1 *undo.txt* For Vim version 7.2b. Last change: 2006 Apr 30
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
7 Undo and redo *undo-redo*
9 The basics are explained in section |02.5| of the user manual.
11 1. Undo and redo commands |undo-commands|
12 2. Two ways of undo |undo-two-ways|
13 3. Undo blocks |undo-blocks|
14 4. Undo branches |undo-branches|
15 5. Remarks about undo |undo-remarks|
17 ==============================================================================
18 1. Undo and redo commands *undo-commands*
20 <Undo> or *undo* *<Undo>* *u*
21 u Undo [count] changes. {Vi: only one level}
24 :u[ndo] Undo one change. {Vi: only one level}
26 :u[ndo] {N} Jump to after change number {N}. See |undo-branches|
27 for the meaning of {N}. {not in Vi}
30 CTRL-R Redo [count] changes which were undone. {Vi: redraw
34 :red[o] Redo one change which was undone. {Vi: no redo}
37 U Undo all latest changes on one line. {Vi: while not
40 The last changes are remembered. You can use the undo and redo commands above
41 to revert the text to how it was before each change. You can also apply the
42 changes again, getting back the text before the undo.
44 The "U" command is treated by undo/redo just like any other command. Thus a
45 "u" command undoes a "U" command and a 'CTRL-R' command redoes it again. When
46 mixing "U", "u" and 'CTRL-R' you will notice that the "U" command will
47 restore the situation of a line to before the previous "U" command. This may
48 be confusing. Try it out to get used to it.
49 The "U" command will always mark the buffer as changed. When "U" changes the
50 buffer back to how it was without changes, it is still considered changed.
51 Use "u" to undo changes until the buffer becomes unchanged.
53 ==============================================================================
54 2. Two ways of undo *undo-two-ways*
56 How undo and redo commands work depends on the 'u' flag in 'cpoptions'.
57 There is the Vim way ('u' excluded) and the vi-compatible way ('u' included).
58 In the Vim way, "uu" undoes two changes. In the Vi-compatible way, "uu" does
59 nothing (undoes an undo).
61 'u' excluded, the Vim way:
62 You can go back in time with the undo command. You can then go forward again
63 with the redo command. If you make a new change after the undo command,
64 the redo will not be possible anymore.
66 'u' included, the Vi-compatible way:
67 The undo command undoes the previous change, and also the previous undo command.
68 The redo command repeats the previous undo command. It does NOT repeat a
69 change command, use "." for that.
71 Examples Vim way Vi-compatible way ~
72 "uu" two times undo no-op
73 "u CTRL-R" no-op two times undo
75 Rationale: Nvi uses the "." command instead of CTRL-R. Unfortunately, this
76 is not Vi compatible. For example "dwdwu." in Vi deletes two
77 words, in Nvi it does nothing.
79 ==============================================================================
80 3. Undo blocks *undo-blocks*
82 One undo command normally undoes a typed command, no matter how many changes
83 that command makes. This sequence of undo-able changes forms an undo block.
84 Thus if the typed key(s) call a function, all the commands in the function are
87 If you want to write a function or script that doesn't create a new undoable
88 change but joins in with the previous change use this command:
90 *:undoj* *:undojoin* *E790*
91 :undoj[oin] Join further changes with the previous undo block.
92 Warning: Use with care, it may prevent the user from
93 properly undoing changes. Don't use this after undo
97 This is most useful when you need to prompt the user halfway a change. For
98 example in a function that calls |getchar()|. Do make sure that there was a
99 related change before this that you must join with.
101 This doesn't work by itself, because the next key press will start a new
102 change again. But you can do something like this: >
106 After this an "u" command will undo the delete command and the previous
109 ==============================================================================
110 4. Undo branches *undo-branches* *undo-tree*
112 Above we only discussed one line of undo/redo. But it is also possible to
113 branch off. This happens when you undo a few changes and then make a new
114 change. The undone changes become a branch. You can go to that branch with
115 the following commands.
117 This is explained in the user manual: |usr_32.txt|.
120 :undol[ist] List the leafs in the tree of changes. Example:
121 number changes time ~
125 The "number" column is the change number. This number
126 continuously increases and can be used to identify a
127 specific undo-able change, see |:undo|.
128 The "changes" column is the number of changes to this
129 leaf from the root of the tree.
130 The "time" column is the time this change was made.
133 g- Go to older text state. With a count repeat that many
136 :earlier {count} Go to older text state {count} times.
137 :earlier {N}s Go to older text state about {N} seconds before.
138 :earlier {N}m Go to older text state about {N} minutes before.
139 :earlier {N}h Go to older text state about {N} hours before.
142 g+ Go to newer text state. With a count repeat that many
145 :later {count} Go to newer text state {count} times.
146 :later {N}s Go to newer text state about {N} seconds later.
147 :later {N}m Go to newer text state about {N} minutes later.
148 :later {N}h Go to newer text state about {N} hours later.
151 Note that text states will become unreachable when undo information is cleared
154 Don't be surprised when moving through time shows multiple changes to take
155 place at a time. This happens when moving through the undo tree and then
160 Start with this text:
163 Delete the first word by pressing "x" three times:
168 Now undo that by pressing "u" three times:
173 Delete the second word by pressing "x" three times:
178 Now undo that by using "g-" three times:
183 You are now back in the first undo branch, after deleting "one". Repeating
184 "g-" will now bring you back to the original text:
189 Jump to the last change with ":later 1h":
192 And back to the start again with ":earlier 1h":
196 Note that using "u" and CTRL-R will not get you to all possible text states
197 while repeating "g-" and "g+" does.
199 ==============================================================================
200 5. Remarks about undo *undo-remarks*
202 The number of changes that are remembered is set with the 'undolevels' option.
203 If it is zero, the Vi-compatible way is always used. If it is negative no
204 undo is possible. Use this if you are running out of memory.
206 Marks for the buffer ('a to 'z) are also saved and restored, together with the
207 text. {Vi does this a little bit different}
209 When all changes have been undone, the buffer is not considered to be changed.
210 It is then possible to exit Vim with ":q" instead of ":q!" {not in Vi}. Note
211 that this is relative to the last write of the file. Typing "u" after ":w"
212 actually changes the buffer, compared to what was written, so the buffer is
213 considered changed then.
215 When manual |folding| is being used, the folds are not saved and restored.
216 Only changes completely within a fold will keep the fold as it was, because
217 the first and last line of the fold don't change.
219 The numbered registers can also be used for undoing deletes. Each time you
220 delete text, it is put into register "1. The contents of register "1 are
221 shifted to "2, etc. The contents of register "9 are lost. You can now get
222 back the most recent deleted text with the put command: '"1P'. (also, if the
223 deleted text was the result of the last delete or copy operation, 'P' or 'p'
224 also works as this puts the contents of the unnamed register). You can get
225 back the text of three deletes ago with '"3P'.
228 If you want to get back more than one part of deleted text, you can use a
229 special feature of the repeat command ".". It will increase the number of the
230 register used. So if you first do ""1P", the following "." will result in a
231 '"2P'. Repeating this will result in all numbered registers being inserted.
233 Example: If you deleted text with 'dd....' it can be restored with
236 If you don't know in which register the deleted text is, you can use the
237 :display command. An alternative is to try the first register with '"1P', and
238 if it is not what you want do 'u.'. This will remove the contents of the
239 first put, and repeat the put command for the second register. Repeat the
240 'u.' until you got what you want.
242 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: