6 xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.
10 xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
11 xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
14 xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
15 convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
16 and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
17 safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan-
18 dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
21 If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
22 as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
23 outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
26 Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
27 the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
28 Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
29 Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
30 notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
34 toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off.
37 Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. This
38 option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
39 normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
40 in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representa-
41 tion. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this
45 format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
49 Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
50 to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
51 The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
53 -g bytes | -groupsize bytes
54 separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
55 or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup-
56 press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in
57 bits mode. Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
61 print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
65 output in C include file style. A complete static array defini-
66 tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
70 stop after writing <len> octets.
72 -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
73 output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as
77 reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. If
78 not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
79 truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci-
80 mal dumps without line number information and without a particu-
81 lar column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are
85 When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions
89 start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
90 that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
91 (meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
92 seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
93 (or if combined with +: before the current stdin file position).
94 Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position.
96 -u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
102 xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.
103 If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of
104 each hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or over-
105 lapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the
106 output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be
107 filled by null-bytes.
109 xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
111 When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
112 input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
113 -c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic)
114 columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
115 hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of col-
116 umns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter-
119 Note the difference between
124 xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to
125 "rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
126 and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
127 time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
128 help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
130 Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
132 % sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file
134 Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
135 means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
137 % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet"
140 Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
141 % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet"
144 However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
145 The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
146 truss(1), whenever -s is used.
149 Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
152 Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
155 Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line.
156 % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
157 2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
158 39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
159 20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
160 617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
161 20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
162 204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
164 Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
165 % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
166 0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
167 000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
168 0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
169 0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\
170 0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M
171 000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\"
172 0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
173 0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\"
174 0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
175 000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
177 Display just the date from the file xxd.1
178 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
179 0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
181 Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
182 % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
184 Patch the date in the file xxd.1
185 % echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
186 % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
187 0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
189 Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
190 which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
191 % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file
193 Hexdump this file with autoskip.
195 0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ............
197 000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
199 Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number
200 after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the
201 leading bytes are suppressed.
202 % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
204 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region
205 marked between `a' and `z'.
208 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
209 hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
212 Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
213 of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
216 Read single characters from a serial line
217 % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
218 % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
219 % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b
223 The following error values are returned:
225 0 no errors encountered.
227 -1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible).
229 1 error while parsing options.
231 2 problems with input file.
233 3 problems with output file.
235 4,5 desired seek position is unreachable.
238 uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
241 The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use entirely at your
242 own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
245 This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
248 (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
249 <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
251 Distribute freely and credit me,
252 make money and share with me,
253 lose money and don't ask me.
255 Manual page started by Tony Nugent
256 <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
257 Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
262 Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1)