| blob | d6d2ab91bff436c935fbbf8dfb62954f744fb6a5 |
1 *motion.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2010 May 14
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
7 Cursor motions *cursor-motions* *navigation*
9 These commands move the cursor position. If the new position is off of the
10 screen, the screen is scrolled to show the cursor (see also 'scrolljump' and
11 'scrolloff' options).
13 1. Motions and operators |operator|
14 2. Left-right motions |left-right-motions|
15 3. Up-down motions |up-down-motions|
16 4. Word motions |word-motions|
17 5. Text object motions |object-motions|
18 6. Text object selection |object-select|
19 7. Marks |mark-motions|
20 8. Jumps |jump-motions|
21 9. Various motions |various-motions|
23 General remarks:
25 If you want to know where you are in the file use the "CTRL-G" command
26 |CTRL-G| or the "g CTRL-G" command |g_CTRL-G|. If you set the 'ruler' option,
27 the cursor position is continuously shown in the status line (which slows down
28 Vim a little).
30 Experienced users prefer the hjkl keys because they are always right under
31 their fingers. Beginners often prefer the arrow keys, because they do not
32 know what the hjkl keys do. The mnemonic value of hjkl is clear from looking
33 at the keyboard. Think of j as an arrow pointing downwards.
35 The 'virtualedit' option can be set to make it possible to move the cursor to
36 positions where there is no character or halfway a character.
38 ==============================================================================
39 1. Motions and operators *operator*
41 The motion commands can be used after an operator command, to have the command
42 operate on the text that was moved over. That is the text between the cursor
43 position before and after the motion. Operators are generally used to delete
44 or change text. The following operators are available:
46 |c| c change
47 |d| d delete
48 |y| y yank into register (does not change the text)
49 |~| ~ swap case (only if 'tildeop' is set)
50 |g~| g~ swap case
51 |gu| gu make lowercase
52 |gU| gU make uppercase
53 |!| ! filter through an external program
54 |=| = filter through 'equalprg' or C-indenting if empty
55 |gq| gq text formatting
56 |g?| g? ROT13 encoding
57 |>| > shift right
58 |<| < shift left
59 |zf| zf define a fold
60 |g@| g@ call function set with the 'operatorfunc' option
62 If the motion includes a count and the operator also had a count before it,
63 the two counts are multiplied. For example: "2d3w" deletes six words.
65 After applying the operator the cursor is mostly left at the start of the text
66 that was operated upon. For example, "yfe" doesn't move the cursor, but "yFe"
67 moves the cursor leftwards to the "e" where the yank started.
69 *linewise* *characterwise*
70 The operator either affects whole lines, or the characters between the start
71 and end position. Generally, motions that move between lines affect lines
72 (are linewise), and motions that move within a line affect characters (are
73 characterwise). However, there are some exceptions.
75 *exclusive* *inclusive*
76 A character motion is either inclusive or exclusive. When inclusive, the
77 start and end position of the motion are included in the operation. When
78 exclusive, the last character towards the end of the buffer is not included.
79 Linewise motions always include the start and end position.
81 Which motions are linewise, inclusive or exclusive is mentioned with the
82 command. There are however, two general exceptions:
83 1. If the motion is exclusive and the end of the motion is in column 1, the
84 end of the motion is moved to the end of the previous line and the motion
85 becomes inclusive. Example: "}" moves to the first line after a paragraph,
86 but "d}" will not include that line.
87 *exclusive-linewise*
88 2. If the motion is exclusive, the end of the motion is in column 1 and the
89 start of the motion was at or before the first non-blank in the line, the
90 motion becomes linewise. Example: If a paragraph begins with some blanks
91 and you do "d}" while standing on the first non-blank, all the lines of
92 the paragraph are deleted, including the blanks. If you do a put now, the
93 deleted lines will be inserted below the cursor position.
95 Note that when the operator is pending (the operator command is typed, but the
96 motion isn't yet), a special set of mappings can be used. See |:omap|.
98 Instead of first giving the operator and then a motion you can use Visual
99 mode: mark the start of the text with "v", move the cursor to the end of the
100 text that is to be affected and then hit the operator. The text between the
101 start and the cursor position is highlighted, so you can see what text will
102 be operated upon. This allows much more freedom, but requires more key
103 strokes and has limited redo functionality. See the chapter on Visual mode
104 |Visual-mode|.
106 You can use a ":" command for a motion. For example "d:call FindEnd()".
107 But this can't be redone with "." if the command is more than one line.
108 This can be repeated: >
109 d:call search("f")<CR>
110 This cannot be repeated: >
111 d:if 1<CR>
112 call search("f")<CR>
113 endif<CR>
116 FORCING A MOTION TO BE LINEWISE, CHARACTERWISE OR BLOCKWISE
118 When a motion is not of the type you would like to use, you can force another
119 type by using "v", "V" or CTRL-V just after the operator.
120 Example: >
121 dj
122 deletes two lines >
123 dvj
124 deletes from the cursor position until the character below the cursor >
125 d<C-V>j
126 deletes the character under the cursor and the character below the cursor. >
128 Be careful with forcing a linewise movement to be used characterwise or
129 blockwise, the column may not always be defined.
131 *o_v*
132 v When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force
133 the operator to work characterwise, also when the motion is
134 linewise. If the motion was linewise, it will become
135 |exclusive|.
136 If the motion already was characterwise, toggle
137 inclusive/exclusive. This can be used to make an exclusive
138 motion inclusive and an inclusive motion exclusive.
140 *o_V*
141 V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force
142 the operator to work linewise, also when the motion is
143 characterwise.
145 *o_CTRL-V*
146 CTRL-V When used after an operator, before the motion command: Force
147 the operator to work blockwise. This works like Visual block
148 mode selection, with the corners defined by the cursor
149 position before and after the motion.
151 ==============================================================================
152 2. Left-right motions *left-right-motions*
154 These commands move the cursor to the specified column in the current line.
155 They stop at the first column and at the end of the line, except "$", which
156 may move to one of the next lines. See 'whichwrap' option to make some of the
157 commands move across line boundaries.
159 h or *h*
160 <Left> or *<Left>*
161 CTRL-H or *CTRL-H* *<BS>*
162 <BS> [count] characters to the left. |exclusive| motion.
163 Note: If you prefer <BS> to delete a character, use
164 the mapping:
165 :map CTRL-V<BS> X
166 (to enter "CTRL-V<BS>" type the CTRL-V key, followed
167 by the <BS> key)
168 See |:fixdel| if the <BS> key does not do what you
169 want.
171 l or *l*
172 <Right> or *<Right>* *<Space>*
173 <Space> [count] characters to the right. |exclusive| motion.
175 *0*
176 0 To the first character of the line. |exclusive|
177 motion.
179 *<Home>* *<kHome>*
180 <Home> To the first character of the line. |exclusive|
181 motion. When moving up or down next, stay in same
182 TEXT column (if possible). Most other commands stay
183 in the same SCREEN column. <Home> works like "1|",
184 which differs from "0" when the line starts with a
185 <Tab>. {not in Vi}
187 *^*
188 ^ To the first non-blank character of the line.
189 |exclusive| motion.
191 *$* *<End>* *<kEnd>*
192 $ or <End> To the end of the line. When a count is given also go
193 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|.
194 In Visual mode the cursor goes to just after the last
195 character in the line.
196 When 'virtualedit' is active, "$" may move the cursor
197 back from past the end of the line to the last
198 character in the line.
200 *g_*
201 g_ To the last non-blank character of the line and
202 [count - 1] lines downward |inclusive|. {not in Vi}
204 *g0* *g<Home>*
205 g0 or g<Home> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first character of
206 the screen line. |exclusive| motion. Differs from
207 "0" when a line is wider than the screen.
208 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost
209 character of the current line that is on the screen.
210 Differs from "0" when the first character of the line
211 is not on the screen. {not in Vi}
213 *g^*
214 g^ When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the first non-blank
215 character of the screen line. |exclusive| motion.
216 Differs from "^" when a line is wider than the screen.
217 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the leftmost
218 non-blank character of the current line that is on the
219 screen. Differs from "^" when the first non-blank
220 character of the line is not on the screen. {not in
221 Vi}
223 *gm*
224 gm Like "g0", but half a screenwidth to the right (or as
225 much as possible). {not in Vi}
227 *g$* *g<End>*
228 g$ or g<End> When lines wrap ('wrap' on): To the last character of
229 the screen line and [count - 1] screen lines downward
230 |inclusive|. Differs from "$" when a line is wider
231 than the screen.
232 When lines don't wrap ('wrap' off): To the rightmost
233 character of the current line that is visible on the
234 screen. Differs from "$" when the last character of
235 the line is not on the screen or when a count is used.
236 Additionally, vertical movements keep the column,
237 instead of going to the end of the line.
238 {not in Vi}
240 *bar*
241 | To screen column [count] in the current line.
242 |exclusive| motion. Ceci n'est pas une pipe.
244 *f*
245 f{char} To [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the right. The
246 cursor is placed on {char} |inclusive|.
247 {char} can be entered as a digraph |digraph-arg|.
248 When 'encoding' is set to Unicode, composing
249 characters may be used, see |utf-8-char-arg|.
250 |:lmap| mappings apply to {char}. The CTRL-^ command
251 in Insert mode can be used to switch this on/off
252 |i_CTRL-^|.
254 *F*
255 F{char} To the [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the left.
256 The cursor is placed on {char} |exclusive|.
257 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command.
259 *t*
260 t{char} Till before [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the
261 right. The cursor is placed on the character left of
262 {char} |inclusive|.
263 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command.
265 *T*
266 T{char} Till after [count]'th occurrence of {char} to the
267 left. The cursor is placed on the character right of
268 {char} |exclusive|.
269 {char} can be entered like with the |f| command.
271 *;*
272 ; Repeat latest f, t, F or T [count] times.
274 *,*
275 , Repeat latest f, t, F or T in opposite direction
276 [count] times.
278 ==============================================================================
279 3. Up-down motions *up-down-motions*
281 k or *k*
282 <Up> or *<Up>* *CTRL-P*
283 CTRL-P [count] lines upward |linewise|.
285 j or *j*
286 <Down> or *<Down>*
287 CTRL-J or *CTRL-J*
288 <NL> or *<NL>* *CTRL-N*
289 CTRL-N [count] lines downward |linewise|.
291 gk or *gk* *g<Up>*
292 g<Up> [count] display lines upward. |exclusive| motion.
293 Differs from 'k' when lines wrap, and when used with
294 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi}
296 gj or *gj* *g<Down>*
297 g<Down> [count] display lines downward. |exclusive| motion.
298 Differs from 'j' when lines wrap, and when used with
299 an operator, because it's not linewise. {not in Vi}
301 *-*
302 - <minus> [count] lines upward, on the first non-blank
303 character |linewise|.
305 + or *+*
306 CTRL-M or *CTRL-M* *<CR>*
307 <CR> [count] lines downward, on the first non-blank
308 character |linewise|.
310 *_*
311 _ <underscore> [count] - 1 lines downward, on the first non-blank
312 character |linewise|.
314 *G*
315 G Goto line [count], default last line, on the first
316 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not
317 set, keep the same column.
318 G is a one of |jump-motions|.
320 *<C-End>*
321 <C-End> Goto line [count], default last line, on the last
322 character |inclusive|. {not in Vi}
324 <C-Home> or *gg* *<C-Home>*
325 gg Goto line [count], default first line, on the first
326 non-blank character |linewise|. If 'startofline' not
327 set, keep the same column.
329 :[range] Set the cursor on the last line number in [range].
330 [range] can also be just one line number, e.g., ":1"
331 or ":'m".
332 In contrast with |G| this command does not modify the
333 |jumplist|.
334 *N%*
335 {count}% Go to {count} percentage in the file, on the first
336 non-blank in the line |linewise|. To compute the new
337 line number this formula is used:
338 ({count} * number-of-lines + 99) / 100
339 See also 'startofline' option. {not in Vi}
341 :[range]go[to] [count] *:go* *:goto* *go*
342 [count]go Go to {count} byte in the buffer. Default [count] is
343 one, start of the file. When giving [range], the
344 last number in it used as the byte count. End-of-line
345 characters are counted depending on the current
346 'fileformat' setting.
347 {not in Vi}
348 {not available when compiled without the
349 |+byte_offset| feature}
351 These commands move to the specified line. They stop when reaching the first
352 or the last line. The first two commands put the cursor in the same column
353 (if possible) as it was after the last command that changed the column,
354 except after the "$" command, then the cursor will be put on the last
355 character of the line.
357 If "k", "-" or CTRL-P is used with a [count] and there are less than [count]
358 lines above the cursor and the 'cpo' option includes the "-" flag it is an
359 error. |cpo--|.
361 ==============================================================================
362 4. Word motions *word-motions*
364 <S-Right> or *<S-Right>* *w*
365 w [count] words forward. |exclusive| motion.
367 <C-Right> or *<C-Right>* *W*
368 W [count] WORDS forward. |exclusive| motion.
370 *e*
371 e Forward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|.
372 Does not stop in an empty line.
374 *E*
375 E Forward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|.
376 Does not stop in an empty line.
378 <S-Left> or *<S-Left>* *b*
379 b [count] words backward. |exclusive| motion.
381 <C-Left> or *<C-Left>* *B*
382 B [count] WORDS backward. |exclusive| motion.
384 *ge*
385 ge Backward to the end of word [count] |inclusive|.
387 *gE*
388 gE Backward to the end of WORD [count] |inclusive|.
390 These commands move over words or WORDS.
391 *word*
392 A word consists of a sequence of letters, digits and underscores, or a
393 sequence of other non-blank characters, separated with white space (spaces,
394 tabs, <EOL>). This can be changed with the 'iskeyword' option. An empty line
395 is also considered to be a word.
396 *WORD*
397 A WORD consists of a sequence of non-blank characters, separated with white
398 space. An empty line is also considered to be a WORD.
400 A sequence of folded lines is counted for one word of a single character.
401 "w" and "W", "e" and "E" move to the start/end of the first word or WORD after
402 a range of folded lines. "b" and "B" move to the start of the first word or
403 WORD before the fold.
405 Special case: "cw" and "cW" are treated like "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is
406 on a non-blank. This is because "cw" is interpreted as change-word, and a
407 word does not include the following white space. {Vi: "cw" when on a blank
408 followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a
409 bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks}
411 Another special case: When using the "w" motion in combination with an
412 operator and the last word moved over is at the end of a line, the end of
413 that word becomes the end of the operated text, not the first word in the
414 next line.
416 The original Vi implementation of "e" is buggy. For example, the "e" command
417 will stop on the first character of a line if the previous line was empty.
418 But when you use "2e" this does not happen. In Vim "ee" and "2e" are the
419 same, which is more logical. However, this causes a small incompatibility
420 between Vi and Vim.
422 ==============================================================================
423 5. Text object motions *object-motions*
425 *(*
426 ( [count] sentences backward. |exclusive| motion.
428 *)*
429 ) [count] sentences forward. |exclusive| motion.
431 *{*
432 { [count] paragraphs backward. |exclusive| motion.
434 *}*
435 } [count] paragraphs forward. |exclusive| motion.
437 *]]*
438 ]] [count] sections forward or to the next '{' in the
439 first column. When used after an operator, then also
440 stops below a '}' in the first column. |exclusive|
441 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies.
443 *][*
444 ][ [count] sections forward or to the next '}' in the
445 first column. |exclusive|
446 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies.
448 *[[*
449 [[ [count] sections backward or to the previous '{' in
450 the first column. |exclusive|
451 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies.
453 *[]*
454 [] [count] sections backward or to the previous '}' in
455 the first column. |exclusive|
456 Note that |exclusive-linewise| often applies.
458 These commands move over three kinds of text objects.
460 *sentence*
461 A sentence is defined as ending at a '.', '!' or '?' followed by either the
462 end of a line, or by a space or tab. Any number of closing ')', ']', '"'
463 and ''' characters may appear after the '.', '!' or '?' before the spaces,
464 tabs or end of line. A paragraph and section boundary is also a sentence
465 boundary.
466 If the 'J' flag is present in 'cpoptions', at least two spaces have to
467 follow the punctuation mark; <Tab>s are not recognized as white space.
468 The definition of a sentence cannot be changed.
470 *paragraph*
471 A paragraph begins after each empty line, and also at each of a set of
472 paragraph macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the 'paragraphs'
473 option. The default is "IPLPPPQPP TPHPLIPpLpItpplpipbp", which corresponds to
474 the macros ".IP", ".LP", etc. (These are nroff macros, so the dot must be in
475 the first column). A section boundary is also a paragraph boundary.
476 Note that a blank line (only containing white space) is NOT a paragraph
477 boundary.
478 Also note that this does not include a '{' or '}' in the first column. When
479 the '{' flag is in 'cpoptions' then '{' in the first column is used as a
480 paragraph boundary |posix|.
482 *section*
483 A section begins after a form-feed (<C-L>) in the first column and at each of
484 a set of section macros, specified by the pairs of characters in the
485 'sections' option. The default is "SHNHH HUnhsh", which defines a section to
486 start at the nroff macros ".SH", ".NH", ".H", ".HU", ".nh" and ".sh".
488 The "]" and "[" commands stop at the '{' or '}' in the first column. This is
489 useful to find the start or end of a function in a C program. Note that the
490 first character of the command determines the search direction and the
491 second character the type of brace found.
493 If your '{' or '}' are not in the first column, and you would like to use "[["
494 and "]]" anyway, try these mappings: >
495 :map [[ ?{<CR>w99[{
496 :map ][ /}<CR>b99]}
497 :map ]] j0[[%/{<CR>
498 :map [] k$][%?}<CR>
499 [type these literally, see |<>|]
501 ==============================================================================
502 6. Text object selection *object-select* *text-objects*
503 *v_a* *v_i*
505 This is a series of commands that can only be used while in Visual mode or
506 after an operator. The commands that start with "a" select "a"n object
507 including white space, the commands starting with "i" select an "inner" object
508 without white space, or just the white space. Thus the "inner" commands
509 always select less text than the "a" commands.
511 These commands are {not in Vi}.
512 These commands are not available when the |+textobjects| feature has been
513 disabled at compile time.
514 *v_aw* *aw*
515 aw "a word", select [count] words (see |word|).
516 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not
517 counted.
518 When used in Visual linewise mode "aw" switches to
519 Visual characterwise mode.
521 *v_iw* *iw*
522 iw "inner word", select [count] words (see |word|).
523 White space between words is counted too.
524 When used in Visual linewise mode "iw" switches to
525 Visual characterwise mode.
527 *v_aW* *aW*
528 aW "a WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|).
529 Leading or trailing white space is included, but not
530 counted.
531 When used in Visual linewise mode "aW" switches to
532 Visual characterwise mode.
534 *v_iW* *iW*
535 iW "inner WORD", select [count] WORDs (see |WORD|).
536 White space between words is counted too.
537 When used in Visual linewise mode "iW" switches to
538 Visual characterwise mode.
540 *v_as* *as*
541 as "a sentence", select [count] sentences (see
542 |sentence|).
543 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
545 *v_is* *is*
546 is "inner sentence", select [count] sentences (see
547 |sentence|).
548 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
550 *v_ap* *ap*
551 ap "a paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see
552 |paragraph|).
553 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space)
554 is also a paragraph boundary.
555 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise.
557 *v_ip* *ip*
558 ip "inner paragraph", select [count] paragraphs (see
559 |paragraph|).
560 Exception: a blank line (only containing white space)
561 is also a paragraph boundary.
562 When used in Visual mode it is made linewise.
564 a] *v_a]* *v_a[* *a]* *a[*
565 a[ "a [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This
566 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds
567 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected,
568 including the '[' and ']'.
569 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
571 i] *v_i]* *v_i[* *i]* *i[*
572 i[ "inner [] block", select [count] '[' ']' blocks. This
573 goes backwards to the [count] unclosed '[', and finds
574 the matching ']'. The enclosed text is selected,
575 excluding the '[' and ']'.
576 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
578 a) *v_a)* *a)* *a(*
579 a( *v_ab* *v_a(* *ab*
580 ab "a block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [(" to
581 the matching ')', including the '(' and ')' (see
582 |[(|). Does not include white space outside of the
583 parenthesis.
584 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
586 i) *v_i)* *i)* *i(*
587 i( *v_ib* *v_i(* *ib*
588 ib "inner block", select [count] blocks, from "[count] [("
589 to the matching ')', excluding the '(' and ')' (see
590 |[(|).
591 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
593 a> *v_a>* *v_a<* *a>* *a<*
594 a< "a <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from the
595 [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching
596 '>', including the '<' and '>'.
597 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
599 i> *v_i>* *v_i<* *i>* *i<*
600 i< "inner <> block", select [count] <> blocks, from
601 the [count]'th unmatched '<' backwards to the matching
602 '>', excluding the '<' and '>'.
603 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
605 *v_at* *at*
606 at "a tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the
607 [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching
608 "</aaa>", including the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>".
609 See |tag-blocks| about the details.
610 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
612 *v_it* *it*
613 it "inner tag block", select [count] tag blocks, from the
614 [count]'th unmatched "<aaa>" backwards to the matching
615 "</aaa>", excluding the "<aaa>" and "</aaa>".
616 See |tag-blocks| about the details.
617 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
619 a} *v_a}* *a}* *a{*
620 a{ *v_aB* *v_a{* *aB*
621 aB "a Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{" to
622 the matching '}', including the '{' and '}' (see
623 |[{|).
624 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
626 i} *v_i}* *i}* *i{*
627 i{ *v_iB* *v_i{* *iB*
628 iB "inner Block", select [count] Blocks, from "[count] [{"
629 to the matching '}', excluding the '{' and '}' (see
630 |[{|).
631 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
633 a" *v_aquote* *aquote*
634 a' *v_a'* *a'*
635 a` *v_a`* *a`*
636 "a quoted string". Selects the text from the previous
637 quote until the next quote. The 'quoteescape' option
638 is used to skip escaped quotes.
639 Only works within one line.
640 When the cursor starts on a quote, Vim will figure out
641 which quote pairs form a string by searching from the
642 start of the line.
643 Any trailing white space is included, unless there is
644 none, then leading white space is included.
645 When used in Visual mode it is made characterwise.
646 Repeating this object in Visual mode another string is
647 included. A count is currently not used.
649 i" *v_iquote* *iquote*
650 i' *v_i'* *i'*
651 i` *v_i`* *i`*
652 Like a", a' and a`, but exclude the quotes and
653 repeating won't extend the Visual selection.
654 Special case: With a count of 2 the quotes are
655 included, but no extra white space as with a"/a'/a`.
657 When used after an operator:
658 For non-block objects:
659 For the "a" commands: The operator applies to the object and the white
660 space after the object. If there is no white space after the object
661 or when the cursor was in the white space before the object, the white
662 space before the object is included.
663 For the "inner" commands: If the cursor was on the object, the
664 operator applies to the object. If the cursor was on white space, the
665 operator applies to the white space.
666 For a block object:
667 The operator applies to the block where the cursor is in, or the block
668 on which the cursor is on one of the braces. For the "inner" commands
669 the surrounding braces are excluded. For the "a" commands, the braces
670 are included.
672 When used in Visual mode:
673 When start and end of the Visual area are the same (just after typing "v"):
674 One object is selected, the same as for using an operator.
675 When start and end of the Visual area are not the same:
676 For non-block objects the area is extended by one object or the white
677 space up to the next object, or both for the "a" objects. The
678 direction in which this happens depends on which side of the Visual
679 area the cursor is. For the block objects the block is extended one
680 level outwards.
682 For illustration, here is a list of delete commands, grouped from small to big
683 objects. Note that for a single character and a whole line the existing vi
684 movement commands are used.
685 "dl" delete character (alias: "x") |dl|
686 "diw" delete inner word *diw*
687 "daw" delete a word *daw*
688 "diW" delete inner WORD (see |WORD|) *diW*
689 "daW" delete a WORD (see |WORD|) *daW*
690 "dd" delete one line |dd|
691 "dis" delete inner sentence *dis*
692 "das" delete a sentence *das*
693 "dib" delete inner '(' ')' block *dib*
694 "dab" delete a '(' ')' block *dab*
695 "dip" delete inner paragraph *dip*
696 "dap" delete a paragraph *dap*
697 "diB" delete inner '{' '}' block *diB*
698 "daB" delete a '{' '}' block *daB*
700 Note the difference between using a movement command and an object. The
701 movement command operates from here (cursor position) to where the movement
702 takes us. When using an object the whole object is operated upon, no matter
703 where on the object the cursor is. For example, compare "dw" and "daw": "dw"
704 deletes from the cursor position to the start of the next word, "daw" deletes
705 the word under the cursor and the space after or before it.
708 Tag blocks *tag-blocks*
710 For the "it" and "at" text objects an attempt is done to select blocks between
711 matching tags for HTML and XML. But since these are not completely compatible
712 there are a few restrictions.
714 The normal method is to select a <tag> until the matching </tag>. For "at"
715 the tags are included, for "it" they are excluded. But when "it" is repeated
716 the tags will be included (otherwise nothing would change). Also, "it" used
717 on a tag block with no contents will select the leading tag.
719 "<aaa/>" items are skipped. Case is ignored, also for XML where case does
720 matter.
722 In HTML it is possible to have a tag like <br> or <meta ...> without a
723 matching end tag. These are ignored.
725 The text objects are tolerant about mistakes. Stray end tags are ignored.
727 ==============================================================================
728 7. Marks *mark-motions* *E20* *E78*
730 Jumping to a mark can be done in two ways:
731 1. With ` (backtick): The cursor is positioned at the specified location
732 and the motion is |exclusive|.
733 2. With ' (single quote): The cursor is positioned on the first non-blank
734 character in the line of the specified location and
735 the motion is linewise.
737 *m* *mark* *Mark*
738 m{a-zA-Z} Set mark {a-zA-Z} at cursor position (does not move
739 the cursor, this is not a motion command).
741 *m'* *m`*
742 m' or m` Set the previous context mark. This can be jumped to
743 with the "''" or "``" command (does not move the
744 cursor, this is not a motion command).
746 *m[* *m]*
747 m[ or m] Set the |'[| or |']| mark. Useful when an operator is
748 to be simulated by multiple commands. (does not move
749 the cursor, this is not a motion command).
751 *:ma* *:mark* *E191*
752 :[range]ma[rk] {a-zA-Z'}
753 Set mark {a-zA-Z'} at last line number in [range],
754 column 0. Default is cursor line.
756 *:k*
757 :[range]k{a-zA-Z'} Same as :mark, but the space before the mark name can
758 be omitted.
760 *'* *'a* *`* *`a*
761 '{a-z} `{a-z} Jump to the mark {a-z} in the current buffer.
763 *'A* *'0* *`A* *`0*
764 '{A-Z0-9} `{A-Z0-9} To the mark {A-Z0-9} in the file where it was set (not
765 a motion command when in another file). {not in Vi}
767 *g'* *g'a* *g`* *g`a*
768 g'{mark} g`{mark}
769 Jump to the {mark}, but don't change the jumplist when
770 jumping within the current buffer. Example: >
771 g`"
772 < jumps to the last known position in a file. See
773 $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim.
774 Also see |:keepjumps|.
775 {not in Vi}
777 *:marks*
778 :marks List all the current marks (not a motion command).
779 The |'(|, |')|, |'{| and |'}| marks are not listed.
780 The first column has number zero.
781 {not in Vi}
782 *E283*
783 :marks {arg} List the marks that are mentioned in {arg} (not a
784 motion command). For example: >
785 :marks aB
786 < to list marks 'a' and 'B'. {not in Vi}
788 *:delm* *:delmarks*
789 :delm[arks] {marks} Delete the specified marks. Marks that can be deleted
790 include A-Z and 0-9. You cannot delete the ' mark.
791 They can be specified by giving the list of mark
792 names, or with a range, separated with a dash. Spaces
793 are ignored. Examples: >
794 :delmarks a deletes mark a
795 :delmarks a b 1 deletes marks a, b and 1
796 :delmarks Aa deletes marks A and a
797 :delmarks p-z deletes marks in the range p to z
798 :delmarks ^.[] deletes marks ^ . [ ]
799 :delmarks \" deletes mark "
800 < {not in Vi}
802 :delm[arks]! Delete all marks for the current buffer, but not marks
803 A-Z or 0-9.
804 {not in Vi}
806 A mark is not visible in any way. It is just a position in the file that is
807 remembered. Do not confuse marks with named registers, they are totally
808 unrelated.
810 'a - 'z lowercase marks, valid within one file
811 'A - 'Z uppercase marks, also called file marks, valid between files
812 '0 - '9 numbered marks, set from .viminfo file
814 Lowercase marks 'a to 'z are remembered as long as the file remains in the
815 buffer list. If you remove the file from the buffer list, all its marks are
816 lost. If you delete a line that contains a mark, that mark is erased.
818 Lowercase marks can be used in combination with operators. For example: "d't"
819 deletes the lines from the cursor position to mark 't'. Hint: Use mark 't' for
820 Top, 'b' for Bottom, etc.. Lowercase marks are restored when using undo and
821 redo.
823 Uppercase marks 'A to 'Z include the file name. {Vi: no uppercase marks} You
824 can use them to jump from file to file. You can only use an uppercase mark
825 with an operator if the mark is in the current file. The line number of the
826 mark remains correct, even if you insert/delete lines or edit another file for
827 a moment. When the 'viminfo' option is not empty, uppercase marks are kept in
828 the .viminfo file. See |viminfo-file-marks|.
830 Numbered marks '0 to '9 are quite different. They can not be set directly.
831 They are only present when using a viminfo file |viminfo-file|. Basically '0
832 is the location of the cursor when you last exited Vim, '1 the last but one
833 time, etc. Use the "r" flag in 'viminfo' to specify files for which no
834 Numbered mark should be stored. See |viminfo-file-marks|.
837 *'[* *`[*
838 '[ `[ To the first character of the previously changed
839 or yanked text. {not in Vi}
841 *']* *`]*
842 '] `] To the last character of the previously changed or
843 yanked text. {not in Vi}
845 After executing an operator the Cursor is put at the beginning of the text
846 that was operated upon. After a put command ("p" or "P") the cursor is
847 sometimes placed at the first inserted line and sometimes on the last inserted
848 character. The four commands above put the cursor at either end. Example:
849 After yanking 10 lines you want to go to the last one of them: "10Y']". After
850 inserting several lines with the "p" command you want to jump to the lowest
851 inserted line: "p']". This also works for text that has been inserted.
853 Note: After deleting text, the start and end positions are the same, except
854 when using blockwise Visual mode. These commands do not work when no change
855 was made yet in the current file.
857 *'<* *`<*
858 '< `< To the first line or character of the last selected
859 Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it
860 may also be the last character in the first line (to
861 be able to define the block). {not in Vi}.
863 *'>* *`>*
864 '> `> To the last line or character of the last selected
865 Visual area in the current buffer. For block mode it
866 may also be the first character of the last line (to
867 be able to define the block). Note that 'selection'
868 applies, the position may be just after the Visual
869 area. {not in Vi}.
871 *''* *``*
872 '' `` To the position before the latest jump, or where the
873 last "m'" or "m`" command was given. Not set when the
874 |:keepjumps| command modifier was used.
875 Also see |restore-position|.
877 *'quote* *`quote*
878 '" `" To the cursor position when last exiting the current
879 buffer. Defaults to the first character of the first
880 line. See |last-position-jump| for how to use this
881 for each opened file.
882 Only one position is remembered per buffer, not one
883 for each window. As long as the buffer is visible in
884 a window the position won't be changed.
885 {not in Vi}.
887 *'^* *`^*
888 '^ `^ To the position where the cursor was the last time
889 when Insert mode was stopped. This is used by the
890 |gi| command. Not set when the |:keepjumps| command
891 modifier was used. {not in Vi}
893 *'.* *`.*
894 '. `. To the position where the last change was made. The
895 position is at or near where the change started.
896 Sometimes a command is executed as several changes,
897 then the position can be near the end of what the
898 command changed. For example when inserting a word,
899 the position will be on the last character.
900 {not in Vi}
902 *'(* *`(*
903 '( `( To the start of the current sentence, like the |(|
904 command. {not in Vi}
906 *')* *`)*
907 ') `) To the end of the current sentence, like the |)|
908 command. {not in Vi}
910 *'{* *`{*
911 '{ `{ To the start of the current paragraph, like the |{|
912 command. {not in Vi}
914 *'}* *`}*
915 '} `} To the end of the current paragraph, like the |}|
916 command. {not in Vi}
918 These commands are not marks themselves, but jump to a mark:
920 *]'*
921 ]' [count] times to next line with a lowercase mark below
922 the cursor, on the first non-blank character in the
923 line. {not in Vi}
925 *]`*
926 ]` [count] times to lowercase mark after the cursor. {not
927 in Vi}
929 *['*
930 [' [count] times to previous line with a lowercase mark
931 before the cursor, on the first non-blank character in
932 the line. {not in Vi}
934 *[`*
935 [` [count] times to lowercase mark before the cursor.
936 {not in Vi}
939 :loc[kmarks] {command} *:loc* *:lockmarks*
940 Execute {command} without adjusting marks. This is
941 useful when changing text in a way that the line count
942 will be the same when the change has completed.
943 WARNING: When the line count does change, marks below
944 the change will keep their line number, thus move to
945 another text line.
946 These items will not be adjusted for deleted/inserted
947 lines:
948 - lower case letter marks 'a - 'z
949 - upper case letter marks 'A - 'Z
950 - numbered marks '0 - '9
951 - last insert position '^
952 - last change position '.
953 - the Visual area '< and '>
954 - line numbers in placed signs
955 - line numbers in quickfix positions
956 - positions in the |jumplist|
957 - positions in the |tagstack|
958 These items will still be adjusted:
959 - previous context mark ''
960 - the cursor position
961 - the view of a window on a buffer
962 - folds
963 - diffs
965 :kee[pmarks] {command} *:kee* *:keepmarks*
966 Currently only has effect for the filter command
967 |:range!|:
968 - When the number of lines after filtering is equal to
969 or larger than before, all marks are kept at the
970 same line number.
971 - When the number of lines decreases, the marks in the
972 lines that disappeared are deleted.
973 In any case the marks below the filtered text have
974 their line numbers adjusted, thus stick to the text,
975 as usual.
976 When the 'R' flag is missing from 'cpoptions' this has
977 the same effect as using ":keepmarks".
979 *:keepj* *:keepjumps*
980 :keepj[umps] {command}
981 Moving around in {command} does not change the |''|,
982 |'.| and |'^| marks, the |jumplist| or the
983 |changelist|.
984 Useful when making a change or inserting text
985 automatically and the user doesn't want to go to this
986 position. E.g., when updating a "Last change"
987 timestamp in the first line: >
989 :let lnum = line(".")
990 :keepjumps normal gg
991 :call SetLastChange()
992 :keepjumps exe "normal " . lnum . "G"
993 <
994 Note that ":keepjumps" must be used for every command.
995 When invoking a function the commands in that function
996 can still change the jumplist. Also, for
997 ":keepjumps exe 'command '" the "command" won't keep
998 jumps. Instead use: ":exe 'keepjumps command'"
1000 ==============================================================================
1001 8. Jumps *jump-motions*
1003 A "jump" is one of the following commands: "'", "`", "G", "/", "?", "n",
1004 "N", "%", "(", ")", "[[", "]]", "{", "}", ":s", ":tag", "L", "M", "H" and
1005 the commands that start editing a new file. If you make the cursor "jump"
1006 with one of these commands, the position of the cursor before the jump is
1007 remembered. You can return to that position with the "''" and "``" command,
1008 unless the line containing that position was changed or deleted.
1010 *CTRL-O*
1011 CTRL-O Go to [count] Older cursor position in jump list
1012 (not a motion command). {not in Vi}
1013 {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1015 <Tab> or *CTRL-I* *<Tab>*
1016 CTRL-I Go to [count] newer cursor position in jump list
1017 (not a motion command).
1018 In a |quickfix-window| it takes you to the position of
1019 the error under the cursor.
1020 {not in Vi}
1021 {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1023 *:ju* *:jumps*
1024 :ju[mps] Print the jump list (not a motion command). {not in
1025 Vi} {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1027 *jumplist*
1028 Jumps are remembered in a jump list. With the CTRL-O and CTRL-I command you
1029 can go to cursor positions before older jumps, and back again. Thus you can
1030 move up and down the list. There is a separate jump list for each window.
1031 The maximum number of entries is fixed at 100.
1032 {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1034 For example, after three jump commands you have this jump list:
1036 jump line col file/line ~
1037 3 1 0 some text ~
1038 2 70 0 another line ~
1039 1 1154 23 end. ~
1040 > ~
1042 The "file/line" column shows the file name, or the text at the jump if it is
1043 in the current file (an indent is removed and a long line is truncated to fit
1044 in the window).
1046 You are currently in line 1167. If you then use the CTRL-O command, the
1047 cursor is put in line 1154. This results in:
1049 jump line col file/line ~
1050 2 1 0 some text ~
1051 1 70 0 another line ~
1052 > 0 1154 23 end. ~
1053 1 1167 0 foo bar ~
1055 The pointer will be set at the last used jump position. The next CTRL-O
1056 command will use the entry above it, the next CTRL-I command will use the
1057 entry below it. If the pointer is below the last entry, this indicates that
1058 you did not use a CTRL-I or CTRL-O before. In this case the CTRL-O command
1059 will cause the cursor position to be added to the jump list, so you can get
1060 back to the position before the CTRL-O. In this case this is line 1167.
1062 With more CTRL-O commands you will go to lines 70 and 1. If you use CTRL-I
1063 you can go back to 1154 and 1167 again. Note that the number in the "jump"
1064 column indicates the count for the CTRL-O or CTRL-I command that takes you to
1065 this position.
1067 If you use a jump command, the current line number is inserted at the end of
1068 the jump list. If the same line was already in the jump list, it is removed.
1069 The result is that when repeating CTRL-O you will get back to old positions
1070 only once.
1072 When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used, jumps are not stored in the
1073 jumplist. Jumps are also not stored in other cases, e.g., in a |:global|
1074 command. You can explicitly add a jump by setting the ' mark.
1076 After the CTRL-O command that got you into line 1154 you could give another
1077 jump command (e.g., "G"). The jump list would then become:
1079 jump line col file/line ~
1080 4 1 0 some text ~
1081 3 70 0 another line ~
1082 2 1167 0 foo bar ~
1083 1 1154 23 end. ~
1084 > ~
1086 The line numbers will be adjusted for deleted and inserted lines. This fails
1087 if you stop editing a file without writing, like with ":n!".
1089 When you split a window, the jumplist will be copied to the new window.
1091 If you have included the ' item in the 'viminfo' option the jumplist will be
1092 stored in the viminfo file and restored when starting Vim.
1095 CHANGE LIST JUMPS *changelist* *change-list-jumps* *E664*
1097 When making a change the cursor position is remembered. One position is
1098 remembered for every change that can be undone, unless it is close to a
1099 previous change. Two commands can be used to jump to positions of changes,
1100 also those that have been undone:
1102 *g;* *E662*
1103 g; Go to [count] older position in change list.
1104 If [count] is larger than the number of older change
1105 positions go to the oldest change.
1106 If there is no older change an error message is given.
1107 (not a motion command)
1108 {not in Vi}
1109 {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1111 *g,* *E663*
1112 g, Go to [count] newer cursor position in change list.
1113 Just like |g;| but in the opposite direction.
1114 (not a motion command)
1115 {not in Vi}
1116 {not available without the +jumplist feature}
1118 When using a count you jump as far back or forward as possible. Thus you can
1119 use "999g;" to go to the first change for which the position is still
1120 remembered. The number of entries in the change list is fixed and is the same
1121 as for the |jumplist|.
1123 When two undo-able changes are in the same line and at a column position less
1124 than 'textwidth' apart only the last one is remembered. This avoids that a
1125 sequence of small changes in a line, for example "xxxxx", adds many positions
1126 to the change list. When 'textwidth' is zero 'wrapmargin' is used. When that
1127 also isn't set a fixed number of 79 is used. Detail: For the computations
1128 bytes are used, not characters, to avoid a speed penalty (this only matters
1129 for multi-byte encodings).
1131 Note that when text has been inserted or deleted the cursor position might be
1132 a bit different from the position of the change. Especially when lines have
1133 been deleted.
1135 When the |:keepjumps| command modifier is used the position of a change is not
1136 remembered.
1138 *:changes*
1139 :changes Print the change list. A ">" character indicates the
1140 current position. Just after a change it is below the
1141 newest entry, indicating that "g;" takes you to the
1142 newest entry position. The first column indicates the
1143 count needed to take you to this position. Example:
1145 change line col text ~
1146 3 9 8 bla bla bla
1147 2 11 57 foo is a bar
1148 1 14 54 the latest changed line
1149 >
1151 The "3g;" command takes you to line 9. Then the
1152 output of ":changes is:
1154 change line col text ~
1155 > 0 9 8 bla bla bla
1156 1 11 57 foo is a bar
1157 2 14 54 the latest changed line
1159 Now you can use "g," to go to line 11 and "2g," to go
1160 to line 14.
1162 ==============================================================================
1163 9. Various motions *various-motions*
1165 *%*
1166 % Find the next item in this line after or under the
1167 cursor and jump to its match. |inclusive| motion.
1168 Items can be:
1169 ([{}]) parenthesis or (curly/square) brackets
1170 (this can be changed with the
1171 'matchpairs' option)
1172 /* */ start or end of C-style comment
1173 #if, #ifdef, #else, #elif, #endif
1174 C preprocessor conditionals (when the
1175 cursor is on the # or no ([{
1176 following)
1177 For other items the matchit plugin can be used, see
1178 |matchit-install|. This plugin also helps to skip
1179 matches in comments.
1181 When 'cpoptions' contains "M" |cpo-M| backslashes
1182 before parens and braces are ignored. Without "M" the
1183 number of backslashes matters: an even number doesn't
1184 match with an odd number. Thus in "( \) )" and "\( (
1185 \)" the first and last parenthesis match.
1187 When the '%' character is not present in 'cpoptions'
1188 |cpo-%|, parens and braces inside double quotes are
1189 ignored, unless the number of parens/braces in a line
1190 is uneven and this line and the previous one does not
1191 end in a backslash. '(', '{', '[', ']', '}' and ')'
1192 are also ignored (parens and braces inside single
1193 quotes). Note that this works fine for C, but not for
1194 Perl, where single quotes are used for strings.
1196 Nothing special is done for matches in comments. You
1197 can either use the matchit plugin |matchit-install| or
1198 put quotes around matches.
1200 No count is allowed, {count}% jumps to a line {count}
1201 percentage down the file |N%|. Using '%' on
1202 #if/#else/#endif makes the movement linewise.
1204 *[(*
1205 [( go to [count] previous unmatched '('.
1206 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1208 *[{*
1209 [{ go to [count] previous unmatched '{'.
1210 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1212 *])*
1213 ]) go to [count] next unmatched ')'.
1214 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1216 *]}*
1217 ]} go to [count] next unmatched '}'.
1218 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1220 The above four commands can be used to go to the start or end of the current
1221 code block. It is like doing "%" on the '(', ')', '{' or '}' at the other
1222 end of the code block, but you can do this from anywhere in the code block.
1223 Very useful for C programs. Example: When standing on "case x:", "[{" will
1224 bring you back to the switch statement.
1226 *]m*
1227 ]m Go to [count] next start of a method (for Java or
1228 similar structured language). When not before the
1229 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the
1230 class. When no '{' is found after the cursor, this is
1231 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1232 *]M*
1233 ]M Go to [count] next end of a method (for Java or
1234 similar structured language). When not before the end
1235 of a method, jump to the start or end of the class.
1236 When no '}' is found after the cursor, this is an
1237 error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1238 *[m*
1239 [m Go to [count] previous start of a method (for Java or
1240 similar structured language). When not after the
1241 start of a method, jump to the start or end of the
1242 class. When no '{' is found before the cursor this is
1243 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1244 *[M*
1245 [M Go to [count] previous end of a method (for Java or
1246 similar structured language). When not after the
1247 end of a method, jump to the start or end of the
1248 class. When no '}' is found before the cursor this is
1249 an error. |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1251 The above two commands assume that the file contains a class with methods.
1252 The class definition is surrounded in '{' and '}'. Each method in the class
1253 is also surrounded with '{' and '}'. This applies to the Java language. The
1254 file looks like this: >
1256 // comment
1257 class foo {
1258 int method_one() {
1259 body_one();
1260 }
1261 int method_two() {
1262 body_two();
1263 }
1264 }
1265 Starting with the cursor on "body_two()", using "[m" will jump to the '{' at
1266 the start of "method_two()" (obviously this is much more useful when the
1267 method is long!). Using "2[m" will jump to the start of "method_one()".
1268 Using "3[m" will jump to the start of the class.
1270 *[#*
1271 [# go to [count] previous unmatched "#if" or "#else".
1272 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1274 *]#*
1275 ]# go to [count] next unmatched "#else" or "#endif".
1276 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1278 These two commands work in C programs that contain #if/#else/#endif
1279 constructs. It brings you to the start or end of the #if/#else/#endif where
1280 the current line is included. You can then use "%" to go to the matching line.
1282 *[star* *[/*
1283 [* or [/ go to [count] previous start of a C comment "/*".
1284 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1286 *]star* *]/*
1287 ]* or ]/ go to [count] next end of a C comment "*/".
1288 |exclusive| motion. {not in Vi}
1291 *H*
1292 H To line [count] from top (Home) of window (default:
1293 first line on the window) on the first non-blank
1294 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option.
1295 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option.
1297 *M*
1298 M To Middle line of window, on the first non-blank
1299 character |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option.
1301 *L*
1302 L To line [count] from bottom of window (default: Last
1303 line on the window) on the first non-blank character
1304 |linewise|. See also 'startofline' option.
1305 Cursor is adjusted for 'scrolloff' option.
1307 <LeftMouse> Moves to the position on the screen where the mouse
1308 click is |exclusive|. See also |<LeftMouse>|. If the
1309 position is in a status line, that window is made the
1310 active window and the cursor is not moved. {not in Vi}
1312 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: