
23821    columns that you have defined as <type>varchar()</type> or <type>text</type>.  This and other
23822    changes make 6.3 even faster than earlier releases.
23823   </para>
23824   <para>
23825    We now have passwords definable independent of any Unix file.  There are
23826    new SQL USER commands.
23827    See the <citetitle>Administrator's Guide</citetitle> for more
23828    information.  There is a new table, pg_shadow, which is used to store
23829    user information and user passwords, and it by default only SELECT-able
23830    by the <systemitem>postgres</systemitem> super-user.  pg_user is now a view of pg_shadow, and is
23831    SELECT-able by PUBLIC.  You should keep using pg_user in your
23832    application without changes.
23833   </para>
23834   <para>
23835    User-created tables now no longer have SELECT privilege to PUBLIC by
23836    default.  This was done because the ANSI standard requires it.  You can
23837    of course GRANT any privileges you want after the table is created.
23838    System tables continue to be SELECT-able by PUBLIC.
23839   </para>
23840   <para>
23841    We also have real deadlock detection code.  No more sixty-second
23842    timeouts.  And the new locking code implements a <acronym>FIFO</acronym> better, so there
23843    should be less resource starvation during heavy use.
23844   </para>
23845   <para>
23846    Many complaints have been made about inadequate documentation in previous
23847    releases.  Thomas has put much effort into many new manuals for this
23848    release.  Check out the doc/ directory.
23849   </para>
23850   <para>
23851    For performance reasons, time travel is gone, but can be implemented
23852    using triggers (see <filename>pgsql/contrib/spi/README</filename>).  Please check out the new
23853    \d command for types, operators, etc.  Also, views have their own
23854    privileges now, not based on the underlying tables, so privileges on
23855    them have to be set separately.  Check <filename>/pgsql/interfaces</filename> for some new
23856    ways to talk to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
23857   </para>
23858   <para>
23859    This is the first release that really required an explanation for
23860    existing users.  In many ways, this was necessary because the new
23861    release removes many limitations, and the work-arounds people were using
23862    are no longer needed.
23863   </para>
23864
23865   <sect2>
23866    <title>Migration to Version 6.3</title>
23867
23868    <para>
23869     A dump/restore using <application>pg_dump</application>
23870     or <application>pg_dumpall</application>
23871     is required for those wishing to migrate data from any
23872     previous release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
23873    </para>
23874   </sect2>
23875
23876   <sect2>
23877    <title>Changes</title>
23878
23879    <para>
23880     <programlisting>
23881 Bug Fixes
23882 ---------
23883 Fix binary cursors broken by MOVE implementation(Vadim)
23884 Fix for tcl library crash(Jan)
23885 Fix for array handling, from Gerhard Hintermayer
23886 Fix acl error, and remove duplicate pqtrace(Bruce)
23887 Fix psql \e for empty file(Bruce)
23888 Fix for textcat on varchar() fields(Bruce)
23889 Fix for DBT Sendproc (Zeugswetter Andres)
23890 Fix vacuum analyze syntax problem(Bruce)
23891 Fix for international identifiers(Tatsuo)
23892 Fix aggregates on inherited tables(Bruce)
23893 Fix substr() for out-of-bounds data
23894 Fix for select 1=1 or 2=2, select 1=1 and 2=2, and select sum(2+2)(Bruce)
23895 Fix notty output to show status result.  -q option still turns it off(Bruce)
23896 Fix for count(*), aggs with views and multiple tables and sum(3)(Bruce)
23897 Fix cluster(Bruce)
23898 Fix for PQtrace start/stop several times(Bruce)
23899 Fix a variety of locking problems like newer lock waiters getting
23900        lock before older waiters, and having readlock people not share
23901        locks if a writer is waiting for a lock, and waiting writers not
23902        getting priority over waiting readers(Bruce)
23903 Fix crashes in psql when executing queries from external files(James)
23904 Fix problem with multiple order by columns, with the first one having
23905        NULL values(Jeroen)
23906 Use correct hash table support functions for float8 and int4(Thomas)
23907 Re-enable JOIN= option in CREATE OPERATOR statement (Thomas)
23908 Change precedence for boolean operators to match expected behavior(Thomas)
23909 Generate elog(ERROR) on over-large integer(Bruce)
23910 Allow multiple-argument functions in constraint clauses(Thomas)
23911 Check boolean input literals for 'true','false','yes','no','1','0'
23912        and throw elog(ERROR) if unrecognized(Thomas)
23913 Major large objects fix
23914 Fix for GROUP BY showing duplicates(Vadim)
23915 Fix for index scans in MergeJoin(Vadim)
23916
23917 Enhancements
23918 ------------
23919 Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY key words (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
23920 New User Manual(Thomas, others)
23921 Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions
23922 Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce)
23923 Add SQL92 "constants" CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
23924        CURRENT_USER(Thomas)
23925 Modify constraint syntax to be SQL92-compliant(Thomas)
23926 Implement SQL92 PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE clauses using indexes(Thomas)
23927 Recognize SQL92 syntax for FOREIGN KEY. Throw elog notice(Thomas)
23928 Allow NOT NULL UNIQUE constraint clause (each allowed separately before)(Thomas)
23929 Allow PostgreSQL-style casting ("::") of non-constants(Thomas)
23930 Add support for SQL3 TRUE and FALSE boolean constants(Thomas)
23931 Support SQL92 syntax for IS TRUE/IS FALSE/IS NOT TRUE/IS NOT FALSE(Thomas)
23932 Allow shorter strings for boolean literals (e.g. "t", "tr", "tru")(Thomas)
23933 Allow SQL92 delimited identifiers(Thomas)
23934 Implement SQL92 binary and hexadecimal string decoding (b'10' and x'1F')(Thomas)
23935 Support SQL92 syntax for type coercion of literal strings
23936        (e.g. "DATETIME 'now'")(Thomas)
23937 Add conversions for int2, int4, and OID types to and from text(Thomas)
23938 Use shared lock when building indexes(Vadim)
23939 Free memory allocated for an user query inside transaction block after
23940        this query is done, was turned off in &lt;= 6.2.1(Vadim)
23941 New SQL statement CREATE PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE(Jan)
23942 New <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> Procedural Language (PL) backend interface(Jan)
23943 Rename pg_dump -H option to -h(Bruce)
23944 Add Java support for passwords, European dates(Peter)
23945 Use indexes for LIKE and ~, !~ operations(Bruce)
23946 Add hash functions for datetime and timespan(Thomas)
23947 Time Travel removed(Vadim, Bruce)
23948 Add paging for \d and \z, and fix \i(Bruce)
23949 Add Unix domain socket support to backend and to frontend library(Goran)
23950 Implement CREATE DATABASE/WITH LOCATION and initlocation utility(Thomas)
23951 Allow more SQL92 and/or <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> reserved words as column identifiers(Thomas)
23952 Augment support for SQL92 SET TIME ZONE...(Thomas)
23953 SET/SHOW/RESET TIME ZONE uses TZ backend environment variable(Thomas)
23954 Implement SET keyword = DEFAULT and SET TIME ZONE DEFAULT(Thomas)
23955 Enable SET TIME ZONE using TZ environment variable(Thomas)
23956 Add PGDATESTYLE environment variable to frontend and backend initialization(Thomas)
23957 Add PGTZ, PGCOSTHEAP, PGCOSTINDEX, PGRPLANS, PGGEQO
23958        frontend library initialization environment variables(Thomas)
23959 Regression tests time zone automatically set with "setenv PGTZ PST8PDT"(Thomas)
23960 Add pg_description table for info on tables, columns, operators, types, and
23961        aggregates(Bruce)
23962 Increase 16 char limit on system table/index names to 32 characters(Bruce)
23963 Rename system indexes(Bruce)
23964 Add 'GERMAN' option to SET DATESTYLE(Thomas)
23965 Define an "ISO-style" timespan output format with "hh:mm:ss" fields(Thomas)
23966 Allow fractional values for delta times (e.g. '2.5 days')(Thomas)
23967 Validate numeric input more carefully for delta times(Thomas)
23968 Implement day of year as possible input to date_part()(Thomas)
23969 Define timespan_finite() and text_timespan() functions(Thomas)
23970 Remove archive stuff(Bruce)
23971 Allow for a pg_password authentication database that is separate from
23972        the system password file(Todd)
23973 Dump ACLs, GRANT, REVOKE privileges(Matt)
23974 Define text, varchar, and bpchar string length functions(Thomas)
23975 Fix Query handling for inheritance, and cost computations(Bruce)
23976 Implement CREATE TABLE/AS SELECT (alternative to SELECT/INTO)(Thomas)
23977 Allow NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL in constraints(Thomas)
23978 Implement UNIONs for SELECT(Bruce)
23979 Add UNION, GROUP, DISTINCT to INSERT(Bruce)
23980 varchar() stores only necessary bytes on disk(Bruce)
23981 Fix for BLOBs(Peter)
23982 Mega-Patch for JDBC...see README_6.3 for list of changes(Peter)
23983 Remove unused "option" from PQconnectdb()
23984 New LOCK command and lock manual page describing deadlocks(Bruce)
23985 Add new psql \da, \dd, \df, \do, \dS, and \dT commands(Bruce)
23986 Enhance psql \z to show sequences(Bruce)
23987 Show NOT NULL and DEFAULT in psql \d table(Bruce)
23988 New psql .psqlrc file start-up(Andrew)
23989 Modify sample start-up script in contrib/linux to show syslog(Thomas)
23990 New types for IP and MAC addresses in contrib/ip_and_mac(TomH)
23991 Unix system time conversions with date/time types in contrib/unixdate(Thomas)
23992 Update of contrib stuff(Massimo)
23993 Add Unix socket support to DBD::Pg(Goran)
23994 New python interface (PyGreSQL 2.0)(D'Arcy)
23995 New frontend/backend protocol has a version number, network byte order(Phil)
23996 Security features in pg_hba.conf enhanced and documented, many cleanups(Phil)
23997 CHAR() now faster access than VARCHAR() or TEXT
23998 ecpg embedded SQL preprocessor
23999 Reduce system column overhead(Vadmin)
24000 Remove pg_time table(Vadim)
24001 Add pg_type attribute to identify types that need length (bpchar, varchar)
24002 Add report of offending line when COPY command fails
24003 Allow VIEW privileges to be set separately from the underlying tables.
24004        For security, use GRANT/REVOKE on views as appropriate(Jan)
24005 Tables now have no default GRANT SELECT TO PUBLIC.  You must
24006        explicitly grant such privileges.
24007 Clean up tutorial examples(Darren)
24008
24009 Source Tree Changes
24010 -------------------
24011 Add new html development tools, and flow chart in /tools/backend
24012 Fix for SCO compiles
24013 Stratus computer port Robert Gillies
24014 Added support for shlib for BSD44_derived &amp; i386_solaris
24015 Make configure more automated(Brook)
24016 Add script to check regression test results
24017 Break parser functions into smaller files, group together(Bruce)
24018 Rename heap_create to heap_create_and_catalog, rename heap_creatr
24019        to heap_create()(Bruce)
24020 Sparc/Linux patch for locking(TomS)
24021 Remove PORTNAME and reorganize port-specific stuff(Marc)
24022 Add optimizer README file(Bruce)
24023 Remove some recursion in optimizer and clean up some code there(Bruce)
24024 Fix for NetBSD locking(Henry)
24025 Fix for libptcl make(Tatsuo)
24026 AIX patch(Darren)
24027 Change IS TRUE, IS FALSE, ... to expressions using "=" rather than
24028        function calls to istrue() or isfalse() to allow optimization(Thomas)
24029 Various fixes NetBSD/Sparc related(TomH)
24030 Alpha linux locking(Travis,Ryan)
24031 Change elog(WARN) to elog(ERROR)(Bruce)
24032 FAQ for FreeBSD(Marc)
24033 Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)
24034 A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan)
24035 New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
24036 UnixWare patches(Billy)
24037 New i386 'lock' for spinlock asm(Billy)
24038 Support for multiplexed backends is removed
24039 Start an OpenBSD port
24040 Start an AUX port
24041 Start a Cygnus port
24042 Add string functions to regression suite(Thomas)
24043 Expand a few function names formerly truncated to 16 characters(Thomas)
24044 Remove un-needed malloc() calls and replace with palloc()(Bruce)
24045 </programlisting>
24046 </para>
24047 </sect2>
24048 </sect1>
24049
24050 <sect1 id="release-6-2-1">
24051 <title>Release 6.2.1</title>
24052
24053   <note>
24054   <title>Release date</title>
24055   <simpara>1997-10-17</simpara>
24056   </note>
24057
24058 <para>
24059 6.2.1 is a bug-fix and usability release on 6.2.
24060 </para>
24061 <para>
24062 Summary:
24063
24064 <itemizedlist>
24065 <listitem>
24066 <para>
24067 Allow strings to span lines, per <acronym>SQL92</acronym>.
24068 </para>
24069 </listitem>
24070
24071 <listitem>
24072 <para>
24073 Include example trigger function for inserting user names on table updates.
24074 </para>
24075 </listitem>
24076
24077 </itemizedlist>
24078 </para>
24079 <para>
24080 This is a minor bug-fix release on 6.2.
24081 For upgrades from pre-6.2 systems, a full dump/reload is required.
24082 Refer to the 6.2 release notes for instructions.
24083 </para>
24084
24085 <sect2>
24086 <title>Migration from version 6.2 to version 6.2.1</title>
24087
24088 <para>
24089 This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.2,
24090 but is required from any release prior to 6.2.
24091 </para>
24092 <para>
24093 In upgrading from version 6.2, if you choose to dump/reload you will find that
24094 avg(money) is now calculated correctly. All other bug fixes take effect
24095 upon updating the executables.
24096 </para>
24097 <para>
24098 Another way to avoid dump/reload is to use the following SQL command
24099 from <command>psql</command> to update the existing system table:
24100
24101 <programlisting>
24102  update pg_aggregate set aggfinalfn = 'cash_div_flt8'
24103   where aggname = 'avg' and aggbasetype = 790;
24104 </programlisting>
24105 </para>
24106 <para>
24107 This will need to be done to every existing database, including template1.
24108 </para>
24109 </sect2>
24110
24111   <sect2>
24112    <title>Changes</title>
24113
24114    <para>
24115     <programlisting>
24116 Allow TIME and TYPE column names(Thomas)
24117 Allow larger range of true/false as boolean values(Thomas)
24118 Support output of "now" and "current"(Thomas)
24119 Handle DEFAULT with INSERT of NULL properly(Vadim)
24120 Fix for relation reference counts problem in buffer manager(Vadim)
24121 Allow strings to span lines, like ANSI(Thomas)
24122 Fix for backward cursor with ORDER BY(Vadim)
24123 Fix avg(cash) computation(Thomas)
24124 Fix for specifying a column twice in ORDER/GROUP BY(Vadim)
24125 Documented new libpq function to return affected rows, PQcmdTuples(Bruce)
24126 Trigger function for inserting user names for INSERT/UPDATE(Brook Milligan)
24127     </programlisting>
24128    </para>
24129   </sect2>
24130  </sect1>
24131
24132 <sect1 id="release-6-2">
24133 <title>Release 6.2</title>
24134
24135   <note>
24136   <title>Release date</title>
24137   <simpara>1997-10-02</simpara>
24138   </note>
24139
24140 <para>
24141 A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
24142 previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
24143 </para>
24144
24145 <sect2>
24146 <title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.2</title>
24147
24148 <para>
24149 This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.1 database and a
24150 restore of the database in 6.2.
24151 </para>
24152 <para>
24153 Note that the <command>pg_dump</command> and <command>pg_dumpall</command> utility from 6.2 should be used
24154 to dump the 6.1 database.
24155 </para>
24156 </sect2>
24157
24158 <sect2>
24159 <title>Migration from version 1.<replaceable>x</> to version 6.2</title>
24160
24161 <para>
24162 Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
24163 because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
24164 </para>
24165 </sect2>
24166
24167   <sect2>
24168    <title>Changes</title>
24169
24170    <para>
24171     <programlisting>
24172 Bug Fixes
24173 ---------
24174 Fix problems with pg_dump for inheritance, sequences, archive tables(Bruce)
24175 Fix compile errors on overflow due to shifts, unsigned, and bad prototypes
24176         from Solaris(Diab Jerius)
24177 Fix bugs in geometric line arithmetic (bad intersection calculations)(Thomas)
24178 Check for geometric intersections at endpoints to avoid rounding ugliness(Thomas)
24179 Catch non-functional delete attempts(Vadim)
24180 Change time function names to be more consistent(Michael Reifenberg)
24181 Check for zero divides(Michael Reifenberg)
24182 Fix very old bug which made rows changed/inserted by a command
24183        visible to the command itself (so we had multiple update of
24184        updated rows, etc.)(Vadim)
24185 Fix for SELECT null, 'fail' FROM pg_am (Patrick)
24186 SELECT NULL as EMPTY_FIELD now allowed(Patrick)
24187 Remove un-needed signal stuff from contrib/pginterface
24188 Fix OR (where x != 1 or x isnull didn't return rows with x NULL) (Vadim)
24189 Fix time_cmp function (Vadim)
24190 Fix handling of functions with non-attribute first argument in
24191        WHERE clauses (Vadim)
24192 Fix GROUP BY when order of entries is different from order
24193        in target list (Vadim)
24194 Fix pg_dump for aggregates without sfunc1 (Vadim)
24195
24196 Enhancements
24197 ------------
24198 Default genetic optimizer GEQO parameter is now 8(Bruce)
24199 Allow use parameters in target list having aggregates in functions(Vadim)
24200 Added JDBC driver as an interface(Adrian &amp; Peter)
24201 pg_password utility
24202 Return number of rows inserted/affected by INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(Vadim)
24203 Triggers implemented with CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3)(Vadim)
24204 SPI (Server Programming Interface) allows execution of queries inside
24205        C-functions (Vadim)
24206 NOT NULL implemented (SQL92)(Robson Paniago de Miranda)
24207 Include reserved words for string handling, outer joins, and unions(Thomas)
24208 Implement extended comments ("/* ... */") using exclusive states(Thomas)
24209 Add "//" single-line comments(Bruce)
24210 Remove some restrictions on characters in operator names(Thomas)
24211 DEFAULT and CONSTRAINT for tables implemented (SQL92)(Vadim &amp; Thomas)
24212 Add text concatenation operator and function (SQL92)(Thomas)
24213 Support WITH TIME ZONE syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
24214 Support INTERVAL unit TO unit syntax (SQL92)(Thomas)
24215 Define types DOUBLE PRECISION, INTERVAL, CHARACTER,
24216        and CHARACTER VARYING (SQL92)(Thomas)
24217 Define type FLOAT(p) and rudimentary DECIMAL(p,s), NUMERIC(p,s) (SQL92)(Thomas)
24218 Define EXTRACT(), POSITION(), SUBSTRING(), and TRIM() (SQL92)(Thomas)
24219 Define CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP (SQL92)(Thomas)
24220 Add syntax and warnings for UNION, HAVING, INNER and OUTER JOIN (SQL92)(Thomas)
24221 Add more reserved words, mostly for SQL92 compliance(Thomas)
24222 Allow hh:mm:ss time entry for timespan/reltime types(Thomas)
24223 Add center() routines for lseg, path, polygon(Thomas)
24224 Add distance() routines for circle-polygon, polygon-polygon(Thomas)
24225 Check explicitly for points and polygons contained within polygons
24226        using an axis-crossing algorithm(Thomas)
24227 Add routine to convert circle-box(Thomas)
24228 Merge conflicting operators for different geometric data types(Thomas)
24229 Replace distance operator "&lt;===&gt;" with "&lt;-&gt;"(Thomas)
24230 Replace "above" operator "!^" with "&gt;^" and "below" operator "!|" with "&lt;^"(Thomas)
24231 Add routines for text trimming on both ends, substring, and string position(Thomas)
24232 Added conversion routines circle(box) and poly(circle)(Thomas)
24233 Allow internal sorts to be stored in memory rather than in files(Bruce &amp; Vadim)
24234 Allow functions and operators on internally-identical types to succeed(Bruce)
24235 Speed up backend start-up after profiling analysis(Bruce)
24236 Inline frequently called functions for performance(Bruce)
24237 Reduce open() calls(Bruce)
24238 psql:  Add PAGER for \h and \?,\C fix
24239 Fix for psql pager when no tty(Bruce)
24240 New entab utility(Bruce)
24241 General trigger functions for referential integrity (Vadim)
24242 General trigger functions for time travel (Vadim)
24243 General trigger functions for AUTOINCREMENT/IDENTITY feature (Vadim)
24244 MOVE implementation (Vadim)
24245
24246 Source Tree Changes
24247 -------------------
24248 HP-UX 10 patches (Vladimir Turin)
24249 Added SCO support, (Daniel Harris)
24250 MkLinux patches (Tatsuo Ishii)
24251 Change geometric box terminology from "length" to "width"(Thomas)
24252 Deprecate temporary unstored slope fields in geometric code(Thomas)
24253 Remove restart instructions from INSTALL(Bruce)
24254 Look in /usr/ucb first for install(Bruce)
24255 Fix c++ copy example code(Thomas)
24256 Add -o to psql manual page(Bruce)
24257 Prevent relname unallocated string length from being copied into database(Bruce)
24258 Cleanup for NAMEDATALEN use(Bruce)
24259 Fix pg_proc names over 15 chars in output(Bruce)
24260 Add strNcpy() function(Bruce)
24261 remove some (void) casts that are unnecessary(Bruce)
24262 new interfaces directory(Marc)
24263 Replace fopen() calls with calls to fd.c functions(Bruce)
24264 Make functions static where possible(Bruce)
24265 enclose unused functions in #ifdef NOT_USED(Bruce)
24266 Remove call to difftime() in timestamp support to fix SunOS(Bruce &amp; Thomas)
24267 Changes for Digital Unix
24268 Portability fix for pg_dumpall(Bruce)
24269 Rename pg_attribute.attnvals to attdispersion(Bruce)
24270 "intro/unix" manual page now "pgintro"(Bruce)
24271 "built-in" manual page now "pgbuiltin"(Bruce)
24272 "drop" manual page now "drop_table"(Bruce)
24273 Add "create_trigger", "drop_trigger" manual pages(Thomas)
24274 Add constraints regression test(Vadim &amp; Thomas)
24275 Add comments syntax regression test(Thomas)
24276 Add PGINDENT and support program(Bruce)
24277 Massive commit to run PGINDENT on all *.c and *.h files(Bruce)
24278 Files moved to /src/tools directory(Bruce)
24279 SPI and Trigger programming guides (Vadim &amp; D'Arcy)
24280 </programlisting>
24281 </para>
24282 </sect2>
24283 </sect1>
24284
24285 <sect1 id="release-6-1-1">
24286 <title>Release 6.1.1</title>
24287
24288   <note>
24289   <title>Release date</title>
24290   <simpara>1997-07-22</simpara>
24291   </note>
24292
24293 <sect2>
24294 <title>Migration from version 6.1 to version 6.1.1</title>
24295
24296 <para>
24297 This is a minor bug-fix release. A dump/reload is not required from version 6.1,
24298 but is required from any release prior to 6.1.
24299 Refer to the release notes for 6.1 for more details.
24300 </para>
24301 </sect2>
24302
24303   <sect2>
24304    <title>Changes</title>
24305
24306    <para>
24307     <programlisting>
24308 fix for SET with options (Thomas)
24309 allow pg_dump/pg_dumpall to preserve ownership of all tables/objects(Bruce)
24310 new psql \connect option allows changing usernames without changing databases
24311 fix for initdb --debug option(Yoshihiko Ichikawa))
24312 lextest cleanup(Bruce)
24313 hash fixes(Vadim)
24314 fix date/time month boundary arithmetic(Thomas)
24315 fix timezone daylight handling for some ports(Thomas, Bruce, Tatsuo)
24316 timestamp overhauled to use standard functions(Thomas)
24317 other code cleanup in date/time routines(Thomas)
24318 psql's \d now case-insensitive(Bruce)
24319 psql's backslash commands can now have trailing semicolon(Bruce)
24320 fix memory leak in psql when using \g(Bruce)
24321 major fix for endian handling of communication to server(Thomas, Tatsuo)
24322 Fix for Solaris assembler and include files(Yoshihiko Ichikawa)
24323 allow underscores in usernames(Bruce)
24324 pg_dumpall now returns proper status, portability fix(Bruce)
24325     </programlisting>
24326    </para>
24327   </sect2>
24328  </sect1>
24329
24330 <sect1 id="release-6-1">
24331 <title>Release 6.1</title>
24332
24333   <note>
24334   <title>Release date</title>
24335   <simpara>1997-06-08</simpara>
24336   </note>
24337
24338 <para>
24339  The regression tests have been adapted and extensively modified for the
24340  6.1 release of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
24341 </para>
24342
24343 <para>
24344  Three new data types (<type>datetime</type>, <type>timespan</type>, and <type>circle</type>) have been added to
24345  the native set of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> types. Points, boxes, paths, and polygons
24346  have had their output formats made consistent across the data types.
24347  The polygon output in misc.out has only been spot-checked for correctness
24348  relative to the original regression output.
24349 </para>
24350
24351 <para>
24352  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.1 introduces a new, alternate
24353 optimizer which uses <firstterm>genetic</firstterm>
24354  algorithms. These algorithms introduce a random behavior in the ordering
24355  of query results when the query contains multiple qualifiers or multiple
24356  tables (giving the optimizer a choice on order of evaluation). Several
24357  regression tests have been modified to explicitly order the results, and
24358  hence are insensitive to optimizer choices. A few regression tests are
24359  for data types which are inherently unordered (e.g. points and time
24360  intervals) and tests involving those types are explicitly bracketed with
24361  <command>set geqo to 'off'</command> and <command>reset geqo</command>.
24362 </para>
24363
24364 <para>
24365  The interpretation of array specifiers (the curly braces around atomic
24366  values) appears to have changed sometime after the original regression
24367  tests were generated. The current <filename>./expected/*.out</filename> files reflect this
24368  new interpretation, which might not be correct!
24369 </para>
24370
24371 <para>
24372  The float8 regression test fails on at least some platforms. This is due
24373  to differences in implementations of <function>pow()</function> and <function>exp()</function> and the signaling
24374  mechanisms used for overflow and underflow conditions.
24375 </para>
24376
24377 <para>
24378  The <quote>random</> results in the random test should cause the
24379  <quote>random</quote> test to be <quote>failed</quote>, since the
24380  regression tests are evaluated using a simple diff. However,
24381  <quote>random</> does not seem to produce random results on my test
24382  machine (Linux/<application>gcc</>/i686).
24383 </para>
24384
24385 <sect2>
24386 <title>Migration to Version 6.1</title>
24387
24388 <para>
24389 This migration requires a complete dump of the 6.0 database and a
24390 restore of the database in 6.1.
24391 </para>
24392 <para>
24393 Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
24394 because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
24395 </para>
24396 </sect2>
24397
24398   <sect2>
24399    <title>Changes</title>
24400
24401    <para>
24402     <programlisting>
24403 Bug Fixes
24404 ---------
24405 packet length checking in library routines
24406 lock manager priority patch
24407 check for under/over flow of float8(Bruce)
24408 multitable join fix(Vadim)
24409 SIGPIPE crash fix(Darren)
24410 large object fixes(Sven)
24411 allow btree indexes to handle NULLs(Vadim)
24412 timezone fixes(D'Arcy)
24413 select SUM(x) can return NULL on no rows(Thomas)
24414 internal optimizer, executor bug fixes(Vadim)
24415 fix problem where inner loop in &lt; or &lt;= has no rows(Vadim)
24416 prevent re-commuting join index clauses(Vadim)
24417 fix join clauses for multiple tables(Vadim)
24418 fix hash, hashjoin for arrays(Vadim)
24419 fix btree for abstime type(Vadim)
24420 large object fixes(Raymond)
24421 fix buffer leak in hash indexes (Vadim)
24422 fix rtree for use in inner scan (Vadim)
24423 fix gist for use in inner scan, cleanups (Vadim, Andrea)
24424 avoid unnecessary local buffers allocation (Vadim, Massimo)
24425 fix local buffers leak in transaction aborts (Vadim)
24426 fix file manager memmory leaks, cleanups (Vadim, Massimo)
24427 fix storage manager memmory leaks (Vadim)
24428 fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim)
24429 fix deleted rows reincarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim)
24430 fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce)
24431 many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor)
24432
24433 Enhancements
24434 ------------
24435 attribute optimization statistics(Bruce)
24436 much faster new btree bulk load code(Paul)
24437 BTREE UNIQUE added to bulk load code(Vadim)
24438 new lock debug code(Massimo)
24439 massive changes to libpg++(Leo)
24440 new GEQO optimizer speeds table multitable optimization(Martin)
24441 new WARN message for non-unique insert into unique key(Marc)
24442 update x=-3, no spaces, now valid(Bruce)
24443 remove case-sensitive identifier handling(Bruce,Thomas,Dan)
24444 debug backend now pretty-prints tree(Darren)
24445 new Oracle character functions(Edmund)
24446 new plaintext password functions(Dan)
24447 no such class or insufficient privilege changed to distinct messages(Dan)
24448 new ANSI timestamp function(Dan)
24449 new ANSI Time and Date types (Thomas)
24450 move large chunks of data in backend(Martin)
24451 multicolumn btree indexes(Vadim)
24452 new SET var TO value command(Martin)
24453 update transaction status on reads(Dan)
24454 new locale settings for character types(Oleg)
24455 new SEQUENCE serial number generator(Vadim)
24456 GROUP BY function now possible(Vadim)
24457 re-organize regression test(Thomas,Marc)
24458 new optimizer operation weights(Vadim)
24459 new psql \z grant/permit option(Marc)
24460 new MONEY data type(D'Arcy,Thomas)
24461 tcp socket communication speed improved(Vadim)
24462 new VACUUM option for attribute statistics, and for certain columns (Vadim)
24463 many geometric type improvements(Thomas,Keith)
24464 additional regression tests(Thomas)
24465 new datestyle variable(Thomas,Vadim,Martin)
24466 more comparison operators for sorting types(Thomas)
24467 new conversion functions(Thomas)
24468 new more compact btree format(Vadim)
24469 allow pg_dumpall to preserve database ownership(Bruce)
24470 new SET GEQO=# and R_PLANS variable(Vadim)
24471 old (!GEQO) optimizer can use right-sided plans (Vadim)
24472 typechecking improvement in SQL parser(Bruce)
24473 new SET, SHOW, RESET commands(Thomas,Vadim)
24474 new \connect database USER option
24475 new destroydb -i option (Igor)
24476 new \dt and \di psql commands (Darren)
24477 SELECT "\n" now escapes newline (A. Duursma)
24478 new geometry conversion functions from old format (Thomas)
24479
24480 Source tree changes
24481 -------------------
24482 new configuration script(Marc)
24483 readline configuration option added(Marc)
24484 OS-specific configuration options removed(Marc)
24485 new OS-specific template files(Marc)
24486 no more need to edit Makefile.global(Marc)
24487 re-arrange include files(Marc)
24488 nextstep patches (Gregor Hoffleit)
24489 removed Windows-specific code(Bruce)
24490 removed postmaster -e option, now only postgres -e option (Bruce)
24491 merge duplicate library code in front/backends(Martin)
24492 now works with eBones, international Kerberos(Jun)
24493 more shared library support
24494 c++ include file cleanup(Bruce)
24495 warn about buggy flex(Bruce)
24496 DG/UX, Ultrix, IRIX, AIX portability fixes
24497 </programlisting>
24498 </para>
24499 </sect2>
24500 </sect1>
24501
24502 <sect1 id="release-6-0">
24503 <title>Release 6.0</title>
24504
24505   <note>
24506   <title>Release date</title>
24507   <simpara>1997-01-29</simpara>
24508   </note>
24509
24510 <para>
24511 A dump/restore is required for those wishing to migrate data from
24512 previous releases of <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>.
24513 </para>
24514
24515 <sect2>
24516 <title>Migration from version 1.09 to version 6.0</title>
24517
24518 <para>
24519 This migration requires a complete dump of the 1.09 database and a
24520 restore of the database in 6.0.
24521 </para>
24522 </sect2>
24523
24524 <sect2>
24525 <title>Migration from pre-1.09 to version 6.0</title>
24526
24527 <para>
24528 Those migrating from earlier 1.* releases should first upgrade to 1.09
24529 because the COPY output format was improved from the 1.02 release.
24530 </para>
24531 </sect2>
24532
24533   <sect2>
24534    <title>Changes</title>
24535
24536    <para>
24537     <programlisting>
24538 Bug Fixes
24539 ---------
24540 ALTER TABLE bug - running postgres process needs to re-read table definition
24541 Allow vacuum to be run on one table or entire database(Bruce)
24542 Array fixes
24543 Fix array over-runs of memory writes(Kurt)
24544 Fix elusive btree range/non-range bug(Dan)
24545 Fix for hash indexes on some types like time and date
24546 Fix for pg_log size explosion
24547 Fix permissions on lo_export()(Bruce)
24548 Fix uninitialized reads of memory(Kurt)
24549 Fixed ALTER TABLE ... char(3) bug(Bruce)
24550 Fixed a few small memory leaks
24551 Fixed EXPLAIN handling of options and changed full_path option name
24552 Fixed output of group acl privileges
24553 Memory leaks (hunt and destroy with tools like Purify(Kurt)
24554 Minor improvements to rules system
24555 NOTIFY fixes
24556 New asserts for run-checking
24557 Overhauled parser/analyze code to properly report errors and increase speed
24558 Pg_dump -d now handles NULL's properly(Bruce)
24559 Prevent SELECT NULL from crashing server (Bruce)
24560 Properly report errors when INSERT ... SELECT columns did not match
24561 Properly report errors when insert column names were not correct
24562 psql \g filename now works(Bruce)
24563 psql fixed problem with multiple statements on one line with multiple outputs
24564 Removed duplicate system OIDs
24565 SELECT * INTO TABLE . GROUP/ORDER BY gives unlink error if table exists(Bruce)
24566 Several fixes for queries that crashed the backend
24567 Starting quote in insert string errors(Bruce)
24568 Submitting an empty query now returns empty status, not just " " query(Bruce)
24569
24570 Enhancements
24571 ------------
24572 Add EXPLAIN manual page(Bruce)
24573 Add UNIQUE index capability(Dan)
24574 Add hostname/user level access control rather than just hostname and user
24575 Add synonym of != for &lt;&gt;(Bruce)
24576 Allow "select oid,* from table"
24577 Allow BY,ORDER BY to specify columns by number, or by non-alias table.column(Bruce)
24578 Allow COPY from the frontend(Bryan)
24579 Allow GROUP BY to use alias column name(Bruce)
24580 Allow actual compression, not just reuse on the same page(Vadim)
24581 Allow installation-configuration option to auto-add all local users(Bryan)
24582 Allow libpq to distinguish between text value '' and null(Bruce)
24583 Allow non-postgres users with createdb privs to destroydb's
24584 Allow restriction on who can create C functions(Bryan)
24585 Allow restriction on who can do backend COPY(Bryan)
24586 Can shrink tables, pg_time and pg_log(Vadim &amp; Erich)
24587 Change debug level 2 to print queries only, changed debug heading layout(Bruce)
24588 Change default decimal constant representation from float4 to float8(Bruce)
24589 European date format now set when postmaster is started
24590 Execute lowercase function names if not found with exact case
24591 Fixes for aggregate/GROUP processing, allow 'select sum(func(x),sum(x+y) from z'
24592 Gist now included in the distribution(Marc)
24593 Idend authentication of local users(Bryan)
24594 Implement BETWEEN qualifier(Bruce)
24595 Implement IN qualifier(Bruce)
24596 libpq has PQgetisnull()(Bruce)
24597 libpq++ improvements
24598 New options to initdb(Bryan)
24599 Pg_dump allow dump of OIDs(Bruce)
24600 Pg_dump create indexes after tables are loaded for speed(Bruce)
24601 Pg_dumpall dumps all databases, and the user table
24602 Pginterface additions for NULL values(Bruce)
24603 Prevent postmaster from being run as root
24604 psql \h and \? is now readable(Bruce)
24605 psql allow backslashed, semicolons anywhere on the line(Bruce)
24606 psql changed command prompt for lines in query or in quotes(Bruce)
24607 psql char(3) now displays as (bp)char in \d output(Bruce)
24608 psql return code now more accurate(Bryan?)
24609 psql updated help syntax(Bruce)
24610 Re-visit and fix vacuum(Vadim)
24611 Reduce size of regression diffs, remove timezone name difference(Bruce)
24612 Remove compile-time parameters to enable binary distributions(Bryan)
24613 Reverse meaning of HBA masks(Bryan)
24614 Secure Authentication of local users(Bryan)
24615 Speed up vacuum(Vadim)
24616 Vacuum now had VERBOSE option(Bruce)
24617
24618 Source tree changes
24619 -------------------
24620 All functions now have prototypes that are compared against the calls
24621 Allow asserts to be disabled easily from Makefile.global(Bruce)
24622 Change oid constants used in code to #define names
24623 Decoupled sparc and solaris defines(Kurt)
24624 Gcc -Wall compiles cleanly with warnings only from unfixable constructs
24625 Major include file reorganization/reduction(Marc)
24626 Make now stops on compile failure(Bryan)
24627 Makefile restructuring(Bryan, Marc)
24628 Merge bsdi_2_1 to bsdi(Bruce)
24629 Monitor program removed
24630 Name change from Postgres95 to PostgreSQL
24631 New config.h file(Marc, Bryan)
24632 PG_VERSION now set to 6.0 and used by postmaster
24633 Portability additions, including Ultrix, DG/UX, AIX, and Solaris
24634 Reduced the number of #define's, centralized #define's
24635 Remove duplicate OIDS in system tables(Dan)
24636 Remove duplicate system catalog info or report mismatches(Dan)
24637 Removed many os-specific #define's
24638 Restructured object file generation/location(Bryan, Marc)
24639 Restructured port-specific file locations(Bryan, Marc)
24640 Unused/uninitialized variables corrected
24641 </programlisting>
24642 </para>
24643 </sect2>
24644 </sect1>
24645
24646 <sect1 id="release-1-09">
24647 <title>Release 1.09</title>
24648
24649   <note>
24650   <title>Release date</title>
24651   <simpara>1996-11-04</simpara>
24652   </note>
24653
24654 <para>
24655 Sorry, we didn't keep track of changes from 1.02 to 1.09.  Some of
24656 the changes listed in 6.0 were actually included in the 1.02.1 to 1.09
24657 releases.
24658 </para>
24659 </sect1>
24660
24661 <sect1 id="release-1-02">
24662 <title>Release 1.02</title>
24663
24664   <note>
24665   <title>Release date</title>
24666   <simpara>1996-08-01</simpara>
24667   </note>
24668
24669 <sect2>
24670 <title>Migration from version 1.02 to version 1.02.1</title>
24671
24672 <para>
24673 Here is a new migration file for 1.02.1.  It includes the 'copy' change
24674 and a script to convert old <acronym>ASCII</acronym> files.
24675 </para>
24676 <note>
24677 <para>
24678 The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
24679 databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and 1.02 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1.
24680 </para>
24681 <para>
24682 If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.02.1 and do not need
24683 to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
24684 </para>
24685 </note>
24686
24687 <para>
24688 In order to upgrade older <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 or 1.02 databases to
24689 version 1.02.1, the following steps are required:
24690 </para>
24691 <procedure>
24692 <step>
24693 <para>
24694 Start up a new 1.02.1 postmaster
24695 </para>
24696 </step>
24697 <step>
24698 <para>
24699 Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.02.1 to 1.01 or 1.02
24700   databases.  This is done by running the new 1.02.1 server against
24701   your own 1.01 or 1.02 database and applying the queries attached at
24702   the end of the file.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</>.  If your
24703   1.01 or 1.02 database is named <literal>testdb</literal> and you have cut the commands
24704   from the end of this file and saved them in <filename>addfunc.sql</filename>:
24705 <programlisting>
24706        % psql testdb -f addfunc.sql
24707 </programlisting>
24708
24709 Those upgrading 1.02 databases will get a warning when executing the
24710 last two statements in the file because they are already present in 1.02.  This is
24711 not a cause for concern.
24712 </para>
24713 </step>
24714 </procedure>
24715 </sect2>
24716
24717 <sect2>
24718 <title>Dump/Reload Procedure</title>
24719
24720 <para>
24721 If you are trying to reload a pg_dump or text-mode, <literal>copy tablename to
24722 stdout</literal> generated with a previous version, you will need to run the
24723 attached <command>sed</command> script on the ASCII file before loading it into the
24724 database.  The old format used '.' as end-of-data, while '\.' is now the
24725 end-of-data marker.  Also, empty strings are now loaded in as '' rather
24726 than NULL. See the copy manual page for full details.
24727
24728 <programlisting>
24729        sed 's/^\.$/\\./g' &lt;in_file &gt;out_file
24730 </programlisting>
24731 </para>
24732 <para>
24733 If you are loading an older binary copy or non-<systemitem>stdout</> copy, there is no
24734 end-of-data character, and hence no conversion necessary.
24735
24736 <programlisting>
24737 -- following lines added by agc to reflect the case-insensitive
24738 -- regexp searching for varchar (in 1.02), and bpchar (in 1.02.1)
24739 create operator ~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
24740 create operator !~* (leftarg = bpchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
24741 create operator ~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
24742 create operator !~* (leftarg = varchar, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
24743 </programlisting>
24744 </para>
24745 </sect2>
24746
24747 <sect2>
24748 <title>Changes</title>
24749
24750 <para>
24751 <programlisting>
24752 Source code maintenance and development
24753  * worldwide team of volunteers
24754  * the source tree now in CVS at ftp.ki.net
24755
24756 Enhancements
24757  * psql (and underlying libpq library) now has many more options for
24758    formatting output, including HTML
24759  * pg_dump now output the schema and/or the data, with many fixes to
24760    enhance completeness.
24761  * psql used in place of monitor in administration shell scripts.
24762    monitor to be deprecated in next release.
24763  * date/time functions enhanced
24764  * NULL insert/update/comparison fixed/enhanced
24765  * TCL/TK lib and shell fixed to work with both tck7.4/tk4.0 and tcl7.5/tk4.1
24766
24767 Bug Fixes (almost too numerous to mention)
24768  * indexes
24769  * storage management
24770  * check for NULL pointer before dereferencing
24771  * Makefile fixes
24772
24773 New Ports
24774  * added SolarisX86 port
24775  * added BSD/OS 2.1 port
24776  * added DG/UX port
24777 </programlisting>
24778 </para>
24779 <!--
24780 Contributors (apologies to any missed)
24781  * Kurt J. Lidl &lt;lidl@va.pubnix.com&gt;
24782         (missed in first run, but no less important)
24783  * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
24784  * Jason Wright &lt;jason@shiloh.vnet.net&gt;
24785  * Cees de Groot &lt;C.deGroot@inter.NL.net&gt;
24786  * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
24787  * michael.siebenborn@ae3.Hypo.DE (Michael Siebenborn (6929))
24788  * Brian E. Gallew &lt;geek+@cmu.edu&gt;
24789  * Vadim B. Mikheev &lt;vadim@sable.krasnoyarsk.su&gt;
24790  * Adam Sussman &lt;myddryn@vidya.com&gt;
24791  * Chris Dunlop &lt;chris@onthe.net.au&gt;
24792  * Marc G. Fournier &lt;scrappy@ki.net&gt;
24793  * Dan McGuirk &lt;mcguirk@indirect.com&gt;
24794  * Dr_George_D_Detlefsen &lt;drgeorge@ilt.com&gt;
24795  * Erich Stamberger &lt;eberger@gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at&gt;
24796  * Massimo Dal Zotto &lt;dz@cs.unitn.it&gt;
24797  * Randy Kunkee &lt;kunkee@Starbase.NeoSoft.COM&gt;
24798  * Rick Weldon &lt;rick@wisetech.com&gt;
24799  * Thomas van Reimersdahl &lt;reimersd@dali.techinfo.rwth-aachen.de&gt;
24800  * david bennett &lt;dave@bensoft.com&gt;
24801  * ernst.molitor@uni-bonn.de
24802  * Julian Assange &lt;proff@suburbia.net&gt;
24803  * Bruce Momjian &lt;pgman@candle.pha.pa.us&gt;
24804  * Paul "Shag" Walmsley &lt;ccshag@cclabs.missouri.edu&gt;
24805  * "Alistair G. Crooks" &lt;azcb0@sde.uts.amdahl.com&gt;
24806 -->
24807 </sect2>
24808 </sect1>
24809
24810 <sect1 id="release-1-01">
24811 <title>Release 1.01</title>
24812
24813    <note>
24814    <title>Release date</title>
24815    <simpara>1996-02-23</simpara>
24816    </note>
24817
24818
24819 <sect2>
24820 <title>Migration from version 1.0 to version 1.01</title>
24821
24822 <para>
24823 The following notes are for the benefit of users who want to migrate
24824 databases from <productname>Postgres95</> 1.0 to <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01.
24825 </para>
24826 <para>
24827 If you are starting afresh with <productname>Postgres95</> 1.01 and do not need
24828 to migrate old databases, you do not need to read any further.
24829 </para>
24830 <para>
24831 In order to <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.01 with databases created with
24832 <productname>Postgres95</> version 1.0, the following steps are required:
24833 </para>
24834 <procedure>
24835 <step>
24836 <para>
24837 Set the definition of <symbol>NAMEDATALEN</symbol> in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename> to 16
24838    and <symbol>OIDNAMELEN</symbol> to 20.
24839 </para>
24840 </step>
24841 <step>
24842 <para>
24843 Decide whether you want to use Host based authentication.
24844 </para>
24845 <substeps>
24846 <step>
24847 <para>
24848 If you do, you must create a file name <literal>pg_hba</literal> in your top-level data
24849    directory (typically the value of your <envar>$PGDATA</envar>).  <filename>src/libpq/pg_hba</filename>
24850    shows an example syntax.
24851 </para>
24852 </step>
24853 <step>
24854 <para>
24855 If you do not want host-based authentication, you can comment out
24856    the line:
24857 <programlisting>
24858         HBA = 1
24859 </programlisting>
24860    in <filename>src/Makefile.global</filename>
24861 </para>
24862 <para>
24863    Note that host-based authentication is turned on by default, and if
24864    you do not take steps A or B above, the out-of-the-box 1.01 will
24865    not allow you to connect to 1.0 databases.
24866 </para>
24867 </step>
24868 </substeps>
24869 </step>
24870
24871 <step>
24872 <para>
24873 Compile and install 1.01, but DO NOT do the <command>initdb</command> step.
24874 </para>
24875 </step>
24876 <step>
24877 <para>
24878 Before doing anything else, terminate your 1.0 postmaster, and
24879    backup your existing <envar>$PGDATA</envar> directory.
24880 </para>
24881 </step>
24882 <step>
24883 <para>
24884 Set your <envar>PGDATA</envar> environment variable to your 1.0 databases, but set up
24885    path up so that 1.01 binaries are being used.
24886 </para>
24887 </step>
24888 <step>
24889 <para>
24890 Modify the file <filename><envar>$PGDATA</envar>/PG_VERSION</filename> from 5.0 to 5.1
24891 </para>
24892 </step>
24893 <step>
24894 <para>
24895 Start up a new 1.01 postmaster
24896 </para>
24897 </step>
24898 <step>
24899 <para>
24900 Add the new built-in functions and operators of 1.01 to 1.0
24901    databases.  This is done by running the new 1.01 server against
24902    your own 1.0 database and applying the queries attached and saving
24903    in the file 1.0_to_1.01.sql.   This can be done easily through <command>psql</command>.
24904    If your 1.0 database is name <literal>testdb</literal>:
24905
24906 <programlisting>
24907         % psql testdb -f 1.0_to_1.01.sql
24908 </programlisting>
24909
24910 and then execute the following commands (cut and paste from here):
24911
24912 <programlisting>
24913 -- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01
24914
24915 create function int4eqoid (int4, oid) returns bool as 'foo'
24916 language 'internal';
24917 create function oideqint4 (oid, int4) returns bool as 'foo'
24918 language 'internal';
24919 create function char2icregexeq (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24920 language 'internal';
24921 create function char2icregexne (char2, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24922 language 'internal';
24923 create function char4icregexeq (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24924 language 'internal';
24925 create function char4icregexne (char4, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24926 language 'internal';
24927 create function char8icregexeq (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24928 language 'internal';
24929 create function char8icregexne (char8, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24930 language 'internal';
24931 create function char16icregexeq (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24932 language 'internal';
24933 create function char16icregexne (char16, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24934 language 'internal';
24935 create function texticregexeq (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24936 language 'internal';
24937 create function texticregexne (text, text) returns bool as 'foo'
24938 language 'internal';
24939
24940 -- add builtin functions that are new to 1.01
24941
24942 create operator = (leftarg = int4, rightarg = oid, procedure = int4eqoid);
24943 create operator = (leftarg = oid, rightarg = int4, procedure = oideqint4);
24944 create operator ~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexeq);
24945 create operator !~* (leftarg = char2, rightarg = text, procedure = char2icregexne);
24946 create operator ~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexeq);
24947 create operator !~* (leftarg = char4, rightarg = text, procedure = char4icregexne);
24948 create operator ~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexeq);
24949 create operator !~* (leftarg = char8, rightarg = text, procedure = char8icregexne);
24950 create operator ~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexeq);
24951 create operator !~* (leftarg = char16, rightarg = text, procedure = char16icregexne);
24952 create operator ~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexeq);
24953 create operator !~* (leftarg = text, rightarg = text, procedure = texticregexne);
24954 </programlisting>
24955 </para>
24956 </step>
24957 </procedure>
24958 </sect2>
24959
24960 <sect2>
24961 <title>Changes</title>
24962
24963 <para>
24964 <programlisting>
24965 Incompatibilities:
24966  * 1.01 is backwards compatible with 1.0 database provided the user
24967    follow the steps outlined in the MIGRATION_from_1.0_to_1.01 file.
24968    If those steps are not taken, 1.01 is not compatible with 1.0 database.
24969
24970 Enhancements:
24971  * added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it
24972  * added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation)
24973  * added CAST .. AS ... syntax
24974  * added ASC and DESC key words
24975  * added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION
24976    internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked
24977    into the postgres backend.
24978  * a new type "name" has been added for system identifiers (table names,
24979    attribute names, etc.)  This replaces the old char16 type.   The
24980    of name is set by the NAMEDATALEN #define in src/Makefile.global
24981  * a readable reference manual that describes the query language.
24982  * added host-based access control.  A configuration file ($PGDATA/pg_hba)
24983    is used to hold the configuration data.  If host-based access control
24984    is not desired, comment out HBA=1 in src/Makefile.global.
24985  * changed regex handling to be uniform use of Henry Spencer's regex code
24986    regardless of platform.  The regex code is included in the distribution
24987  * added functions and operators for case-insensitive regular expressions.
24988    The operators are ~* and !~*.
24989  * pg_dump uses COPY instead of SELECT loop for better performance
24990
24991 Bug fixes:
24992  * fixed an optimizer bug that was causing core dumps when
24993    functions calls were used in comparisons in the WHERE clause
24994  * changed all uses of getuid to geteuid so that effective uids are used
24995  * psql now returns non-zero status on errors when using -c
24996  * applied public patches 1-14
24997 </programlisting>
24998 </para>
24999 </sect2>
25000 </sect1>
25001
25002 <sect1 id="release-1-0">
25003 <title>Release 1.0</title>
25004
25005    <note>
25006    <title>Release date</title>
25007    <simpara>1995-09-05</simpara>
25008    </note>
25009
25010 <sect2>
25011 <title>Changes</title>
25012
25013 <para>
25014 <programlisting>
25015 Copyright change:
25016  * The copyright of <productname>Postgres</productname> 1.0 has been loosened to be freely modifiable
25017    and modifiable for any purpose.  Please read the COPYRIGHT file.
25018    Thanks to Professor Michael Stonebraker for making this possible.
25019
25020 Incompatibilities:
25021  *  date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using
25022    EUROPEAN STYLE).  This follows SQL-92 specs.
25023  *  "delimiters" is now a key word
25024
25025 Enhancements:
25026  *  sql LIKE syntax has been added
25027  *  copy command now takes an optional USING DELIMITER specification.
25028    delimiters can be any single-character string.
25029  *  IRIX 5.3 port has been added.
25030    Thanks to Paul Walmsley and others.
25031  *  updated pg_dump to work with new libpq
25032  *  \d has been added psql
25033    Thanks to Keith Parks
25034  *  regexp performance for architectures that use POSIX regex has been
25035    improved due to caching of precompiled patterns.
25036    Thanks to Alistair Crooks
25037  *  a new version of libpq++
25038    Thanks to William Wanders
25039
25040 Bug fixes:
25041  *  arbitrary userids can be specified in the createuser script
25042  *  \c to connect to other databases in psql now works.
25043  *  bad pg_proc entry for float4inc() is fixed
25044  *  users with usecreatedb field set can now create databases without
25045    having to be usesuper
25046  *  remove access control entries when the entry no longer has any
25047    privileges
25048  *  fixed non-portable datetimes implementation
25049  *  added kerberos flags to the src/backend/Makefile
25050  *  libpq now works with kerberos
25051  *  typographic errors in the user manual have been corrected.
25052  *  btrees with multiple index never worked, now we tell you they don't
25053    work when you try to use them
25054 </programlisting>
25055 </para>
25056 </sect2>
25057 </sect1>
25058
25059 <sect1 id="release-0-03">
25060 <title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.03</title>
25061
25062    <note>
25063    <title>Release date</title>
25064    <simpara>1995-07-21</simpara>
25065    </note>
25066
25067 <sect2>
25068 <title>Changes</title>
25069 <para>
25070 <programlisting>
25071 Incompatible changes:
25072  * BETA-0.3 IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH DATABASES CREATED WITH PREVIOUS VERSIONS
25073    (due to system catalog changes and indexing structure changes).
25074  * double-quote (") is deprecated as a quoting character for string literals;
25075    you need to convert them to single quotes ('). <!-- " -->
25076  * name of aggregates (eg. int4sum) are renamed in accordance with the
25077    SQL standard (eg. sum).
25078  * CHANGE ACL syntax is replaced by GRANT/REVOKE syntax.
25079  * float literals (eg. 3.14) are now of type float4 (instead of float8 in
25080    previous releases); you might have to do typecasting if you depend on it
25081    being of type float8.  If you neglect to do the typecasting and you assign
25082    a float literal to a field of type float8, you might get incorrect values
25083    stored!
25084  * LIBPQ has been totally revamped so that frontend applications
25085    can connect to multiple backends
25086  * the usesysid field in pg_user has been changed from int2 to int4 to
25087    allow wider range of Unix user ids.
25088  * the netbsd/freebsd/bsd o/s ports have been consolidated into a
25089    single BSD44_derived port.  (thanks to Alistair Crooks)
25090
25091 SQL standard-compliance (the following details changes that makes postgres95
25092 more compliant to the SQL-92 standard):
25093  * the following SQL types are now built-in: smallint, int(eger), float, real,
25094    char(N), varchar(N), date and time.
25095
25096    The following are aliases to existing postgres types:
25097                 smallint -&gt; int2
25098                 integer, int -&gt; int4
25099                 float, real  -&gt; float4
25100    char(N) and varchar(N) are implemented as truncated text types. In
25101    addition, char(N) does blank-padding.
25102  * single-quote (') is used for quoting string literals; '' (in addition to
25103    \') is supported as means of inserting a single quote in a string
25104  * SQL standard aggregate names (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT) are used
25105    (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your
25106    own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.)
25107  * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added.
25108    - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" key word.
25109         For example:
25110                 GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group;
25111         The key word 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users.
25112
25113         Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group
25114         at a time.
25115
25116         "WITH GRANT OPTION" is not supported.  Only class owners can change
25117         access control
25118    - The default access control is to grant users readonly access.
25119      You must explicitly grant insert/update access to users.  To change
25120      this, modify the line in
25121                 src/backend/utils/acl.h
25122      that defines ACL_WORLD_DEFAULT
25123
25124 Bug fixes:
25125  * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now,
25126    aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the
25127    aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty  table will now properly return 0.
25128    MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a row of value NULL.
25129  * allow the use of \; inside the monitor
25130  * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work
25131  * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work
25132  * hash indexes work, and access methods in general should perform better.
25133    creation of large btree indexes should be much faster.  (thanks to Paul
25134    Aoki)
25135
25136 Other changes and enhancements:
25137  * addition of an EXPLAIN statement used for explaining the query execution
25138    plan (eg. "EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM EMP" prints out the execution plan for
25139    the query).
25140  * WARN and NOTICE messages no longer have timestamps on them. To turn on
25141    timestamps of error messages, uncomment the line in
25142    src/backend/utils/elog.h:
25143         /* define ELOG_TIMESTAMPS */
25144  * On an access control violation, the message
25145         "Either no such class or insufficient privilege"
25146    will be given.  This is the same message that is returned when
25147    a class is not found.  This dissuades non-privileged users from
25148    guessing the existence of privileged classes.
25149  * some additional system catalog changes have been made that are not
25150    visible to the user.
25151
25152 libpgtcl changes:
25153  * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command.
25154    pg_result -oid returns oid of the last row inserted.   If the
25155    last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "".
25156  * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands:
25157    pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.
25158
25159 Portability enhancements and New Ports:
25160  * flex/lex problems have been cleared up.  Now, you should be able to use
25161    flex instead of lex on any platforms.  We no longer make assumptions of
25162    what lexer you use based on the platform you use.
25163  * The Linux-ELF port is now supported.  Various configuration have been
25164    tested:  The following configuration is known to work:
25165         kernel 1.2.10, gcc 2.6.3, libc 4.7.2, flex 2.5.2, bison 1.24
25166    with everything in ELF format,
25167
25168 New utilities:
25169  * ipcclean added to the distribution
25170    ipcclean usually does not need to be run, but if your backend crashes
25171    and leaves shared memory segments hanging around, ipcclean will
25172    clean them up for you.
25173
25174 New documentation:
25175  * the user manual has been revised and libpq documentation added.
25176 </programlisting>
25177 </para>
25178 </sect2>
25179 </sect1>
25180
25181 <sect1 id="release-0-02">
25182 <title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.02</title>
25183
25184    <note>
25185    <title>Release date</title>
25186    <simpara>1995-05-25</simpara>
25187    </note>
25188
25189 <sect2>
25190 <title>Changes</title>
25191
25192 <para>
25193 <programlisting>
25194 Incompatible changes:
25195  * The SQL statement for creating a database is 'CREATE DATABASE' instead
25196    of 'CREATEDB'. Similarly, dropping a database is 'DROP DATABASE' instead
25197    of 'DESTROYDB'. However, the names of the executables 'createdb' and
25198    'destroydb' remain the same.
25199
25200 New tools:
25201  * pgperl - a Perl (4.036) interface to Postgres95
25202  * pg_dump - a utility for dumping out a postgres database into a
25203         script file containing query commands. The script files are in a ASCII
25204         format and can be used to reconstruct the database, even on other
25205         machines and other architectures. (Also good for converting
25206         a Postgres 4.2 database to Postgres95 database.)
25207
25208 The following ports have been incorporated into postgres95-beta-0.02:
25209  * the NetBSD port by Alistair Crooks
25210  * the AIX port by Mike Tung
25211  * the Windows NT port by Jon Forrest (more stuff but not done yet)
25212  * the Linux ELF port by Brian Gallew
25213
25214 The following bugs have been fixed in postgres95-beta-0.02:
25215  * new lines not escaped in COPY OUT and problem with COPY OUT when first
25216    attribute is a '.'
25217  * cannot type return to use the default user id in createuser
25218  * SELECT DISTINCT on big tables crashes
25219  * Linux installation problems
25220  * monitor doesn't allow use of 'localhost' as PGHOST
25221  * psql core dumps when doing \c or \l
25222  * the "pgtclsh" target missing from src/bin/pgtclsh/Makefile
25223  * libpgtcl has a hard-wired default port number
25224  * SELECT DISTINCT INTO TABLE hangs
25225  * CREATE TYPE doesn't accept 'variable' as the internallength
25226  * wrong result using more than 1 aggregate in a SELECT
25227 </programlisting>
25228 </para>
25229 </sect2>
25230 </sect1>
25231
25232 <sect1 id="release-0-01">
25233 <title><productname>Postgres95</productname> Release 0.01</title>
25234
25235    <note>
25236    <title>Release date</title>
25237    <simpara>1995-05-01</simpara>
25238    </note>
25239
25240 <para>
25241 Initial release.
25242 </para>
25243 </sect1>
25244
25245 <![IGNORE[
25246   <sect1 id="timing-results">
25247    <title>Timing Results</title>
25248
25249    <para>
25250     These timing results are from running the regression test with the commands
25251
25252     <programlisting>
25253 % cd src/test/regress
25254 % make all
25255 % time make runtest
25256     </programlisting>
25257    </para>
25258    <para>
25259     Timing under Linux 2.0.27 seems to have a roughly 5% variation from run
25260     to run, presumably due to the scheduling vagaries of multitasking systems.
25261    </para>
25262
25263    <sect2>
25264     <title>Version 6.5</title>
25265
25266     <para>
25267      As has been the case for previous releases, timing between
25268      releases is not directly comparable since new regression tests
25269      have been added. In general, 6.5 is faster than previous
25270      releases.
25271     </para>
25272
25273     <para>
25274      Timing with <function>fsync()</function> disabled:
25275
25276      <programlisting>
25277   Time   System
25278   02:00  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
25279   04:38  Sparc Ultra 1 143MHz, 64MB, Solaris 2.6
25280      </programlisting>
25281     </para>
25282
25283     <para>
25284      Timing with <function>fsync()</function> enabled:
25285
25286      <programlisting>
25287   Time   System
25288   04:21  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 224MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.36, gcc 2.7.2.3 -O2 -m486
25289      </programlisting>
25290
25291      For the <systemitem class="osname">Linux</systemitem> system above, using <acronym>UW-SCSI</acronym> disks rather than (older) <acronym>IDE</acronym>
25292      disks leads to a 50% improvement in speed on the regression test.
25293     </para>
25294    </sect2>
25295
25296 <sect2>
25297 <title>Version 6.4beta</title>
25298
25299 <para>
25300 The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
25301 since some additional regression tests have been included.
25302 In general, however, 6.4 should be slightly faster than the previous release (thanks, Bruce!).
25303 </para>
25304 <para>
25305 <programlisting>
25306   Time   System
25307   02:26  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
25308 </programlisting>
25309 </para>
25310 </sect2>
25311
25312 <sect2>
25313 <title>Version 6.3</title>
25314
25315 <para>
25316 The times for this release are not directly comparable to those for previous releases
25317 since some additional regression tests have been included and some obsolete tests involving
25318 time travel have been removed.
25319 In general, however, 6.3 is substantially faster than previous releases (thanks, Bruce!).
25320 </para>
25321 <para>
25322 <programlisting>
25323   Time   System
25324   02:30  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, UW-SCSI, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
25325   04:12  Dual Pentium Pro 180, 96MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O2 -m486
25326 </programlisting>
25327 </para>
25328 </sect2>
25329
25330 <sect2>
25331 <title>Version 6.1</title>
25332
25333 <para>
25334 <programlisting>
25335   Time   System
25336   06:12  Pentium Pro 180, 32MB, EIDE, Linux 2.0.30, gcc 2.7.2 -O2 -m486
25337   12:06  P-100, 48MB, Linux 2.0.29, gcc
25338   39:58  Sparc IPC 32MB, Solaris 2.5, gcc 2.7.2.1 -O -g
25339 </programlisting>
25340 </para>
25341 </sect2>
25342 </sect1>
25343 ]]>
25344 </appendix>