Synced with the latest branch.

[MacVim/jjgod.git] / src / fileio.c

/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4:
 *
 * VIM - Vi IMproved    by Bram Moolenaar
 *
 * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
 * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
 * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
 */

/*
 * fileio.c: read from and write to a file
 */

#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(WIN16) || defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
# include "vimio.h"     /* for lseek(), must be before vim.h */
#endif

#if defined __EMX__
# include "vimio.h"     /* for mktemp(), CJW 1997-12-03 */
#endif

#include "vim.h"

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
# include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#ifdef __TANDEM
# include <limits.h>            /* for SSIZE_MAX */
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_UTIME) && defined(HAVE_UTIME_H)
# include <utime.h>             /* for struct utimbuf */
#endif

#define BUFSIZE         8192    /* size of normal write buffer */
#define SMBUFSIZE       256     /* size of emergency write buffer */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
# define CRYPT_MAGIC            "VimCrypt~01!"  /* "01" is the version nr */
# define CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN        12              /* must be multiple of 4! */
#endif

/* Is there any system that doesn't have access()? */
#define USE_MCH_ACCESS

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
static char_u *next_fenc __ARGS((char_u **pp));
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
static char_u *readfile_charconvert __ARGS((char_u *fname, char_u *fenc, int *fdp));
# endif
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
static void check_marks_read __ARGS((void));
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
static char_u *check_for_cryptkey __ARGS((char_u *cryptkey, char_u *ptr, long *sizep, long *filesizep, int newfile));
#endif
#ifdef UNIX
static void set_file_time __ARGS((char_u *fname, time_t atime, time_t mtime));
#endif
static int set_rw_fname __ARGS((char_u *fname, char_u *sfname));
static int msg_add_fileformat __ARGS((int eol_type));
static void msg_add_eol __ARGS((void));
static int check_mtime __ARGS((buf_T *buf, struct stat *s));
static int time_differs __ARGS((long t1, long t2));
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
static int apply_autocmds_exarg __ARGS((event_T event, char_u *fname, char_u *fname_io, int force, buf_T *buf, exarg_T *eap));
static int au_find_group __ARGS((char_u *name));

# define AUGROUP_DEFAULT    -1      /* default autocmd group */
# define AUGROUP_ERROR      -2      /* errornouse autocmd group */
# define AUGROUP_ALL        -3      /* all autocmd groups */
#endif

#if defined(FEAT_CRYPT) || defined(FEAT_MBYTE)
# define HAS_BW_FLAGS
# define FIO_LATIN1     0x01    /* convert Latin1 */
# define FIO_UTF8       0x02    /* convert UTF-8 */
# define FIO_UCS2       0x04    /* convert UCS-2 */
# define FIO_UCS4       0x08    /* convert UCS-4 */
# define FIO_UTF16      0x10    /* convert UTF-16 */
# ifdef WIN3264
#  define FIO_CODEPAGE  0x20    /* convert MS-Windows codepage */
#  define FIO_PUT_CP(x) (((x) & 0xffff) << 16)  /* put codepage in top word */
#  define FIO_GET_CP(x) (((x)>>16) & 0xffff)    /* get codepage from top word */
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
#  define FIO_MACROMAN  0x20    /* convert MacRoman */
# endif
# define FIO_ENDIAN_L   0x80    /* little endian */
# define FIO_ENCRYPTED  0x1000  /* encrypt written bytes */
# define FIO_NOCONVERT  0x2000  /* skip encoding conversion */
# define FIO_UCSBOM     0x4000  /* check for BOM at start of file */
# define FIO_ALL        -1      /* allow all formats */
#endif

/* When converting, a read() or write() may leave some bytes to be converted
 * for the next call.  The value is guessed... */
#define CONV_RESTLEN 30

/* We have to guess how much a sequence of bytes may expand when converting
 * with iconv() to be able to allocate a buffer. */
#define ICONV_MULT 8

/*
 * Structure to pass arguments from buf_write() to buf_write_bytes().
 */
struct bw_info
{
    int         bw_fd;          /* file descriptor */
    char_u      *bw_buf;        /* buffer with data to be written */
    int         bw_len; /* lenght of data */
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int         bw_flags;       /* FIO_ flags */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    char_u      bw_rest[CONV_RESTLEN]; /* not converted bytes */
    int         bw_restlen;     /* nr of bytes in bw_rest[] */
    int         bw_first;       /* first write call */
    char_u      *bw_conv_buf;   /* buffer for writing converted chars */
    int         bw_conv_buflen; /* size of bw_conv_buf */
    int         bw_conv_error;  /* set for conversion error */
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    iconv_t     bw_iconv_fd;    /* descriptor for iconv() or -1 */
# endif
#endif
};

static int  buf_write_bytes __ARGS((struct bw_info *ip));

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
static linenr_T readfile_linenr __ARGS((linenr_T linecnt, char_u *p, char_u *endp));
static int ucs2bytes __ARGS((unsigned c, char_u **pp, int flags));
static int same_encoding __ARGS((char_u *a, char_u *b));
static int get_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
static char_u *check_for_bom __ARGS((char_u *p, long size, int *lenp, int flags));
static int make_bom __ARGS((char_u *buf, char_u *name));
# ifdef WIN3264
static int get_win_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
static int get_mac_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
# endif
#endif
static int move_lines __ARGS((buf_T *frombuf, buf_T *tobuf));


    void
filemess(buf, name, s, attr)
    buf_T       *buf;
    char_u      *name;
    char_u      *s;
    int         attr;
{
    int         msg_scroll_save;

    if (msg_silent != 0)
        return;
    msg_add_fname(buf, name);       /* put file name in IObuff with quotes */
    /* If it's extremely long, truncate it. */
    if (STRLEN(IObuff) > IOSIZE - 80)
        IObuff[IOSIZE - 80] = NUL;
    STRCAT(IObuff, s);
    /*
     * For the first message may have to start a new line.
     * For further ones overwrite the previous one, reset msg_scroll before
     * calling filemess().
     */
    msg_scroll_save = msg_scroll;
    if (shortmess(SHM_OVERALL) && !exiting && p_verbose == 0)
        msg_scroll = FALSE;
    if (!msg_scroll)    /* wait a bit when overwriting an error msg */
        check_for_delay(FALSE);
    msg_start();
    msg_scroll = msg_scroll_save;
    msg_scrolled_ign = TRUE;
    /* may truncate the message to avoid a hit-return prompt */
    msg_outtrans_attr(msg_may_trunc(FALSE, IObuff), attr);
    msg_clr_eos();
    out_flush();
    msg_scrolled_ign = FALSE;
}

/*
 * Read lines from file "fname" into the buffer after line "from".
 *
 * 1. We allocate blocks with lalloc, as big as possible.
 * 2. Each block is filled with characters from the file with a single read().
 * 3. The lines are inserted in the buffer with ml_append().
 *
 * (caller must check that fname != NULL, unless READ_STDIN is used)
 *
 * "lines_to_skip" is the number of lines that must be skipped
 * "lines_to_read" is the number of lines that are appended
 * When not recovering lines_to_skip is 0 and lines_to_read MAXLNUM.
 *
 * flags:
 * READ_NEW     starting to edit a new buffer
 * READ_FILTER  reading filter output
 * READ_STDIN   read from stdin instead of a file
 * READ_BUFFER  read from curbuf instead of a file (converting after reading
 *              stdin)
 * READ_DUMMY   read into a dummy buffer (to check if file contents changed)
 *
 * return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
 */
    int
readfile(fname, sfname, from, lines_to_skip, lines_to_read, eap, flags)
    char_u      *fname;
    char_u      *sfname;
    linenr_T    from;
    linenr_T    lines_to_skip;
    linenr_T    lines_to_read;
    exarg_T     *eap;                   /* can be NULL! */
    int         flags;
{
    int         fd = 0;
    int         newfile = (flags & READ_NEW);
    int         set_options = newfile || (eap != NULL && eap->read_edit);
    int         check_readonly;
    int         filtering = (flags & READ_FILTER);
    int         read_stdin = (flags & READ_STDIN);
    int         read_buffer = (flags & READ_BUFFER);
    linenr_T    read_buf_lnum = 1;      /* next line to read from curbuf */
    colnr_T     read_buf_col = 0;       /* next char to read from this line */
    char_u      c;
    linenr_T    lnum = from;
    char_u      *ptr = NULL;            /* pointer into read buffer */
    char_u      *buffer = NULL;         /* read buffer */
    char_u      *new_buffer = NULL;     /* init to shut up gcc */
    char_u      *line_start = NULL;     /* init to shut up gcc */
    int         wasempty;               /* buffer was empty before reading */
    colnr_T     len;
    long        size = 0;
    char_u      *p;
    long        filesize = 0;
    int         skip_read = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    char_u      *cryptkey = NULL;
#endif
    int         split = 0;              /* number of split lines */
#define UNKNOWN  0x0fffffff             /* file size is unknown */
    linenr_T    linecnt;
    int         error = FALSE;          /* errors encountered */
    int         ff_error = EOL_UNKNOWN; /* file format with errors */
    long        linerest = 0;           /* remaining chars in line */
#ifdef UNIX
    int         perm = 0;
    int         swap_mode = -1;         /* protection bits for swap file */
#else
    int         perm;
#endif
    int         fileformat = 0;         /* end-of-line format */
    int         keep_fileformat = FALSE;
    struct stat st;
    int         file_readonly;
    linenr_T    skip_count = 0;
    linenr_T    read_count = 0;
    int         msg_save = msg_scroll;
    linenr_T    read_no_eol_lnum = 0;   /* non-zero lnum when last line of
                                         * last read was missing the eol */
    int         try_mac = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'm') != NULL);
    int         try_dos = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'd') != NULL);
    int         try_unix = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'x') != NULL);
    int         file_rewind = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    int         can_retry;
    linenr_T    conv_error = 0;         /* line nr with conversion error */
    linenr_T    illegal_byte = 0;       /* line nr with illegal byte */
    int         keep_dest_enc = FALSE;  /* don't retry when char doesn't fit
                                           in destination encoding */
    int         bad_char_behavior = BAD_REPLACE;
                                        /* BAD_KEEP, BAD_DROP or character to
                                         * replace with */
    char_u      *tmpname = NULL;        /* name of 'charconvert' output file */
    int         fio_flags = 0;
    char_u      *fenc;                  /* fileencoding to use */
    int         fenc_alloced;           /* fenc_next is in allocated memory */
    char_u      *fenc_next = NULL;      /* next item in 'fencs' or NULL */
    int         advance_fenc = FALSE;
    long        real_size = 0;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    iconv_t     iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1; /* descriptor for iconv() or -1 */
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    int         did_iconv = FALSE;      /* TRUE when iconv() failed and trying
                                           'charconvert' next */
#  endif
# endif
    int         converted = FALSE;      /* TRUE if conversion done */
    int         notconverted = FALSE;   /* TRUE if conversion wanted but it
                                           wasn't possible */
    char_u      conv_rest[CONV_RESTLEN];
    int         conv_restlen = 0;       /* nr of bytes in conv_rest[] */
#endif

    write_no_eol_lnum = 0;      /* in case it was set by the previous read */

    /*
     * If there is no file name yet, use the one for the read file.
     * BF_NOTEDITED is set to reflect this.
     * Don't do this for a read from a filter.
     * Only do this when 'cpoptions' contains the 'f' flag.
     */
    if (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL
            && !filtering
            && fname != NULL
            && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FNAMER) != NULL
            && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
    {
        if (set_rw_fname(fname, sfname) == FAIL)
            return FAIL;
    }

    /* After reading a file the cursor line changes but we don't want to
     * display the line. */
    ex_no_reprint = TRUE;

    /* don't display the file info for another buffer now */
    need_fileinfo = FALSE;

    /*
     * For Unix: Use the short file name whenever possible.
     * Avoids problems with networks and when directory names are changed.
     * Don't do this for MS-DOS, a "cd" in a sub-shell may have moved us to
     * another directory, which we don't detect.
     */
    if (sfname == NULL)
        sfname = fname;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(__EMX__)
    fname = sfname;
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /*
     * The BufReadCmd and FileReadCmd events intercept the reading process by
     * executing the associated commands instead.
     */
    if (!filtering && !read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
        pos_T       pos;

        pos = curbuf->b_op_start;

        /* Set '[ mark to the line above where the lines go (line 1 if zero). */
        curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = ((from == 0) ? 1 : from);
        curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;

        if (newfile)
        {
            if (apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADCMD, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap))
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
                return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
                return OK;
#endif
        }
        else if (apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADCMD, sfname, sfname,
                                                            FALSE, NULL, eap))
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
            return OK;
#endif

        curbuf->b_op_start = pos;
    }
#endif

    if ((shortmess(SHM_OVER) || curbuf->b_help) && p_verbose == 0)
        msg_scroll = FALSE;     /* overwrite previous file message */
    else
        msg_scroll = TRUE;      /* don't overwrite previous file message */

    /*
     * If the name ends in a path separator, we can't open it.  Check here,
     * because reading the file may actually work, but then creating the swap
     * file may destroy it!  Reported on MS-DOS and Win 95.
     * If the name is too long we might crash further on, quit here.
     */
    if (fname != NULL && *fname != NUL)
    {
        p = fname + STRLEN(fname);
        if (after_pathsep(fname, p) || STRLEN(fname) >= MAXPATHL)
        {
            filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("Illegal file name"), 0);
            msg_end();
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            return FAIL;
        }
    }

#ifdef UNIX
    /*
     * On Unix it is possible to read a directory, so we have to
     * check for it before the mch_open().
     */
    if (!read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
        perm = mch_getperm(fname);
        if (perm >= 0 && !S_ISREG(perm)             /* not a regular file ... */
# ifdef S_ISFIFO
                      && !S_ISFIFO(perm)            /* ... or fifo */
# endif
# ifdef S_ISSOCK
                      && !S_ISSOCK(perm)            /* ... or socket */
# endif
                                                )
        {
            if (S_ISDIR(perm))
                filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("is a directory"), 0);
            else
                filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("is not a file"), 0);
            msg_end();
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            return FAIL;
        }

# if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
        /*
         * MS-Windows allows opening a device, but we will probably get stuck
         * trying to read it.
         */
        if (!p_odev && mch_nodetype(fname) == NODE_WRITABLE)
        {
            filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("is a device (disabled with 'opendevice' option)"), 0);
            msg_end();
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            return FAIL;
        }
# endif
    }
#endif

    /* set default 'fileformat' */
    if (set_options)
    {
        if (eap != NULL && eap->force_ff != 0)
            set_fileformat(get_fileformat_force(curbuf, eap), OPT_LOCAL);
        else if (*p_ffs != NUL)
            set_fileformat(default_fileformat(), OPT_LOCAL);
    }

    /* set or reset 'binary' */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_bin != 0)
    {
        int     oldval = curbuf->b_p_bin;

        curbuf->b_p_bin = (eap->force_bin == FORCE_BIN);
        set_options_bin(oldval, curbuf->b_p_bin, OPT_LOCAL);
    }

    /*
     * When opening a new file we take the readonly flag from the file.
     * Default is r/w, can be set to r/o below.
     * Don't reset it when in readonly mode
     * Only set/reset b_p_ro when BF_CHECK_RO is set.
     */
    check_readonly = (newfile && (curbuf->b_flags & BF_CHECK_RO));
    if (check_readonly && !readonlymode)
        curbuf->b_p_ro = FALSE;

    if (newfile && !read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
        /* Remember time of file.
         * For RISCOS, also remember the filetype.
         */
        if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
        {
            buf_store_time(curbuf, &st, fname);
            curbuf->b_mtime_read = curbuf->b_mtime;

#if defined(RISCOS) && defined(FEAT_OSFILETYPE)
            /* Read the filetype into the buffer local filetype option. */
            mch_read_filetype(fname);
#endif
#ifdef UNIX
            /*
             * Use the protection bits of the original file for the swap file.
             * This makes it possible for others to read the name of the
             * edited file from the swapfile, but only if they can read the
             * edited file.
             * Remove the "write" and "execute" bits for group and others
             * (they must not write the swapfile).
             * Add the "read" and "write" bits for the user, otherwise we may
             * not be able to write to the file ourselves.
             * Setting the bits is done below, after creating the swap file.
             */
            swap_mode = (st.st_mode & 0644) | 0600;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CW_EDITOR
            /* Get the FSSpec on MacOS
             * TODO: Update it properly when the buffer name changes
             */
            (void)GetFSSpecFromPath(curbuf->b_ffname, &curbuf->b_FSSpec);
#endif
#ifdef VMS
            curbuf->b_fab_rfm = st.st_fab_rfm;
            curbuf->b_fab_rat = st.st_fab_rat;
            curbuf->b_fab_mrs = st.st_fab_mrs;
#endif
        }
        else
        {
            curbuf->b_mtime = 0;
            curbuf->b_mtime_read = 0;
            curbuf->b_orig_size = 0;
            curbuf->b_orig_mode = 0;
        }

        /* Reset the "new file" flag.  It will be set again below when the
         * file doesn't exist. */
        curbuf->b_flags &= ~(BF_NEW | BF_NEW_W);
    }

/*
 * for UNIX: check readonly with perm and mch_access()
 * for RISCOS: same as Unix, otherwise file gets re-datestamped!
 * for MSDOS and Amiga: check readonly by trying to open the file for writing
 */
    file_readonly = FALSE;
    if (read_stdin)
    {
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
        /* Force binary I/O on stdin to avoid CR-LF -> LF conversion. */
        setmode(0, O_BINARY);
#endif
    }
    else if (!read_buffer)
    {
#ifdef USE_MCH_ACCESS
        if (
# ifdef UNIX
            !(perm & 0222) ||
# endif
                                mch_access((char *)fname, W_OK))
            file_readonly = TRUE;
        fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);
#else
        if (!newfile
                || readonlymode
                || (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDWR | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0)
        {
            file_readonly = TRUE;
            /* try to open ro */
            fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);
        }
#endif
    }

    if (fd < 0)                     /* cannot open at all */
    {
#ifndef UNIX
        int     isdir_f;
#endif
        msg_scroll = msg_save;
#ifndef UNIX
        /*
         * On MSDOS and Amiga we can't open a directory, check here.
         */
        isdir_f = (mch_isdir(fname));
        perm = mch_getperm(fname);  /* check if the file exists */
        if (isdir_f)
        {
            filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_("is a directory"), 0);
            curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;      /* must use "w!" now */
        }
        else
#endif
            if (newfile)
            {
                if (perm < 0)
                {
                    /*
                     * Set the 'new-file' flag, so that when the file has
                     * been created by someone else, a ":w" will complain.
                     */
                    curbuf->b_flags |= BF_NEW;

                    /* Create a swap file now, so that other Vims are warned
                     * that we are editing this file.  Don't do this for a
                     * "nofile" or "nowrite" buffer type. */
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
                    if (!bt_dontwrite(curbuf))
#endif
                        check_need_swap(newfile);
                    if (dir_of_file_exists(fname))
                        filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_("[New File]"), 0);
                    else
                        filemess(curbuf, sfname,
                                           (char_u *)_("[New DIRECTORY]"), 0);
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
                    /* Even though this is a new file, it might have been
                     * edited before and deleted.  Get the old marks. */
                    check_marks_read();
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
                    {
                        /* set forced 'fileencoding' */
                        fenc = enc_canonize(eap->cmd + eap->force_enc);
                        if (fenc != NULL)
                            set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"fenc", -1,
                                                 fenc, OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
                        vim_free(fenc);
                    }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
                    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFNEWFILE, sfname, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
#endif
                    /* remember the current fileformat */
                    save_file_ff(curbuf);

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
                    if (aborting())   /* autocmds may abort script processing */
                        return FAIL;
#endif
                    return OK;      /* a new file is not an error */
                }
                else
                {
                    filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)(
# ifdef EFBIG
                            (errno == EFBIG) ? _("[File too big]") :
# endif
                                                _("[Permission Denied]")), 0);
                    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;      /* must use "w!" now */
                }
            }

        return FAIL;
    }

    /*
     * Only set the 'ro' flag for readonly files the first time they are
     * loaded.  Help files always get readonly mode
     */
    if ((check_readonly && file_readonly) || curbuf->b_help)
        curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;

    if (set_options)
    {
        curbuf->b_p_eol = TRUE;
        curbuf->b_start_eol = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
        curbuf->b_p_bomb = FALSE;
#endif
    }

    /* Create a swap file now, so that other Vims are warned that we are
     * editing this file.
     * Don't do this for a "nofile" or "nowrite" buffer type. */
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
    if (!bt_dontwrite(curbuf))
#endif
    {
        check_need_swap(newfile);
#ifdef UNIX
        /* Set swap file protection bits after creating it. */
        if (swap_mode > 0 && curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp->mf_fname != NULL)
            (void)mch_setperm(curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp->mf_fname, (long)swap_mode);
#endif
    }

#if defined(HAS_SWAP_EXISTS_ACTION)
    /* If "Quit" selected at ATTENTION dialog, don't load the file */
    if (swap_exists_action == SEA_QUIT)
    {
        if (!read_buffer && !read_stdin)
            close(fd);
        return FAIL;
    }
#endif

    ++no_wait_return;       /* don't wait for return yet */

    /*
     * Set '[ mark to the line above where the lines go (line 1 if zero).
     */
    curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = ((from == 0) ? 1 : from);
    curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    if (!read_buffer)
    {
        int     m = msg_scroll;
        int     n = msg_scrolled;
        buf_T   *old_curbuf = curbuf;

        /*
         * The file must be closed again, the autocommands may want to change
         * the file before reading it.
         */
        if (!read_stdin)
            close(fd);          /* ignore errors */

        /*
         * The output from the autocommands should not overwrite anything and
         * should not be overwritten: Set msg_scroll, restore its value if no
         * output was done.
         */
        msg_scroll = TRUE;
        if (filtering)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else if (read_stdin)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_STDINREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else if (newfile)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADPRE, sfname, sfname,
                                                            FALSE, NULL, eap);
        if (msg_scrolled == n)
            msg_scroll = m;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        if (aborting())     /* autocmds may abort script processing */
        {
            --no_wait_return;
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;      /* must use "w!" now */
            return FAIL;
        }
#endif
        /*
         * Don't allow the autocommands to change the current buffer.
         * Try to re-open the file.
         */
        if (!read_stdin && (curbuf != old_curbuf
                || (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0))
        {
            --no_wait_return;
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            if (fd < 0)
                EMSG(_("E200: *ReadPre autocommands made the file unreadable"));
            else
                EMSG(_("E201: *ReadPre autocommands must not change current buffer"));
            curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;      /* must use "w!" now */
            return FAIL;
        }
    }
#endif /* FEAT_AUTOCMD */

    /* Autocommands may add lines to the file, need to check if it is empty */
    wasempty = (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY);

    if (!recoverymode && !filtering && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
    {
        /*
         * Show the user that we are busy reading the input.  Sometimes this
         * may take a while.  When reading from stdin another program may
         * still be running, don't move the cursor to the last line, unless
         * always using the GUI.
         */
        if (read_stdin)
        {
#ifndef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
            mch_msg(_("Vim: Reading from stdin...\n"));
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_GUI
            /* Also write a message in the GUI window, if there is one. */
            if (gui.in_use && !gui.dying && !gui.starting)
            {
                p = (char_u *)_("Reading from stdin...");
                gui_write(p, (int)STRLEN(p));
            }
#endif
        }
        else if (!read_buffer)
            filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)"", 0);
    }

    msg_scroll = FALSE;                 /* overwrite the file message */

    /*
     * Set linecnt now, before the "retry" caused by a wrong guess for
     * fileformat, and after the autocommands, which may change them.
     */
    linecnt = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* "++bad=" argument. */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->bad_char != 0)
    {
        bad_char_behavior = eap->bad_char;
        if (set_options)
            curbuf->b_bad_char = eap->bad_char;
    }
    else
        curbuf->b_bad_char = 0;

    /*
     * Decide which 'encoding' to use or use first.
     */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
    {
        fenc = enc_canonize(eap->cmd + eap->force_enc);
        fenc_alloced = TRUE;
        keep_dest_enc = TRUE;
    }
    else if (curbuf->b_p_bin)
    {
        fenc = (char_u *)"";            /* binary: don't convert */
        fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else if (curbuf->b_help)
    {
        char_u      firstline[80];
        int         fc;

        /* Help files are either utf-8 or latin1.  Try utf-8 first, if this
         * fails it must be latin1.
         * Always do this when 'encoding' is "utf-8".  Otherwise only do
         * this when needed to avoid [converted] remarks all the time.
         * It is needed when the first line contains non-ASCII characters.
         * That is only in *.??x files. */
        fenc = (char_u *)"latin1";
        c = enc_utf8;
        if (!c && !read_stdin)
        {
            fc = fname[STRLEN(fname) - 1];
            if (TOLOWER_ASC(fc) == 'x')
            {
                /* Read the first line (and a bit more).  Immediately rewind to
                 * the start of the file.  If the read() fails "len" is -1. */
                len = vim_read(fd, firstline, 80);
                lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET);
                for (p = firstline; p < firstline + len; ++p)
                    if (*p >= 0x80)
                    {
                        c = TRUE;
                        break;
                    }
            }
        }

        if (c)
        {
            fenc_next = fenc;
            fenc = (char_u *)"utf-8";

            /* When the file is utf-8 but a character doesn't fit in
             * 'encoding' don't retry.  In help text editing utf-8 bytes
             * doesn't make sense. */
            if (!enc_utf8)
                keep_dest_enc = TRUE;
        }
        fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else if (*p_fencs == NUL)
    {
        fenc = curbuf->b_p_fenc;        /* use format from buffer */
        fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else
    {
        fenc_next = p_fencs;            /* try items in 'fileencodings' */
        fenc = next_fenc(&fenc_next);
        fenc_alloced = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Jump back here to retry reading the file in different ways.
     * Reasons to retry:
     * - encoding conversion failed: try another one from "fenc_next"
     * - BOM detected and fenc was set, need to setup conversion
     * - "fileformat" check failed: try another
     *
     * Variables set for special retry actions:
     * "file_rewind"    Rewind the file to start reading it again.
     * "advance_fenc"   Advance "fenc" using "fenc_next".
     * "skip_read"      Re-use already read bytes (BOM detected).
     * "did_iconv"      iconv() conversion failed, try 'charconvert'.
     * "keep_fileformat" Don't reset "fileformat".
     *
     * Other status indicators:
     * "tmpname"        When != NULL did conversion with 'charconvert'.
     *                  Output file has to be deleted afterwards.
     * "iconv_fd"       When != -1 did conversion with iconv().
     */
retry:

    if (file_rewind)
    {
        if (read_buffer)
        {
            read_buf_lnum = 1;
            read_buf_col = 0;
        }
        else if (read_stdin || lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET) != 0)
        {
            /* Can't rewind the file, give up. */
            error = TRUE;
            goto failed;
        }
        /* Delete the previously read lines. */
        while (lnum > from)
            ml_delete(lnum--, FALSE);
        file_rewind = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
        if (set_options)
            curbuf->b_p_bomb = FALSE;
        conv_error = 0;
#endif
    }

    /*
     * When retrying with another "fenc" and the first time "fileformat"
     * will be reset.
     */
    if (keep_fileformat)
        keep_fileformat = FALSE;
    else
    {
        if (eap != NULL && eap->force_ff != 0)
            fileformat = get_fileformat_force(curbuf, eap);
        else if (curbuf->b_p_bin)
            fileformat = EOL_UNIX;              /* binary: use Unix format */
        else if (*p_ffs == NUL)
            fileformat = get_fileformat(curbuf);/* use format from buffer */
        else
            fileformat = EOL_UNKNOWN;           /* detect from file */
    }

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
        /* aborted conversion with iconv(), close the descriptor */
        iconv_close(iconv_fd);
        iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif

    if (advance_fenc)
    {
        /*
         * Try the next entry in 'fileencodings'.
         */
        advance_fenc = FALSE;

        if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
        {
            /* Conversion given with "++cc=" wasn't possible, read
             * without conversion. */
            notconverted = TRUE;
            conv_error = 0;
            if (fenc_alloced)
                vim_free(fenc);
            fenc = (char_u *)"";
            fenc_alloced = FALSE;
        }
        else
        {
            if (fenc_alloced)
                vim_free(fenc);
            if (fenc_next != NULL)
            {
                fenc = next_fenc(&fenc_next);
                fenc_alloced = (fenc_next != NULL);
            }
            else
            {
                fenc = (char_u *)"";
                fenc_alloced = FALSE;
            }
        }
        if (tmpname != NULL)
        {
            mch_remove(tmpname);                /* delete converted file */
            vim_free(tmpname);
            tmpname = NULL;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Conversion is required when the encoding of the file is different
     * from 'encoding' or 'encoding' is UTF-16, UCS-2 or UCS-4 (requires
     * conversion to UTF-8).
     */
    fio_flags = 0;
    converted = (*fenc != NUL && !same_encoding(p_enc, fenc));
    if (converted || enc_unicode != 0)
    {

        /* "ucs-bom" means we need to check the first bytes of the file
         * for a BOM. */
        if (STRCMP(fenc, ENC_UCSBOM) == 0)
            fio_flags = FIO_UCSBOM;

        /*
         * Check if UCS-2/4 or Latin1 to UTF-8 conversion needs to be
         * done.  This is handled below after read().  Prepare the
         * fio_flags to avoid having to parse the string each time.
         * Also check for Unicode to Latin1 conversion, because iconv()
         * appears not to handle this correctly.  This works just like
         * conversion to UTF-8 except how the resulting character is put in
         * the buffer.
         */
        else if (enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0)
            fio_flags = get_fio_flags(fenc);

# ifdef WIN3264
        /*
         * Conversion from an MS-Windows codepage to UTF-8 or another codepage
         * is handled with MultiByteToWideChar().
         */
        if (fio_flags == 0)
            fio_flags = get_win_fio_flags(fenc);
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_X
        /* Conversion from Apple MacRoman to latin1 or UTF-8 */
        if (fio_flags == 0)
            fio_flags = get_mac_fio_flags(fenc);
# endif

# ifdef USE_ICONV
        /*
         * Try using iconv() if we can't convert internally.
         */
        if (fio_flags == 0
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
                && !did_iconv
#  endif
                )
            iconv_fd = (iconv_t)my_iconv_open(
                                  enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc, fenc);
# endif

# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        /*
         * Use the 'charconvert' expression when conversion is required
         * and we can't do it internally or with iconv().
         */
        if (fio_flags == 0 && !read_stdin && !read_buffer && *p_ccv != NUL
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
                                                    && iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
#  endif
                )
        {
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
            did_iconv = FALSE;
#  endif
            /* Skip conversion when it's already done (retry for wrong
             * "fileformat"). */
            if (tmpname == NULL)
            {
                tmpname = readfile_charconvert(fname, fenc, &fd);
                if (tmpname == NULL)
                {
                    /* Conversion failed.  Try another one. */
                    advance_fenc = TRUE;
                    if (fd < 0)
                    {
                        /* Re-opening the original file failed! */
                        EMSG(_("E202: Conversion made file unreadable!"));
                        error = TRUE;
                        goto failed;
                    }
                    goto retry;
                }
            }
        }
        else
# endif
        {
            if (fio_flags == 0
# ifdef USE_ICONV
                    && iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
# endif
               )
            {
                /* Conversion wanted but we can't.
                 * Try the next conversion in 'fileencodings' */
                advance_fenc = TRUE;
                goto retry;
            }
        }
    }

    /* Set "can_retry" when it's possible to rewind the file and try with
     * another "fenc" value.  It's FALSE when no other "fenc" to try, reading
     * stdin or fixed at a specific encoding. */
    can_retry = (*fenc != NUL && !read_stdin && !keep_dest_enc);
#endif

    if (!skip_read)
    {
        linerest = 0;
        filesize = 0;
        skip_count = lines_to_skip;
        read_count = lines_to_read;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
        conv_restlen = 0;
#endif
    }

    while (!error && !got_int)
    {
        /*
         * We allocate as much space for the file as we can get, plus
         * space for the old line plus room for one terminating NUL.
         * The amount is limited by the fact that read() only can read
         * upto max_unsigned characters (and other things).
         */
#if SIZEOF_INT <= 2
        if (linerest >= 0x7ff0)
        {
            ++split;
            *ptr = NL;              /* split line by inserting a NL */
            size = 1;
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            if (!skip_read)
            {
#if SIZEOF_INT > 2
# if defined(SSIZE_MAX) && (SSIZE_MAX < 0x10000L)
                size = SSIZE_MAX;                   /* use max I/O size, 52K */
# else
                size = 0x10000L;                    /* use buffer >= 64K */
# endif
#else
                size = 0x7ff0L - linerest;          /* limit buffer to 32K */
#endif

                for ( ; size >= 10; size = (long)((long_u)size >> 1))
                {
                    if ((new_buffer = lalloc((long_u)(size + linerest + 1),
                                                              FALSE)) != NULL)
                        break;
                }
                if (new_buffer == NULL)
                {
                    do_outofmem_msg((long_u)(size * 2 + linerest + 1));
                    error = TRUE;
                    break;
                }
                if (linerest)   /* copy characters from the previous buffer */
                    mch_memmove(new_buffer, ptr - linerest, (size_t)linerest);
                vim_free(buffer);
                buffer = new_buffer;
                ptr = buffer + linerest;
                line_start = buffer;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                /* May need room to translate into.
                 * For iconv() we don't really know the required space, use a
                 * factor ICONV_MULT.
                 * latin1 to utf-8: 1 byte becomes up to 2 bytes
                 * utf-16 to utf-8: 2 bytes become up to 3 bytes, 4 bytes
                 * become up to 4 bytes, size must be multiple of 2
                 * ucs-2 to utf-8: 2 bytes become up to 3 bytes, size must be
                 * multiple of 2
                 * ucs-4 to utf-8: 4 bytes become up to 6 bytes, size must be
                 * multiple of 4 */
                real_size = (int)size;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
                if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
                    size = size / ICONV_MULT;
                else
# endif
                    if (fio_flags & FIO_LATIN1)
                    size = size / 2;
                else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
                    size = (size * 2 / 3) & ~1;
                else if (fio_flags & FIO_UCS4)
                    size = (size * 2 / 3) & ~3;
                else if (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM)
                    size = size / ICONV_MULT;   /* worst case */
# ifdef WIN3264
                else if (fio_flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
                    size = size / ICONV_MULT;   /* also worst case */
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
                else if (fio_flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
                    size = size / ICONV_MULT;   /* also worst case */
# endif
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                if (conv_restlen > 0)
                {
                    /* Insert unconverted bytes from previous line. */
                    mch_memmove(ptr, conv_rest, conv_restlen);
                    ptr += conv_restlen;
                    size -= conv_restlen;
                }
#endif

                if (read_buffer)
                {
                    /*
                     * Read bytes from curbuf.  Used for converting text read
                     * from stdin.
                     */
                    if (read_buf_lnum > from)
                        size = 0;
                    else
                    {
                        int     n, ni;
                        long    tlen;

                        tlen = 0;
                        for (;;)
                        {
                            p = ml_get(read_buf_lnum) + read_buf_col;
                            n = (int)STRLEN(p);
                            if ((int)tlen + n + 1 > size)
                            {
                                /* Filled up to "size", append partial line.
                                 * Change NL to NUL to reverse the effect done
                                 * below. */
                                n = (int)(size - tlen);
                                for (ni = 0; ni < n; ++ni)
                                {
                                    if (p[ni] == NL)
                                        ptr[tlen++] = NUL;
                                    else
                                        ptr[tlen++] = p[ni];
                                }
                                read_buf_col += n;
                                break;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                /* Append whole line and new-line.  Change NL
                                 * to NUL to reverse the effect done below. */
                                for (ni = 0; ni < n; ++ni)
                                {
                                    if (p[ni] == NL)
                                        ptr[tlen++] = NUL;
                                    else
                                        ptr[tlen++] = p[ni];
                                }
                                ptr[tlen++] = NL;
                                read_buf_col = 0;
                                if (++read_buf_lnum > from)
                                {
                                    /* When the last line didn't have an
                                     * end-of-line don't add it now either. */
                                    if (!curbuf->b_p_eol)
                                        --tlen;
                                    size = tlen;
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    /*
                     * Read bytes from the file.
                     */
                    size = vim_read(fd, ptr, size);
                }

                if (size <= 0)
                {
                    if (size < 0)                   /* read error */
                        error = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                    else if (conv_restlen > 0)
                    {
                        /* Reached end-of-file but some trailing bytes could
                         * not be converted.  Truncated file? */
                        if (conv_error == 0)
                            conv_error = linecnt;
                        if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_DROP)
                        {
                            fio_flags = 0;      /* don't convert this */
# ifdef USE_ICONV
                            if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
                            {
                                iconv_close(iconv_fd);
                                iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
                            }
# endif
                            if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_KEEP)
                            {
                                /* Keep the trailing bytes as-is. */
                                size = conv_restlen;
                                ptr -= conv_restlen;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                /* Replace the trailing bytes with the
                                 * replacement character. */
                                size = 1;
                                *--ptr = bad_char_behavior;
                            }
                            conv_restlen = 0;
                        }
                    }
#endif
                }

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
                /*
                 * At start of file: Check for magic number of encryption.
                 */
                if (filesize == 0)
                    cryptkey = check_for_cryptkey(cryptkey, ptr, &size,
                                                          &filesize, newfile);
                /*
                 * Decrypt the read bytes.
                 */
                if (cryptkey != NULL && size > 0)
                    for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
                        ZDECODE(*p);
#endif
            }
            skip_read = FALSE;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
            /*
             * At start of file (or after crypt magic number): Check for BOM.
             * Also check for a BOM for other Unicode encodings, but not after
             * converting with 'charconvert' or when a BOM has already been
             * found.
             */
            if ((filesize == 0
# ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
                        || (filesize == CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN && cryptkey != NULL)
# endif
                       )
                    && (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM
                        || (!curbuf->b_p_bomb
                            && tmpname == NULL
                            && (*fenc == 'u' || (*fenc == NUL && enc_utf8)))))
            {
                char_u  *ccname;
                int     blen;

                /* no BOM detection in a short file or in binary mode */
                if (size < 2 || curbuf->b_p_bin)
                    ccname = NULL;
                else
                    ccname = check_for_bom(ptr, size, &blen,
                      fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM ? FIO_ALL : get_fio_flags(fenc));
                if (ccname != NULL)
                {
                    /* Remove BOM from the text */
                    filesize += blen;
                    size -= blen;
                    mch_memmove(ptr, ptr + blen, (size_t)size);
                    if (set_options)
                        curbuf->b_p_bomb = TRUE;
                }

                if (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM)
                {
                    if (ccname == NULL)
                    {
                        /* No BOM detected: retry with next encoding. */
                        advance_fenc = TRUE;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* BOM detected: set "fenc" and jump back */
                        if (fenc_alloced)
                            vim_free(fenc);
                        fenc = ccname;
                        fenc_alloced = FALSE;
                    }
                    /* retry reading without getting new bytes or rewinding */
                    skip_read = TRUE;
                    goto retry;
                }
            }
#endif
            /*
             * Break here for a read error or end-of-file.
             */
            if (size <= 0)
                break;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE

            /* Include not converted bytes. */
            ptr -= conv_restlen;
            size += conv_restlen;
            conv_restlen = 0;

# ifdef USE_ICONV
            if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
            {
                /*
                 * Attempt conversion of the read bytes to 'encoding' using
                 * iconv().
                 */
                const char      *fromp;
                char            *top;
                size_t          from_size;
                size_t          to_size;

                fromp = (char *)ptr;
                from_size = size;
                ptr += size;
                top = (char *)ptr;
                to_size = real_size - size;

                /*
                 * If there is conversion error or not enough room try using
                 * another conversion.  Except for when there is no
                 * alternative (help files).
                 */
                while ((iconv(iconv_fd, (void *)&fromp, &from_size,
                                                               &top, &to_size)
                            == (size_t)-1 && ICONV_ERRNO != ICONV_EINVAL)
                                                  || from_size > CONV_RESTLEN)
                {
                    if (can_retry)
                        goto rewind_retry;
                    if (conv_error == 0)
                        conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt,
                                                          ptr, (char_u *)top);

                    /* Deal with a bad byte and continue with the next. */
                    ++fromp;
                    --from_size;
                    if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_KEEP)
                    {
                        *top++ = *(fromp - 1);
                        --to_size;
                    }
                    else if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_DROP)
                    {
                        *top++ = bad_char_behavior;
                        --to_size;
                    }
                }

                if (from_size > 0)
                {
                    /* Some remaining characters, keep them for the next
                     * round. */
                    mch_memmove(conv_rest, (char_u *)fromp, from_size);
                    conv_restlen = (int)from_size;
                }

                /* move the linerest to before the converted characters */
                line_start = ptr - linerest;
                mch_memmove(line_start, buffer, (size_t)linerest);
                size = (long)((char_u *)top - ptr);
            }
# endif

# ifdef WIN3264
            if (fio_flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
            {
                char_u  *src, *dst;
                WCHAR   ucs2buf[3];
                int     ucs2len;
                int     codepage = FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags);
                int     bytelen;
                int     found_bad;
                char    replstr[2];

                /*
                 * Conversion from an MS-Windows codepage or UTF-8 to UTF-8 or
                 * a codepage, using standard MS-Windows functions.  This
                 * requires two steps:
                 * 1. convert from 'fileencoding' to ucs-2
                 * 2. convert from ucs-2 to 'encoding'
                 *
                 * Because there may be illegal bytes AND an incomplete byte
                 * sequence at the end, we may have to do the conversion one
                 * character at a time to get it right.
                 */

                /* Replacement string for WideCharToMultiByte(). */
                if (bad_char_behavior > 0)
                    replstr[0] = bad_char_behavior;
                else
                    replstr[0] = '?';
                replstr[1] = NUL;

                /*
                 * Move the bytes to the end of the buffer, so that we have
                 * room to put the result at the start.
                 */
                src = ptr + real_size - size;
                mch_memmove(src, ptr, size);

                /*
                 * Do the conversion.
                 */
                dst = ptr;
                size = size;
                while (size > 0)
                {
                    found_bad = FALSE;

#  ifdef CP_UTF8        /* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
                    if (codepage == CP_UTF8)
                    {
                        /* Handle CP_UTF8 input ourselves to be able to handle
                         * trailing bytes properly.
                         * Get one UTF-8 character from src. */
                        bytelen = (int)utf_ptr2len_len(src, size);
                        if (bytelen > size)
                        {
                            /* Only got some bytes of a character.  Normally
                             * it's put in "conv_rest", but if it's too long
                             * deal with it as if they were illegal bytes. */
                            if (bytelen <= CONV_RESTLEN)
                                break;

                            /* weird overlong byte sequence */
                            bytelen = size;
                            found_bad = TRUE;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            int     u8c = utf_ptr2char(src);

                            if (u8c > 0xffff || (*src >= 0x80 && bytelen == 1))
                                found_bad = TRUE;
                            ucs2buf[0] = u8c;
                            ucs2len = 1;
                        }
                    }
                    else
#  endif
                    {
                        /* We don't know how long the byte sequence is, try
                         * from one to three bytes. */
                        for (bytelen = 1; bytelen <= size && bytelen <= 3;
                                                                    ++bytelen)
                        {
                            ucs2len = MultiByteToWideChar(codepage,
                                                         MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS,
                                                         (LPCSTR)src, bytelen,
                                                                   ucs2buf, 3);
                            if (ucs2len > 0)
                                break;
                        }
                        if (ucs2len == 0)
                        {
                            /* If we have only one byte then it's probably an
                             * incomplete byte sequence.  Otherwise discard
                             * one byte as a bad character. */
                            if (size == 1)
                                break;
                            found_bad = TRUE;
                            bytelen = 1;
                        }
                    }

                    if (!found_bad)
                    {
                        int     i;

                        /* Convert "ucs2buf[ucs2len]" to 'enc' in "dst". */
                        if (enc_utf8)
                        {
                            /* From UCS-2 to UTF-8.  Cannot fail. */
                            for (i = 0; i < ucs2len; ++i)
                                dst += utf_char2bytes(ucs2buf[i], dst);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            BOOL        bad = FALSE;
                            int         dstlen;

                            /* From UCS-2 to "enc_codepage".  If the
                             * conversion uses the default character "?",
                             * the data doesn't fit in this encoding. */
                            dstlen = WideCharToMultiByte(enc_codepage, 0,
                                    (LPCWSTR)ucs2buf, ucs2len,
                                    (LPSTR)dst, (int)(src - dst),
                                    replstr, &bad);
                            if (bad)
                                found_bad = TRUE;
                            else
                                dst += dstlen;
                        }
                    }

                    if (found_bad)
                    {
                        /* Deal with bytes we can't convert. */
                        if (can_retry)
                            goto rewind_retry;
                        if (conv_error == 0)
                            conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt, ptr, dst);
                        if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_DROP)
                        {
                            if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_KEEP)
                            {
                                mch_memmove(dst, src, bytelen);
                                dst += bytelen;
                            }
                            else
                                *dst++ = bad_char_behavior;
                        }
                    }

                    src += bytelen;
                    size -= bytelen;
                }

                if (size > 0)
                {
                    /* An incomplete byte sequence remaining. */
                    mch_memmove(conv_rest, src, size);
                    conv_restlen = size;
                }

                /* The new size is equal to how much "dst" was advanced. */
                size = (long)(dst - ptr);
            }
            else
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_CONVERT
            if (fio_flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
            {
                /*
                 * Conversion from Apple MacRoman char encoding to UTF-8 or
                 * latin1.  This is in os_mac_conv.c.
                 */
                if (macroman2enc(ptr, &size, real_size) == FAIL)
                    goto rewind_retry;
            }
            else
# endif
            if (fio_flags != 0)
            {
                int     u8c;
                char_u  *dest;
                char_u  *tail = NULL;

                /*
                 * "enc_utf8" set: Convert Unicode or Latin1 to UTF-8.
                 * "enc_utf8" not set: Convert Unicode to Latin1.
                 * Go from end to start through the buffer, because the number
                 * of bytes may increase.
                 * "dest" points to after where the UTF-8 bytes go, "p" points
                 * to after the next character to convert.
                 */
                dest = ptr + real_size;
                if (fio_flags == FIO_LATIN1 || fio_flags == FIO_UTF8)
                {
                    p = ptr + size;
                    if (fio_flags == FIO_UTF8)
                    {
                        /* Check for a trailing incomplete UTF-8 sequence */
                        tail = ptr + size - 1;
                        while (tail > ptr && (*tail & 0xc0) == 0x80)
                            --tail;
                        if (tail + utf_byte2len(*tail) <= ptr + size)
                            tail = NULL;
                        else
                            p = tail;
                    }
                }
                else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
                {
                    /* Check for a trailing byte */
                    p = ptr + (size & ~1);
                    if (size & 1)
                        tail = p;
                    if ((fio_flags & FIO_UTF16) && p > ptr)
                    {
                        /* Check for a trailing leading word */
                        if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
                        {
                            u8c = (*--p << 8);
                            u8c += *--p;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            u8c = *--p;
                            u8c += (*--p << 8);
                        }
                        if (u8c >= 0xd800 && u8c <= 0xdbff)
                            tail = p;
                        else
                            p += 2;
                    }
                }
                else /*  FIO_UCS4 */
                {
                    /* Check for trailing 1, 2 or 3 bytes */
                    p = ptr + (size & ~3);
                    if (size & 3)
                        tail = p;
                }

                /* If there is a trailing incomplete sequence move it to
                 * conv_rest[]. */
                if (tail != NULL)
                {
                    conv_restlen = (int)((ptr + size) - tail);
                    mch_memmove(conv_rest, (char_u *)tail, conv_restlen);
                    size -= conv_restlen;
                }


                while (p > ptr)
                {
                    if (fio_flags & FIO_LATIN1)
                        u8c = *--p;
                    else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
                    {
                        if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
                        {
                            u8c = (*--p << 8);
                            u8c += *--p;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            u8c = *--p;
                            u8c += (*--p << 8);
                        }
                        if ((fio_flags & FIO_UTF16)
                                            && u8c >= 0xdc00 && u8c <= 0xdfff)
                        {
                            int u16c;

                            if (p == ptr)
                            {
                                /* Missing leading word. */
                                if (can_retry)
                                    goto rewind_retry;
                                if (conv_error == 0)
                                    conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt,
                                                                      ptr, p);
                                if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_DROP)
                                    continue;
                                if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_KEEP)
                                    u8c = bad_char_behavior;
                            }

                            /* found second word of double-word, get the first
                             * word and compute the resulting character */
                            if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
                            {
                                u16c = (*--p << 8);
                                u16c += *--p;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                u16c = *--p;
                                u16c += (*--p << 8);
                            }
                            u8c = 0x10000 + ((u16c & 0x3ff) << 10)
                                                              + (u8c & 0x3ff);

                            /* Check if the word is indeed a leading word. */
                            if (u16c < 0xd800 || u16c > 0xdbff)
                            {
                                if (can_retry)
                                    goto rewind_retry;
                                if (conv_error == 0)
                                    conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt,
                                                                      ptr, p);
                                if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_DROP)
                                    continue;
                                if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_KEEP)
                                    u8c = bad_char_behavior;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (fio_flags & FIO_UCS4)
                    {
                        if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
                        {
                            u8c = (*--p << 24);
                            u8c += (*--p << 16);
                            u8c += (*--p << 8);
                            u8c += *--p;
                        }
                        else    /* big endian */
                        {
                            u8c = *--p;
                            u8c += (*--p << 8);
                            u8c += (*--p << 16);
                            u8c += (*--p << 24);
                        }
                    }
                    else    /* UTF-8 */
                    {
                        if (*--p < 0x80)
                            u8c = *p;
                        else
                        {
                            len = utf_head_off(ptr, p);
                            p -= len;
                            u8c = utf_ptr2char(p);
                            if (len == 0)
                            {
                                /* Not a valid UTF-8 character, retry with
                                 * another fenc when possible, otherwise just
                                 * report the error. */
                                if (can_retry)
                                    goto rewind_retry;
                                if (conv_error == 0)
                                    conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt,
                                                                      ptr, p);
                                if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_DROP)
                                    continue;
                                if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_KEEP)
                                    u8c = bad_char_behavior;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (enc_utf8)       /* produce UTF-8 */
                    {
                        dest -= utf_char2len(u8c);
                        (void)utf_char2bytes(u8c, dest);
                    }
                    else                /* produce Latin1 */
                    {
                        --dest;
                        if (u8c >= 0x100)
                        {
                            /* character doesn't fit in latin1, retry with
                             * another fenc when possible, otherwise just
                             * report the error. */
                            if (can_retry)
                                goto rewind_retry;
                            if (conv_error == 0)
                                conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt, ptr, p);
                            if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_DROP)
                                ++dest;
                            else if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_KEEP)
                                *dest = u8c;
                            else if (eap != NULL && eap->bad_char != 0)
                                *dest = bad_char_behavior;
                            else
                                *dest = 0xBF;
                        }
                        else
                            *dest = u8c;
                    }
                }

                /* move the linerest to before the converted characters */
                line_start = dest - linerest;
                mch_memmove(line_start, buffer, (size_t)linerest);
                size = (long)((ptr + real_size) - dest);
                ptr = dest;
            }
            else if (enc_utf8 && conv_error == 0 && !curbuf->b_p_bin)
            {
                /* Reading UTF-8: Check if the bytes are valid UTF-8.
                 * Need to start before "ptr" when part of the character was
                 * read in the previous read() call. */
                for (p = ptr - utf_head_off(buffer, ptr); ; ++p)
                {
                    int  todo = (int)((ptr + size) - p);
                    int  l;

                    if (todo <= 0)
                        break;
                    if (*p >= 0x80)
                    {
                        /* A length of 1 means it's an illegal byte.  Accept
                         * an incomplete character at the end though, the next
                         * read() will get the next bytes, we'll check it
                         * then. */
                        l = utf_ptr2len_len(p, todo);
                        if (l > todo)
                        {
                            /* Incomplete byte sequence, the next read()
                             * should get them and check the bytes. */
                            p += todo;
                            break;
                        }
                        if (l == 1)
                        {
                            /* Illegal byte.  If we can try another encoding
                             * do that. */
                            if (can_retry)
                                break;

                            /* Remember the first linenr with an illegal byte */
                            if (illegal_byte == 0)
                                illegal_byte = readfile_linenr(linecnt, ptr, p);
# ifdef USE_ICONV
                            /* When we did a conversion report an error. */
                            if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1 && conv_error == 0)
                                conv_error = readfile_linenr(linecnt, ptr, p);
# endif

                            /* Drop, keep or replace the bad byte. */
                            if (bad_char_behavior == BAD_DROP)
                            {
                                mch_memmove(p, p+1, todo - 1);
                                --p;
                                --size;
                            }
                            else if (bad_char_behavior != BAD_KEEP)
                                *p = bad_char_behavior;
                        }
                        p += l - 1;
                    }
                }
                if (p < ptr + size)
                {
                    /* Detected a UTF-8 error. */
rewind_retry:
                    /* Retry reading with another conversion. */
# if defined(FEAT_EVAL) && defined(USE_ICONV)
                    if (*p_ccv != NUL && iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
                        /* iconv() failed, try 'charconvert' */
                        did_iconv = TRUE;
                    else
# endif
                        /* use next item from 'fileencodings' */
                        advance_fenc = TRUE;
                    file_rewind = TRUE;
                    goto retry;
                }
            }
#endif

            /* count the number of characters (after conversion!) */
            filesize += size;

            /*
             * when reading the first part of a file: guess EOL type
             */
            if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN)
            {
                /* First try finding a NL, for Dos and Unix */
                if (try_dos || try_unix)
                {
                    for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
                    {
                        if (*p == NL)
                        {
                            if (!try_unix
                                    || (try_dos && p > ptr && p[-1] == CAR))
                                fileformat = EOL_DOS;
                            else
                                fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    /* Don't give in to EOL_UNIX if EOL_MAC is more likely */
                    if (fileformat == EOL_UNIX && try_mac)
                    {
                        /* Need to reset the counters when retrying fenc. */
                        try_mac = 1;
                        try_unix = 1;
                        for (; p >= ptr && *p != CAR; p--)
                            ;
                        if (p >= ptr)
                        {
                            for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
                            {
                                if (*p == NL)
                                    try_unix++;
                                else if (*p == CAR)
                                    try_mac++;
                            }
                            if (try_mac > try_unix)
                                fileformat = EOL_MAC;
                        }
                    }
                }

                /* No NL found: may use Mac format */
                if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN && try_mac)
                    fileformat = EOL_MAC;

                /* Still nothing found?  Use first format in 'ffs' */
                if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN)
                    fileformat = default_fileformat();

                /* if editing a new file: may set p_tx and p_ff */
                if (set_options)
                    set_fileformat(fileformat, OPT_LOCAL);
            }
        }

        /*
         * This loop is executed once for every character read.
         * Keep it fast!
         */
        if (fileformat == EOL_MAC)
        {
            --ptr;
            while (++ptr, --size >= 0)
            {
                /* catch most common case first */
                if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != CAR && c != NL)
                    continue;
                if (c == NUL)
                    *ptr = NL;  /* NULs are replaced by newlines! */
                else if (c == NL)
                    *ptr = CAR; /* NLs are replaced by CRs! */
                else
                {
                    if (skip_count == 0)
                    {
                        *ptr = NUL;         /* end of line */
                        len = (colnr_T) (ptr - line_start + 1);
                        if (ml_append(lnum, line_start, len, newfile) == FAIL)
                        {
                            error = TRUE;
                            break;
                        }
                        ++lnum;
                        if (--read_count == 0)
                        {
                            error = TRUE;       /* break loop */
                            line_start = ptr;   /* nothing left to write */
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        --skip_count;
                    line_start = ptr + 1;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            --ptr;
            while (++ptr, --size >= 0)
            {
                if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != NL)  /* catch most common case */
                    continue;
                if (c == NUL)
                    *ptr = NL;  /* NULs are replaced by newlines! */
                else
                {
                    if (skip_count == 0)
                    {
                        *ptr = NUL;             /* end of line */
                        len = (colnr_T)(ptr - line_start + 1);
                        if (fileformat == EOL_DOS)
                        {
                            if (ptr[-1] == CAR) /* remove CR */
                            {
                                ptr[-1] = NUL;
                                --len;
                            }
                            /*
                             * Reading in Dos format, but no CR-LF found!
                             * When 'fileformats' includes "unix", delete all
                             * the lines read so far and start all over again.
                             * Otherwise give an error message later.
                             */
                            else if (ff_error != EOL_DOS)
                            {
                                if (   try_unix
                                    && !read_stdin
                                    && (read_buffer
                                        || lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET) == 0))
                                {
                                    fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
                                    if (set_options)
                                        set_fileformat(EOL_UNIX, OPT_LOCAL);
                                    file_rewind = TRUE;
                                    keep_fileformat = TRUE;
                                    goto retry;
                                }
                                ff_error = EOL_DOS;
                            }
                        }
                        if (ml_append(lnum, line_start, len, newfile) == FAIL)
                        {
                            error = TRUE;
                            break;
                        }
                        ++lnum;
                        if (--read_count == 0)
                        {
                            error = TRUE;           /* break loop */
                            line_start = ptr;   /* nothing left to write */
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                        --skip_count;
                    line_start = ptr + 1;
                }
            }
        }
        linerest = (long)(ptr - line_start);
        ui_breakcheck();
    }

failed:
    /* not an error, max. number of lines reached */
    if (error && read_count == 0)
        error = FALSE;

    /*
     * If we get EOF in the middle of a line, note the fact and
     * complete the line ourselves.
     * In Dos format ignore a trailing CTRL-Z, unless 'binary' set.
     */
    if (!error
            && !got_int
            && linerest != 0
            && !(!curbuf->b_p_bin
                && fileformat == EOL_DOS
                && *line_start == Ctrl_Z
                && ptr == line_start + 1))
    {
        /* remember for when writing */
        if (set_options)
            curbuf->b_p_eol = FALSE;
        *ptr = NUL;
        if (ml_append(lnum, line_start,
                        (colnr_T)(ptr - line_start + 1), newfile) == FAIL)
            error = TRUE;
        else
            read_no_eol_lnum = ++lnum;
    }

    if (set_options)
        save_file_ff(curbuf);           /* remember the current file format */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (cryptkey != curbuf->b_p_key)
        vim_free(cryptkey);
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* If editing a new file: set 'fenc' for the current buffer.
     * Also for ":read ++edit file". */
    if (set_options)
        set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"fenc", -1, fenc,
                                                       OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL, 0);
    if (fenc_alloced)
        vim_free(fenc);
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
        iconv_close(iconv_fd);
        iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif
#endif

    if (!read_buffer && !read_stdin)
        close(fd);                              /* errors are ignored */
    vim_free(buffer);

#ifdef HAVE_DUP
    if (read_stdin)
    {
        /* Use stderr for stdin, makes shell commands work. */
        close(0);
        dup(2);
    }
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    if (tmpname != NULL)
    {
        mch_remove(tmpname);            /* delete converted file */
        vim_free(tmpname);
    }
#endif
    --no_wait_return;                   /* may wait for return now */

    /*
     * In recovery mode everything but autocommands is skipped.
     */
    if (!recoverymode)
    {
        /* need to delete the last line, which comes from the empty buffer */
        if (newfile && wasempty && !(curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY))
        {
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
            netbeansFireChanges = 0;
#endif
            ml_delete(curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, FALSE);
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
            netbeansFireChanges = 1;
#endif
            --linecnt;
        }
        linecnt = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - linecnt;
        if (filesize == 0)
            linecnt = 0;
        if (newfile || read_buffer)
        {
            redraw_curbuf_later(NOT_VALID);
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
            /* After reading the text into the buffer the diff info needs to
             * be updated. */
            diff_invalidate(curbuf);
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_FOLDING
            /* All folds in the window are invalid now.  Mark them for update
             * before triggering autocommands. */
            foldUpdateAll(curwin);
#endif
        }
        else if (linecnt)               /* appended at least one line */
            appended_lines_mark(from, linecnt);

#ifndef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
        /*
         * If we were reading from the same terminal as where messages go,
         * the screen will have been messed up.
         * Switch on raw mode now and clear the screen.
         */
        if (read_stdin)
        {
            settmode(TMODE_RAW);        /* set to raw mode */
            starttermcap();
            screenclear();
        }
#endif

        if (got_int)
        {
            if (!(flags & READ_DUMMY))
            {
                filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_(e_interr), 0);
                if (newfile)
                    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;      /* must use "w!" now */
            }
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
            check_marks_read();
#endif
            return OK;          /* an interrupt isn't really an error */
        }

        if (!filtering && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
        {
            msg_add_fname(curbuf, sfname);   /* fname in IObuff with quotes */
            c = FALSE;

#ifdef UNIX
# ifdef S_ISFIFO
            if (S_ISFIFO(perm))                     /* fifo or socket */
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[fifo/socket]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
# else
#  ifdef S_IFIFO
            if ((perm & S_IFMT) == S_IFIFO)         /* fifo */
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[fifo]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
#  endif
#  ifdef S_IFSOCK
            if ((perm & S_IFMT) == S_IFSOCK)        /* or socket */
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[socket]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
#  endif
# endif
#endif
            if (curbuf->b_p_ro)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_RO) ? _("[RO]") : _("[readonly]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
            if (read_no_eol_lnum)
            {
                msg_add_eol();
                c = TRUE;
            }
            if (ff_error == EOL_DOS)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[CR missing]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
            if (ff_error == EOL_MAC)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NL found]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
            if (split)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[long lines split]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
            if (notconverted)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NOT converted]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
            else if (converted)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[converted]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
            if (cryptkey != NULL)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[crypted]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
            if (conv_error != 0)
            {
                sprintf((char *)IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff),
                       _("[CONVERSION ERROR in line %ld]"), (long)conv_error);
                c = TRUE;
            }
            else if (illegal_byte > 0)
            {
                sprintf((char *)IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff),
                         _("[ILLEGAL BYTE in line %ld]"), (long)illegal_byte);
                c = TRUE;
            }
            else
#endif
                if (error)
            {
                STRCAT(IObuff, _("[READ ERRORS]"));
                c = TRUE;
            }
            if (msg_add_fileformat(fileformat))
                c = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
            if (cryptkey != NULL)
                msg_add_lines(c, (long)linecnt, filesize - CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN);
            else
#endif
                msg_add_lines(c, (long)linecnt, filesize);

            vim_free(keep_msg);
            keep_msg = NULL;
            msg_scrolled_ign = TRUE;
#ifdef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
            /* Don't show the message when reading stdin, it would end up in a
             * message box (which might be shown when exiting!) */
            if (read_stdin || read_buffer)
                p = msg_may_trunc(FALSE, IObuff);
            else
#endif
                p = msg_trunc_attr(IObuff, FALSE, 0);
            if (read_stdin || read_buffer || restart_edit != 0
                    || (msg_scrolled != 0 && !need_wait_return))
                /* Need to repeat the message after redrawing when:
                 * - When reading from stdin (the screen will be cleared next).
                 * - When restart_edit is set (otherwise there will be a delay
                 *   before redrawing).
                 * - When the screen was scrolled but there is no wait-return
                 *   prompt. */
                set_keep_msg(p, 0);
            msg_scrolled_ign = FALSE;
        }

        /* with errors writing the file requires ":w!" */
        if (newfile && (error
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                    || conv_error != 0
                    || (illegal_byte > 0 && bad_char_behavior != BAD_KEEP)
#endif
                    ))
            curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;

        u_clearline();      /* cannot use "U" command after adding lines */

        /*
         * In Ex mode: cursor at last new line.
         * Otherwise: cursor at first new line.
         */
        if (exmode_active)
            curwin->w_cursor.lnum = from + linecnt;
        else
            curwin->w_cursor.lnum = from + 1;
        check_cursor_lnum();
        beginline(BL_WHITE | BL_FIX);       /* on first non-blank */

        /*
         * Set '[ and '] marks to the newly read lines.
         */
        curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = from + 1;
        curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;
        curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = from + linecnt;
        curbuf->b_op_end.col = 0;

#ifdef WIN32
        /*
         * Work around a weird problem: When a file has two links (only
         * possible on NTFS) and we write through one link, then stat() it
         * throught the other link, the timestamp information may be wrong.
         * It's correct again after reading the file, thus reset the timestamp
         * here.
         */
        if (newfile && !read_stdin && !read_buffer
                                         && mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
        {
            buf_store_time(curbuf, &st, fname);
            curbuf->b_mtime_read = curbuf->b_mtime;
        }
#endif
    }
    msg_scroll = msg_save;

#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
    /*
     * Get the marks before executing autocommands, so they can be used there.
     */
    check_marks_read();
#endif

    /*
     * Trick: We remember if the last line of the read didn't have
     * an eol for when writing it again.  This is required for
     * ":autocmd FileReadPost *.gz set bin|'[,']!gunzip" to work.
     */
    write_no_eol_lnum = read_no_eol_lnum;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    if (!read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
        int m = msg_scroll;
        int n = msg_scrolled;

        /* Save the fileformat now, otherwise the buffer will be considered
         * modified if the format/encoding was automatically detected. */
        if (set_options)
            save_file_ff(curbuf);

        /*
         * The output from the autocommands should not overwrite anything and
         * should not be overwritten: Set msg_scroll, restore its value if no
         * output was done.
         */
        msg_scroll = TRUE;
        if (filtering)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERREADPOST, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else if (newfile)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADPOST, NULL, sfname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADPOST, sfname, sfname,
                                                            FALSE, NULL, eap);
        if (msg_scrolled == n)
            msg_scroll = m;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        if (aborting())     /* autocmds may abort script processing */
            return FAIL;
#endif
    }
#endif

    if (recoverymode && error)
        return FAIL;
    return OK;
}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE

/*
 * From the current line count and characters read after that, estimate the
 * line number where we are now.
 * Used for error messages that include a line number.
 */
    static linenr_T
readfile_linenr(linecnt, p, endp)
    linenr_T    linecnt;        /* line count before reading more bytes */
    char_u      *p;             /* start of more bytes read */
    char_u      *endp;          /* end of more bytes read */
{
    char_u      *s;
    linenr_T    lnum;

    lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - linecnt + 1;
    for (s = p; s < endp; ++s)
        if (*s == '\n')
            ++lnum;
    return lnum;
}
#endif

/*
 * Fill "*eap" to force the 'fileencoding', 'fileformat' and 'binary to be
 * equal to the buffer "buf".  Used for calling readfile().
 * Returns OK or FAIL.
 */
    int
prep_exarg(eap, buf)
    exarg_T     *eap;
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    eap->cmd = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(buf->b_p_ff)
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
                + STRLEN(buf->b_p_fenc)
#endif
                                                 + 15));
    if (eap->cmd == NULL)
        return FAIL;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    sprintf((char *)eap->cmd, "e ++ff=%s ++enc=%s", buf->b_p_ff, buf->b_p_fenc);
    eap->force_enc = 14 + (int)STRLEN(buf->b_p_ff);
    eap->bad_char = buf->b_bad_char;
#else
    sprintf((char *)eap->cmd, "e ++ff=%s", buf->b_p_ff);
#endif
    eap->force_ff = 7;

    eap->force_bin = buf->b_p_bin ? FORCE_BIN : FORCE_NOBIN;
    eap->read_edit = FALSE;
    eap->forceit = FALSE;
    return OK;
}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
/*
 * Find next fileencoding to use from 'fileencodings'.
 * "pp" points to fenc_next.  It's advanced to the next item.
 * When there are no more items, an empty string is returned and *pp is set to
 * NULL.
 * When *pp is not set to NULL, the result is in allocated memory.
 */
    static char_u *
next_fenc(pp)
    char_u      **pp;
{
    char_u      *p;
    char_u      *r;

    if (**pp == NUL)
    {
        *pp = NULL;
        return (char_u *)"";
    }
    p = vim_strchr(*pp, ',');
    if (p == NULL)
    {
        r = enc_canonize(*pp);
        *pp += STRLEN(*pp);
    }
    else
    {
        r = vim_strnsave(*pp, (int)(p - *pp));
        *pp = p + 1;
        if (r != NULL)
        {
            p = enc_canonize(r);
            vim_free(r);
            r = p;
        }
    }
    if (r == NULL)      /* out of memory */
    {
        r = (char_u *)"";
        *pp = NULL;
    }
    return r;
}

# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
/*
 * Convert a file with the 'charconvert' expression.
 * This closes the file which is to be read, converts it and opens the
 * resulting file for reading.
 * Returns name of the resulting converted file (the caller should delete it
 * after reading it).
 * Returns NULL if the conversion failed ("*fdp" is not set) .
 */
    static char_u *
readfile_charconvert(fname, fenc, fdp)
    char_u      *fname;         /* name of input file */
    char_u      *fenc;          /* converted from */
    int         *fdp;           /* in/out: file descriptor of file */
{
    char_u      *tmpname;
    char_u      *errmsg = NULL;

    tmpname = vim_tempname('r');
    if (tmpname == NULL)
        errmsg = (char_u *)_("Can't find temp file for conversion");
    else
    {
        close(*fdp);            /* close the input file, ignore errors */
        *fdp = -1;
        if (eval_charconvert(fenc, enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc,
                                                      fname, tmpname) == FAIL)
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("Conversion with 'charconvert' failed");
        if (errmsg == NULL && (*fdp = mch_open((char *)tmpname,
                                                  O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0)
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("can't read output of 'charconvert'");
    }

    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
        /* Don't use emsg(), it breaks mappings, the retry with
         * another type of conversion might still work. */
        MSG(errmsg);
        if (tmpname != NULL)
        {
            mch_remove(tmpname);        /* delete converted file */
            vim_free(tmpname);
            tmpname = NULL;
        }
    }

    /* If the input file is closed, open it (caller should check for error). */
    if (*fdp < 0)
        *fdp = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);

    return tmpname;
}
# endif

#endif

#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
/*
 * Read marks for the current buffer from the viminfo file, when we support
 * buffer marks and the buffer has a name.
 */
    static void
check_marks_read()
{
    if (!curbuf->b_marks_read && get_viminfo_parameter('\'') > 0
                                                  && curbuf->b_ffname != NULL)
        read_viminfo(NULL, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE);

    /* Always set b_marks_read; needed when 'viminfo' is changed to include
     * the ' parameter after opening a buffer. */
    curbuf->b_marks_read = TRUE;
}
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
/*
 * Check for magic number used for encryption.
 * If found, the magic number is removed from ptr[*sizep] and *sizep and
 * *filesizep are updated.
 * Return the (new) encryption key, NULL for no encryption.
 */
    static char_u *
check_for_cryptkey(cryptkey, ptr, sizep, filesizep, newfile)
    char_u      *cryptkey;      /* previous encryption key or NULL */
    char_u      *ptr;           /* pointer to read bytes */
    long        *sizep;         /* length of read bytes */
    long        *filesizep;     /* nr of bytes used from file */
    int         newfile;        /* editing a new buffer */
{
    if (*sizep >= CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN
            && STRNCMP(ptr, CRYPT_MAGIC, CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN) == 0)
    {
        if (cryptkey == NULL)
        {
            if (*curbuf->b_p_key)
                cryptkey = curbuf->b_p_key;
            else
            {
                /* When newfile is TRUE, store the typed key
                 * in the 'key' option and don't free it. */
                cryptkey = get_crypt_key(newfile, FALSE);
                /* check if empty key entered */
                if (cryptkey != NULL && *cryptkey == NUL)
                {
                    if (cryptkey != curbuf->b_p_key)
                        vim_free(cryptkey);
                    cryptkey = NULL;
                }
            }
        }

        if (cryptkey != NULL)
        {
            crypt_init_keys(cryptkey);

            /* Remove magic number from the text */
            *filesizep += CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
            *sizep -= CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
            mch_memmove(ptr, ptr + CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN, (size_t)*sizep);
        }
    }
    /* When starting to edit a new file which does not have
     * encryption, clear the 'key' option, except when
     * starting up (called with -x argument) */
    else if (newfile && *curbuf->b_p_key && !starting)
        set_option_value((char_u *)"key", 0L, (char_u *)"", OPT_LOCAL);

    return cryptkey;
}
#endif

#ifdef UNIX
    static void
set_file_time(fname, atime, mtime)
    char_u  *fname;
    time_t  atime;          /* access time */
    time_t  mtime;          /* modification time */
{
# if defined(HAVE_UTIME) && defined(HAVE_UTIME_H)
    struct utimbuf  buf;

    buf.actime  = atime;
    buf.modtime = mtime;
    (void)utime((char *)fname, &buf);
# else
#  if defined(HAVE_UTIMES)
    struct timeval  tvp[2];

    tvp[0].tv_sec   = atime;
    tvp[0].tv_usec  = 0;
    tvp[1].tv_sec   = mtime;
    tvp[1].tv_usec  = 0;
#   ifdef NeXT
    (void)utimes((char *)fname, tvp);
#   else
    (void)utimes((char *)fname, (const struct timeval *)&tvp);
#   endif
#  endif
# endif
}
#endif /* UNIX */

#if defined(VMS) && !defined(MIN)
/* Older DECC compiler for VAX doesn't define MIN() */
# define MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
#endif

/*
 * Return TRUE if a file appears to be read-only from the file permissions.
 */
    int
check_file_readonly(fname, perm)
    char_u      *fname;         /* full path to file */
    int         perm;           /* known permissions on file */
{
#ifndef USE_MCH_ACCESS
    int     fd = 0;
#endif

    return (
#ifdef USE_MCH_ACCESS
# ifdef UNIX
        (perm & 0222) == 0 ||
# endif
        mch_access((char *)fname, W_OK)
#else
        (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDWR | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0
                                        ? TRUE : (close(fd), FALSE)
#endif
        );
}


/*
 * buf_write() - write to file "fname" lines "start" through "end"
 *
 * We do our own buffering here because fwrite() is so slow.
 *
 * If "forceit" is true, we don't care for errors when attempting backups.
 * In case of an error everything possible is done to restore the original
 * file.  But when "forceit" is TRUE, we risk loosing it.
 *
 * When "reset_changed" is TRUE and "append" == FALSE and "start" == 1 and
 * "end" == curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, reset curbuf->b_changed.
 *
 * This function must NOT use NameBuff (because it's called by autowrite()).
 *
 * return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
 */
    int
buf_write(buf, fname, sfname, start, end, eap, append, forceit,
                                                      reset_changed, filtering)
    buf_T           *buf;
    char_u          *fname;
    char_u          *sfname;
    linenr_T        start, end;
    exarg_T         *eap;               /* for forced 'ff' and 'fenc', can be
                                           NULL! */
    int             append;             /* append to the file */
    int             forceit;
    int             reset_changed;
    int             filtering;
{
    int             fd;
    char_u          *backup = NULL;
    int             backup_copy = FALSE; /* copy the original file? */
    int             dobackup;
    char_u          *ffname;
    char_u          *wfname = NULL;     /* name of file to write to */
    char_u          *s;
    char_u          *ptr;
    char_u          c;
    int             len;
    linenr_T        lnum;
    long            nchars;
    char_u          *errmsg = NULL;
    char_u          *errnum = NULL;
    char_u          *buffer;
    char_u          smallbuf[SMBUFSIZE];
    char_u          *backup_ext;
    int             bufsize;
    long            perm;                   /* file permissions */
    int             retval = OK;
    int             newfile = FALSE;        /* TRUE if file doesn't exist yet */
    int             msg_save = msg_scroll;
    int             overwriting;            /* TRUE if writing over original */
    int             no_eol = FALSE;         /* no end-of-line written */
    int             device = FALSE;         /* writing to a device */
    struct stat     st_old;
    int             prev_got_int = got_int;
    int             file_readonly = FALSE;  /* overwritten file is read-only */
    static char     *err_readonly = "is read-only (cannot override: \"W\" in 'cpoptions')";
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(__EMX__XX)     /*XXX fix me sometime? */
    int             made_writable = FALSE;  /* 'w' bit has been set */
#endif
                                        /* writing everything */
    int             whole = (start == 1 && end == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count);
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    linenr_T        old_line_count = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
#endif
    int             attr;
    int             fileformat;
    int             write_bin;
    struct bw_info  write_info;         /* info for buf_write_bytes() */
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    int             converted = FALSE;
    int             notconverted = FALSE;
    char_u          *fenc;              /* effective 'fileencoding' */
    char_u          *fenc_tofree = NULL; /* allocated "fenc" */
#endif
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int             wb_flags = 0;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    vim_acl_T       acl = NULL;         /* ACL copied from original file to
                                           backup or new file */
#endif

    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL) /* safety check */
        return FAIL;

    /*
     * Disallow writing from .exrc and .vimrc in current directory for
     * security reasons.
     */
    if (check_secure())
        return FAIL;

    /* Avoid a crash for a long name. */
    if (STRLEN(fname) >= MAXPATHL)
    {
        EMSG(_(e_longname));
        return FAIL;
    }

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* must init bw_conv_buf and bw_iconv_fd before jumping to "fail" */
    write_info.bw_conv_buf = NULL;
    write_info.bw_conv_error = FALSE;
    write_info.bw_restlen = 0;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
# endif
#endif

    /* After writing a file changedtick changes but we don't want to display
     * the line. */
    ex_no_reprint = TRUE;

    /*
     * If there is no file name yet, use the one for the written file.
     * BF_NOTEDITED is set to reflect this (in case the write fails).
     * Don't do this when the write is for a filter command.
     * Don't do this when appending.
     * Only do this when 'cpoptions' contains the 'F' flag.
     */
    if (buf->b_ffname == NULL
            && reset_changed
            && whole
            && buf == curbuf
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
            && !bt_nofile(buf)
#endif
            && !filtering
            && (!append || vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FNAMEAPP) != NULL)
            && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FNAMEW) != NULL)
    {
        if (set_rw_fname(fname, sfname) == FAIL)
            return FAIL;
        buf = curbuf;       /* just in case autocmds made "buf" invalid */
    }

    if (sfname == NULL)
        sfname = fname;
    /*
     * For Unix: Use the short file name whenever possible.
     * Avoids problems with networks and when directory names are changed.
     * Don't do this for MS-DOS, a "cd" in a sub-shell may have moved us to
     * another directory, which we don't detect
     */
    ffname = fname;                         /* remember full fname */
#ifdef UNIX
    fname = sfname;
#endif

    if (buf->b_ffname != NULL && fnamecmp(ffname, buf->b_ffname) == 0)
        overwriting = TRUE;
    else
        overwriting = FALSE;

    if (exiting)
        settmode(TMODE_COOK);       /* when exiting allow typahead now */

    ++no_wait_return;               /* don't wait for return yet */

    /*
     * Set '[ and '] marks to the lines to be written.
     */
    buf->b_op_start.lnum = start;
    buf->b_op_start.col = 0;
    buf->b_op_end.lnum = end;
    buf->b_op_end.col = 0;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    {
        aco_save_T      aco;
        int             buf_ffname = FALSE;
        int             buf_sfname = FALSE;
        int             buf_fname_f = FALSE;
        int             buf_fname_s = FALSE;
        int             did_cmd = FALSE;
        int             nofile_err = FALSE;
        int             empty_memline = (buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL);

        /*
         * Apply PRE aucocommands.
         * Set curbuf to the buffer to be written.
         * Careful: The autocommands may call buf_write() recursively!
         */
        if (ffname == buf->b_ffname)
            buf_ffname = TRUE;
        if (sfname == buf->b_sfname)
            buf_sfname = TRUE;
        if (fname == buf->b_ffname)
            buf_fname_f = TRUE;
        if (fname == buf->b_sfname)
            buf_fname_s = TRUE;

        /* set curwin/curbuf to buf and save a few things */
        aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

        if (append)
        {
            if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDCMD,
                                         sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
            {
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
                if (overwriting && bt_nofile(curbuf))
                    nofile_err = TRUE;
                else
#endif
                    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDPRE,
                                          sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
            }
        }
        else if (filtering)
        {
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERWRITEPRE,
                                            NULL, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        }
        else if (reset_changed && whole)
        {
            if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITECMD,
                                         sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
            {
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
                if (overwriting && bt_nofile(curbuf))
                    nofile_err = TRUE;
                else
#endif
                    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE,
                                          sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITECMD,
                                         sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
            {
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
                if (overwriting && bt_nofile(curbuf))
                    nofile_err = TRUE;
                else
#endif
                    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITEPRE,
                                          sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
            }
        }

        /* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
        aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

        /*
         * In three situations we return here and don't write the file:
         * 1. the autocommands deleted or unloaded the buffer.
         * 2. The autocommands abort script processing.
         * 3. If one of the "Cmd" autocommands was executed.
         */
        if (!buf_valid(buf))
            buf = NULL;
        if (buf == NULL || (buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL && !empty_memline)
                                       || did_cmd || nofile_err
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
                                       || aborting()
#endif
                                       )
        {
            --no_wait_return;
            msg_scroll = msg_save;
            if (nofile_err)
                EMSG(_("E676: No matching autocommands for acwrite buffer"));

            if (nofile_err
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
                    || aborting()
#endif
                    )
                /* An aborting error, interrupt or exception in the
                 * autocommands. */
                return FAIL;
            if (did_cmd)
            {
                if (buf == NULL)
                    /* The buffer was deleted.  We assume it was written
                     * (can't retry anyway). */
                    return OK;
                if (overwriting)
                {
                    /* Assume the buffer was written, update the timestamp. */
                    ml_timestamp(buf);
                    if (append)
                        buf->b_flags &= ~BF_NEW;
                    else
                        buf->b_flags &= ~BF_WRITE_MASK;
                }
                if (reset_changed && buf->b_changed && !append
                        && (overwriting || vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_PLUS) != NULL))
                    /* Buffer still changed, the autocommands didn't work
                     * properly. */
                    return FAIL;
                return OK;
            }
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            if (!aborting())
#endif
                EMSG(_("E203: Autocommands deleted or unloaded buffer to be written"));
            return FAIL;
        }

        /*
         * The autocommands may have changed the number of lines in the file.
         * When writing the whole file, adjust the end.
         * When writing part of the file, assume that the autocommands only
         * changed the number of lines that are to be written (tricky!).
         */
        if (buf->b_ml.ml_line_count != old_line_count)
        {
            if (whole)                                          /* write all */
                end = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
            else if (buf->b_ml.ml_line_count > old_line_count)  /* more lines */
                end += buf->b_ml.ml_line_count - old_line_count;
            else                                                /* less lines */
            {
                end -= old_line_count - buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
                if (end < start)
                {
                    --no_wait_return;
                    msg_scroll = msg_save;
                    EMSG(_("E204: Autocommand changed number of lines in unexpected way"));
                    return FAIL;
                }
            }
        }

        /*
         * The autocommands may have changed the name of the buffer, which may
         * be kept in fname, ffname and sfname.
         */
        if (buf_ffname)
            ffname = buf->b_ffname;
        if (buf_sfname)
            sfname = buf->b_sfname;
        if (buf_fname_f)
            fname = buf->b_ffname;
        if (buf_fname_s)
            fname = buf->b_sfname;
    }
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
    if (usingNetbeans && isNetbeansBuffer(buf))
    {
        if (whole)
        {
            /*
             * b_changed can be 0 after an undo, but we still need to write
             * the buffer to NetBeans.
             */
            if (buf->b_changed || isNetbeansModified(buf))
            {
                --no_wait_return;               /* may wait for return now */
                msg_scroll = msg_save;
                netbeans_save_buffer(buf);      /* no error checking... */
                return retval;
            }
            else
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E656: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("NetBeans dissallows writes of unmodified buffers");
                buffer = NULL;
                goto fail;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            errnum = (char_u *)"E657: ";
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("Partial writes disallowed for NetBeans buffers");
            buffer = NULL;
            goto fail;
        }
    }
#endif

    if (shortmess(SHM_OVER) && !exiting)
        msg_scroll = FALSE;         /* overwrite previous file message */
    else
        msg_scroll = TRUE;          /* don't overwrite previous file message */
    if (!filtering)
        filemess(buf,
#ifndef UNIX
                sfname,
#else
                fname,
#endif
                    (char_u *)"", 0);   /* show that we are busy */
    msg_scroll = FALSE;             /* always overwrite the file message now */

    buffer = alloc(BUFSIZE);
    if (buffer == NULL)             /* can't allocate big buffer, use small
                                     * one (to be able to write when out of
                                     * memory) */
    {
        buffer = smallbuf;
        bufsize = SMBUFSIZE;
    }
    else
        bufsize = BUFSIZE;

    /*
     * Get information about original file (if there is one).
     */
#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(ARCHIE)
    st_old.st_dev = st_old.st_ino = 0;
    perm = -1;
    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old) < 0)
        newfile = TRUE;
    else
    {
        perm = st_old.st_mode;
        if (!S_ISREG(st_old.st_mode))           /* not a file */
        {
            if (S_ISDIR(st_old.st_mode))
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E502: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("is a directory");
                goto fail;
            }
            if (mch_nodetype(fname) != NODE_WRITABLE)
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E503: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("is not a file or writable device");
                goto fail;
            }
            /* It's a device of some kind (or a fifo) which we can write to
             * but for which we can't make a backup. */
            device = TRUE;
            newfile = TRUE;
            perm = -1;
        }
    }
#else /* !UNIX */
    /*
     * Check for a writable device name.
     */
    c = mch_nodetype(fname);
    if (c == NODE_OTHER)
    {
        errnum = (char_u *)"E503: ";
        errmsg = (char_u *)_("is not a file or writable device");
        goto fail;
    }
    if (c == NODE_WRITABLE)
    {
# if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
        /* MS-Windows allows opening a device, but we will probably get stuck
         * trying to write to it.  */
        if (!p_odev)
        {
            errnum = (char_u *)"E796: ";
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("writing to device disabled with 'opendevice' option");
            goto fail;
        }
# endif
        device = TRUE;
        newfile = TRUE;
        perm = -1;
    }
    else
    {
        perm = mch_getperm(fname);
        if (perm < 0)
            newfile = TRUE;
        else if (mch_isdir(fname))
        {
            errnum = (char_u *)"E502: ";
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("is a directory");
            goto fail;
        }
        if (overwriting)
            (void)mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old);
    }
#endif /* !UNIX */

    if (!device && !newfile)
    {
        /*
         * Check if the file is really writable (when renaming the file to
         * make a backup we won't discover it later).
         */
        file_readonly = check_file_readonly(fname, (int)perm);

        if (!forceit && file_readonly)
        {
            if (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) != NULL)
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E504: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_(err_readonly);
            }
            else
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E505: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("is read-only (add ! to override)");
            }
            goto fail;
        }

        /*
         * Check if the timestamp hasn't changed since reading the file.
         */
        if (overwriting)
        {
            retval = check_mtime(buf, &st_old);
            if (retval == FAIL)
                goto fail;
        }
    }

#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    /*
     * For systems that support ACL: get the ACL from the original file.
     */
    if (!newfile)
        acl = mch_get_acl(fname);
#endif

    /*
     * If 'backupskip' is not empty, don't make a backup for some files.
     */
    dobackup = (p_wb || p_bk || *p_pm != NUL);
#ifdef FEAT_WILDIGN
    if (dobackup && *p_bsk != NUL && match_file_list(p_bsk, sfname, ffname))
        dobackup = FALSE;
#endif

    /*
     * Save the value of got_int and reset it.  We don't want a previous
     * interruption cancel writing, only hitting CTRL-C while writing should
     * abort it.
     */
    prev_got_int = got_int;
    got_int = FALSE;

    /* Mark the buffer as 'being saved' to prevent changed buffer warnings */
    buf->b_saving = TRUE;

    /*
     * If we are not appending or filtering, the file exists, and the
     * 'writebackup', 'backup' or 'patchmode' option is set, need a backup.
     * When 'patchmode' is set also make a backup when appending.
     *
     * Do not make any backup, if 'writebackup' and 'backup' are both switched
     * off.  This helps when editing large files on almost-full disks.
     */
    if (!(append && *p_pm == NUL) && !filtering && perm >= 0 && dobackup)
    {
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(WIN32)
        struct stat st;
#endif

        if ((bkc_flags & BKC_YES) || append)    /* "yes" */
            backup_copy = TRUE;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(WIN32)
        else if ((bkc_flags & BKC_AUTO))        /* "auto" */
        {
            int         i;

# ifdef UNIX
            /*
             * Don't rename the file when:
             * - it's a hard link
             * - it's a symbolic link
             * - we don't have write permission in the directory
             * - we can't set the owner/group of the new file
             */
            if (st_old.st_nlink > 1
                    || mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st) < 0
                    || st.st_dev != st_old.st_dev
                    || st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino
#  ifndef HAVE_FCHOWN
                    || st.st_uid != st_old.st_uid
                    || st.st_gid != st_old.st_gid
#  endif
                    )
                backup_copy = TRUE;
            else
# else
#  ifdef WIN32
            /* On NTFS file systems hard links are possible. */
            if (mch_is_linked(fname))
                backup_copy = TRUE;
            else
#  endif
# endif
            {
                /*
                 * Check if we can create a file and set the owner/group to
                 * the ones from the original file.
                 * First find a file name that doesn't exist yet (use some
                 * arbitrary numbers).
                 */
                STRCPY(IObuff, fname);
                for (i = 4913; ; i += 123)
                {
                    sprintf((char *)gettail(IObuff), "%d", i);
                    if (mch_lstat((char *)IObuff, &st) < 0)
                        break;
                }
                fd = mch_open((char *)IObuff,
                                    O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW, perm);
                if (fd < 0)     /* can't write in directory */
                    backup_copy = TRUE;
                else
                {
# ifdef UNIX
#  ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
                    fchown(fd, st_old.st_uid, st_old.st_gid);
#  endif
                    if (mch_stat((char *)IObuff, &st) < 0
                            || st.st_uid != st_old.st_uid
                            || st.st_gid != st_old.st_gid
                            || st.st_mode != perm)
                        backup_copy = TRUE;
# endif
                    /* Close the file before removing it, on MS-Windows we
                     * can't delete an open file. */
                    close(fd);
                    mch_remove(IObuff);
                }
            }
        }

# ifdef UNIX
        /*
         * Break symlinks and/or hardlinks if we've been asked to.
         */
        if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKSYMLINK) || (bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKHARDLINK))
        {
            int lstat_res;

            lstat_res = mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st);

            /* Symlinks. */
            if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKSYMLINK)
                    && lstat_res == 0
                    && st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino)
                backup_copy = FALSE;

            /* Hardlinks. */
            if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKHARDLINK)
                    && st_old.st_nlink > 1
                    && (lstat_res != 0 || st.st_ino == st_old.st_ino))
                backup_copy = FALSE;
        }
#endif

#endif

        /* make sure we have a valid backup extension to use */
        if (*p_bex == NUL)
        {
#ifdef RISCOS
            backup_ext = (char_u *)"/bak";
#else
            backup_ext = (char_u *)".bak";
#endif
        }
        else
            backup_ext = p_bex;

        if (backup_copy
                && (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) >= 0)
        {
            int         bfd;
            char_u      *copybuf, *wp;
            int         some_error = FALSE;
            struct stat st_new;
            char_u      *dirp;
            char_u      *rootname;
#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(SHORT_FNAME)
            int         did_set_shortname;
#endif

            copybuf = alloc(BUFSIZE + 1);
            if (copybuf == NULL)
            {
                some_error = TRUE;          /* out of memory */
                goto nobackup;
            }

            /*
             * Try to make the backup in each directory in the 'bdir' option.
             *
             * Unix semantics has it, that we may have a writable file,
             * that cannot be recreated with a simple open(..., O_CREAT, ) e.g:
             *  - the directory is not writable,
             *  - the file may be a symbolic link,
             *  - the file may belong to another user/group, etc.
             *
             * For these reasons, the existing writable file must be truncated
             * and reused. Creation of a backup COPY will be attempted.
             */
            dirp = p_bdir;
            while (*dirp)
            {
#ifdef UNIX
                st_new.st_ino = 0;
                st_new.st_dev = 0;
                st_new.st_gid = 0;
#endif

                /*
                 * Isolate one directory name, using an entry in 'bdir'.
                 */
                (void)copy_option_part(&dirp, copybuf, BUFSIZE, ",");
                rootname = get_file_in_dir(fname, copybuf);
                if (rootname == NULL)
                {
                    some_error = TRUE;      /* out of memory */
                    goto nobackup;
                }

#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(SHORT_FNAME)
                did_set_shortname = FALSE;
#endif

                /*
                 * May try twice if 'shortname' not set.
                 */
                for (;;)
                {
                    /*
                     * Make backup file name.
                     */
                    backup = buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
                            TRUE,
#else
                            (buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
                                                 rootname, backup_ext, FALSE);
                    if (backup == NULL)
                    {
                        vim_free(rootname);
                        some_error = TRUE;              /* out of memory */
                        goto nobackup;
                    }

                    /*
                     * Check if backup file already exists.
                     */
                    if (mch_stat((char *)backup, &st_new) >= 0)
                    {
#ifdef UNIX
                        /*
                         * Check if backup file is same as original file.
                         * May happen when modname() gave the same file back.
                         * E.g. silly link, or file name-length reached.
                         * If we don't check here, we either ruin the file
                         * when copying or erase it after writing. jw.
                         */
                        if (st_new.st_dev == st_old.st_dev
                                            && st_new.st_ino == st_old.st_ino)
                        {
                            vim_free(backup);
                            backup = NULL;      /* no backup file to delete */
# ifndef SHORT_FNAME
                            /*
                             * may try again with 'shortname' set
                             */
                            if (!(buf->b_shortname || buf->b_p_sn))
                            {
                                buf->b_shortname = TRUE;
                                did_set_shortname = TRUE;
                                continue;
                            }
                                /* setting shortname didn't help */
                            if (did_set_shortname)
                                buf->b_shortname = FALSE;
# endif
                            break;
                        }
#endif

                        /*
                         * If we are not going to keep the backup file, don't
                         * delete an existing one, try to use another name.
                         * Change one character, just before the extension.
                         */
                        if (!p_bk)
                        {
                            wp = backup + STRLEN(backup) - 1
                                                         - STRLEN(backup_ext);
                            if (wp < backup)    /* empty file name ??? */
                                wp = backup;
                            *wp = 'z';
                            while (*wp > 'a'
                                    && mch_stat((char *)backup, &st_new) >= 0)
                                --*wp;
                            /* They all exist??? Must be something wrong. */
                            if (*wp == 'a')
                            {
                                vim_free(backup);
                                backup = NULL;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }
                vim_free(rootname);

                /*
                 * Try to create the backup file
                 */
                if (backup != NULL)
                {
                    /* remove old backup, if present */
                    mch_remove(backup);
                    /* Open with O_EXCL to avoid the file being created while
                     * we were sleeping (symlink hacker attack?) */
                    bfd = mch_open((char *)backup,
                                O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXTRA|O_EXCL|O_NOFOLLOW,
                                                                 perm & 0777);
                    if (bfd < 0)
                    {
                        vim_free(backup);
                        backup = NULL;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        /* set file protection same as original file, but
                         * strip s-bit */
                        (void)mch_setperm(backup, perm & 0777);

#ifdef UNIX
                        /*
                         * Try to set the group of the backup same as the
                         * original file. If this fails, set the protection
                         * bits for the group same as the protection bits for
                         * others.
                         */
                        if (st_new.st_gid != st_old.st_gid
# ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN  /* sequent-ptx lacks fchown() */
                                && fchown(bfd, (uid_t)-1, st_old.st_gid) != 0
# endif
                                                )
                            mch_setperm(backup,
                                          (perm & 0707) | ((perm & 07) << 3));
#endif

                        /*
                         * copy the file.
                         */
                        write_info.bw_fd = bfd;
                        write_info.bw_buf = copybuf;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
                        write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
#endif
                        while ((write_info.bw_len = vim_read(fd, copybuf,
                                                                BUFSIZE)) > 0)
                        {
                            if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
                            {
                                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E506: Can't write to backup file (add ! to override)");
                                break;
                            }
                            ui_breakcheck();
                            if (got_int)
                            {
                                errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
                                break;
                            }
                        }

                        if (close(bfd) < 0 && errmsg == NULL)
                            errmsg = (char_u *)_("E507: Close error for backup file (add ! to override)");
                        if (write_info.bw_len < 0)
                            errmsg = (char_u *)_("E508: Can't read file for backup (add ! to override)");
#ifdef UNIX
                        set_file_time(backup, st_old.st_atime, st_old.st_mtime);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
                        mch_set_acl(backup, acl);
#endif
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
    nobackup:
            close(fd);          /* ignore errors for closing read file */
            vim_free(copybuf);

            if (backup == NULL && errmsg == NULL)
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E509: Cannot create backup file (add ! to override)");
            /* ignore errors when forceit is TRUE */
            if ((some_error || errmsg != NULL) && !forceit)
            {
                retval = FAIL;
                goto fail;
            }
            errmsg = NULL;
        }
        else
        {
            char_u      *dirp;
            char_u      *p;
            char_u      *rootname;

            /*
             * Make a backup by renaming the original file.
             */
            /*
             * If 'cpoptions' includes the "W" flag, we don't want to
             * overwrite a read-only file.  But rename may be possible
             * anyway, thus we need an extra check here.
             */
            if (file_readonly && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) != NULL)
            {
                errnum = (char_u *)"E504: ";
                errmsg = (char_u *)_(err_readonly);
                goto fail;
            }

            /*
             *
             * Form the backup file name - change path/fo.o.h to
             * path/fo.o.h.bak Try all directories in 'backupdir', first one
             * that works is used.
             */
            dirp = p_bdir;
            while (*dirp)
            {
                /*
                 * Isolate one directory name and make the backup file name.
                 */
                (void)copy_option_part(&dirp, IObuff, IOSIZE, ",");
                rootname = get_file_in_dir(fname, IObuff);
                if (rootname == NULL)
                    backup = NULL;
                else
                {
                    backup = buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
                            TRUE,
#else
                            (buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
                                                 rootname, backup_ext, FALSE);
                    vim_free(rootname);
                }

                if (backup != NULL)
                {
                    /*
                     * If we are not going to keep the backup file, don't
                     * delete an existing one, try to use another name.
                     * Change one character, just before the extension.
                     */
                    if (!p_bk && mch_getperm(backup) >= 0)
                    {
                        p = backup + STRLEN(backup) - 1 - STRLEN(backup_ext);
                        if (p < backup) /* empty file name ??? */
                            p = backup;
                        *p = 'z';
                        while (*p > 'a' && mch_getperm(backup) >= 0)
                            --*p;
                        /* They all exist??? Must be something wrong! */
                        if (*p == 'a')
                        {
                            vim_free(backup);
                            backup = NULL;
                        }
                    }
                }
                if (backup != NULL)
                {
                    /*
                     * Delete any existing backup and move the current version
                     * to the backup.   For safety, we don't remove the backup
                     * until the write has finished successfully. And if the
                     * 'backup' option is set, leave it around.
                     */
                    /*
                     * If the renaming of the original file to the backup file
                     * works, quit here.
                     */
                    if (vim_rename(fname, backup) == 0)
                        break;

                    vim_free(backup);   /* don't do the rename below */
                    backup = NULL;
                }
            }
            if (backup == NULL && !forceit)
            {
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E510: Can't make backup file (add ! to override)");
                goto fail;
            }
        }
    }

#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(ARCHIE)
    /* When using ":w!" and the file was read-only: make it writable */
    if (forceit && perm >= 0 && !(perm & 0200) && st_old.st_uid == getuid()
                                     && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) == NULL)
    {
        perm |= 0200;
        (void)mch_setperm(fname, perm);
        made_writable = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /* When using ":w!" and writing to the current file, 'readonly' makes no
     * sense, reset it, unless 'Z' appears in 'cpoptions'.  */
    if (forceit && overwriting && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_KEEPRO) == NULL)
    {
        buf->b_p_ro = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_TITLE
        need_maketitle = TRUE;      /* set window title later */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
        status_redraw_all();        /* redraw status lines later */
#endif
    }

    if (end > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
        end = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
    if (buf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
        start = end + 1;

    /*
     * If the original file is being overwritten, there is a small chance that
     * we crash in the middle of writing. Therefore the file is preserved now.
     * This makes all block numbers positive so that recovery does not need
     * the original file.
     * Don't do this if there is a backup file and we are exiting.
     */
    if (reset_changed && !newfile && overwriting
                                              && !(exiting && backup != NULL))
    {
        ml_preserve(buf, FALSE);
        if (got_int)
        {
            errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
            goto restore_backup;
        }
    }

#ifdef MACOS_CLASSIC /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /*
     * Before risking to lose the original file verify if there's
     * a resource fork to preserve, and if cannot be done warn
     * the users. This happens when overwriting without backups.
     */
    if (backup == NULL && overwriting && !append)
        if (mch_has_resource_fork(fname))
        {
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("E460: The resource fork would be lost (add ! to override)");
            goto restore_backup;
        }
#endif

#ifdef VMS
    vms_remove_version(fname); /* remove version */
#endif
    /* Default: write the the file directly.  May write to a temp file for
     * multi-byte conversion. */
    wfname = fname;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* Check for forced 'fileencoding' from "++opt=val" argument. */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
    {
        fenc = eap->cmd + eap->force_enc;
        fenc = enc_canonize(fenc);
        fenc_tofree = fenc;
    }
    else
        fenc = buf->b_p_fenc;

    /*
     * The file needs to be converted when 'fileencoding' is set and
     * 'fileencoding' differs from 'encoding'.
     */
    converted = (*fenc != NUL && !same_encoding(p_enc, fenc));

    /*
     * Check if UTF-8 to UCS-2/4 or Latin1 conversion needs to be done.  Or
     * Latin1 to Unicode conversion.  This is handled in buf_write_bytes().
     * Prepare the flags for it and allocate bw_conv_buf when needed.
     */
    if (converted && (enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0))
    {
        wb_flags = get_fio_flags(fenc);
        if (wb_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UCS4 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UTF8))
        {
            /* Need to allocate a buffer to translate into. */
            if (wb_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UTF8))
                write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 2;
            else /* FIO_UCS4 */
                write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 4;
            write_info.bw_conv_buf
                           = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
            if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
                end = 0;
        }
    }

# ifdef WIN3264
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0 && (wb_flags = get_win_fio_flags(fenc)) != 0)
    {
        /* Convert UTF-8 -> UCS-2 and UCS-2 -> DBCS.  Worst-case * 4: */
        write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 4;
        write_info.bw_conv_buf
                            = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
        if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
            end = 0;
    }
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_X
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0 && (wb_flags = get_mac_fio_flags(fenc)) != 0)
    {
        write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 3;
        write_info.bw_conv_buf
                            = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
        if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
            end = 0;
    }
# endif

# if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(USE_ICONV)
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0)
    {
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
        /*
         * Use iconv() conversion when conversion is needed and it's not done
         * internally.
         */
        write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)my_iconv_open(fenc,
                                        enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc);
        if (write_info.bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
        {
            /* We're going to use iconv(), allocate a buffer to convert in. */
            write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * ICONV_MULT;
            write_info.bw_conv_buf
                           = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
            if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
                end = 0;
            write_info.bw_first = TRUE;
        }
#   ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        else
#   endif
#  endif

#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            /*
             * When the file needs to be converted with 'charconvert' after
             * writing, write to a temp file instead and let the conversion
             * overwrite the original file.
             */
            if (*p_ccv != NUL)
            {
                wfname = vim_tempname('w');
                if (wfname == NULL)     /* Can't write without a tempfile! */
                {
                    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E214: Can't find temp file for writing");
                    goto restore_backup;
                }
            }
#  endif
    }
# endif
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
            && write_info.bw_iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
#  endif
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            && wfname == fname
#  endif
            )
    {
        if (!forceit)
        {
            errmsg = (char_u *)_("E213: Cannot convert (add ! to write without conversion)");
            goto restore_backup;
        }
        notconverted = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Open the file "wfname" for writing.
     * We may try to open the file twice: If we can't write to the
     * file and forceit is TRUE we delete the existing file and try to create
     * a new one. If this still fails we may have lost the original file!
     * (this may happen when the user reached his quotum for number of files).
     * Appending will fail if the file does not exist and forceit is FALSE.
     */
    while ((fd = mch_open((char *)wfname, O_WRONLY | O_EXTRA | (append
                        ? (forceit ? (O_APPEND | O_CREAT) : O_APPEND)
                        : (O_CREAT | O_TRUNC))
                        , perm < 0 ? 0666 : (perm & 0777))) < 0)
    {
        /*
         * A forced write will try to create a new file if the old one is
         * still readonly. This may also happen when the directory is
         * read-only. In that case the mch_remove() will fail.
         */
        if (errmsg == NULL)
        {
#ifdef UNIX
            struct stat st;

            /* Don't delete the file when it's a hard or symbolic link. */
            if ((!newfile && st_old.st_nlink > 1)
                    || (mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st) == 0
                        && (st.st_dev != st_old.st_dev
                            || st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino)))
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E166: Can't open linked file for writing");
            else
#endif
            {
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E212: Can't open file for writing");
                if (forceit && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) == NULL
                                                                 && perm >= 0)
                {
#ifdef UNIX
                    /* we write to the file, thus it should be marked
                       writable after all */
                    if (!(perm & 0200))
                        made_writable = TRUE;
                    perm |= 0200;
                    if (st_old.st_uid != getuid() || st_old.st_gid != getgid())
                        perm &= 0777;
#endif
                    if (!append)            /* don't remove when appending */
                        mch_remove(wfname);
                    continue;
                }
            }
        }

restore_backup:
        {
            struct stat st;

            /*
             * If we failed to open the file, we don't need a backup. Throw it
             * away.  If we moved or removed the original file try to put the
             * backup in its place.
             */
            if (backup != NULL && wfname == fname)
            {
                if (backup_copy)
                {
                    /*
                     * There is a small chance that we removed the original,
                     * try to move the copy in its place.
                     * This may not work if the vim_rename() fails.
                     * In that case we leave the copy around.
                     */
                    /* If file does not exist, put the copy in its place */
                    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) < 0)
                        vim_rename(backup, fname);
                    /* if original file does exist throw away the copy */
                    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
                        mch_remove(backup);
                }
                else
                {
                    /* try to put the original file back */
                    vim_rename(backup, fname);
                }
            }

            /* if original file no longer exists give an extra warning */
            if (!newfile && mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) < 0)
                end = 0;
        }

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
        if (wfname != fname)
            vim_free(wfname);
#endif
        goto fail;
    }
    errmsg = NULL;

#if defined(MACOS_CLASSIC) || defined(WIN3264)
    /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /*
     * On macintosh copy the original files attributes (i.e. the backup)
     * This is done in order to preserve the resource fork and the
     * Finder attribute (label, comments, custom icons, file creator)
     */
    if (backup != NULL && overwriting && !append)
    {
        if (backup_copy)
            (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(wfname, backup);
        else
            (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(backup, wfname);
    }

    if (!overwriting && !append)
    {
        if (buf->b_ffname != NULL)
            (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(buf->b_ffname, wfname);
        /* Should copy resource fork */
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_fd = fd;

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (*buf->b_p_key && !filtering)
    {
        crypt_init_keys(buf->b_p_key);
        /* Write magic number, so that Vim knows that this file is encrypted
         * when reading it again.  This also undergoes utf-8 to ucs-2/4
         * conversion when needed. */
        write_info.bw_buf = (char_u *)CRYPT_MAGIC;
        write_info.bw_len = CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
        write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
        if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
            end = 0;
        wb_flags |= FIO_ENCRYPTED;
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_buf = buffer;
    nchars = 0;

    /* use "++bin", "++nobin" or 'binary' */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_bin != 0)
        write_bin = (eap->force_bin == FORCE_BIN);
    else
        write_bin = buf->b_p_bin;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /*
     * The BOM is written just after the encryption magic number.
     * Skip it when appending and the file already existed, the BOM only makes
     * sense at the start of the file.
     */
    if (buf->b_p_bomb && !write_bin && (!append || perm < 0))
    {
        write_info.bw_len = make_bom(buffer, fenc);
        if (write_info.bw_len > 0)
        {
            /* don't convert, do encryption */
            write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT | wb_flags;
            if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
                end = 0;
            else
                nchars += write_info.bw_len;
        }
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_len = bufsize;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    write_info.bw_flags = wb_flags;
#endif
    fileformat = get_fileformat_force(buf, eap);
    s = buffer;
    len = 0;
    for (lnum = start; lnum <= end; ++lnum)
    {
        /*
         * The next while loop is done once for each character written.
         * Keep it fast!
         */
        ptr = ml_get_buf(buf, lnum, FALSE) - 1;
        while ((c = *++ptr) != NUL)
        {
            if (c == NL)
                *s = NUL;               /* replace newlines with NULs */
            else if (c == CAR && fileformat == EOL_MAC)
                *s = NL;                /* Mac: replace CRs with NLs */
            else
                *s = c;
            ++s;
            if (++len != bufsize)
                continue;
            if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
            {
                end = 0;                /* write error: break loop */
                break;
            }
            nchars += bufsize;
            s = buffer;
            len = 0;
        }
        /* write failed or last line has no EOL: stop here */
        if (end == 0
                || (lnum == end
                    && write_bin
                    && (lnum == write_no_eol_lnum
                        || (lnum == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count && !buf->b_p_eol))))
        {
            ++lnum;                     /* written the line, count it */
            no_eol = TRUE;
            break;
        }
        if (fileformat == EOL_UNIX)
            *s++ = NL;
        else
        {
            *s++ = CAR;                 /* EOL_MAC or EOL_DOS: write CR */
            if (fileformat == EOL_DOS)  /* write CR-NL */
            {
                if (++len == bufsize)
                {
                    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
                    {
                        end = 0;        /* write error: break loop */
                        break;
                    }
                    nchars += bufsize;
                    s = buffer;
                    len = 0;
                }
                *s++ = NL;
            }
        }
        if (++len == bufsize && end)
        {
            if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
            {
                end = 0;                /* write error: break loop */
                break;
            }
            nchars += bufsize;
            s = buffer;
            len = 0;

            ui_breakcheck();
            if (got_int)
            {
                end = 0;                /* Interrupted, break loop */
                break;
            }
        }
#ifdef VMS
        /*
         * On VMS there is a problem: newlines get added when writing blocks
         * at a time. Fix it by writing a line at a time.
         * This is much slower!
         * Explanation: VAX/DECC RTL insists that records in some RMS
         * structures end with a newline (carriage return) character, and if
         * they don't it adds one.
         * With other RMS structures it works perfect without this fix.
         */
        if ((buf->b_fab_rat & (FAB$M_FTN | FAB$M_CR)) != 0)
        {
            int b2write;

            buf->b_fab_mrs = (buf->b_fab_mrs == 0
                    ? MIN(4096, bufsize)
                    : MIN(buf->b_fab_mrs, bufsize));

            b2write = len;
            while (b2write > 0)
            {
                write_info.bw_len = MIN(b2write, buf->b_fab_mrs);
                if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
                {
                    end = 0;
                    break;
                }
                b2write -= MIN(b2write, buf->b_fab_mrs);
            }
            write_info.bw_len = bufsize;
            nchars += len;
            s = buffer;
            len = 0;
        }
#endif
    }
    if (len > 0 && end > 0)
    {
        write_info.bw_len = len;
        if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
            end = 0;                /* write error */
        nchars += len;
    }

#if defined(UNIX) && defined(HAVE_FSYNC)
    /* On many journalling file systems there is a bug that causes both the
     * original and the backup file to be lost when halting the system right
     * after writing the file.  That's because only the meta-data is
     * journalled.  Syncing the file slows down the system, but assures it has
     * been written to disk and we don't lose it.
     * For a device do try the fsync() but don't complain if it does not work
     * (could be a pipe).
     * If the 'fsync' option is FALSE, don't fsync().  Useful for laptops. */
    if (p_fs && fsync(fd) != 0 && !device)
    {
        errmsg = (char_u *)_("E667: Fsync failed");
        end = 0;
    }
#endif

#ifdef UNIX
    /* When creating a new file, set its owner/group to that of the original
     * file.  Get the new device and inode number. */
    if (backup != NULL && !backup_copy)
    {
# ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
        struct stat     st;

        /* don't change the owner when it's already OK, some systems remove
         * permission or ACL stuff */
        if (mch_stat((char *)wfname, &st) < 0
                || st.st_uid != st_old.st_uid
                || st.st_gid != st_old.st_gid)
        {
            fchown(fd, st_old.st_uid, st_old.st_gid);
            if (perm >= 0)      /* set permission again, may have changed */
                (void)mch_setperm(wfname, perm);
        }
# endif
        buf_setino(buf);
    }
    else if (buf->b_dev < 0)
        /* Set the inode when creating a new file. */
        buf_setino(buf);
#endif

    if (close(fd) != 0)
    {
        errmsg = (char_u *)_("E512: Close failed");
        end = 0;
    }

#ifdef UNIX
    if (made_writable)
        perm &= ~0200;          /* reset 'w' bit for security reasons */
#endif
    if (perm >= 0)              /* set perm. of new file same as old file */
        (void)mch_setperm(wfname, perm);
#ifdef RISCOS
    if (!append && !filtering)
        /* Set the filetype after writing the file. */
        mch_set_filetype(wfname, buf->b_p_oft);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    /* Probably need to set the ACL before changing the user (can't set the
     * ACL on a file the user doesn't own). */
    if (!backup_copy)
        mch_set_acl(wfname, acl);
#endif


#if defined(FEAT_MBYTE) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
    if (wfname != fname)
    {
        /*
         * The file was written to a temp file, now it needs to be converted
         * with 'charconvert' to (overwrite) the output file.
         */
        if (end != 0)
        {
            if (eval_charconvert(enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc, fenc,
                                                       wfname, fname) == FAIL)
            {
                write_info.bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                end = 0;
            }
        }
        mch_remove(wfname);
        vim_free(wfname);
    }
#endif

    if (end == 0)
    {
        if (errmsg == NULL)
        {
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
            if (write_info.bw_conv_error)
                errmsg = (char_u *)_("E513: write error, conversion failed (make 'fenc' empty to override)");
            else
#endif
                if (got_int)
                    errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
                else
                    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E514: write error (file system full?)");
        }

        /*
         * If we have a backup file, try to put it in place of the new file,
         * because the new file is probably corrupt.  This avoids loosing the
         * original file when trying to make a backup when writing the file a
         * second time.
         * When "backup_copy" is set we need to copy the backup over the new
         * file.  Otherwise rename the backup file.
         * If this is OK, don't give the extra warning message.
         */
        if (backup != NULL)
        {
            if (backup_copy)
            {
                /* This may take a while, if we were interrupted let the user
                 * know we got the message. */
                if (got_int)
                {
                    MSG(_(e_interr));
                    out_flush();
                }
                if ((fd = mch_open((char *)backup, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) >= 0)
                {
                    if ((write_info.bw_fd = mch_open((char *)fname,
                                    O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_EXTRA,
                                                           perm & 0777)) >= 0)
                    {
                        /* copy the file. */
                        write_info.bw_buf = smallbuf;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
                        write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
#endif
                        while ((write_info.bw_len = vim_read(fd, smallbuf,
                                                      SMBUFSIZE)) > 0)
                            if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
                                break;

                        if (close(write_info.bw_fd) >= 0
                                                   && write_info.bw_len == 0)
                            end = 1;            /* success */
                    }
                    close(fd);  /* ignore errors for closing read file */
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (vim_rename(backup, fname) == 0)
                    end = 1;
            }
        }
        goto fail;
    }

    lnum -= start;          /* compute number of written lines */
    --no_wait_return;       /* may wait for return now */

#if !(defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS))
    fname = sfname;         /* use shortname now, for the messages */
#endif
    if (!filtering)
    {
        msg_add_fname(buf, fname);      /* put fname in IObuff with quotes */
        c = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
        if (write_info.bw_conv_error)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, _(" CONVERSION ERROR"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
        else if (notconverted)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NOT converted]"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
        else if (converted)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, _("[converted]"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
#endif
        if (device)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, _("[Device]"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
        else if (newfile)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_NEW) ? _("[New]") : _("[New File]"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
        if (no_eol)
        {
            msg_add_eol();
            c = TRUE;
        }
        /* may add [unix/dos/mac] */
        if (msg_add_fileformat(fileformat))
            c = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
        if (wb_flags & FIO_ENCRYPTED)
        {
            STRCAT(IObuff, _("[crypted]"));
            c = TRUE;
        }
#endif
        msg_add_lines(c, (long)lnum, nchars);   /* add line/char count */
        if (!shortmess(SHM_WRITE))
        {
            if (append)
                STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_WRI) ? _(" [a]") : _(" appended"));
            else
                STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_WRI) ? _(" [w]") : _(" written"));
        }

        set_keep_msg(msg_trunc_attr(IObuff, FALSE, 0), 0);
    }

    /* When written everything correctly: reset 'modified'.  Unless not
     * writing to the original file and '+' is not in 'cpoptions'. */
    if (reset_changed && whole && !append
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
            && !write_info.bw_conv_error
#endif
            && (overwriting || vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_PLUS) != NULL)
            )
    {
        unchanged(buf, TRUE);
        u_unchanged(buf);
    }

    /*
     * If written to the current file, update the timestamp of the swap file
     * and reset the BF_WRITE_MASK flags. Also sets buf->b_mtime.
     */
    if (overwriting)
    {
        ml_timestamp(buf);
        if (append)
            buf->b_flags &= ~BF_NEW;
        else
            buf->b_flags &= ~BF_WRITE_MASK;
    }

    /*
     * If we kept a backup until now, and we are in patch mode, then we make
     * the backup file our 'original' file.
     */
    if (*p_pm && dobackup)
    {
        char *org = (char *)buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
                                        TRUE,
#else
                                        (buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
                                                          fname, p_pm, FALSE);

        if (backup != NULL)
        {
            struct stat st;

            /*
             * If the original file does not exist yet
             * the current backup file becomes the original file
             */
            if (org == NULL)
                EMSG(_("E205: Patchmode: can't save original file"));
            else if (mch_stat(org, &st) < 0)
            {
                vim_rename(backup, (char_u *)org);
                vim_free(backup);           /* don't delete the file */
                backup = NULL;
#ifdef UNIX
                set_file_time((char_u *)org, st_old.st_atime, st_old.st_mtime);
#endif
            }
        }
        /*
         * If there is no backup file, remember that a (new) file was
         * created.
         */
        else
        {
            int empty_fd;

            if (org == NULL
                    || (empty_fd = mch_open(org,
                                      O_CREAT | O_EXTRA | O_EXCL | O_NOFOLLOW,
                                        perm < 0 ? 0666 : (perm & 0777))) < 0)
              EMSG(_("E206: patchmode: can't touch empty original file"));
            else
              close(empty_fd);
        }
        if (org != NULL)
        {
            mch_setperm((char_u *)org, mch_getperm(fname) & 0777);
            vim_free(org);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Remove the backup unless 'backup' option is set
     */
    if (!p_bk && backup != NULL && mch_remove(backup) != 0)
        EMSG(_("E207: Can't delete backup file"));

#ifdef FEAT_SUN_WORKSHOP
    if (usingSunWorkShop)
        workshop_file_saved((char *) ffname);
#endif

    goto nofail;

    /*
     * Finish up.  We get here either after failure or success.
     */
fail:
    --no_wait_return;           /* may wait for return now */
nofail:

    /* Done saving, we accept changed buffer warnings again */
    buf->b_saving = FALSE;

    vim_free(backup);
    if (buffer != smallbuf)
        vim_free(buffer);
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    vim_free(fenc_tofree);
    vim_free(write_info.bw_conv_buf);
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (write_info.bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
        iconv_close(write_info.bw_iconv_fd);
        write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    mch_free_acl(acl);
#endif

    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
        int numlen = errnum != NULL ? (int)STRLEN(errnum) : 0;

        attr = hl_attr(HLF_E);  /* set highlight for error messages */
        msg_add_fname(buf,
#ifndef UNIX
                sfname
#else
                fname
#endif
                     );         /* put file name in IObuff with quotes */
        if (STRLEN(IObuff) + STRLEN(errmsg) + numlen >= IOSIZE)
            IObuff[IOSIZE - STRLEN(errmsg) - numlen - 1] = NUL;
        /* If the error message has the form "is ...", put the error number in
         * front of the file name. */
        if (errnum != NULL)
        {
            mch_memmove(IObuff + numlen, IObuff, STRLEN(IObuff) + 1);
            mch_memmove(IObuff, errnum, (size_t)numlen);
        }
        STRCAT(IObuff, errmsg);
        emsg(IObuff);

        retval = FAIL;
        if (end == 0)
        {
            MSG_PUTS_ATTR(_("\nWARNING: Original file may be lost or damaged\n"),
                    attr | MSG_HIST);
            MSG_PUTS_ATTR(_("don't quit the editor until the file is successfully written!"),
                    attr | MSG_HIST);

            /* Update the timestamp to avoid an "overwrite changed file"
             * prompt when writing again. */
            if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old) >= 0)
            {
                buf_store_time(buf, &st_old, fname);
                buf->b_mtime_read = buf->b_mtime;
            }
        }
    }
    msg_scroll = msg_save;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    if (!should_abort(retval))
#else
    if (!got_int)
#endif
    {
        aco_save_T      aco;

        write_no_eol_lnum = 0;  /* in case it was set by the previous read */

        /*
         * Apply POST autocommands.
         * Careful: The autocommands may call buf_write() recursively!
         */
        aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

        if (append)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST, fname, fname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else if (filtering)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERWRITEPOST, NULL, fname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else if (reset_changed && whole)
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST, fname, fname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);
        else
            apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITEPOST, fname, fname,
                                                          FALSE, curbuf, eap);

        /* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
        aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        if (aborting())     /* autocmds may abort script processing */
            retval = FALSE;
#endif
    }
#endif

    got_int |= prev_got_int;

#ifdef MACOS_CLASSIC /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /* Update machine specific information. */
    mch_post_buffer_write(buf);
#endif
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Set the name of the current buffer.  Use when the buffer doesn't have a
 * name and a ":r" or ":w" command with a file name is used.
 */
    static int
set_rw_fname(fname, sfname)
    char_u      *fname;
    char_u      *sfname;
{
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /* It's like the unnamed buffer is deleted.... */
    if (curbuf->b_p_bl)
        apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFDELETE, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
    apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFWIPEOUT, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    if (aborting())         /* autocmds may abort script processing */
        return FAIL;
# endif
#endif

    if (setfname(curbuf, fname, sfname, FALSE) == OK)
        curbuf->b_flags |= BF_NOTEDITED;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /* ....and a new named one is created */
    apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFNEW, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
    if (curbuf->b_p_bl)
        apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFADD, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    if (aborting())         /* autocmds may abort script processing */
        return FAIL;
# endif

    /* Do filetype detection now if 'filetype' is empty. */
    if (*curbuf->b_p_ft == NUL)
    {
        if (au_has_group((char_u *)"filetypedetect"))
            (void)do_doautocmd((char_u *)"filetypedetect BufRead", FALSE);
        do_modelines(0);
    }
#endif

    return OK;
}

/*
 * Put file name into IObuff with quotes.
 */
    void
msg_add_fname(buf, fname)
    buf_T       *buf;
    char_u      *fname;
{
    if (fname == NULL)
        fname = (char_u *)"-stdin-";
    home_replace(buf, fname, IObuff + 1, IOSIZE - 4, TRUE);
    IObuff[0] = '"';
    STRCAT(IObuff, "\" ");
}

/*
 * Append message for text mode to IObuff.
 * Return TRUE if something appended.
 */
    static int
msg_add_fileformat(eol_type)
    int     eol_type;
{
#ifndef USE_CRNL
    if (eol_type == EOL_DOS)
    {
        STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[dos]") : _("[dos format]"));
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif
#ifndef USE_CR
    if (eol_type == EOL_MAC)
    {
        STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[mac]") : _("[mac format]"));
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif
#if defined(USE_CRNL) || defined(USE_CR)
    if (eol_type == EOL_UNIX)
    {
        STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[unix]") : _("[unix format]"));
        return TRUE;
    }
#endif
    return FALSE;
}

/*
 * Append line and character count to IObuff.
 */
    void
msg_add_lines(insert_space, lnum, nchars)
    int     insert_space;
    long    lnum;
    long    nchars;
{
    char_u  *p;

    p = IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff);

    if (insert_space)
        *p++ = ' ';
    if (shortmess(SHM_LINES))
        sprintf((char *)p, "%ldL, %ldC", lnum, nchars);
    else
    {
        if (lnum == 1)
            STRCPY(p, _("1 line, "));
        else
            sprintf((char *)p, _("%ld lines, "), lnum);
        p += STRLEN(p);
        if (nchars == 1)
            STRCPY(p, _("1 character"));
        else
            sprintf((char *)p, _("%ld characters"), nchars);
    }
}

/*
 * Append message for missing line separator to IObuff.
 */
    static void
msg_add_eol()
{
    STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_LAST) ? _("[noeol]") : _("[Incomplete last line]"));
}

/*
 * Check modification time of file, before writing to it.
 * The size isn't checked, because using a tool like "gzip" takes care of
 * using the same timestamp but can't set the size.
 */
    static int
check_mtime(buf, st)
    buf_T               *buf;
    struct stat         *st;
{
    if (buf->b_mtime_read != 0
            && time_differs((long)st->st_mtime, buf->b_mtime_read))
    {
        msg_scroll = TRUE;          /* don't overwrite messages here */
        msg_silent = 0;             /* must give this prompt */
        /* don't use emsg() here, don't want to flush the buffers */
        MSG_ATTR(_("WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!!"),
                                                       hl_attr(HLF_E));
        if (ask_yesno((char_u *)_("Do you really want to write to it"),
                                                                 TRUE) == 'n')
            return FAIL;
        msg_scroll = FALSE;         /* always overwrite the file message now */
    }
    return OK;
}

    static int
time_differs(t1, t2)
    long        t1, t2;
{
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN)
    /* On a FAT filesystem, esp. under Linux, there are only 5 bits to store
     * the seconds.  Since the roundoff is done when flushing the inode, the
     * time may change unexpectedly by one second!!! */
    return (t1 - t2 > 1 || t2 - t1 > 1);
#else
    return (t1 != t2);
#endif
}

/*
 * Call write() to write a number of bytes to the file.
 * Also handles encryption and 'encoding' conversion.
 *
 * Return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise.
 */
    static int
buf_write_bytes(ip)
    struct bw_info *ip;
{
    int         wlen;
    char_u      *buf = ip->bw_buf;      /* data to write */
    int         len = ip->bw_len;       /* length of data */
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int         flags = ip->bw_flags;   /* extra flags */
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /*
     * Skip conversion when writing the crypt magic number or the BOM.
     */
    if (!(flags & FIO_NOCONVERT))
    {
        char_u          *p;
        unsigned        c;
        int             n;

        if (flags & FIO_UTF8)
        {
            /*
             * Convert latin1 in the buffer to UTF-8 in the file.
             */
            p = ip->bw_conv_buf;        /* translate to buffer */
            for (wlen = 0; wlen < len; ++wlen)
                p += utf_char2bytes(buf[wlen], p);
            buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
            len = (int)(p - ip->bw_conv_buf);
        }
        else if (flags & (FIO_UCS4 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UCS2 | FIO_LATIN1))
        {
            /*
             * Convert UTF-8 bytes in the buffer to UCS-2, UCS-4, UTF-16 or
             * Latin1 chars in the file.
             */
            if (flags & FIO_LATIN1)
                p = buf;        /* translate in-place (can only get shorter) */
            else
                p = ip->bw_conv_buf;    /* translate to buffer */
            for (wlen = 0; wlen < len; wlen += n)
            {
                if (wlen == 0 && ip->bw_restlen != 0)
                {
                    int         l;

                    /* Use remainder of previous call.  Append the start of
                     * buf[] to get a full sequence.  Might still be too
                     * short! */
                    l = CONV_RESTLEN - ip->bw_restlen;
                    if (l > len)
                        l = len;
                    mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)l);
                    n = utf_ptr2len_len(ip->bw_rest, ip->bw_restlen + l);
                    if (n > ip->bw_restlen + len)
                    {
                        /* We have an incomplete byte sequence at the end to
                         * be written.  We can't convert it without the
                         * remaining bytes.  Keep them for the next call. */
                        if (ip->bw_restlen + len > CONV_RESTLEN)
                            return FAIL;
                        ip->bw_restlen += len;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (n > 1)
                        c = utf_ptr2char(ip->bw_rest);
                    else
                        c = ip->bw_rest[0];
                    if (n >= ip->bw_restlen)
                    {
                        n -= ip->bw_restlen;
                        ip->bw_restlen = 0;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ip->bw_restlen -= n;
                        mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, ip->bw_rest + n,
                                                      (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
                        n = 0;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    n = utf_ptr2len_len(buf + wlen, len - wlen);
                    if (n > len - wlen)
                    {
                        /* We have an incomplete byte sequence at the end to
                         * be written.  We can't convert it without the
                         * remaining bytes.  Keep them for the next call. */
                        if (len - wlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
                            return FAIL;
                        ip->bw_restlen = len - wlen;
                        mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, buf + wlen,
                                                      (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (n > 1)
                        c = utf_ptr2char(buf + wlen);
                    else
                        c = buf[wlen];
                }

                ip->bw_conv_error |= ucs2bytes(c, &p, flags);
            }
            if (flags & FIO_LATIN1)
                len = (int)(p - buf);
            else
            {
                buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
                len = (int)(p - ip->bw_conv_buf);
            }
        }

# ifdef WIN3264
        else if (flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
        {
            /*
             * Convert UTF-8 or codepage to UCS-2 and then to MS-Windows
             * codepage.
             */
            char_u      *from;
            size_t      fromlen;
            char_u      *to;
            int         u8c;
            BOOL        bad = FALSE;
            int         needed;

            if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
            {
                /* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
                 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
                 * conversion buffer for this. */
                fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
                from = ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
                mch_memmove(from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
                mch_memmove(from + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)len);
            }
            else
            {
                from = buf;
                fromlen = len;
            }

            to = ip->bw_conv_buf;
            if (enc_utf8)
            {
                /* Convert from UTF-8 to UCS-2, to the start of the buffer.
                 * The buffer has been allocated to be big enough. */
                while (fromlen > 0)
                {
                    n = (int)utf_ptr2len_len(from, (int)fromlen);
                    if (n > (int)fromlen)       /* incomplete byte sequence */
                        break;
                    u8c = utf_ptr2char(from);
                    *to++ = (u8c & 0xff);
                    *to++ = (u8c >> 8);
                    fromlen -= n;
                    from += n;
                }

                /* Copy remainder to ip->bw_rest[] to be used for the next
                 * call. */
                if (fromlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
                {
                    /* weird overlong sequence */
                    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                    return FAIL;
                }
                mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, from, fromlen);
                ip->bw_restlen = (int)fromlen;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Convert from enc_codepage to UCS-2, to the start of the
                 * buffer.  The buffer has been allocated to be big enough. */
                ip->bw_restlen = 0;
                needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage,
                             MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)from, (int)fromlen,
                                                                     NULL, 0);
                if (needed == 0)
                {
                    /* When conversion fails there may be a trailing byte. */
                    needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage,
                         MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)from, (int)fromlen - 1,
                                                                     NULL, 0);
                    if (needed == 0)
                    {
                        /* Conversion doesn't work. */
                        ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                        return FAIL;
                    }
                    /* Save the trailing byte for the next call. */
                    ip->bw_rest[0] = from[fromlen - 1];
                    ip->bw_restlen = 1;
                }
                needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS,
                                (LPCSTR)from, (int)(fromlen - ip->bw_restlen),
                                                          (LPWSTR)to, needed);
                if (needed == 0)
                {
                    /* Safety check: Conversion doesn't work. */
                    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                    return FAIL;
                }
                to += needed * 2;
            }

            fromlen = to - ip->bw_conv_buf;
            buf = to;
#  ifdef CP_UTF8        /* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
            if (FIO_GET_CP(flags) == CP_UTF8)
            {
                /* Convert from UCS-2 to UTF-8, using the remainder of the
                 * conversion buffer.  Fails when out of space. */
                for (from = ip->bw_conv_buf; fromlen > 1; fromlen -= 2)
                {
                    u8c = *from++;
                    u8c += (*from++ << 8);
                    to += utf_char2bytes(u8c, to);
                    if (to + 6 >= ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen)
                    {
                        ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                        return FAIL;
                    }
                }
                len = (int)(to - buf);
            }
            else
#endif
            {
                /* Convert from UCS-2 to the codepage, using the remainder of
                 * the conversion buffer.  If the conversion uses the default
                 * character "0", the data doesn't fit in this encoding, so
                 * fail. */
                len = WideCharToMultiByte(FIO_GET_CP(flags), 0,
                        (LPCWSTR)ip->bw_conv_buf, (int)fromlen / sizeof(WCHAR),
                        (LPSTR)to, (int)(ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen), 0,
                                                                        &bad);
                if (bad)
                {
                    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                    return FAIL;
                }
            }
        }
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_CONVERT
        else if (flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
        {
            /*
             * Convert UTF-8 or latin1 to Apple MacRoman.
             */
            char_u      *from;
            size_t      fromlen;

            if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
            {
                /* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
                 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
                 * conversion buffer for this. */
                fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
                from = ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
                mch_memmove(from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
                mch_memmove(from + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)len);
            }
            else
            {
                from = buf;
                fromlen = len;
            }

            if (enc2macroman(from, fromlen,
                        ip->bw_conv_buf, &len, ip->bw_conv_buflen,
                        ip->bw_rest, &ip->bw_restlen) == FAIL)
            {
                ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                return FAIL;
            }
            buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
        }
# endif

# ifdef USE_ICONV
        if (ip->bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
        {
            const char  *from;
            size_t      fromlen;
            char        *to;
            size_t      tolen;

            /* Convert with iconv(). */
            if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
            {
                /* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
                 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
                 * conversion buffer for this. */
                fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
                from = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
                mch_memmove((void *)from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
                mch_memmove((void *)(from + ip->bw_restlen), buf, (size_t)len);
                tolen = ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
            }
            else
            {
                from = (const char *)buf;
                fromlen = len;
                tolen = ip->bw_conv_buflen;
            }
            to = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf;

            if (ip->bw_first)
            {
                size_t  save_len = tolen;

                /* output the initial shift state sequence */
                (void)iconv(ip->bw_iconv_fd, NULL, NULL, &to, &tolen);

                /* There is a bug in iconv() on Linux (which appears to be
                 * wide-spread) which sets "to" to NULL and messes up "tolen".
                 */
                if (to == NULL)
                {
                    to = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf;
                    tolen = save_len;
                }
                ip->bw_first = FALSE;
            }

            /*
             * If iconv() has an error or there is not enough room, fail.
             */
            if ((iconv(ip->bw_iconv_fd, (void *)&from, &fromlen, &to, &tolen)
                        == (size_t)-1 && ICONV_ERRNO != ICONV_EINVAL)
                                                    || fromlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
            {
                ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
                return FAIL;
            }

            /* copy remainder to ip->bw_rest[] to be used for the next call. */
            if (fromlen > 0)
                mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, (void *)from, fromlen);
            ip->bw_restlen = (int)fromlen;

            buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
            len = (int)((char_u *)to - ip->bw_conv_buf);
        }
# endif
    }
#endif /* FEAT_MBYTE */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (flags & FIO_ENCRYPTED)          /* encrypt the data */
    {
        int ztemp, t, i;

        for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
        {
            ztemp  = buf[i];
            buf[i] = ZENCODE(ztemp, t);
        }
    }
#endif

    /* Repeat the write(), it may be interrupted by a signal. */
    while (len > 0)
    {
        wlen = vim_write(ip->bw_fd, buf, len);
        if (wlen <= 0)              /* error! */
            return FAIL;
        len -= wlen;
        buf += wlen;
    }
    return OK;
}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
/*
 * Convert a Unicode character to bytes.
 */
    static int
ucs2bytes(c, pp, flags)
    unsigned    c;              /* in: character */
    char_u      **pp;           /* in/out: pointer to result */
    int         flags;          /* FIO_ flags */
{
    char_u      *p = *pp;
    int         error = FALSE;
    int         cc;


    if (flags & FIO_UCS4)
    {
        if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
        {
            *p++ = c;
            *p++ = (c >> 8);
            *p++ = (c >> 16);
            *p++ = (c >> 24);
        }
        else
        {
            *p++ = (c >> 24);
            *p++ = (c >> 16);
            *p++ = (c >> 8);
            *p++ = c;
        }
    }
    else if (flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
    {
        if (c >= 0x10000)
        {
            if (flags & FIO_UTF16)
            {
                /* Make two words, ten bits of the character in each.  First
                 * word is 0xd800 - 0xdbff, second one 0xdc00 - 0xdfff */
                c -= 0x10000;
                if (c >= 0x100000)
                    error = TRUE;
                cc = ((c >> 10) & 0x3ff) + 0xd800;
                if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
                {
                    *p++ = cc;
                    *p++ = ((unsigned)cc >> 8);
                }
                else
                {
                    *p++ = ((unsigned)cc >> 8);
                    *p++ = cc;
                }
                c = (c & 0x3ff) + 0xdc00;
            }
            else
                error = TRUE;
        }
        if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
        {
            *p++ = c;
            *p++ = (c >> 8);
        }
        else
        {
            *p++ = (c >> 8);
            *p++ = c;
        }
    }
    else    /* Latin1 */
    {
        if (c >= 0x100)
        {
            error = TRUE;
            *p++ = 0xBF;
        }
        else
            *p++ = c;
    }

    *pp = p;
    return error;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if "a" and "b" are the same 'encoding'.
 * Ignores difference between "ansi" and "latin1", "ucs-4" and "ucs-4be", etc.
 */
    static int
same_encoding(a, b)
    char_u      *a;
    char_u      *b;
{
    int         f;

    if (STRCMP(a, b) == 0)
        return TRUE;
    f = get_fio_flags(a);
    return (f != 0 && get_fio_flags(b) == f);
}

/*
 * Check "ptr" for a unicode encoding and return the FIO_ flags needed for the
 * internal conversion.
 * if "ptr" is an empty string, use 'encoding'.
 */
    static int
get_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u      *ptr;
{
    int         prop;

    if (*ptr == NUL)
        ptr = p_enc;

    prop = enc_canon_props(ptr);
    if (prop & ENC_UNICODE)
    {
        if (prop & ENC_2BYTE)
        {
            if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
                return FIO_UCS2 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
            return FIO_UCS2;
        }
        if (prop & ENC_4BYTE)
        {
            if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
                return FIO_UCS4 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
            return FIO_UCS4;
        }
        if (prop & ENC_2WORD)
        {
            if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
                return FIO_UTF16 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
            return FIO_UTF16;
        }
        return FIO_UTF8;
    }
    if (prop & ENC_LATIN1)
        return FIO_LATIN1;
    /* must be ENC_DBCS, requires iconv() */
    return 0;
}

#ifdef WIN3264
/*
 * Check "ptr" for a MS-Windows codepage name and return the FIO_ flags needed
 * for the conversion MS-Windows can do for us.  Also accept "utf-8".
 * Used for conversion between 'encoding' and 'fileencoding'.
 */
    static int
get_win_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u      *ptr;
{
    int         cp;

    /* Cannot do this when 'encoding' is not utf-8 and not a codepage. */
    if (!enc_utf8 && enc_codepage <= 0)
        return 0;

    cp = encname2codepage(ptr);
    if (cp == 0)
    {
#  ifdef CP_UTF8        /* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
        if (STRCMP(ptr, "utf-8") == 0)
            cp = CP_UTF8;
        else
#  endif
            return 0;
    }
    return FIO_PUT_CP(cp) | FIO_CODEPAGE;
}
#endif

#ifdef MACOS_X
/*
 * Check "ptr" for a Carbon supported encoding and return the FIO_ flags
 * needed for the internal conversion to/from utf-8 or latin1.
 */
    static int
get_mac_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u      *ptr;
{
    if ((enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0)
                                     && (enc_canon_props(ptr) & ENC_MACROMAN))
        return FIO_MACROMAN;
    return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Check for a Unicode BOM (Byte Order Mark) at the start of p[size].
 * "size" must be at least 2.
 * Return the name of the encoding and set "*lenp" to the length.
 * Returns NULL when no BOM found.
 */
    static char_u *
check_for_bom(p, size, lenp, flags)
    char_u      *p;
    long        size;
    int         *lenp;
    int         flags;
{
    char        *name = NULL;
    int         len = 2;

    if (p[0] == 0xef && p[1] == 0xbb && size >= 3 && p[2] == 0xbf
            && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == 0))
    {
        name = "utf-8";         /* EF BB BF */
        len = 3;
    }
    else if (p[0] == 0xff && p[1] == 0xfe)
    {
        if (size >= 4 && p[2] == 0 && p[3] == 0
            && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == (FIO_UCS4 | FIO_ENDIAN_L)))
        {
            name = "ucs-4le";   /* FF FE 00 00 */
            len = 4;
        }
        else if (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_ENDIAN_L))
            name = "ucs-2le";   /* FF FE */
        else if (flags == (FIO_UTF16 | FIO_ENDIAN_L))
            name = "utf-16le";  /* FF FE */
    }
    else if (p[0] == 0xfe && p[1] == 0xff
            && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == FIO_UCS2 || flags == FIO_UTF16))
    {
        if (flags == FIO_UTF16)
            name = "utf-16";    /* FE FF */
        else
            name = "ucs-2";     /* FE FF */
    }
    else if (size >= 4 && p[0] == 0 && p[1] == 0 && p[2] == 0xfe
            && p[3] == 0xff && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == FIO_UCS4))
    {
        name = "ucs-4";         /* 00 00 FE FF */
        len = 4;
    }

    *lenp = len;
    return (char_u *)name;
}

/*
 * Generate a BOM in "buf[4]" for encoding "name".
 * Return the length of the BOM (zero when no BOM).
 */
    static int
make_bom(buf, name)
    char_u      *buf;
    char_u      *name;
{
    int         flags;
    char_u      *p;

    flags = get_fio_flags(name);

    /* Can't put a BOM in a non-Unicode file. */
    if (flags == FIO_LATIN1 || flags == 0)
        return 0;

    if (flags == FIO_UTF8)      /* UTF-8 */
    {
        buf[0] = 0xef;
        buf[1] = 0xbb;
        buf[2] = 0xbf;
        return 3;
    }
    p = buf;
    (void)ucs2bytes(0xfeff, &p, flags);
    return (int)(p - buf);
}
#endif

/*
 * Try to find a shortname by comparing the fullname with the current
 * directory.
 * Returns NULL if not shorter name possible, pointer into "full_path"
 * otherwise.
 */
    char_u *
shorten_fname(full_path, dir_name)
    char_u      *full_path;
    char_u      *dir_name;
{
    int         len;
    char_u      *p;

    if (full_path == NULL)
        return NULL;
    len = (int)STRLEN(dir_name);
    if (fnamencmp(dir_name, full_path, len) == 0)
    {
        p = full_path + len;
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
        /*
         * MSDOS: when a file is in the root directory, dir_name will end in a
         * slash, since C: by itself does not define a specific dir. In this
         * case p may already be correct. <negri>
         */
        if (!((len > 2) && (*(p - 2) == ':')))
#endif
        {
            if (vim_ispathsep(*p))
                ++p;
#ifndef VMS   /* the path separator is always part of the path */
            else
                p = NULL;
#endif
        }
    }
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
    /*
     * When using a file in the current drive, remove the drive name:
     * "A:\dir\file" -> "\dir\file".  This helps when moving a session file on
     * a floppy from "A:\dir" to "B:\dir".
     */
    else if (len > 3
            && TOUPPER_LOC(full_path[0]) == TOUPPER_LOC(dir_name[0])
            && full_path[1] == ':'
            && vim_ispathsep(full_path[2]))
        p = full_path + 2;
#endif
    else
        p = NULL;
    return p;
}

/*
 * Shorten filenames for all buffers.
 * When "force" is TRUE: Use full path from now on for files currently being
 * edited, both for file name and swap file name.  Try to shorten the file
 * names a bit, if safe to do so.
 * When "force" is FALSE: Only try to shorten absolute file names.
 * For buffers that have buftype "nofile" or "scratch": never change the file
 * name.
 */
    void
shorten_fnames(force)
    int         force;
{
    char_u      dirname[MAXPATHL];
    buf_T       *buf;
    char_u      *p;

    mch_dirname(dirname, MAXPATHL);
    for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; buf = buf->b_next)
    {
        if (buf->b_fname != NULL
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
                && !bt_nofile(buf)
#endif
                && !path_with_url(buf->b_fname)
                && (force
                    || buf->b_sfname == NULL
                    || mch_isFullName(buf->b_sfname)))
        {
            vim_free(buf->b_sfname);
            buf->b_sfname = NULL;
            p = shorten_fname(buf->b_ffname, dirname);
            if (p != NULL)
            {
                buf->b_sfname = vim_strsave(p);
                buf->b_fname = buf->b_sfname;
            }
            if (p == NULL || buf->b_fname == NULL)
                buf->b_fname = buf->b_ffname;
        }

        /* Always make the swap file name a full path, a "nofile" buffer may
         * also have a swap file. */
        mf_fullname(buf->b_ml.ml_mfp);
    }
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
    status_redraw_all();
    redraw_tabline = TRUE;
#endif
}

#if (defined(FEAT_DND) && defined(FEAT_GUI_GTK)) \
        || defined(FEAT_GUI_MSWIN) \
        || defined(FEAT_GUI_MAC) \
        || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Shorten all filenames in "fnames[count]" by current directory.
 */
    void
shorten_filenames(fnames, count)
    char_u      **fnames;
    int         count;
{
    int         i;
    char_u      dirname[MAXPATHL];
    char_u      *p;

    if (fnames == NULL || count < 1)
        return;
    mch_dirname(dirname, sizeof(dirname));
    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i)
    {
        if ((p = shorten_fname(fnames[i], dirname)) != NULL)
        {
            /* shorten_fname() returns pointer in given "fnames[i]".  If free
             * "fnames[i]" first, "p" becomes invalid.  So we need to copy
             * "p" first then free fnames[i]. */
            p = vim_strsave(p);
            vim_free(fnames[i]);
            fnames[i] = p;
        }
    }
}
#endif

/*
 * add extention to file name - change path/fo.o.h to path/fo.o.h.ext or
 * fo_o_h.ext for MSDOS or when shortname option set.
 *
 * Assumed that fname is a valid name found in the filesystem we assure that
 * the return value is a different name and ends in 'ext'.
 * "ext" MUST be at most 4 characters long if it starts with a dot, 3
 * characters otherwise.
 * Space for the returned name is allocated, must be freed later.
 * Returns NULL when out of memory.
 */
    char_u *
modname(fname, ext, prepend_dot)
    char_u *fname, *ext;
    int     prepend_dot;        /* may prepend a '.' to file name */
{
    return buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
                        TRUE,
#else
                        (curbuf->b_p_sn || curbuf->b_shortname),
#endif
                                                     fname, ext, prepend_dot);
}

    char_u *
buf_modname(shortname, fname, ext, prepend_dot)
    int     shortname;          /* use 8.3 file name */
    char_u  *fname, *ext;
    int     prepend_dot;        /* may prepend a '.' to file name */
{
    char_u      *retval;
    char_u      *s;
    char_u      *e;
    char_u      *ptr;
    int         fnamelen, extlen;

    extlen = (int)STRLEN(ext);

    /*
     * If there is no file name we must get the name of the current directory
     * (we need the full path in case :cd is used).
     */
    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL)
    {
        retval = alloc((unsigned)(MAXPATHL + extlen + 3));
        if (retval == NULL)
            return NULL;
        if (mch_dirname(retval, MAXPATHL) == FAIL ||
                                     (fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(retval)) == 0)
        {
            vim_free(retval);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (!after_pathsep(retval, retval + fnamelen))
        {
            retval[fnamelen++] = PATHSEP;
            retval[fnamelen] = NUL;
        }
#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
        prepend_dot = FALSE;        /* nothing to prepend a dot to */
#endif
    }
    else
    {
        fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(fname);
        retval = alloc((unsigned)(fnamelen + extlen + 3));
        if (retval == NULL)
            return NULL;
        STRCPY(retval, fname);
#ifdef VMS
        vms_remove_version(retval); /* we do not need versions here */
#endif
    }

    /*
     * search backwards until we hit a '/', '\' or ':' replacing all '.'
     * by '_' for MSDOS or when shortname option set and ext starts with a dot.
     * Then truncate what is after the '/', '\' or ':' to 8 characters for
     * MSDOS and 26 characters for AMIGA, a lot more for UNIX.
     */
    for (ptr = retval + fnamelen; ptr > retval; mb_ptr_back(retval, ptr))
    {
#ifndef RISCOS
        if (*ext == '.'
# ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
                    && (!USE_LONG_FNAME || shortname)
# else
#  ifndef SHORT_FNAME
                    && shortname
#  endif
# endif
                                                                )
            if (*ptr == '.')    /* replace '.' by '_' */
                *ptr = '_';
#endif
        if (vim_ispathsep(*ptr))
        {
            ++ptr;
            break;
        }
    }

    /* the file name has at most BASENAMELEN characters. */
#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    if (STRLEN(ptr) > (unsigned)BASENAMELEN)
        ptr[BASENAMELEN] = '\0';
#endif

    s = ptr + STRLEN(ptr);

    /*
     * For 8.3 file names we may have to reduce the length.
     */
#ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
    if (!USE_LONG_FNAME || shortname)
#else
# ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    if (shortname)
# endif
#endif
    {
        /*
         * If there is no file name, or the file name ends in '/', and the
         * extension starts with '.', put a '_' before the dot, because just
         * ".ext" is invalid.
         */
        if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL
                                   || vim_ispathsep(fname[STRLEN(fname) - 1]))
        {
#ifdef RISCOS
            if (*ext == '/')
#else
            if (*ext == '.')
#endif
                *s++ = '_';
        }
        /*
         * If the extension starts with '.', truncate the base name at 8
         * characters
         */
#ifdef RISCOS
        /* We normally use '/', but swap files are '_' */
        else if (*ext == '/' || *ext == '_')
#else
        else if (*ext == '.')
#endif
        {
            if (s - ptr > (size_t)8)
            {
                s = ptr + 8;
                *s = '\0';
            }
        }
        /*
         * If the extension doesn't start with '.', and the file name
         * doesn't have an extension yet, append a '.'
         */
#ifdef RISCOS
        else if ((e = vim_strchr(ptr, '/')) == NULL)
            *s++ = '/';
#else
        else if ((e = vim_strchr(ptr, '.')) == NULL)
            *s++ = '.';
#endif
        /*
         * If the extension doesn't start with '.', and there already is an
         * extension, it may need to be truncated
         */
        else if ((int)STRLEN(e) + extlen > 4)
            s = e + 4 - extlen;
    }
#if defined(OS2) || defined(USE_LONG_FNAME) || defined(WIN3264)
    /*
     * If there is no file name, and the extension starts with '.', put a
     * '_' before the dot, because just ".ext" may be invalid if it's on a
     * FAT partition, and on HPFS it doesn't matter.
     */
    else if ((fname == NULL || *fname == NUL) && *ext == '.')
        *s++ = '_';
#endif

    /*
     * Append the extention.
     * ext can start with '.' and cannot exceed 3 more characters.
     */
    STRCPY(s, ext);

#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    /*
     * Prepend the dot.
     */
    if (prepend_dot && !shortname && *(e = gettail(retval)) !=
#ifdef RISCOS
            '/'
#else
            '.'
#endif
#ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
            && USE_LONG_FNAME
#endif
                                )
    {
        mch_memmove(e + 1, e, STRLEN(e) + 1);
#ifdef RISCOS
        *e = '/';
#else
        *e = '.';
#endif
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Check that, after appending the extension, the file name is really
     * different.
     */
    if (fname != NULL && STRCMP(fname, retval) == 0)
    {
        /* we search for a character that can be replaced by '_' */
        while (--s >= ptr)
        {
            if (*s != '_')
            {
                *s = '_';
                break;
            }
        }
        if (s < ptr)    /* fname was "________.<ext>", how tricky! */
            *ptr = 'v';
    }
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Like fgets(), but if the file line is too long, it is truncated and the
 * rest of the line is thrown away.  Returns TRUE for end-of-file.
 */
    int
vim_fgets(buf, size, fp)
    char_u      *buf;
    int         size;
    FILE        *fp;
{
    char        *eof;
#define FGETS_SIZE 200
    char        tbuf[FGETS_SIZE];

    buf[size - 2] = NUL;
#ifdef USE_CR
    eof = fgets_cr((char *)buf, size, fp);
#else
    eof = fgets((char *)buf, size, fp);
#endif
    if (buf[size - 2] != NUL && buf[size - 2] != '\n')
    {
        buf[size - 1] = NUL;        /* Truncate the line */

        /* Now throw away the rest of the line: */
        do
        {
            tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] = NUL;
#ifdef USE_CR
            fgets_cr((char *)tbuf, FGETS_SIZE, fp);
#else
            fgets((char *)tbuf, FGETS_SIZE, fp);
#endif
        } while (tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] != NUL && tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] != '\n');
    }
    return (eof == NULL);
}

#if defined(USE_CR) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Like vim_fgets(), but accept any line terminator: CR, CR-LF or LF.
 * Returns TRUE for end-of-file.
 * Only used for the Mac, because it's much slower than vim_fgets().
 */
    int
tag_fgets(buf, size, fp)
    char_u      *buf;
    int         size;
    FILE        *fp;
{
    int         i = 0;
    int         c;
    int         eof = FALSE;

    for (;;)
    {
        c = fgetc(fp);
        if (c == EOF)
        {
            eof = TRUE;
            break;
        }
        if (c == '\r')
        {
            /* Always store a NL for end-of-line. */
            if (i < size - 1)
                buf[i++] = '\n';
            c = fgetc(fp);
            if (c != '\n')      /* Macintosh format: single CR. */
                ungetc(c, fp);
            break;
        }
        if (i < size - 1)
            buf[i++] = c;
        if (c == '\n')
            break;
    }
    buf[i] = NUL;
    return eof;
}
#endif

/*
 * rename() only works if both files are on the same file system, this
 * function will (attempts to?) copy the file across if rename fails -- webb
 * Return -1 for failure, 0 for success.
 */
    int
vim_rename(from, to)
    char_u      *from;
    char_u      *to;
{
    int         fd_in;
    int         fd_out;
    int         n;
    char        *errmsg = NULL;
    char        *buffer;
#ifdef AMIGA
    BPTR        flock;
#endif
    struct stat st;
    long        perm;
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    vim_acl_T   acl;            /* ACL from original file */
#endif

    /*
     * When the names are identical, there is nothing to do.
     */
    if (fnamecmp(from, to) == 0)
        return 0;

    /*
     * Fail if the "from" file doesn't exist.  Avoids that "to" is deleted.
     */
    if (mch_stat((char *)from, &st) < 0)
        return -1;

    /*
     * Delete the "to" file, this is required on some systems to make the
     * mch_rename() work, on other systems it makes sure that we don't have
     * two files when the mch_rename() fails.
     */

#ifdef AMIGA
    /*
     * With MSDOS-compatible filesystems (crossdos, messydos) it is possible
     * that the name of the "to" file is the same as the "from" file, even
     * though the names are different. To avoid the chance of accidentally
     * deleting the "from" file (horror!) we lock it during the remove.
     *
     * When used for making a backup before writing the file: This should not
     * happen with ":w", because startscript() should detect this problem and
     * set buf->b_shortname, causing modname() to return a correct ".bak" file
     * name.  This problem does exist with ":w filename", but then the
     * original file will be somewhere else so the backup isn't really
     * important. If autoscripting is off the rename may fail.
     */
    flock = Lock((UBYTE *)from, (long)ACCESS_READ);
#endif
    mch_remove(to);
#ifdef AMIGA
    if (flock)
        UnLock(flock);
#endif

    /*
     * First try a normal rename, return if it works.
     */
    if (mch_rename((char *)from, (char *)to) == 0)
        return 0;

    /*
     * Rename() failed, try copying the file.
     */
    perm = mch_getperm(from);
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    /* For systems that support ACL: get the ACL from the original file. */
    acl = mch_get_acl(from);
#endif
    fd_in = mch_open((char *)from, O_RDONLY|O_EXTRA, 0);
    if (fd_in == -1)
        return -1;

    /* Create the new file with same permissions as the original. */
    fd_out = mch_open((char *)to,
                       O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY|O_EXTRA|O_NOFOLLOW, (int)perm);
    if (fd_out == -1)
    {
        close(fd_in);
        return -1;
    }

    buffer = (char *)alloc(BUFSIZE);
    if (buffer == NULL)
    {
        close(fd_in);
        close(fd_out);
        return -1;
    }

    while ((n = vim_read(fd_in, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
        if (vim_write(fd_out, buffer, n) != n)
        {
            errmsg = _("E208: Error writing to \"%s\"");
            break;
        }

    vim_free(buffer);
    close(fd_in);
    if (close(fd_out) < 0)
        errmsg = _("E209: Error closing \"%s\"");
    if (n < 0)
    {
        errmsg = _("E210: Error reading \"%s\"");
        to = from;
    }
#ifndef UNIX        /* for Unix mch_open() already set the permission */
    mch_setperm(to, perm);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    mch_set_acl(to, acl);
#endif
    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
        EMSG2(errmsg, to);
        return -1;
    }
    mch_remove(from);
    return 0;
}

static int already_warned = FALSE;

/*
 * Check if any not hidden buffer has been changed.
 * Postpone the check if there are characters in the stuff buffer, a global
 * command is being executed, a mapping is being executed or an autocommand is
 * busy.
 * Returns TRUE if some message was written (screen should be redrawn and
 * cursor positioned).
 */
    int
check_timestamps(focus)
    int         focus;          /* called for GUI focus event */
{
    buf_T       *buf;
    int         didit = 0;
    int         n;

    /* Don't check timestamps while system() or another low-level function may
     * cause us to lose and gain focus. */
    if (no_check_timestamps > 0)
        return FALSE;

    /* Avoid doing a check twice.  The OK/Reload dialog can cause a focus
     * event and we would keep on checking if the file is steadily growing.
     * Do check again after typing something. */
    if (focus && did_check_timestamps)
    {
        need_check_timestamps = TRUE;
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (!stuff_empty() || global_busy || !typebuf_typed()
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
                        || autocmd_busy || curbuf_lock > 0
#endif
                                        )
        need_check_timestamps = TRUE;           /* check later */
    else
    {
        ++no_wait_return;
        did_check_timestamps = TRUE;
        already_warned = FALSE;
        for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; )
        {
            /* Only check buffers in a window. */
            if (buf->b_nwindows > 0)
            {
                n = buf_check_timestamp(buf, focus);
                if (didit < n)
                    didit = n;
                if (n > 0 && !buf_valid(buf))
                {
                    /* Autocommands have removed the buffer, start at the
                     * first one again. */
                    buf = firstbuf;
                    continue;
                }
            }
            buf = buf->b_next;
        }
        --no_wait_return;
        need_check_timestamps = FALSE;
        if (need_wait_return && didit == 2)
        {
            /* make sure msg isn't overwritten */
            msg_puts((char_u *)"\n");
            out_flush();
        }
    }
    return didit;
}

/*
 * Move all the lines from buffer "frombuf" to buffer "tobuf".
 * Return OK or FAIL.  When FAIL "tobuf" is incomplete and/or "frombuf" is not
 * empty.
 */
    static int
move_lines(frombuf, tobuf)
    buf_T       *frombuf;
    buf_T       *tobuf;
{
    buf_T       *tbuf = curbuf;
    int         retval = OK;
    linenr_T    lnum;
    char_u      *p;

    /* Copy the lines in "frombuf" to "tobuf". */
    curbuf = tobuf;
    for (lnum = 1; lnum <= frombuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; ++lnum)
    {
        p = vim_strsave(ml_get_buf(frombuf, lnum, FALSE));
        if (p == NULL || ml_append(lnum - 1, p, 0, FALSE) == FAIL)
        {
            vim_free(p);
            retval = FAIL;
            break;
        }
        vim_free(p);
    }

    /* Delete all the lines in "frombuf". */
    if (retval != FAIL)
    {
        curbuf = frombuf;
        for (lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; lnum > 0; --lnum)
            if (ml_delete(lnum, FALSE) == FAIL)
            {
                /* Oops!  We could try putting back the saved lines, but that
                 * might fail again... */
                retval = FAIL;
                break;
            }
    }

    curbuf = tbuf;
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Check if buffer "buf" has been changed.
 * Also check if the file for a new buffer unexpectedly appeared.
 * return 1 if a changed buffer was found.
 * return 2 if a message has been displayed.
 * return 0 otherwise.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    int
buf_check_timestamp(buf, focus)
    buf_T       *buf;
    int         focus;          /* called for GUI focus event */
{
    struct stat st;
    int         stat_res;
    int         retval = 0;
    char_u      *path;
    char_u      *tbuf;
    char        *mesg = NULL;
    char        *mesg2 = "";
    int         helpmesg = FALSE;
    int         reload = FALSE;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
    int         can_reload = FALSE;
#endif
    size_t      orig_size = buf->b_orig_size;
    int         orig_mode = buf->b_orig_mode;
#ifdef FEAT_GUI
    int         save_mouse_correct = need_mouse_correct;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    static int  busy = FALSE;
    int         n;
    char_u      *s;
#endif
    char        *reason;

    /* If there is no file name, the buffer is not loaded, 'buftype' is
     * set, we are in the middle of a save or being called recursively: ignore
     * this buffer. */
    if (buf->b_ffname == NULL
            || buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL
#if defined(FEAT_QUICKFIX)
            || *buf->b_p_bt != NUL
#endif
            || buf->b_saving
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
            || busy
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
            || isNetbeansBuffer(buf)
#endif
            )
        return 0;

    if (       !(buf->b_flags & BF_NOTEDITED)
            && buf->b_mtime != 0
            && ((stat_res = mch_stat((char *)buf->b_ffname, &st)) < 0
                || time_differs((long)st.st_mtime, buf->b_mtime)
#ifdef HAVE_ST_MODE
                || (int)st.st_mode != buf->b_orig_mode
#else
                || mch_getperm(buf->b_ffname) != buf->b_orig_mode
#endif
                ))
    {
        retval = 1;

        /* set b_mtime to stop further warnings (e.g., when executing
         * FileChangedShell autocmd) */
        if (stat_res < 0)
        {
            buf->b_mtime = 0;
            buf->b_orig_size = 0;
            buf->b_orig_mode = 0;
        }
        else
            buf_store_time(buf, &st, buf->b_ffname);

        /* Don't do anything for a directory.  Might contain the file
         * explorer. */
        if (mch_isdir(buf->b_fname))
            ;

        /*
         * If 'autoread' is set, the buffer has no changes and the file still
         * exists, reload the buffer.  Use the buffer-local option value if it
         * was set, the global option value otherwise.
         */
        else if ((buf->b_p_ar >= 0 ? buf->b_p_ar : p_ar)
                                       && !bufIsChanged(buf) && stat_res >= 0)
            reload = TRUE;
        else
        {
            if (stat_res < 0)
                reason = "deleted";
            else if (bufIsChanged(buf))
                reason = "conflict";
            else if (orig_size != buf->b_orig_size || buf_contents_changed(buf))
                reason = "changed";
            else if (orig_mode != buf->b_orig_mode)
                reason = "mode";
            else
                reason = "time";

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
            /*
             * Only give the warning if there are no FileChangedShell
             * autocommands.
             * Avoid being called recursively by setting "busy".
             */
            busy = TRUE;
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            set_vim_var_string(VV_FCS_REASON, (char_u *)reason, -1);
            set_vim_var_string(VV_FCS_CHOICE, (char_u *)"", -1);
# endif
            n = apply_autocmds(EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL,
                                      buf->b_fname, buf->b_fname, FALSE, buf);
            busy = FALSE;
            if (n)
            {
                if (!buf_valid(buf))
                    EMSG(_("E246: FileChangedShell autocommand deleted buffer"));
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
                s = get_vim_var_str(VV_FCS_CHOICE);
                if (STRCMP(s, "reload") == 0 && *reason != 'd')
                    reload = TRUE;
                else if (STRCMP(s, "ask") == 0)
                    n = FALSE;
                else
# endif
                    return 2;
            }
            if (!n)
#endif
            {
                if (*reason == 'd')
                    mesg = _("E211: File \"%s\" no longer available");
                else
                {
                    helpmesg = TRUE;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
                    can_reload = TRUE;
#endif
                    /*
                     * Check if the file contents really changed to avoid
                     * giving a warning when only the timestamp was set (e.g.,
                     * checked out of CVS).  Always warn when the buffer was
                     * changed.
                     */
                    if (reason[2] == 'n')
                    {
                        mesg = _("W12: Warning: File \"%s\" has changed and the buffer was changed in Vim as well");
                        mesg2 = _("See \":help W12\" for more info.");
                    }
                    else if (reason[1] == 'h')
                    {
                        mesg = _("W11: Warning: File \"%s\" has changed since editing started");
                        mesg2 = _("See \":help W11\" for more info.");
                    }
                    else if (*reason == 'm')
                    {
                        mesg = _("W16: Warning: Mode of file \"%s\" has changed since editing started");
                        mesg2 = _("See \":help W16\" for more info.");
                    }
                    /* Else: only timestamp changed, ignored */
                }
            }
        }

    }
    else if ((buf->b_flags & BF_NEW) && !(buf->b_flags & BF_NEW_W)
                                                && vim_fexists(buf->b_ffname))
    {
        retval = 1;
        mesg = _("W13: Warning: File \"%s\" has been created after editing started");
        buf->b_flags |= BF_NEW_W;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
        can_reload = TRUE;
#endif
    }

    if (mesg != NULL)
    {
        path = home_replace_save(buf, buf->b_fname);
        if (path != NULL)
        {
            if (!helpmesg)
                mesg2 = "";
            tbuf = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(path) + STRLEN(mesg)
                                                        + STRLEN(mesg2) + 2));
            sprintf((char *)tbuf, mesg, path);
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
            if (can_reload)
            {
                if (*mesg2 != NUL)
                {
                    STRCAT(tbuf, "\n");
                    STRCAT(tbuf, mesg2);
                }
                if (do_dialog(VIM_WARNING, (char_u *)_("Warning"), tbuf,
                                (char_u *)_("&OK\n&Load File"), 1, NULL) == 2)
                    reload = TRUE;
            }
            else
#endif
            if (State > NORMAL_BUSY || (State & CMDLINE) || already_warned)
            {
                if (*mesg2 != NUL)
                {
                    STRCAT(tbuf, "; ");
                    STRCAT(tbuf, mesg2);
                }
                EMSG(tbuf);
                retval = 2;
            }
            else
            {
# ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
                if (!autocmd_busy)
# endif
                {
                    msg_start();
                    msg_puts_attr(tbuf, hl_attr(HLF_E) + MSG_HIST);
                    if (*mesg2 != NUL)
                        msg_puts_attr((char_u *)mesg2,
                                                   hl_attr(HLF_W) + MSG_HIST);
                    msg_clr_eos();
                    (void)msg_end();
                    if (emsg_silent == 0)
                    {
                        out_flush();
# ifdef FEAT_GUI
                        if (!focus)
# endif
                            /* give the user some time to think about it */
                            ui_delay(1000L, TRUE);

                        /* don't redraw and erase the message */
                        redraw_cmdline = FALSE;
                    }
                }
                already_warned = TRUE;
            }

            vim_free(path);
            vim_free(tbuf);
        }
    }

    if (reload)
        /* Reload the buffer. */
        buf_reload(buf, orig_mode);

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    if (buf_valid(buf))
        (void)apply_autocmds(EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELLPOST,
                                      buf->b_fname, buf->b_fname, FALSE, buf);
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_GUI
    /* restore this in case an autocommand has set it; it would break
     * 'mousefocus' */
    need_mouse_correct = save_mouse_correct;
#endif

    return retval;
}

/*
 * Reload a buffer that is already loaded.
 * Used when the file was changed outside of Vim.
 * "orig_mode" is buf->b_orig_mode before the need for reloading was detected.
 * buf->b_orig_mode may have been reset already.
 */
    void
buf_reload(buf, orig_mode)
    buf_T       *buf;
    int         orig_mode;
{
    exarg_T     ea;
    pos_T       old_cursor;
    linenr_T    old_topline;
    int         old_ro = buf->b_p_ro;
    buf_T       *savebuf;
    int         saved = OK;
    aco_save_T  aco;

    /* set curwin/curbuf for "buf" and save some things */
    aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

    /* We only want to read the text from the file, not reset the syntax
     * highlighting, clear marks, diff status, etc.  Force the fileformat
     * and encoding to be the same. */
    if (prep_exarg(&ea, buf) == OK)
    {
        old_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
        old_topline = curwin->w_topline;

        /*
         * To behave like when a new file is edited (matters for
         * BufReadPost autocommands) we first need to delete the current
         * buffer contents.  But if reading the file fails we should keep
         * the old contents.  Can't use memory only, the file might be
         * too big.  Use a hidden buffer to move the buffer contents to.
         */
        if (bufempty())
            savebuf = NULL;
        else
        {
            /* Allocate a buffer without putting it in the buffer list. */
            savebuf = buflist_new(NULL, NULL, (linenr_T)1, BLN_DUMMY);
            if (savebuf != NULL && buf == curbuf)
            {
                /* Open the memline. */
                curbuf = savebuf;
                curwin->w_buffer = savebuf;
                saved = ml_open(curbuf);
                curbuf = buf;
                curwin->w_buffer = buf;
            }
            if (savebuf == NULL || saved == FAIL || buf != curbuf
                                      || move_lines(buf, savebuf) == FAIL)
            {
                EMSG2(_("E462: Could not prepare for reloading \"%s\""),
                                                            buf->b_fname);
                saved = FAIL;
            }
        }

        if (saved == OK)
        {
            curbuf->b_flags |= BF_CHECK_RO;     /* check for RO again */
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
            keep_filetype = TRUE;               /* don't detect 'filetype' */
#endif
            if (readfile(buf->b_ffname, buf->b_fname, (linenr_T)0,
                        (linenr_T)0,
                        (linenr_T)MAXLNUM, &ea, READ_NEW) == FAIL)
            {
#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
                if (!aborting())
#endif
                    EMSG2(_("E321: Could not reload \"%s\""), buf->b_fname);
                if (savebuf != NULL && buf_valid(savebuf) && buf == curbuf)
                {
                    /* Put the text back from the save buffer.  First
                     * delete any lines that readfile() added. */
                    while (!bufempty())
                        if (ml_delete(buf->b_ml.ml_line_count, FALSE) == FAIL)
                            break;
                    (void)move_lines(savebuf, buf);
                }
            }
            else if (buf == curbuf)
            {
                /* Mark the buffer as unmodified and free undo info. */
                unchanged(buf, TRUE);
                u_blockfree(buf);
                u_clearall(buf);
            }
        }
        vim_free(ea.cmd);

        if (savebuf != NULL && buf_valid(savebuf))
            wipe_buffer(savebuf, FALSE);

#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
        /* Invalidate diff info if necessary. */
        diff_invalidate(curbuf);
#endif

        /* Restore the topline and cursor position and check it (lines may
         * have been removed). */
        if (old_topline > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
            curwin->w_topline = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
        else
            curwin->w_topline = old_topline;
        curwin->w_cursor = old_cursor;
        check_cursor();
        update_topline();
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
        keep_filetype = FALSE;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_FOLDING
        {
            win_T *wp;

            /* Update folds unless they are defined manually. */
            FOR_ALL_WINDOWS(wp)
                if (wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer
                        && !foldmethodIsManual(wp))
                    foldUpdateAll(wp);
        }
#endif
        /* If the mode didn't change and 'readonly' was set, keep the old
         * value; the user probably used the ":view" command.  But don't
         * reset it, might have had a read error. */
        if (orig_mode == curbuf->b_orig_mode)
            curbuf->b_p_ro |= old_ro;
    }

    /* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
    aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
    /* Careful: autocommands may have made "buf" invalid! */
}

/*ARGSUSED*/
    void
buf_store_time(buf, st, fname)
    buf_T       *buf;
    struct stat *st;
    char_u      *fname;
{
    buf->b_mtime = (long)st->st_mtime;
    buf->b_orig_size = (size_t)st->st_size;
#ifdef HAVE_ST_MODE
    buf->b_orig_mode = (int)st->st_mode;
#else
    buf->b_orig_mode = mch_getperm(fname);
#endif
}

/*
 * Adjust the line with missing eol, used for the next write.
 * Used for do_filter(), when the input lines for the filter are deleted.
 */
    void
write_lnum_adjust(offset)
    linenr_T    offset;
{
    if (write_no_eol_lnum != 0)         /* only if there is a missing eol */
        write_no_eol_lnum += offset;
}

#if defined(TEMPDIRNAMES) || defined(PROTO)
static long     temp_count = 0;         /* Temp filename counter. */

/*
 * Delete the temp directory and all files it contains.
 */
    void
vim_deltempdir()
{
    char_u      **files;
    int         file_count;
    int         i;

    if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
    {
        sprintf((char *)NameBuff, "%s*", vim_tempdir);
        if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, &NameBuff, &file_count, &files,
                                              EW_DIR|EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == OK)
        {
            for (i = 0; i < file_count; ++i)
                mch_remove(files[i]);
            FreeWild(file_count, files);
        }
        gettail(NameBuff)[-1] = NUL;
        (void)mch_rmdir(NameBuff);

        vim_free(vim_tempdir);
        vim_tempdir = NULL;
    }
}
#endif

/*
 * vim_tempname(): Return a unique name that can be used for a temp file.
 *
 * The temp file is NOT created.
 *
 * The returned pointer is to allocated memory.
 * The returned pointer is NULL if no valid name was found.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u  *
vim_tempname(extra_char)
    int     extra_char;     /* character to use in the name instead of '?' */
{
#ifdef USE_TMPNAM
    char_u      itmp[L_tmpnam]; /* use tmpnam() */
#else
    char_u      itmp[TEMPNAMELEN];
#endif

#ifdef TEMPDIRNAMES
    static char *(tempdirs[]) = {TEMPDIRNAMES};
    int         i;
    long        nr;
    long        off;
# ifndef EEXIST
    struct stat st;
# endif

    /*
     * This will create a directory for private use by this instance of Vim.
     * This is done once, and the same directory is used for all temp files.
     * This method avoids security problems because of symlink attacks et al.
     * It's also a bit faster, because we only need to check for an existing
     * file when creating the directory and not for each temp file.
     */
    if (vim_tempdir == NULL)
    {
        /*
         * Try the entries in TEMPDIRNAMES to create the temp directory.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < sizeof(tempdirs) / sizeof(char *); ++i)
        {
            /* expand $TMP, leave room for "/v1100000/999999999" */
            expand_env((char_u *)tempdirs[i], itmp, TEMPNAMELEN - 20);
            if (mch_isdir(itmp))                /* directory exists */
            {
# ifdef __EMX__
                /* If $TMP contains a forward slash (perhaps using bash or
                 * tcsh), don't add a backslash, use a forward slash!
                 * Adding 2 backslashes didn't work. */
                if (vim_strchr(itmp, '/') != NULL)
                    STRCAT(itmp, "/");
                else
# endif
                    add_pathsep(itmp);

                /* Get an arbitrary number of up to 6 digits.  When it's
                 * unlikely that it already exists it will be faster,
                 * otherwise it doesn't matter.  The use of mkdir() avoids any
                 * security problems because of the predictable number. */
                nr = (mch_get_pid() + (long)time(NULL)) % 1000000L;

                /* Try up to 10000 different values until we find a name that
                 * doesn't exist. */
                for (off = 0; off < 10000L; ++off)
                {
                    int         r;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
                    mode_t      umask_save;
#endif

                    sprintf((char *)itmp + STRLEN(itmp), "v%ld", nr + off);
# ifndef EEXIST
                    /* If mkdir() does not set errno to EEXIST, check for
                     * existing file here.  There is a race condition then,
                     * although it's fail-safe. */
                    if (mch_stat((char *)itmp, &st) >= 0)
                        continue;
# endif
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
                    /* Make sure the umask doesn't remove the executable bit.
                     * "repl" has been reported to use "177". */
                    umask_save = umask(077);
#endif
                    r = vim_mkdir(itmp, 0700);
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
                    (void)umask(umask_save);
#endif
                    if (r == 0)
                    {
                        char_u  *buf;

                        /* Directory was created, use this name.
                         * Expand to full path; When using the current
                         * directory a ":cd" would confuse us. */
                        buf = alloc((unsigned)MAXPATHL + 1);
                        if (buf != NULL)
                        {
                            if (vim_FullName(itmp, buf, MAXPATHL, FALSE)
                                                                      == FAIL)
                                STRCPY(buf, itmp);
# ifdef __EMX__
                            if (vim_strchr(buf, '/') != NULL)
                                STRCAT(buf, "/");
                            else
# endif
                                add_pathsep(buf);
                            vim_tempdir = vim_strsave(buf);
                            vim_free(buf);
                        }
                        break;
                    }
# ifdef EEXIST
                    /* If the mkdir() didn't fail because the file/dir exists,
                     * we probably can't create any dir here, try another
                     * place. */
                    if (errno != EEXIST)
# endif
                        break;
                }
                if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

    if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
    {
        /* There is no need to check if the file exists, because we own the
         * directory and nobody else creates a file in it. */
        sprintf((char *)itmp, "%s%ld", vim_tempdir, temp_count++);
        return vim_strsave(itmp);
    }

    return NULL;

#else /* TEMPDIRNAMES */

# ifdef WIN3264
    char        szTempFile[_MAX_PATH + 1];
    char        buf4[4];
    char_u      *retval;
    char_u      *p;

    STRCPY(itmp, "");
    if (GetTempPath(_MAX_PATH, szTempFile) == 0)
        szTempFile[0] = NUL;    /* GetTempPath() failed, use current dir */
    strcpy(buf4, "VIM");
    buf4[2] = extra_char;   /* make it "VIa", "VIb", etc. */
    if (GetTempFileName(szTempFile, buf4, 0, itmp) == 0)
        return NULL;
    /* GetTempFileName() will create the file, we don't want that */
    (void)DeleteFile(itmp);

    /* Backslashes in a temp file name cause problems when filtering with
     * "sh".  NOTE: This also checks 'shellcmdflag' to help those people who
     * didn't set 'shellslash'. */
    retval = vim_strsave(itmp);
    if (*p_shcf == '-' || p_ssl)
        for (p = retval; *p; ++p)
            if (*p == '\\')
                *p = '/';
    return retval;

# else /* WIN3264 */

#  ifdef USE_TMPNAM
    /* tmpnam() will make its own name */
    if (*tmpnam((char *)itmp) == NUL)
        return NULL;
#  else
    char_u      *p;

#   ifdef VMS_TEMPNAM
    /* mktemp() is not working on VMS.  It seems to be
     * a do-nothing function. Therefore we use tempnam().
     */
    sprintf((char *)itmp, "VIM%c", extra_char);
    p = (char_u *)tempnam("tmp:", (char *)itmp);
    if (p != NULL)
    {
        /* VMS will use '.LOG' if we don't explicitly specify an extension,
         * and VIM will then be unable to find the file later */
        STRCPY(itmp, p);
        STRCAT(itmp, ".txt");
        free(p);
    }
    else
        return NULL;
#   else
    STRCPY(itmp, TEMPNAME);
    if ((p = vim_strchr(itmp, '?')) != NULL)
        *p = extra_char;
    if (mktemp((char *)itmp) == NULL)
        return NULL;
#   endif
#  endif

    return vim_strsave(itmp);
# endif /* WIN3264 */
#endif /* TEMPDIRNAMES */
}

#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Convert all backslashes in fname to forward slashes in-place.
 */
    void
forward_slash(fname)
    char_u      *fname;
{
    char_u      *p;

    for (p = fname; *p != NUL; ++p)
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
        /* The Big5 encoding can have '\' in the trail byte. */
        if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len)(p) > 1)
            ++p;
        else
# endif
        if (*p == '\\')
            *p = '/';
}
#endif


/*
 * Code for automatic commands.
 *
 * Only included when "FEAT_AUTOCMD" has been defined.
 */

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) || defined(PROTO)

/*
 * The autocommands are stored in a list for each event.
 * Autocommands for the same pattern, that are consecutive, are joined
 * together, to avoid having to match the pattern too often.
 * The result is an array of Autopat lists, which point to AutoCmd lists:
 *
 * first_autopat[0] --> Autopat.next  -->  Autopat.next -->  NULL
 *                      Autopat.cmds       Autopat.cmds
 *                          |                    |
 *                          V                    V
 *                      AutoCmd.next       AutoCmd.next
 *                          |                    |
 *                          V                    V
 *                      AutoCmd.next            NULL
 *                          |
 *                          V
 *                         NULL
 *
 * first_autopat[1] --> Autopat.next  -->  NULL
 *                      Autopat.cmds
 *                          |
 *                          V
 *                      AutoCmd.next
 *                          |
 *                          V
 *                         NULL
 *   etc.
 *
 *   The order of AutoCmds is important, this is the order in which they were
 *   defined and will have to be executed.
 */
typedef struct AutoCmd
{
    char_u          *cmd;               /* The command to be executed (NULL
                                           when command has been removed) */
    char            nested;             /* If autocommands nest here */
    char            last;               /* last command in list */
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    scid_T          scriptID;           /* script ID where defined */
#endif
    struct AutoCmd  *next;              /* Next AutoCmd in list */
} AutoCmd;

typedef struct AutoPat
{
    int             group;              /* group ID */
    char_u          *pat;               /* pattern as typed (NULL when pattern
                                           has been removed) */
    int             patlen;             /* strlen() of pat */
    regprog_T       *reg_prog;          /* compiled regprog for pattern */
    char            allow_dirs;         /* Pattern may match whole path */
    char            last;               /* last pattern for apply_autocmds() */
    AutoCmd         *cmds;              /* list of commands to do */
    struct AutoPat  *next;              /* next AutoPat in AutoPat list */
    int             buflocal_nr;        /* !=0 for buffer-local AutoPat */
} AutoPat;

static struct event_name
{
    char        *name;  /* event name */
    event_T     event;  /* event number */
} event_names[] =
{
    {"BufAdd",          EVENT_BUFADD},
    {"BufCreate",       EVENT_BUFADD},
    {"BufDelete",       EVENT_BUFDELETE},
    {"BufEnter",        EVENT_BUFENTER},
    {"BufFilePost",     EVENT_BUFFILEPOST},
    {"BufFilePre",      EVENT_BUFFILEPRE},
    {"BufHidden",       EVENT_BUFHIDDEN},
    {"BufLeave",        EVENT_BUFLEAVE},
    {"BufNew",          EVENT_BUFNEW},
    {"BufNewFile",      EVENT_BUFNEWFILE},
    {"BufRead",         EVENT_BUFREADPOST},
    {"BufReadCmd",      EVENT_BUFREADCMD},
    {"BufReadPost",     EVENT_BUFREADPOST},
    {"BufReadPre",      EVENT_BUFREADPRE},
    {"BufUnload",       EVENT_BUFUNLOAD},
    {"BufWinEnter",     EVENT_BUFWINENTER},
    {"BufWinLeave",     EVENT_BUFWINLEAVE},
    {"BufWipeout",      EVENT_BUFWIPEOUT},
    {"BufWrite",        EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE},
    {"BufWritePost",    EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST},
    {"BufWritePre",     EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE},
    {"BufWriteCmd",     EVENT_BUFWRITECMD},
    {"CmdwinEnter",     EVENT_CMDWINENTER},
    {"CmdwinLeave",     EVENT_CMDWINLEAVE},
    {"ColorScheme",     EVENT_COLORSCHEME},
    {"CursorHold",      EVENT_CURSORHOLD},
    {"CursorHoldI",     EVENT_CURSORHOLDI},
    {"CursorMoved",     EVENT_CURSORMOVED},
    {"CursorMovedI",    EVENT_CURSORMOVEDI},
    {"EncodingChanged", EVENT_ENCODINGCHANGED},
    {"FileEncoding",    EVENT_ENCODINGCHANGED},
    {"FileAppendPost",  EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST},
    {"FileAppendPre",   EVENT_FILEAPPENDPRE},
    {"FileAppendCmd",   EVENT_FILEAPPENDCMD},
    {"FileChangedShell",EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL},
    {"FileChangedShellPost",EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELLPOST},
    {"FileChangedRO",   EVENT_FILECHANGEDRO},
    {"FileReadPost",    EVENT_FILEREADPOST},
    {"FileReadPre",     EVENT_FILEREADPRE},
    {"FileReadCmd",     EVENT_FILEREADCMD},
    {"FileType",        EVENT_FILETYPE},
    {"FileWritePost",   EVENT_FILEWRITEPOST},
    {"FileWritePre",    EVENT_FILEWRITEPRE},
    {"FileWriteCmd",    EVENT_FILEWRITECMD},
    {"FilterReadPost",  EVENT_FILTERREADPOST},
    {"FilterReadPre",   EVENT_FILTERREADPRE},
    {"FilterWritePost", EVENT_FILTERWRITEPOST},
    {"FilterWritePre",  EVENT_FILTERWRITEPRE},
    {"FocusGained",     EVENT_FOCUSGAINED},
    {"FocusLost",       EVENT_FOCUSLOST},
    {"FuncUndefined",   EVENT_FUNCUNDEFINED},
    {"GUIEnter",        EVENT_GUIENTER},
    {"GUIFailed",       EVENT_GUIFAILED},
    {"InsertChange",    EVENT_INSERTCHANGE},
    {"InsertEnter",     EVENT_INSERTENTER},
    {"InsertLeave",     EVENT_INSERTLEAVE},
    {"MenuPopup",       EVENT_MENUPOPUP},
    {"QuickFixCmdPost", EVENT_QUICKFIXCMDPOST},
    {"QuickFixCmdPre",  EVENT_QUICKFIXCMDPRE},
    {"RemoteReply",     EVENT_REMOTEREPLY},
    {"SessionLoadPost", EVENT_SESSIONLOADPOST},
    {"ShellCmdPost",    EVENT_SHELLCMDPOST},
    {"ShellFilterPost", EVENT_SHELLFILTERPOST},
    {"SourcePre",       EVENT_SOURCEPRE},
    {"SourceCmd",       EVENT_SOURCECMD},
    {"SpellFileMissing",EVENT_SPELLFILEMISSING},
    {"StdinReadPost",   EVENT_STDINREADPOST},
    {"StdinReadPre",    EVENT_STDINREADPRE},
    {"SwapExists",      EVENT_SWAPEXISTS},
    {"Syntax",          EVENT_SYNTAX},
    {"TabEnter",        EVENT_TABENTER},
    {"TabLeave",        EVENT_TABLEAVE},
    {"TermChanged",     EVENT_TERMCHANGED},
    {"TermResponse",    EVENT_TERMRESPONSE},
    {"User",            EVENT_USER},
    {"VimEnter",        EVENT_VIMENTER},
    {"VimLeave",        EVENT_VIMLEAVE},
    {"VimLeavePre",     EVENT_VIMLEAVEPRE},
    {"WinEnter",        EVENT_WINENTER},
    {"WinLeave",        EVENT_WINLEAVE},
    {"VimResized",      EVENT_VIMRESIZED},
    {NULL,              (event_T)0}
};

static AutoPat *first_autopat[NUM_EVENTS] =
{
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
};

/*
 * struct used to keep status while executing autocommands for an event.
 */
typedef struct AutoPatCmd
{
    AutoPat     *curpat;        /* next AutoPat to examine */
    AutoCmd     *nextcmd;       /* next AutoCmd to execute */
    int         group;          /* group being used */
    char_u      *fname;         /* fname to match with */
    char_u      *sfname;        /* sfname to match with */
    char_u      *tail;          /* tail of fname */
    event_T     event;          /* current event */
    int         arg_bufnr;      /* initially equal to <abuf>, set to zero when
                                   buf is deleted */
    struct AutoPatCmd   *next;  /* chain of active apc-s for auto-invalidation*/
} AutoPatCmd;

static AutoPatCmd *active_apc_list = NULL; /* stack of active autocommands */

/*
 * augroups stores a list of autocmd group names.
 */
static garray_T augroups = {0, 0, sizeof(char_u *), 10, NULL};
#define AUGROUP_NAME(i) (((char_u **)augroups.ga_data)[i])

/*
 * The ID of the current group.  Group 0 is the default one.
 */
static int current_augroup = AUGROUP_DEFAULT;

static int au_need_clean = FALSE;   /* need to delete marked patterns */

static void show_autocmd __ARGS((AutoPat *ap, event_T event));
static void au_remove_pat __ARGS((AutoPat *ap));
static void au_remove_cmds __ARGS((AutoPat *ap));
static void au_cleanup __ARGS((void));
static int au_new_group __ARGS((char_u *name));
static void au_del_group __ARGS((char_u *name));
static event_T event_name2nr __ARGS((char_u *start, char_u **end));
static char_u *event_nr2name __ARGS((event_T event));
static char_u *find_end_event __ARGS((char_u *arg, int have_group));
static int event_ignored __ARGS((event_T event));
static int au_get_grouparg __ARGS((char_u **argp));
static int do_autocmd_event __ARGS((event_T event, char_u *pat, int nested, char_u *cmd, int forceit, int group));
static char_u *getnextac __ARGS((int c, void *cookie, int indent));
static int apply_autocmds_group __ARGS((event_T event, char_u *fname, char_u *fname_io, int force, int group, buf_T *buf, exarg_T *eap));
static void auto_next_pat __ARGS((AutoPatCmd *apc, int stop_at_last));


static event_T  last_event;
static int      last_group;

/*
 * Show the autocommands for one AutoPat.
 */
    static void
show_autocmd(ap, event)
    AutoPat     *ap;
    event_T     event;
{
    AutoCmd *ac;

    /* Check for "got_int" (here and at various places below), which is set
     * when "q" has been hit for the "--more--" prompt */
    if (got_int)
        return;
    if (ap->pat == NULL)                /* pattern has been removed */
        return;

    msg_putchar('\n');
    if (got_int)
        return;
    if (event != last_event || ap->group != last_group)
    {
        if (ap->group != AUGROUP_DEFAULT)
        {
            if (AUGROUP_NAME(ap->group) == NULL)
                msg_puts_attr((char_u *)_("--Deleted--"), hl_attr(HLF_E));
            else
                msg_puts_attr(AUGROUP_NAME(ap->group), hl_attr(HLF_T));
            msg_puts((char_u *)"  ");
        }
        msg_puts_attr(event_nr2name(event), hl_attr(HLF_T));
        last_event = event;
        last_group = ap->group;
        msg_putchar('\n');
        if (got_int)
            return;
    }
    msg_col = 4;
    msg_outtrans(ap->pat);

    for (ac = ap->cmds; ac != NULL; ac = ac->next)
    {
        if (ac->cmd != NULL)            /* skip removed commands */
        {
            if (msg_col >= 14)
                msg_putchar('\n');
            msg_col = 14;
            if (got_int)
                return;
            msg_outtrans(ac->cmd);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            if (p_verbose > 0)
                last_set_msg(ac->scriptID);
#endif
            if (got_int)
                return;
            if (ac->next != NULL)
            {
                msg_putchar('\n');
                if (got_int)
                    return;
            }
        }
    }
}

/*
 * Mark an autocommand pattern for deletion.
 */
    static void
au_remove_pat(ap)
    AutoPat *ap;
{
    vim_free(ap->pat);
    ap->pat = NULL;
    ap->buflocal_nr = -1;
    au_need_clean = TRUE;
}

/*
 * Mark all commands for a pattern for deletion.
 */
    static void
au_remove_cmds(ap)
    AutoPat *ap;
{
    AutoCmd *ac;

    for (ac = ap->cmds; ac != NULL; ac = ac->next)
    {
        vim_free(ac->cmd);
        ac->cmd = NULL;
    }
    au_need_clean = TRUE;
}

/*
 * Cleanup autocommands and patterns that have been deleted.
 * This is only done when not executing autocommands.
 */
    static void
au_cleanup()
{
    AutoPat     *ap, **prev_ap;
    AutoCmd     *ac, **prev_ac;
    event_T     event;

    if (autocmd_busy || !au_need_clean)
        return;

    /* loop over all events */
    for (event = (event_T)0; (int)event < (int)NUM_EVENTS;
                                            event = (event_T)((int)event + 1))
    {
        /* loop over all autocommand patterns */
        prev_ap = &(first_autopat[(int)event]);
        for (ap = *prev_ap; ap != NULL; ap = *prev_ap)
        {
            /* loop over all commands for this pattern */
            prev_ac = &(ap->cmds);
            for (ac = *prev_ac; ac != NULL; ac = *prev_ac)
            {
                /* remove the command if the pattern is to be deleted or when
                 * the command has been marked for deletion */
                if (ap->pat == NULL || ac->cmd == NULL)
                {
                    *prev_ac = ac->next;
                    vim_free(ac->cmd);
                    vim_free(ac);
                }
                else
                    prev_ac = &(ac->next);
            }

            /* remove the pattern if it has been marked for deletion */
            if (ap->pat == NULL)
            {
                *prev_ap = ap->next;
                vim_free(ap->reg_prog);
                vim_free(ap);
            }
            else
                prev_ap = &(ap->next);
        }
    }

    au_need_clean = FALSE;
}

/*
 * Called when buffer is freed, to remove/invalidate related buffer-local
 * autocmds.
 */
    void
aubuflocal_remove(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    AutoPat     *ap;
    event_T     event;
    AutoPatCmd  *apc;

    /* invalidate currently executing autocommands */
    for (apc = active_apc_list; apc; apc = apc->next)
        if (buf->b_fnum == apc->arg_bufnr)
            apc->arg_bufnr = 0;

    /* invalidate buflocals looping through events */
    for (event = (event_T)0; (int)event < (int)NUM_EVENTS;
                                            event = (event_T)((int)event + 1))
        /* loop over all autocommand patterns */
        for (ap = first_autopat[(int)event]; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
            if (ap->buflocal_nr == buf->b_fnum)
            {
                au_remove_pat(ap);
                if (p_verbose >= 6)
                {
                    verbose_enter();
                    smsg((char_u *)
                            _("auto-removing autocommand: %s <buffer=%d>"),
                                           event_nr2name(event), buf->b_fnum);
                    verbose_leave();
                }
            }
    au_cleanup();
}

/*
 * Add an autocmd group name.
 * Return it's ID.  Returns AUGROUP_ERROR (< 0) for error.
 */
    static int
au_new_group(name)
    char_u      *name;
{
    int         i;

    i = au_find_group(name);
    if (i == AUGROUP_ERROR)     /* the group doesn't exist yet, add it */
    {
        /* First try using a free entry. */
        for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
            if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) == NULL)
                break;
        if (i == augroups.ga_len && ga_grow(&augroups, 1) == FAIL)
            return AUGROUP_ERROR;

        AUGROUP_NAME(i) = vim_strsave(name);
        if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) == NULL)
            return AUGROUP_ERROR;
        if (i == augroups.ga_len)
            ++augroups.ga_len;
    }

    return i;
}

    static void
au_del_group(name)
    char_u      *name;
{
    int     i;

    i = au_find_group(name);
    if (i == AUGROUP_ERROR)     /* the group doesn't exist */
        EMSG2(_("E367: No such group: \"%s\""), name);
    else
    {
        vim_free(AUGROUP_NAME(i));
        AUGROUP_NAME(i) = NULL;
    }
}

/*
 * Find the ID of an autocmd group name.
 * Return it's ID.  Returns AUGROUP_ERROR (< 0) for error.
 */
    static int
au_find_group(name)
    char_u      *name;
{
    int     i;

    for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
        if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) != NULL && STRCMP(AUGROUP_NAME(i), name) == 0)
            return i;
    return AUGROUP_ERROR;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if augroup "name" exists.
 */
    int
au_has_group(name)
    char_u      *name;
{
    return au_find_group(name) != AUGROUP_ERROR;
}

/*
 * ":augroup {name}".
 */
    void
do_augroup(arg, del_group)
    char_u      *arg;
    int         del_group;
{
    int     i;

    if (del_group)
    {
        if (*arg == NUL)
            EMSG(_(e_argreq));
        else
            au_del_group(arg);
    }
    else if (STRICMP(arg, "end") == 0)   /* ":aug end": back to group 0 */
        current_augroup = AUGROUP_DEFAULT;
    else if (*arg)                  /* ":aug xxx": switch to group xxx */
    {
        i = au_new_group(arg);
        if (i != AUGROUP_ERROR)
            current_augroup = i;
    }
    else                            /* ":aug": list the group names */
    {
        msg_start();
        for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
        {
            if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) != NULL)
            {
                msg_puts(AUGROUP_NAME(i));
                msg_puts((char_u *)"  ");
            }
        }
        msg_clr_eos();
        msg_end();
    }
}

#if defined(EXITFREE) || defined(PROTO)
    void
free_all_autocmds()
{
    for (current_augroup = -1; current_augroup < augroups.ga_len;
                                                            ++current_augroup)
        do_autocmd((char_u *)"", TRUE);
    ga_clear_strings(&augroups);
}
#endif

/*
 * Return the event number for event name "start".
 * Return NUM_EVENTS if the event name was not found.
 * Return a pointer to the next event name in "end".
 */
    static event_T
event_name2nr(start, end)
    char_u  *start;
    char_u  **end;
{
    char_u      *p;
    int         i;
    int         len;

    /* the event name ends with end of line, a blank or a comma */
    for (p = start; *p && !vim_iswhite(*p) && *p != ','; ++p)
        ;
    for (i = 0; event_names[i].name != NULL; ++i)
    {
        len = (int)STRLEN(event_names[i].name);
        if (len == p - start && STRNICMP(event_names[i].name, start, len) == 0)
            break;
    }
    if (*p == ',')
        ++p;
    *end = p;
    if (event_names[i].name == NULL)
        return NUM_EVENTS;
    return event_names[i].event;
}

/*
 * Return the name for event "event".
 */
    static char_u *
event_nr2name(event)
    event_T     event;
{
    int     i;

    for (i = 0; event_names[i].name != NULL; ++i)
        if (event_names[i].event == event)
            return (char_u *)event_names[i].name;
    return (char_u *)"Unknown";
}

/*
 * Scan over the events.  "*" stands for all events.
 */
    static char_u *
find_end_event(arg, have_group)
    char_u  *arg;
    int     have_group;     /* TRUE when group name was found */
{
    char_u  *pat;
    char_u  *p;

    if (*arg == '*')
    {
        if (arg[1] && !vim_iswhite(arg[1]))
        {
            EMSG2(_("E215: Illegal character after *: %s"), arg);
            return NULL;
        }
        pat = arg + 1;
    }
    else
    {
        for (pat = arg; *pat && !vim_iswhite(*pat); pat = p)
        {
            if ((int)event_name2nr(pat, &p) >= (int)NUM_EVENTS)
            {
                if (have_group)
                    EMSG2(_("E216: No such event: %s"), pat);
                else
                    EMSG2(_("E216: No such group or event: %s"), pat);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
    }
    return pat;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if "event" is included in 'eventignore'.
 */
    static int
event_ignored(event)
    event_T     event;
{
    char_u      *p = p_ei;

    while (*p != NUL)
    {
        if (STRNICMP(p, "all", 3) == 0 && (p[3] == NUL || p[3] == ','))
            return TRUE;
        if (event_name2nr(p, &p) == event)
            return TRUE;
    }

    return FALSE;
}

/*
 * Return OK when the contents of p_ei is valid, FAIL otherwise.
 */
    int
check_ei()
{
    char_u      *p = p_ei;

    while (*p)
    {
        if (STRNICMP(p, "all", 3) == 0 && (p[3] == NUL || p[3] == ','))
        {
            p += 3;
            if (*p == ',')
                ++p;
        }
        else if (event_name2nr(p, &p) == NUM_EVENTS)
            return FAIL;
    }

    return OK;
}

# if defined(FEAT_SYN_HL) || defined(PROTO)

/*
 * Add "what" to 'eventignore' to skip loading syntax highlighting for every
 * buffer loaded into the window.  "what" must start with a comma.
 * Returns the old value of 'eventignore' in allocated memory.
 */
    char_u *
au_event_disable(what)
    char        *what;
{
    char_u      *new_ei;
    char_u      *save_ei;

    save_ei = vim_strsave(p_ei);
    if (save_ei != NULL)
    {
        new_ei = vim_strnsave(p_ei, (int)(STRLEN(p_ei) + STRLEN(what)));
        if (new_ei != NULL)
        {
            STRCAT(new_ei, what);
            set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"ei", -1, new_ei,
                                                          OPT_FREE, SID_NONE);
            vim_free(new_ei);
        }
    }
    return save_ei;
}

    void
au_event_restore(old_ei)
    char_u      *old_ei;
{
    if (old_ei != NULL)
    {
        set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"ei", -1, old_ei,
                                                          OPT_FREE, SID_NONE);
        vim_free(old_ei);
    }
}
# endif  /* FEAT_SYN_HL */

/*
 * do_autocmd() -- implements the :autocmd command.  Can be used in the
 *  following ways:
 *
 * :autocmd <event> <pat> <cmd>     Add <cmd> to the list of commands that
 *                                  will be automatically executed for <event>
 *                                  when editing a file matching <pat>, in
 *                                  the current group.
 * :autocmd <event> <pat>           Show the auto-commands associated with
 *                                  <event> and <pat>.
 * :autocmd <event>                 Show the auto-commands associated with
 *                                  <event>.
 * :autocmd                         Show all auto-commands.
 * :autocmd! <event> <pat> <cmd>    Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *                                  <event> and <pat>, and add the command
 *                                  <cmd>, for the current group.
 * :autocmd! <event> <pat>          Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *                                  <event> and <pat> for the current group.
 * :autocmd! <event>                Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *                                  <event> for the current group.
 * :autocmd!                        Remove ALL auto-commands for the current
 *                                  group.
 *
 *  Multiple events and patterns may be given separated by commas.  Here are
 *  some examples:
 * :autocmd bufread,bufenter *.c,*.h    set tw=0 smartindent noic
 * :autocmd bufleave         *          set tw=79 nosmartindent ic infercase
 *
 * :autocmd * *.c               show all autocommands for *.c files.
 *
 * Mostly a {group} argument can optionally appear before <event>.
 */
    void
do_autocmd(arg, forceit)
    char_u  *arg;
    int     forceit;
{
    char_u      *pat;
    char_u      *envpat = NULL;
    char_u      *cmd;
    event_T     event;
    int         need_free = FALSE;
    int         nested = FALSE;
    int         group;

    /*
     * Check for a legal group name.  If not, use AUGROUP_ALL.
     */
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (arg == NULL)        /* out of memory */
        return;

    /*
     * Scan over the events.
     * If we find an illegal name, return here, don't do anything.
     */
    pat = find_end_event(arg, group != AUGROUP_ALL);
    if (pat == NULL)
        return;

    /*
     * Scan over the pattern.  Put a NUL at the end.
     */
    pat = skipwhite(pat);
    cmd = pat;
    while (*cmd && (!vim_iswhite(*cmd) || cmd[-1] == '\\'))
        cmd++;
    if (*cmd)
        *cmd++ = NUL;

    /* Expand environment variables in the pattern.  Set 'shellslash', we want
     * forward slashes here. */
    if (vim_strchr(pat, '$') != NULL || vim_strchr(pat, '~') != NULL)
    {
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
        int     p_ssl_save = p_ssl;

        p_ssl = TRUE;
#endif
        envpat = expand_env_save(pat);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
        p_ssl = p_ssl_save;
#endif
        if (envpat != NULL)
            pat = envpat;
    }

    /*
     * Check for "nested" flag.
     */
    cmd = skipwhite(cmd);
    if (*cmd != NUL && STRNCMP(cmd, "nested", 6) == 0 && vim_iswhite(cmd[6]))
    {
        nested = TRUE;
        cmd = skipwhite(cmd + 6);
    }

    /*
     * Find the start of the commands.
     * Expand <sfile> in it.
     */
    if (*cmd != NUL)
    {
        cmd = expand_sfile(cmd);
        if (cmd == NULL)            /* some error */
            return;
        need_free = TRUE;
    }

    /*
     * Print header when showing autocommands.
     */
    if (!forceit && *cmd == NUL)
    {
        /* Highlight title */
        MSG_PUTS_TITLE(_("\n--- Auto-Commands ---"));
    }

    /*
     * Loop over the events.
     */
    last_event = (event_T)-1;           /* for listing the event name */
    last_group = AUGROUP_ERROR;         /* for listing the group name */
    if (*arg == '*' || *arg == NUL)
    {
        for (event = (event_T)0; (int)event < (int)NUM_EVENTS;
                                            event = (event_T)((int)event + 1))
            if (do_autocmd_event(event, pat,
                                         nested, cmd, forceit, group) == FAIL)
                break;
    }
    else
    {
        while (*arg && !vim_iswhite(*arg))
            if (do_autocmd_event(event_name2nr(arg, &arg), pat,
                                        nested, cmd, forceit, group) == FAIL)
                break;
    }

    if (need_free)
        vim_free(cmd);
    vim_free(envpat);
}

/*
 * Find the group ID in a ":autocmd" or ":doautocmd" argument.
 * The "argp" argument is advanced to the following argument.
 *
 * Returns the group ID, AUGROUP_ERROR for error (out of memory).
 */
    static int
au_get_grouparg(argp)
    char_u      **argp;
{
    char_u      *group_name;
    char_u      *p;
    char_u      *arg = *argp;
    int         group = AUGROUP_ALL;

    p = skiptowhite(arg);
    if (p > arg)
    {
        group_name = vim_strnsave(arg, (int)(p - arg));
        if (group_name == NULL)         /* out of memory */
            return AUGROUP_ERROR;
        group = au_find_group(group_name);
        if (group == AUGROUP_ERROR)
            group = AUGROUP_ALL;        /* no match, use all groups */
        else
            *argp = skipwhite(p);       /* match, skip over group name */
        vim_free(group_name);
    }
    return group;
}

/*
 * do_autocmd() for one event.
 * If *pat == NUL do for all patterns.
 * If *cmd == NUL show entries.
 * If forceit == TRUE delete entries.
 * If group is not AUGROUP_ALL, only use this group.
 */
    static int
do_autocmd_event(event, pat, nested, cmd, forceit, group)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *pat;
    int         nested;
    char_u      *cmd;
    int         forceit;
    int         group;
{
    AutoPat     *ap;
    AutoPat     **prev_ap;
    AutoCmd     *ac;
    AutoCmd     **prev_ac;
    int         brace_level;
    char_u      *endpat;
    int         findgroup;
    int         allgroups;
    int         patlen;
    int         is_buflocal;
    int         buflocal_nr;
    char_u      buflocal_pat[25];       /* for "<buffer=X>" */

    if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
        findgroup = current_augroup;
    else
        findgroup = group;
    allgroups = (group == AUGROUP_ALL && !forceit && *cmd == NUL);

    /*
     * Show or delete all patterns for an event.
     */
    if (*pat == NUL)
    {
        for (ap = first_autopat[(int)event]; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
        {
            if (forceit)  /* delete the AutoPat, if it's in the current group */
            {
                if (ap->group == findgroup)
                    au_remove_pat(ap);
            }
            else if (group == AUGROUP_ALL || ap->group == group)
                show_autocmd(ap, event);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Loop through all the specified patterns.
     */
    for ( ; *pat; pat = (*endpat == ',' ? endpat + 1 : endpat))
    {
        /*
         * Find end of the pattern.
         * Watch out for a comma in braces, like "*.\{obj,o\}".
         */
        brace_level = 0;
        for (endpat = pat; *endpat && (*endpat != ',' || brace_level
                                             || endpat[-1] == '\\'); ++endpat)
        {
            if (*endpat == '{')
                brace_level++;
            else if (*endpat == '}')
                brace_level--;
        }
        if (pat == endpat)              /* ignore single comma */
            continue;
        patlen = (int)(endpat - pat);

        /*
         * detect special <buflocal[=X]> buffer-local patterns
         */
        is_buflocal = FALSE;
        buflocal_nr = 0;

        if (patlen >= 7 && STRNCMP(pat, "<buffer", 7) == 0
                                                    && pat[patlen - 1] == '>')
        {
            /* Error will be printed only for addition. printing and removing
             * will proceed silently. */
            is_buflocal = TRUE;
            if (patlen == 8)
                buflocal_nr = curbuf->b_fnum;
            else if (patlen > 9 && pat[7] == '=')
            {
                /* <buffer=abuf> */
                if (patlen == 13 && STRNICMP(pat, "<buffer=abuf>", 13))
                    buflocal_nr = autocmd_bufnr;
                /* <buffer=123> */
                else if (skipdigits(pat + 8) == pat + patlen - 1)
                    buflocal_nr = atoi((char *)pat + 8);
            }
        }

        if (is_buflocal)
        {
            /* normalize pat into standard "<buffer>#N" form */
            sprintf((char *)buflocal_pat, "<buffer=%d>", buflocal_nr);
            pat = buflocal_pat;                 /* can modify pat and patlen */
            patlen = (int)STRLEN(buflocal_pat); /*   but not endpat */
        }

        /*
         * Find AutoPat entries with this pattern.
         */
        prev_ap = &first_autopat[(int)event];
        while ((ap = *prev_ap) != NULL)
        {
            if (ap->pat != NULL)
            {
                /* Accept a pattern when:
                 * - a group was specified and it's that group, or a group was
                 *   not specified and it's the current group, or a group was
                 *   not specified and we are listing
                 * - the length of the pattern matches
                 * - the pattern matches.
                 * For <buffer[=X]>, this condition works because we normalize
                 * all buffer-local patterns.
                 */
                if ((allgroups || ap->group == findgroup)
                        && ap->patlen == patlen
                        && STRNCMP(pat, ap->pat, patlen) == 0)
                {
                    /*
                     * Remove existing autocommands.
                     * If adding any new autocmd's for this AutoPat, don't
                     * delete the pattern from the autopat list, append to
                     * this list.
                     */
                    if (forceit)
                    {
                        if (*cmd != NUL && ap->next == NULL)
                        {
                            au_remove_cmds(ap);
                            break;
                        }
                        au_remove_pat(ap);
                    }

                    /*
                     * Show autocmd's for this autopat, or buflocals <buffer=X>
                     */
                    else if (*cmd == NUL)
                        show_autocmd(ap, event);

                    /*
                     * Add autocmd to this autopat, if it's the last one.
                     */
                    else if (ap->next == NULL)
                        break;
                }
            }
            prev_ap = &ap->next;
        }

        /*
         * Add a new command.
         */
        if (*cmd != NUL)
        {
            /*
             * If the pattern we want to add a command to does appear at the
             * end of the list (or not is not in the list at all), add the
             * pattern at the end of the list.
             */
            if (ap == NULL)
            {
                /* refuse to add buffer-local ap if buffer number is invalid */
                if (is_buflocal && (buflocal_nr == 0
                                      || buflist_findnr(buflocal_nr) == NULL))
                {
                    EMSGN(_("E680: <buffer=%d>: invalid buffer number "),
                                                                 buflocal_nr);
                    return FAIL;
                }

                ap = (AutoPat *)alloc((unsigned)sizeof(AutoPat));
                if (ap == NULL)
                    return FAIL;
                ap->pat = vim_strnsave(pat, patlen);
                ap->patlen = patlen;
                if (ap->pat == NULL)
                {
                    vim_free(ap);
                    return FAIL;
                }

                if (is_buflocal)
                {
                    ap->buflocal_nr = buflocal_nr;
                    ap->reg_prog = NULL;
                }
                else
                {
                    char_u      *reg_pat;

                    ap->buflocal_nr = 0;
                    reg_pat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(pat, endpat,
                                                         &ap->allow_dirs, TRUE);
                    if (reg_pat != NULL)
                        ap->reg_prog = vim_regcomp(reg_pat, RE_MAGIC);
                    vim_free(reg_pat);
                    if (reg_pat == NULL || ap->reg_prog == NULL)
                    {
                        vim_free(ap->pat);
                        vim_free(ap);
                        return FAIL;
                    }
                }
                ap->cmds = NULL;
                *prev_ap = ap;
                ap->next = NULL;
                if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
                    ap->group = current_augroup;
                else
                    ap->group = group;
            }

            /*
             * Add the autocmd at the end of the AutoCmd list.
             */
            prev_ac = &(ap->cmds);
            while ((ac = *prev_ac) != NULL)
                prev_ac = &ac->next;
            ac = (AutoCmd *)alloc((unsigned)sizeof(AutoCmd));
            if (ac == NULL)
                return FAIL;
            ac->cmd = vim_strsave(cmd);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            ac->scriptID = current_SID;
#endif
            if (ac->cmd == NULL)
            {
                vim_free(ac);
                return FAIL;
            }
            ac->next = NULL;
            *prev_ac = ac;
            ac->nested = nested;
        }
    }

    au_cleanup();       /* may really delete removed patterns/commands now */
    return OK;
}

/*
 * Implementation of ":doautocmd [group] event [fname]".
 * Return OK for success, FAIL for failure;
 */
    int
do_doautocmd(arg, do_msg)
    char_u      *arg;
    int         do_msg;     /* give message for no matching autocmds? */
{
    char_u      *fname;
    int         nothing_done = TRUE;
    int         group;

    /*
     * Check for a legal group name.  If not, use AUGROUP_ALL.
     */
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (arg == NULL)        /* out of memory */
        return FAIL;

    if (*arg == '*')
    {
        EMSG(_("E217: Can't execute autocommands for ALL events"));
        return FAIL;
    }

    /*
     * Scan over the events.
     * If we find an illegal name, return here, don't do anything.
     */
    fname = find_end_event(arg, group != AUGROUP_ALL);
    if (fname == NULL)
        return FAIL;

    fname = skipwhite(fname);

    /*
     * Loop over the events.
     */
    while (*arg && !vim_iswhite(*arg))
        if (apply_autocmds_group(event_name2nr(arg, &arg),
                                      fname, NULL, TRUE, group, curbuf, NULL))
            nothing_done = FALSE;

    if (nothing_done && do_msg)
        MSG(_("No matching autocommands"));

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
    return OK;
#endif
}

/*
 * ":doautoall": execute autocommands for each loaded buffer.
 */
    void
ex_doautoall(eap)
    exarg_T     *eap;
{
    int         retval;
    aco_save_T  aco;
    buf_T       *buf;

    /*
     * This is a bit tricky: For some commands curwin->w_buffer needs to be
     * equal to curbuf, but for some buffers there may not be a window.
     * So we change the buffer for the current window for a moment.  This
     * gives problems when the autocommands make changes to the list of
     * buffers or windows...
     */
    for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; buf = buf->b_next)
    {
        if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
        {
            /* find a window for this buffer and save some values */
            aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

            /* execute the autocommands for this buffer */
            retval = do_doautocmd(eap->arg, FALSE);

            /* Execute the modeline settings, but don't set window-local
             * options if we are using the current window for another buffer. */
            do_modelines(aco.save_curwin == NULL ? OPT_NOWIN : 0);

            /* restore the current window */
            aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

            /* stop if there is some error or buffer was deleted */
            if (retval == FAIL || !buf_valid(buf))
                break;
        }
    }

    check_cursor();         /* just in case lines got deleted */
}

/*
 * Prepare for executing autocommands for (hidden) buffer "buf".
 * Search a window for the current buffer.  Save the cursor position and
 * screen offset.
 * Set "curbuf" and "curwin" to match "buf".
 * When FEAT_AUTOCMD is not defined another version is used, see below.
 */
    void
aucmd_prepbuf(aco, buf)
    aco_save_T  *aco;           /* structure to save values in */
    buf_T       *buf;           /* new curbuf */
{
    win_T       *win;

    aco->new_curbuf = buf;

    /* Find a window that is for the new buffer */
    if (buf == curbuf)          /* be quick when buf is curbuf */
        win = curwin;
    else
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
        for (win = firstwin; win != NULL; win = win->w_next)
            if (win->w_buffer == buf)
                break;
#else
        win = NULL;
#endif

    /*
     * Prefer to use an existing window for the buffer, it has the least side
     * effects (esp. if "buf" is curbuf).
     * Otherwise, use curwin for "buf".  It might make some items in the
     * window invalid.  At least save the cursor and topline.
     */
    if (win != NULL)
    {
        /* there is a window for "buf", make it the curwin */
        aco->save_curwin = curwin;
        curwin = win;
        aco->save_buf = win->w_buffer;
        aco->new_curwin = win;
    }
    else
    {
        /* there is no window for "buf", use curwin */
        aco->save_curwin = NULL;
        aco->save_buf = curbuf;
        --curbuf->b_nwindows;
        curwin->w_buffer = buf;
        ++buf->b_nwindows;

        /* save cursor and topline, set them to safe values */
        aco->save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
        curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 1;
        curwin->w_cursor.col = 0;
        aco->save_topline = curwin->w_topline;
        curwin->w_topline = 1;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
        aco->save_topfill = curwin->w_topfill;
        curwin->w_topfill = 0;
#endif
    }

    curbuf = buf;
}

/*
 * Cleanup after executing autocommands for a (hidden) buffer.
 * Restore the window as it was (if possible).
 * When FEAT_AUTOCMD is not defined another version is used, see below.
 */
    void
aucmd_restbuf(aco)
    aco_save_T  *aco;           /* structure holding saved values */
{
    if (aco->save_curwin != NULL)
    {
        /* restore curwin */
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
        if (win_valid(aco->save_curwin))
#endif
        {
            /* restore the buffer which was previously edited by curwin, if
             * it's still the same window and it's valid */
            if (curwin == aco->new_curwin
                    && buf_valid(aco->save_buf)
                    && aco->save_buf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
            {
                --curbuf->b_nwindows;
                curbuf = aco->save_buf;
                curwin->w_buffer = curbuf;
                ++curbuf->b_nwindows;
            }

            curwin = aco->save_curwin;
            curbuf = curwin->w_buffer;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* restore buffer for curwin if it still exists and is loaded */
        if (buf_valid(aco->save_buf) && aco->save_buf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
        {
            --curbuf->b_nwindows;
            curbuf = aco->save_buf;
            curwin->w_buffer = curbuf;
            ++curbuf->b_nwindows;
            curwin->w_cursor = aco->save_cursor;
            check_cursor();
            /* check topline < line_count, in case lines got deleted */
            if (aco->save_topline <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
            {
                curwin->w_topline = aco->save_topline;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
                curwin->w_topfill = aco->save_topfill;
#endif
            }
            else
            {
                curwin->w_topline = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
                curwin->w_topfill = 0;
#endif
            }
        }
    }
}

static int      autocmd_nested = FALSE;

/*
 * Execute autocommands for "event" and file name "fname".
 * Return TRUE if some commands were executed.
 */
    int
apply_autocmds(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *fname;     /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u      *fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline */
    int         force;      /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    buf_T       *buf;       /* buffer for <abuf> */
{
    return apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
                                                      AUGROUP_ALL, buf, NULL);
}

/*
 * Like apply_autocmds(), but with extra "eap" argument.  This takes care of
 * setting v:filearg.
 */
    static int
apply_autocmds_exarg(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf, eap)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *fname;
    char_u      *fname_io;
    int         force;
    buf_T       *buf;
    exarg_T     *eap;
{
    return apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
                                                       AUGROUP_ALL, buf, eap);
}

/*
 * Like apply_autocmds(), but handles the caller's retval.  If the script
 * processing is being aborted or if retval is FAIL when inside a try
 * conditional, no autocommands are executed.  If otherwise the autocommands
 * cause the script to be aborted, retval is set to FAIL.
 */
    int
apply_autocmds_retval(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf, retval)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *fname;     /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u      *fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline */
    int         force;      /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    buf_T       *buf;       /* buffer for <abuf> */
    int         *retval;    /* pointer to caller's retval */
{
    int         did_cmd;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    if (should_abort(*retval))
        return FALSE;
#endif

    did_cmd = apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
                                                      AUGROUP_ALL, buf, NULL);
    if (did_cmd
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
            && aborting()
#endif
            )
        *retval = FAIL;
    return did_cmd;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE when there is a CursorHold autocommand defined.
 */
    int
has_cursorhold()
{
    return (first_autopat[(int)(get_real_state() == NORMAL_BUSY
                            ? EVENT_CURSORHOLD : EVENT_CURSORHOLDI)] != NULL);
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if the CursorHold event can be triggered.
 */
    int
trigger_cursorhold()
{
    int         state;

    if (!did_cursorhold && has_cursorhold() && !Recording
#ifdef FEAT_INS_EXPAND
            && !ins_compl_active()
#endif
            )
    {
        state = get_real_state();
        if (state == NORMAL_BUSY || (state & INSERT) != 0)
            return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE when there is a CursorMoved autocommand defined.
 */
    int
has_cursormoved()
{
    return (first_autopat[(int)EVENT_CURSORMOVED] != NULL);
}

/*
 * Return TRUE when there is a CursorMovedI autocommand defined.
 */
    int
has_cursormovedI()
{
    return (first_autopat[(int)EVENT_CURSORMOVEDI] != NULL);
}

    static int
apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force, group, buf, eap)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *fname;     /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u      *fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline, NULL means
                               use fname */
    int         force;      /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    int         group;      /* group ID, or AUGROUP_ALL */
    buf_T       *buf;       /* buffer for <abuf> */
    exarg_T     *eap;       /* command arguments */
{
    char_u      *sfname = NULL; /* short file name */
    char_u      *tail;
    int         save_changed;
    buf_T       *old_curbuf;
    int         retval = FALSE;
    char_u      *save_sourcing_name;
    linenr_T    save_sourcing_lnum;
    char_u      *save_autocmd_fname;
    int         save_autocmd_bufnr;
    char_u      *save_autocmd_match;
    int         save_autocmd_busy;
    int         save_autocmd_nested;
    static int  nesting = 0;
    AutoPatCmd  patcmd;
    AutoPat     *ap;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    scid_T      save_current_SID;
    void        *save_funccalp;
    char_u      *save_cmdarg;
    long        save_cmdbang;
#endif
    static int  filechangeshell_busy = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
    proftime_T  wait_time;
#endif

    /*
     * Quickly return if there are no autocommands for this event or
     * autocommands are blocked.
     */
    if (first_autopat[(int)event] == NULL || autocmd_block > 0)
        goto BYPASS_AU;

    /*
     * When autocommands are busy, new autocommands are only executed when
     * explicitly enabled with the "nested" flag.
     */
    if (autocmd_busy && !(force || autocmd_nested))
        goto BYPASS_AU;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    /*
     * Quickly return when immediately aborting on error, or when an interrupt
     * occurred or an exception was thrown but not caught.
     */
    if (aborting())
        goto BYPASS_AU;
#endif

    /*
     * FileChangedShell never nests, because it can create an endless loop.
     */
    if (filechangeshell_busy && (event == EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL
                                      || event == EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELLPOST))
        goto BYPASS_AU;

    /*
     * Ignore events in 'eventignore'.
     */
    if (event_ignored(event))
        goto BYPASS_AU;

    /*
     * Allow nesting of autocommands, but restrict the depth, because it's
     * possible to create an endless loop.
     */
    if (nesting == 10)
    {
        EMSG(_("E218: autocommand nesting too deep"));
        goto BYPASS_AU;
    }

    /*
     * Check if these autocommands are disabled.  Used when doing ":all" or
     * ":ball".
     */
    if (       (autocmd_no_enter
                && (event == EVENT_WINENTER || event == EVENT_BUFENTER))
            || (autocmd_no_leave
                && (event == EVENT_WINLEAVE || event == EVENT_BUFLEAVE)))
        goto BYPASS_AU;

    /*
     * Save the autocmd_* variables and info about the current buffer.
     */
    save_autocmd_fname = autocmd_fname;
    save_autocmd_bufnr = autocmd_bufnr;
    save_autocmd_match = autocmd_match;
    save_autocmd_busy = autocmd_busy;
    save_autocmd_nested = autocmd_nested;
    save_changed = curbuf->b_changed;
    old_curbuf = curbuf;

    /*
     * Set the file name to be used for <afile>.
     */
    if (fname_io == NULL)
    {
        if (fname != NULL && *fname != NUL)
            autocmd_fname = fname;
        else if (buf != NULL)
            autocmd_fname = buf->b_fname;
        else
            autocmd_fname = NULL;
    }
    else
        autocmd_fname = fname_io;

    /*
     * Set the buffer number to be used for <abuf>.
     */
    if (buf == NULL)
        autocmd_bufnr = 0;
    else
        autocmd_bufnr = buf->b_fnum;

    /*
     * When the file name is NULL or empty, use the file name of buffer "buf".
     * Always use the full path of the file name to match with, in case
     * "allow_dirs" is set.
     */
    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL)
    {
        if (buf == NULL)
            fname = NULL;
        else
        {
#ifdef FEAT_SYN_HL
            if (event == EVENT_SYNTAX)
                fname = buf->b_p_syn;
            else
#endif
                if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE)
                    fname = buf->b_p_ft;
                else
                {
                    if (buf->b_sfname != NULL)
                        sfname = vim_strsave(buf->b_sfname);
                    fname = buf->b_ffname;
                }
        }
        if (fname == NULL)
            fname = (char_u *)"";
        fname = vim_strsave(fname);     /* make a copy, so we can change it */
    }
    else
    {
        sfname = vim_strsave(fname);
        /* Don't try expanding FileType, Syntax, WindowID or QuickFixCmd* */
        if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE
                || event == EVENT_SYNTAX
                || event == EVENT_REMOTEREPLY
                || event == EVENT_SPELLFILEMISSING
                || event == EVENT_QUICKFIXCMDPRE
                || event == EVENT_QUICKFIXCMDPOST)
            fname = vim_strsave(fname);
        else
            fname = FullName_save(fname, FALSE);
    }
    if (fname == NULL)      /* out of memory */
    {
        vim_free(sfname);
        retval = FALSE;
        goto BYPASS_AU;
    }

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    /*
     * Replace all backslashes with forward slashes.  This makes the
     * autocommand patterns portable between Unix and MS-DOS.
     */
    if (sfname != NULL)
        forward_slash(sfname);
    forward_slash(fname);
#endif

#ifdef VMS
    /* remove version for correct match */
    if (sfname != NULL)
        vms_remove_version(sfname);
    vms_remove_version(fname);
#endif

    /*
     * Set the name to be used for <amatch>.
     */
    autocmd_match = fname;


    /* Don't redraw while doing auto commands. */
    ++RedrawingDisabled;
    save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
    sourcing_name = NULL;       /* don't free this one */
    save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
    sourcing_lnum = 0;          /* no line number here */

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    save_current_SID = current_SID;

# ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
    if (do_profiling == PROF_YES)
        prof_child_enter(&wait_time); /* doesn't count for the caller itself */
# endif

    /* Don't use local function variables, if called from a function */
    save_funccalp = save_funccal();
#endif

    /*
     * When starting to execute autocommands, save the search patterns.
     */
    if (!autocmd_busy)
    {
        save_search_patterns();
        saveRedobuff();
        did_filetype = keep_filetype;
    }

    /*
     * Note that we are applying autocmds.  Some commands need to know.
     */
    autocmd_busy = TRUE;
    filechangeshell_busy = (event == EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL);
    ++nesting;          /* see matching decrement below */

    /* Remember that FileType was triggered.  Used for did_filetype(). */
    if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE)
        did_filetype = TRUE;

    tail = gettail(fname);

    /* Find first autocommand that matches */
    patcmd.curpat = first_autopat[(int)event];
    patcmd.nextcmd = NULL;
    patcmd.group = group;
    patcmd.fname = fname;
    patcmd.sfname = sfname;
    patcmd.tail = tail;
    patcmd.event = event;
    patcmd.arg_bufnr = autocmd_bufnr;
    patcmd.next = NULL;
    auto_next_pat(&patcmd, FALSE);

    /* found one, start executing the autocommands */
    if (patcmd.curpat != NULL)
    {
        /* add to active_apc_list */
        patcmd.next = active_apc_list;
        active_apc_list = &patcmd;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        /* set v:cmdarg (only when there is a matching pattern) */
        save_cmdbang = get_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG);
        if (eap != NULL)
        {
            save_cmdarg = set_cmdarg(eap, NULL);
            set_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG, (long)eap->forceit);
        }
        else
            save_cmdarg = NULL; /* avoid gcc warning */
#endif
        retval = TRUE;
        /* mark the last pattern, to avoid an endless loop when more patterns
         * are added when executing autocommands */
        for (ap = patcmd.curpat; ap->next != NULL; ap = ap->next)
            ap->last = FALSE;
        ap->last = TRUE;
        check_lnums(TRUE);      /* make sure cursor and topline are valid */
        do_cmdline(NULL, getnextac, (void *)&patcmd,
                                     DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_VERBOSE|DOCMD_REPEAT);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
        if (eap != NULL)
        {
            (void)set_cmdarg(NULL, save_cmdarg);
            set_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG, save_cmdbang);
        }
#endif
        /* delete from active_apc_list */
        if (active_apc_list == &patcmd)     /* just in case */
            active_apc_list = patcmd.next;
    }

    --RedrawingDisabled;
    autocmd_busy = save_autocmd_busy;
    filechangeshell_busy = FALSE;
    autocmd_nested = save_autocmd_nested;
    vim_free(sourcing_name);
    sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
    sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
    autocmd_fname = save_autocmd_fname;
    autocmd_bufnr = save_autocmd_bufnr;
    autocmd_match = save_autocmd_match;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    current_SID = save_current_SID;
    restore_funccal(save_funccalp);
# ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
    if (do_profiling == PROF_YES)
        prof_child_exit(&wait_time);
# endif
#endif
    vim_free(fname);
    vim_free(sfname);
    --nesting;          /* see matching increment above */

    /*
     * When stopping to execute autocommands, restore the search patterns and
     * the redo buffer.
     */
    if (!autocmd_busy)
    {
        restore_search_patterns();
        restoreRedobuff();
        did_filetype = FALSE;
    }

    /*
     * Some events don't set or reset the Changed flag.
     * Check if still in the same buffer!
     */
    if (curbuf == old_curbuf
            && (event == EVENT_BUFREADPOST
                || event == EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST
                || event == EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST
                || event == EVENT_VIMLEAVE
                || event == EVENT_VIMLEAVEPRE))
    {
#ifdef FEAT_TITLE
        if (curbuf->b_changed != save_changed)
            need_maketitle = TRUE;
#endif
        curbuf->b_changed = save_changed;
    }

    au_cleanup();       /* may really delete removed patterns/commands now */

BYPASS_AU:
    /* When wiping out a buffer make sure all its buffer-local autocommands
     * are deleted. */
    if (event == EVENT_BUFWIPEOUT && buf != NULL)
        aubuflocal_remove(buf);

    return retval;
}

/*
 * Find next autocommand pattern that matches.
 */
    static void
auto_next_pat(apc, stop_at_last)
    AutoPatCmd  *apc;
    int         stop_at_last;       /* stop when 'last' flag is set */
{
    AutoPat     *ap;
    AutoCmd     *cp;
    char_u      *name;
    char        *s;

    vim_free(sourcing_name);
    sourcing_name = NULL;

    for (ap = apc->curpat; ap != NULL && !got_int; ap = ap->next)
    {
        apc->curpat = NULL;

        /* only use a pattern when it has not been removed, has commands and
         * the group matches. For buffer-local autocommands only check the
         * buffer number. */
        if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
                && (apc->group == AUGROUP_ALL || apc->group == ap->group))
        {
            /* execution-condition */
            if (ap->buflocal_nr == 0
                    ? (match_file_pat(NULL, ap->reg_prog, apc->fname,
                                      apc->sfname, apc->tail, ap->allow_dirs))
                    : ap->buflocal_nr == apc->arg_bufnr)
            {
                name = event_nr2name(apc->event);
                s = _("%s Auto commands for \"%s\"");
                sourcing_name = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(s)
                                            + STRLEN(name) + ap->patlen + 1));
                if (sourcing_name != NULL)
                {
                    sprintf((char *)sourcing_name, s,
                                               (char *)name, (char *)ap->pat);
                    if (p_verbose >= 8)
                    {
                        verbose_enter();
                        smsg((char_u *)_("Executing %s"), sourcing_name);
                        verbose_leave();
                    }
                }

                apc->curpat = ap;
                apc->nextcmd = ap->cmds;
                /* mark last command */
                for (cp = ap->cmds; cp->next != NULL; cp = cp->next)
                    cp->last = FALSE;
                cp->last = TRUE;
            }
            line_breakcheck();
            if (apc->curpat != NULL)        /* found a match */
                break;
        }
        if (stop_at_last && ap->last)
            break;
    }
}

/*
 * Get next autocommand command.
 * Called by do_cmdline() to get the next line for ":if".
 * Returns allocated string, or NULL for end of autocommands.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
    static char_u *
getnextac(c, cookie, indent)
    int     c;              /* not used */
    void    *cookie;
    int     indent;         /* not used */
{
    AutoPatCmd      *acp = (AutoPatCmd *)cookie;
    char_u          *retval;
    AutoCmd         *ac;

    /* Can be called again after returning the last line. */
    if (acp->curpat == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* repeat until we find an autocommand to execute */
    for (;;)
    {
        /* skip removed commands */
        while (acp->nextcmd != NULL && acp->nextcmd->cmd == NULL)
            if (acp->nextcmd->last)
                acp->nextcmd = NULL;
            else
                acp->nextcmd = acp->nextcmd->next;

        if (acp->nextcmd != NULL)
            break;

        /* at end of commands, find next pattern that matches */
        if (acp->curpat->last)
            acp->curpat = NULL;
        else
            acp->curpat = acp->curpat->next;
        if (acp->curpat != NULL)
            auto_next_pat(acp, TRUE);
        if (acp->curpat == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }

    ac = acp->nextcmd;

    if (p_verbose >= 9)
    {
        verbose_enter_scroll();
        smsg((char_u *)_("autocommand %s"), ac->cmd);
        msg_puts((char_u *)"\n");   /* don't overwrite this either */
        verbose_leave_scroll();
    }
    retval = vim_strsave(ac->cmd);
    autocmd_nested = ac->nested;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    current_SID = ac->scriptID;
#endif
    if (ac->last)
        acp->nextcmd = NULL;
    else
        acp->nextcmd = ac->next;
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if there is a matching autocommand for "fname".
 * To account for buffer-local autocommands, function needs to know
 * in which buffer the file will be opened.
 */
    int
has_autocmd(event, sfname, buf)
    event_T     event;
    char_u      *sfname;
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    AutoPat     *ap;
    char_u      *fname;
    char_u      *tail = gettail(sfname);
    int         retval = FALSE;

    fname = FullName_save(sfname, FALSE);
    if (fname == NULL)
        return FALSE;

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    /*
     * Replace all backslashes with forward slashes.  This makes the
     * autocommand patterns portable between Unix and MS-DOS.
     */
    sfname = vim_strsave(sfname);
    if (sfname != NULL)
        forward_slash(sfname);
    forward_slash(fname);
#endif

    for (ap = first_autopat[(int)event]; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
        if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
              && (ap->buflocal_nr == 0
                ? match_file_pat(NULL, ap->reg_prog,
                                          fname, sfname, tail, ap->allow_dirs)
                : buf != NULL && ap->buflocal_nr == buf->b_fnum
           ))
        {
            retval = TRUE;
            break;
        }

    vim_free(fname);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    vim_free(sfname);
#endif

    return retval;
}

#if defined(FEAT_CMDL_COMPL) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the list of autocommand group
 * names.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
get_augroup_name(xp, idx)
    expand_T    *xp;
    int         idx;
{
    if (idx == augroups.ga_len)         /* add "END" add the end */
        return (char_u *)"END";
    if (idx >= augroups.ga_len)         /* end of list */
        return NULL;
    if (AUGROUP_NAME(idx) == NULL)      /* skip deleted entries */
        return (char_u *)"";
    return AUGROUP_NAME(idx);           /* return a name */
}

static int include_groups = FALSE;

    char_u  *
set_context_in_autocmd(xp, arg, doautocmd)
    expand_T    *xp;
    char_u      *arg;
    int         doautocmd;      /* TRUE for :doautocmd, FALSE for :autocmd */
{
    char_u      *p;
    int         group;

    /* check for a group name, skip it if present */
    include_groups = FALSE;
    p = arg;
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (group == AUGROUP_ERROR)
        return NULL;
    /* If there only is a group name that's what we expand. */
    if (*arg == NUL && group != AUGROUP_ALL && !vim_iswhite(arg[-1]))
    {
        arg = p;
        group = AUGROUP_ALL;
    }

    /* skip over event name */
    for (p = arg; *p != NUL && !vim_iswhite(*p); ++p)
        if (*p == ',')
            arg = p + 1;
    if (*p == NUL)
    {
        if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
            include_groups = TRUE;
        xp->xp_context = EXPAND_EVENTS;     /* expand event name */
        xp->xp_pattern = arg;
        return NULL;
    }

    /* skip over pattern */
    arg = skipwhite(p);
    while (*arg && (!vim_iswhite(*arg) || arg[-1] == '\\'))
        arg++;
    if (*arg)
        return arg;                         /* expand (next) command */

    if (doautocmd)
        xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;      /* expand file names */
    else
        xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;    /* pattern is not expanded */
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the list of event names.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
get_event_name(xp, idx)
    expand_T    *xp;
    int         idx;
{
    if (idx < augroups.ga_len)          /* First list group names, if wanted */
    {
        if (!include_groups || AUGROUP_NAME(idx) == NULL)
            return (char_u *)"";        /* skip deleted entries */
        return AUGROUP_NAME(idx);       /* return a name */
    }
    return (char_u *)event_names[idx - augroups.ga_len].name;
}

#endif  /* FEAT_CMDL_COMPL */

/*
 * Return TRUE if autocmd is supported.
 */
    int
autocmd_supported(name)
    char_u      *name;
{
    char_u *p;

    return (event_name2nr(name, &p) != NUM_EVENTS);
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if an autocommand is defined for a group, event and
 * pattern:  The group can be omitted to accept any group. "event" and "pattern"
 * can be NULL to accept any event and pattern. "pattern" can be NULL to accept
 * any pattern. Buffer-local patterns <buffer> or <buffer=N> are accepted.
 * Used for:
 *      exists("#Group") or
 *      exists("#Group#Event") or
 *      exists("#Group#Event#pat") or
 *      exists("#Event") or
 *      exists("#Event#pat")
 */
    int
au_exists(arg)
    char_u      *arg;
{
    char_u      *arg_save;
    char_u      *pattern = NULL;
    char_u      *event_name;
    char_u      *p;
    event_T     event;
    AutoPat     *ap;
    buf_T       *buflocal_buf = NULL;
    int         group;
    int         retval = FALSE;

    /* Make a copy so that we can change the '#' chars to a NUL. */
    arg_save = vim_strsave(arg);
    if (arg_save == NULL)
        return FALSE;
    p = vim_strchr(arg_save, '#');
    if (p != NULL)
        *p++ = NUL;

    /* First, look for an autocmd group name */
    group = au_find_group(arg_save);
    if (group == AUGROUP_ERROR)
    {
        /* Didn't match a group name, assume the first argument is an event. */
        group = AUGROUP_ALL;
        event_name = arg_save;
    }
    else
    {
        if (p == NULL)
        {
            /* "Group": group name is present and it's recognized */
            retval = TRUE;
            goto theend;
        }

        /* Must be "Group#Event" or "Group#Event#pat". */
        event_name = p;
        p = vim_strchr(event_name, '#');
        if (p != NULL)
            *p++ = NUL;     /* "Group#Event#pat" */
    }

    pattern = p;            /* "pattern" is NULL when there is no pattern */

    /* find the index (enum) for the event name */
    event = event_name2nr(event_name, &p);

    /* return FALSE if the event name is not recognized */
    if (event == NUM_EVENTS)
        goto theend;

    /* Find the first autocommand for this event.
     * If there isn't any, return FALSE;
     * If there is one and no pattern given, return TRUE; */
    ap = first_autopat[(int)event];
    if (ap == NULL)
        goto theend;
    if (pattern == NULL)
    {
        retval = TRUE;
        goto theend;
    }

    /* if pattern is "<buffer>", special handling is needed which uses curbuf */
    /* for pattern "<buffer=N>, fnamecmp() will work fine */
    if (STRICMP(pattern, "<buffer>") == 0)
        buflocal_buf = curbuf;

    /* Check if there is an autocommand with the given pattern. */
    for ( ; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
        /* only use a pattern when it has not been removed and has commands. */
        /* For buffer-local autocommands, fnamecmp() works fine. */
        if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
            && (group == AUGROUP_ALL || ap->group == group)
            && (buflocal_buf == NULL
                 ? fnamecmp(ap->pat, pattern) == 0
                 : ap->buflocal_nr == buflocal_buf->b_fnum))
        {
            retval = TRUE;
            break;
        }

theend:
    vim_free(arg_save);
    return retval;
}

#else   /* FEAT_AUTOCMD */

/*
 * Prepare for executing commands for (hidden) buffer "buf".
 * This is the non-autocommand version, it simply saves "curbuf" and sets
 * "curbuf" and "curwin" to match "buf".
 */
    void
aucmd_prepbuf(aco, buf)
    aco_save_T  *aco;           /* structure to save values in */
    buf_T       *buf;           /* new curbuf */
{
    aco->save_buf = buf;
    curbuf = buf;
    curwin->w_buffer = buf;
}

/*
 * Restore after executing commands for a (hidden) buffer.
 * This is the non-autocommand version.
 */
    void
aucmd_restbuf(aco)
    aco_save_T  *aco;           /* structure holding saved values */
{
    curbuf = aco->save_buf;
    curwin->w_buffer = curbuf;
}

#endif  /* FEAT_AUTOCMD */


#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) || defined(FEAT_WILDIGN) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Try matching a filename with a "pattern" ("prog" is NULL), or use the
 * precompiled regprog "prog" ("pattern" is NULL).  That avoids calling
 * vim_regcomp() often.
 * Used for autocommands and 'wildignore'.
 * Returns TRUE if there is a match, FALSE otherwise.
 */
    int
match_file_pat(pattern, prog, fname, sfname, tail, allow_dirs)
    char_u      *pattern;               /* pattern to match with */
    regprog_T   *prog;                  /* pre-compiled regprog or NULL */
    char_u      *fname;                 /* full path of file name */
    char_u      *sfname;                /* short file name or NULL */
    char_u      *tail;                  /* tail of path */
    int         allow_dirs;             /* allow matching with dir */
{
    regmatch_T  regmatch;
    int         result = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    int         no_pattern = FALSE; /* TRUE if check is filetype only */
    char_u      *type_start;
    char_u      c;
    int         match = FALSE;
#endif

#ifdef CASE_INSENSITIVE_FILENAME
    regmatch.rm_ic = TRUE;              /* Always ignore case */
#else
    regmatch.rm_ic = FALSE;             /* Don't ever ignore case */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    if (*pattern == '<')
    {
        /* There is a filetype condition specified with this pattern.
         * Check the filetype matches first. If not, don't bother with the
         * pattern (set regprog to NULL).
         * Always use magic for the regexp.
         */

        for (type_start = pattern + 1; (c = *pattern); pattern++)
        {
            if ((c == ';' || c == '>') && match == FALSE)
            {
                *pattern = NUL;     /* Terminate the string */
                match = mch_check_filetype(fname, type_start);
                *pattern = c;       /* Restore the terminator */
                type_start = pattern + 1;
            }
            if (c == '>')
                break;
        }

        /* (c should never be NUL, but check anyway) */
        if (match == FALSE || c == NUL)
            regmatch.regprog = NULL;    /* Doesn't match - don't check pat. */
        else if (*pattern == NUL)
        {
            regmatch.regprog = NULL;    /* Vim will try to free regprog later */
            no_pattern = TRUE;  /* Always matches - don't check pat. */
        }
        else
            regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pattern + 1, RE_MAGIC);
    }
    else
#endif
    {
        if (prog != NULL)
            regmatch.regprog = prog;
        else
            regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pattern, RE_MAGIC);
    }

    /*
     * Try for a match with the pattern with:
     * 1. the full file name, when the pattern has a '/'.
     * 2. the short file name, when the pattern has a '/'.
     * 3. the tail of the file name, when the pattern has no '/'.
     */
    if (
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
            /* If the check is for a filetype only and we don't care
             * about the path then skip all the regexp stuff.
             */
            no_pattern ||
#endif
            (regmatch.regprog != NULL
             && ((allow_dirs
                     && (vim_regexec(&regmatch, fname, (colnr_T)0)
                         || (sfname != NULL
                             && vim_regexec(&regmatch, sfname, (colnr_T)0))))
                 || (!allow_dirs && vim_regexec(&regmatch, tail, (colnr_T)0)))))
        result = TRUE;

    if (prog == NULL)
        vim_free(regmatch.regprog);
    return result;
}
#endif

#if defined(FEAT_WILDIGN) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Return TRUE if a file matches with a pattern in "list".
 * "list" is a comma-separated list of patterns, like 'wildignore'.
 * "sfname" is the short file name or NULL, "ffname" the long file name.
 */
    int
match_file_list(list, sfname, ffname)
    char_u      *list;
    char_u      *sfname;
    char_u      *ffname;
{
    char_u      buf[100];
    char_u      *tail;
    char_u      *regpat;
    char        allow_dirs;
    int         match;
    char_u      *p;

    tail = gettail(sfname);

    /* try all patterns in 'wildignore' */
    p = list;
    while (*p)
    {
        copy_option_part(&p, buf, 100, ",");
        regpat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(buf, NULL, &allow_dirs, FALSE);
        if (regpat == NULL)
            break;
        match = match_file_pat(regpat, NULL, ffname, sfname,
                                                       tail, (int)allow_dirs);
        vim_free(regpat);
        if (match)
            return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}
#endif

/*
 * Convert the given pattern "pat" which has shell style wildcards in it, into
 * a regular expression, and return the result in allocated memory.  If there
 * is a directory path separator to be matched, then TRUE is put in
 * allow_dirs, otherwise FALSE is put there -- webb.
 * Handle backslashes before special characters, like "\*" and "\ ".
 *
 * If FEAT_OSFILETYPE defined then pass initial <type> through unchanged. Eg:
 * '<html>myfile' becomes '<html>^myfile$' -- leonard.
 *
 * Returns NULL when out of memory.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
file_pat_to_reg_pat(pat, pat_end, allow_dirs, no_bslash)
    char_u      *pat;
    char_u      *pat_end;       /* first char after pattern or NULL */
    char        *allow_dirs;    /* Result passed back out in here */
    int         no_bslash;      /* Don't use a backward slash as pathsep */
{
    int         size;
    char_u      *endp;
    char_u      *reg_pat;
    char_u      *p;
    int         i;
    int         nested = 0;
    int         add_dollar = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    int         check_length = 0;
#endif

    if (allow_dirs != NULL)
        *allow_dirs = FALSE;
    if (pat_end == NULL)
        pat_end = pat + STRLEN(pat);

#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    /* Find out how much of the string is the filetype check */
    if (*pat == '<')
    {
        /* Count chars until the next '>' */
        for (p = pat + 1; p < pat_end && *p != '>'; p++)
            ;
        if (p < pat_end)
        {
            /* Pattern is of the form <.*>.*  */
            check_length = p - pat + 1;
            if (p + 1 >= pat_end)
            {
                /* The 'pattern' is a filetype check ONLY */
                reg_pat = (char_u *)alloc(check_length + 1);
                if (reg_pat != NULL)
                {
                    mch_memmove(reg_pat, pat, (size_t)check_length);
                    reg_pat[check_length] = NUL;
                }
                return reg_pat;
            }
        }
        /* else: there was no closing '>' - assume it was a normal pattern */

    }
    pat += check_length;
    size = 2 + check_length;
#else
    size = 2;           /* '^' at start, '$' at end */
#endif

    for (p = pat; p < pat_end; p++)
    {
        switch (*p)
        {
            case '*':
            case '.':
            case ',':
            case '{':
            case '}':
            case '~':
                size += 2;      /* extra backslash */
                break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
            case '\\':
            case '/':
                size += 4;      /* could become "[\/]" */
                break;
#endif
            default:
                size++;
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
                if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len)(p) > 1)
                {
                    ++p;
                    ++size;
                }
# endif
                break;
        }
    }
    reg_pat = alloc(size + 1);
    if (reg_pat == NULL)
        return NULL;

#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    /* Copy the type check in to the start. */
    if (check_length)
        mch_memmove(reg_pat, pat - check_length, (size_t)check_length);
    i = check_length;
#else
    i = 0;
#endif

    if (pat[0] == '*')
        while (pat[0] == '*' && pat < pat_end - 1)
            pat++;
    else
        reg_pat[i++] = '^';
    endp = pat_end - 1;
    if (*endp == '*')
    {
        while (endp - pat > 0 && *endp == '*')
            endp--;
        add_dollar = FALSE;
    }
    for (p = pat; *p && nested >= 0 && p <= endp; p++)
    {
        switch (*p)
        {
            case '*':
                reg_pat[i++] = '.';
                reg_pat[i++] = '*';
                while (p[1] == '*')     /* "**" matches like "*" */
                    ++p;
                break;
            case '.':
#ifdef RISCOS
                if (allow_dirs != NULL)
                     *allow_dirs = TRUE;
                /* FALLTHROUGH */
#endif
            case '~':
                reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                reg_pat[i++] = *p;
                break;
            case '?':
#ifdef RISCOS
            case '#':
#endif
                reg_pat[i++] = '.';
                break;
            case '\\':
                if (p[1] == NUL)
                    break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
                if (!no_bslash)
                {
                    /* translate:
                     * "\x" to "\\x"  e.g., "dir\file"
                     * "\*" to "\\.*" e.g., "dir\*.c"
                     * "\?" to "\\."  e.g., "dir\??.c"
                     * "\+" to "\+"   e.g., "fileX\+.c"
                     */
                    if ((vim_isfilec(p[1]) || p[1] == '*' || p[1] == '?')
                            && p[1] != '+')
                    {
                        reg_pat[i++] = '[';
                        reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                        reg_pat[i++] = '/';
                        reg_pat[i++] = ']';
                        if (allow_dirs != NULL)
                            *allow_dirs = TRUE;
                        break;
                    }
                }
#endif
                if (*++p == '?'
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
                        && no_bslash
#endif
                        )
                    reg_pat[i++] = '?';
                else
                    if (*p == ',')
                        reg_pat[i++] = ',';
                    else
                    {
                        if (allow_dirs != NULL && vim_ispathsep(*p)
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
                                && (!no_bslash || *p != '\\')
#endif
                                )
                            *allow_dirs = TRUE;
                        reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                        reg_pat[i++] = *p;
                    }
                break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
            case '/':
                reg_pat[i++] = '[';
                reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                reg_pat[i++] = '/';
                reg_pat[i++] = ']';
                if (allow_dirs != NULL)
                    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
                break;
#endif
            case '{':
                reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                reg_pat[i++] = '(';
                nested++;
                break;
            case '}':
                reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                reg_pat[i++] = ')';
                --nested;
                break;
            case ',':
                if (nested)
                {
                    reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
                    reg_pat[i++] = '|';
                }
                else
                    reg_pat[i++] = ',';
                break;
            default:
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
                if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len)(p) > 1)
                    reg_pat[i++] = *p++;
                else
# endif
                if (allow_dirs != NULL && vim_ispathsep(*p))
                    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
                reg_pat[i++] = *p;
                break;
        }
    }
    if (add_dollar)
        reg_pat[i++] = '$';
    reg_pat[i] = NUL;
    if (nested != 0)
    {
        if (nested < 0)
            EMSG(_("E219: Missing {."));
        else
            EMSG(_("E220: Missing }."));
        vim_free(reg_pat);
        reg_pat = NULL;
    }
    return reg_pat;
}