1 *usr_43.txt* For Vim version 7.0. Last change: 2006 Apr 24
3 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
8 When you are editing a file of a certain type, for example a C program or a
9 shell script, you often use the same option settings and mappings. You
10 quickly get tired of manually setting these each time. This chapter explains
11 how to do it automatically.
13 |43.1| Plugins for a filetype
14 |43.2| Adding a filetype
16 Next chapter: |usr_44.txt| Your own syntax highlighted
17 Previous chapter: |usr_42.txt| Add new menus
18 Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
20 ==============================================================================
21 *43.1* Plugins for a filetype *filetype-plugin*
23 How to start using filetype plugins has already been discussed here:
24 |add-filetype-plugin|. But you probably are not satisfied with the default
25 settings, because they have been kept minimal. Suppose that for C files you
26 want to set the 'softtabstop' option to 4 and define a mapping to insert a
27 three-line comment. You do this with only two steps:
30 1. Create your own runtime directory. On Unix this usually is "~/.vim". In
31 this directory create the "ftplugin" directory: >
36 When you are not on Unix, check the value of the 'runtimepath' option to
37 see where Vim will look for the "ftplugin" directory: >
41 < You would normally use the first directory name (before the first comma).
42 You might want to prepend a directory name to the 'runtimepath' option in
43 your |vimrc| file if you don't like the default value.
45 2. Create the file "~/.vim/ftplugin/c.vim", with the contents: >
47 setlocal softtabstop=4
48 noremap <buffer> <LocalLeader>c o/**************<CR><CR>/<Esc>
50 Try editing a C file. You should notice that the 'softtabstop' option is set
51 to 4. But when you edit another file it's reset to the default zero. That is
52 because the ":setlocal" command was used. This sets the 'softtabstop' option
53 only locally to the buffer. As soon as you edit another buffer, it will be
54 set to the value set for that buffer. For a new buffer it will get the
55 default value or the value from the last ":set" command.
57 Likewise, the mapping for "\c" will disappear when editing another buffer.
58 The ":map <buffer>" command creates a mapping that is local to the current
59 buffer. This works with any mapping command: ":map!", ":vmap", etc. The
60 |<LocalLeader>| in the mapping is replaced with the value of "maplocalleader".
62 You can find examples for filetype plugins in this directory: >
66 More details about writing a filetype plugin can be found here:
69 ==============================================================================
70 *43.2* Adding a filetype
72 If you are using a type of file that is not recognized by Vim, this is how to
73 get it recognized. You need a runtime directory of your own. See
74 |your-runtime-dir| above.
76 Create a file "filetype.vim" which contains an autocommand for your filetype.
77 (Autocommands were explained in section |40.3|.) Example: >
79 augroup filetypedetect
80 au BufNewFile,BufRead *.xyz setf xyz
83 This will recognize all files that end in ".xyz" as the "xyz" filetype. The
84 ":augroup" commands put this autocommand in the "filetypedetect" group. This
85 allows removing all autocommands for filetype detection when doing ":filetype
86 off". The "setf" command will set the 'filetype' option to its argument,
87 unless it was set already. This will make sure that 'filetype' isn't set
90 You can use many different patterns to match the name of your file. Directory
91 names can also be included. See |autocmd-patterns|. For example, the files
92 under "/usr/share/scripts/" are all "ruby" files, but don't have the expected
93 file name extension. Adding this to the example above: >
95 augroup filetypedetect
96 au BufNewFile,BufRead *.xyz setf xyz
97 au BufNewFile,BufRead /usr/share/scripts/* setf ruby
100 However, if you now edit a file /usr/share/scripts/README.txt, this is not a
101 ruby file. The danger of a pattern ending in "*" is that it quickly matches
102 too many files. To avoid trouble with this, put the filetype.vim file in
103 another directory, one that is at the end of 'runtimepath'. For Unix for
104 example, you could use "~/.vim/after/filetype.vim".
105 You now put the detection of text files in ~/.vim/filetype.vim: >
107 augroup filetypedetect
108 au BufNewFile,BufRead *.txt setf text
111 That file is found in 'runtimepath' first. Then use this in
112 ~/.vim/after/filetype.vim, which is found last: >
114 augroup filetypedetect
115 au BufNewFile,BufRead /usr/share/scripts/* setf ruby
118 What will happen now is that Vim searches for "filetype.vim" files in each
119 directory in 'runtimepath'. First ~/.vim/filetype.vim is found. The
120 autocommand to catch *.txt files is defined there. Then Vim finds the
121 filetype.vim file in $VIMRUNTIME, which is halfway 'runtimepath'. Finally
122 ~/.vim/after/filetype.vim is found and the autocommand for detecting ruby
123 files in /usr/share/scripts is added.
124 When you now edit /usr/share/scripts/README.txt, the autocommands are
125 checked in the order in which they were defined. The *.txt pattern matches,
126 thus "setf text" is executed to set the filetype to "text". The pattern for
127 ruby matches too, and the "setf ruby" is executed. But since 'filetype' was
128 already set to "text", nothing happens here.
129 When you edit the file /usr/share/scripts/foobar the same autocommands are
130 checked. Only the one for ruby matches and "setf ruby" sets 'filetype' to
134 RECOGNIZING BY CONTENTS
136 If your file cannot be recognized by its file name, you might be able to
137 recognize it by its contents. For example, many script files start with a
142 To recognize this script create a file "scripts.vim" in your runtime directory
143 (same place where filetype.vim goes). It might look like this: >
148 if getline(1) =~ '^#!.*[/\\]xyz\>'
152 The first check with did_filetype() is to avoid that you will check the
153 contents of files for which the filetype was already detected by the file
154 name. That avoids wasting time on checking the file when the "setf" command
156 The scripts.vim file is sourced by an autocommand in the default
157 filetype.vim file. Therefore, the order of checks is:
159 1. filetype.vim files before $VIMRUNTIME in 'runtimepath'
160 2. first part of $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim
161 3. all scripts.vim files in 'runtimepath'
162 4. remainder of $VIMRUNTIME/filetype.vim
163 5. filetype.vim files after $VIMRUNTIME in 'runtimepath'
165 If this is not sufficient for you, add an autocommand that matches all files
166 and sources a script or executes a function to check the contents of the file.
168 ==============================================================================
170 Next chapter: |usr_44.txt| Your own syntax highlighted
172 Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: