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1 *digraph.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2010 Apr 11
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
7 Digraphs *digraph* *digraphs* *Digraphs*
9 Digraphs are used to enter characters that normally cannot be entered by
10 an ordinary keyboard. These are mostly printable non-ASCII characters. The
11 digraphs are easier to remember than the decimal number that can be entered
12 with CTRL-V (see |i_CTRL-V|).
14 There is a brief introduction on digraphs in the user manual: |24.9|
15 An alternative is using the 'keymap' option.
17 1. Defining digraphs |digraphs-define|
18 2. Using digraphs |digraphs-use|
19 3. Default digraphs |digraphs-default|
21 {Vi does not have any of these commands}
23 ==============================================================================
24 1. Defining digraphs *digraphs-define*
26 *:dig* *:digraphs*
27 :dig[raphs] show currently defined digraphs.
28 *E104* *E39*
29 :dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ...
30 Add digraph {char1}{char2} to the list. {number} is
31 the decimal representation of the character. Normally
32 it is the Unicode character, see |digraph-encoding|.
33 Example: >
34 :digr e: 235 a: 228
35 < Avoid defining a digraph with '_' (underscore) as the
36 first character, it has a special meaning in the
37 future.
39 Vim is normally compiled with the |+digraphs| feature. If the feature is
40 disabled, the ":digraph" command will display an error message.
42 Example of the output of ":digraphs": >
43 TH Þ 222 ss ß 223 a! à 224 a' á 225 a> â 226 a? ã 227 a: ä 228
45 The first two characters in each column are the characters you have to type to
46 enter the digraph.
48 In the middle of each column is the resulting character. This may be mangled
49 if you look at it on a system that does not support digraphs or if you print
50 this file.
52 *digraph-encoding*
53 The decimal number normally is the Unicode number of the character. Note that
54 the meaning doesn't change when 'encoding' changes. The character will be
55 converted from Unicode to 'encoding' when needed. This does require the
56 conversion to be available, it might fail. For the NUL character you will see
57 "10". That's because NUL characters are internally represented with a NL
58 character. When you write the file it will become a NUL character.
60 When Vim was compiled without the +multi_byte feature, you need to specify the
61 character in the encoding given with 'encoding'. You might want to use
62 something like this: >
64 if has("multi_byte")
65 digraph oe 339
66 elseif &encoding == "iso-8859-15"
67 digraph oe 189
68 endif
70 This defines the "oe" digraph for a character that is number 339 in Unicode
71 and 189 in latin9 (iso-8859-15).
73 ==============================================================================
74 2. Using digraphs *digraphs-use*
76 There are two methods to enter digraphs: *i_digraph*
77 CTRL-K {char1} {char2} or
78 {char1} <BS> {char2}
79 The first is always available; the second only when the 'digraph' option is
80 set.
82 If a digraph with {char1}{char2} does not exist, Vim searches for a digraph
83 {char2}{char1}. This helps when you don't remember which character comes
84 first.
86 Note that when you enter CTRL-K {char1}, where {char1} is a special key, Vim
87 enters the code for that special key. This is not a digraph.
89 Once you have entered the digraph, Vim treats the character like a normal
90 character that occupies only one character in the file and on the screen.
91 Example: >
92 'B' <BS> 'B' will enter the broken '|' character (166)
93 'a' <BS> '>' will enter an 'a' with a circumflex (226)
94 CTRL-K '-' '-' will enter a soft hyphen (173)
96 The current digraphs are listed with the ":digraphs" command. Some of the
97 default ones are listed below |digraph-table|.
99 For CTRL-K, there is one general digraph: CTRL-K <Space> {char} will enter
100 {char} with the highest bit set. You can use this to enter meta-characters.
102 The <Esc> character cannot be part of a digraph. When hitting <Esc>, Vim
103 stops digraph entry and ends Insert mode or Command-line mode, just like
104 hitting an <Esc> out of digraph context. Use CTRL-V 155 to enter meta-ESC
105 (CSI).
107 If you accidentally typed an 'a' that should be an 'e', you will type 'a' <BS>
108 'e'. But that is a digraph, so you will not get what you want. To correct
109 this, you will have to type <BS> e again. To avoid this don't set the
110 'digraph' option and use CTRL-K to enter digraphs.
112 You may have problems using Vim with characters which have a value above 128.
113 For example: You insert ue (u-umlaut) and the editor echoes \334 in Insert
114 mode. After leaving the Insert mode everything is fine. Note that fmt
115 removes all characters with a value above 128 from the text being formatted.
116 On some Unix systems this means you have to define the environment-variable
117 LC_CTYPE. If you are using csh, then put the following line in your .cshrc: >
118 setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
120 ==============================================================================
121 3. Default digraphs *digraphs-default*
123 Vim comes with a set of default digraphs. Check the output of ":digraphs" to
124 see them.
126 On most systems Vim uses the same digraphs. They work for the Unicode and
127 ISO-8859-1 character sets. These default digraphs are taken from the RFC1345
128 mnemonics. To make it easy to remember the mnemonic, the second character has
129 a standard meaning:
131 char name char meaning ~
132 Exclamation mark ! Grave
133 Apostrophe ' Acute accent
134 Greater-Than sign > Circumflex accent
135 Question mark ? Tilde
136 Hyphen-Minus - Macron
137 Left parenthesis ( Breve
138 Full stop . Dot above
139 Colon : Diaeresis
140 Comma , Cedilla
141 Underline _ Underline
142 Solidus / Stroke
143 Quotation mark " Double acute accent
144 Semicolon ; Ogonek
145 Less-Than sign < Caron
146 Zero 0 Ring above
147 Two 2 Hook
148 Nine 9 Horn
150 Equals = Cyrillic
151 Asterisk * Greek
152 Percent sign % Greek/Cyrillic special
153 Plus + smalls: Arabic, capitals: Hebrew
154 Three 3 some Latin/Greek/Cyrillic letters
155 Four 4 Bopomofo
156 Five 5 Hiragana
157 Six 6 Katakana
159 Example: a: is ä and o: is ö
161 These are the RFC1345 digraphs for the one-byte characters. See the output of
162 ":digraphs" for the others. The characters above 255 are only available when
163 Vim was compiled with the |+multi_byte| feature.
165 EURO
167 Exception: RFC1345 doesn't specify the euro sign. In Vim the digraph =e was
168 added for this. Note the difference between latin1, where the digraph Cu is
169 used for the currency sign, and latin9 (iso-8859-15), where the digraph =e is
170 used for the euro sign, while both of them are the character 164, 0xa4. For
171 compatibility with zsh Eu can also be used for the euro sign.
173 *digraph-table*
174 char digraph hex dec official name ~
175 ^@ NU 0x00 0 NULL (NUL)
176 ^A SH 0x01 1 START OF HEADING (SOH)
177 ^B SX 0x02 2 START OF TEXT (STX)
178 ^C EX 0x03 3 END OF TEXT (ETX)
179 ^D ET 0x04 4 END OF TRANSMISSION (EOT)
180 ^E EQ 0x05 5 ENQUIRY (ENQ)
181 ^F AK 0x06 6 ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK)
182 ^G BL 0x07 7 BELL (BEL)
183 ^H BS 0x08 8 BACKSPACE (BS)
184 ^I HT 0x09 9 CHARACTER TABULATION (HT)
185 ^@ LF 0x0a 10 LINE FEED (LF)
186 ^K VT 0x0b 11 LINE TABULATION (VT)
187 ^L FF 0x0c 12 FORM FEED (FF)
188 ^M CR 0x0d 13 CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
189 ^N SO 0x0e 14 SHIFT OUT (SO)
190 ^O SI 0x0f 15 SHIFT IN (SI)
191 ^P DL 0x10 16 DATALINK ESCAPE (DLE)
192 ^Q D1 0x11 17 DEVICE CONTROL ONE (DC1)
193 ^R D2 0x12 18 DEVICE CONTROL TWO (DC2)
194 ^S D3 0x13 19 DEVICE CONTROL THREE (DC3)
195 ^T D4 0x14 20 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR (DC4)
196 ^U NK 0x15 21 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE (NAK)
197 ^V SY 0x16 22 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE (SYN)
198 ^W EB 0x17 23 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (ETB)
199 ^X CN 0x18 24 CANCEL (CAN)
200 ^Y EM 0x19 25 END OF MEDIUM (EM)
201 ^Z SB 0x1a 26 SUBSTITUTE (SUB)
202 ^[ EC 0x1b 27 ESCAPE (ESC)
203 ^\ FS 0x1c 28 FILE SEPARATOR (IS4)
204 ^] GS 0x1d 29 GROUP SEPARATOR (IS3)
205 ^^ RS 0x1e 30 RECORD SEPARATOR (IS2)
206 ^_ US 0x1f 31 UNIT SEPARATOR (IS1)
207 SP 0x20 32 SPACE
208 # Nb 0x23 35 NUMBER SIGN
209 $ DO 0x24 36 DOLLAR SIGN
210 @ At 0x40 64 COMMERCIAL AT
211 [ <( 0x5b 91 LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
212 \ // 0x5c 92 REVERSE SOLIDUS
213 ] )> 0x5d 93 RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
214 ^ '> 0x5e 94 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
215 ` '! 0x60 96 GRAVE ACCENT
216 { (! 0x7b 123 LEFT CURLY BRACKET
217 | !! 0x7c 124 VERTICAL LINE
218 } !) 0x7d 125 RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
219 ~ '? 0x7e 126 TILDE
220 ^? DT 0x7f 127 DELETE (DEL)
221 ~@ PA 0x80 128 PADDING CHARACTER (PAD)
222 ~A HO 0x81 129 HIGH OCTET PRESET (HOP)
223 ~B BH 0x82 130 BREAK PERMITTED HERE (BPH)
224 ~C NH 0x83 131 NO BREAK HERE (NBH)
225 ~D IN 0x84 132 INDEX (IND)
226 ~E NL 0x85 133 NEXT LINE (NEL)
227 ~F SA 0x86 134 START OF SELECTED AREA (SSA)
228 ~G ES 0x87 135 END OF SELECTED AREA (ESA)
229 ~H HS 0x88 136 CHARACTER TABULATION SET (HTS)
230 ~I HJ 0x89 137 CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION (HTJ)
231 ~J VS 0x8a 138 LINE TABULATION SET (VTS)
232 ~K PD 0x8b 139 PARTIAL LINE FORWARD (PLD)
233 ~L PU 0x8c 140 PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD (PLU)
234 ~M RI 0x8d 141 REVERSE LINE FEED (RI)
235 ~N S2 0x8e 142 SINGLE-SHIFT TWO (SS2)
236 ~O S3 0x8f 143 SINGLE-SHIFT THREE (SS3)
237 ~P DC 0x90 144 DEVICE CONTROL STRING (DCS)
238 ~Q P1 0x91 145 PRIVATE USE ONE (PU1)
239 ~R P2 0x92 146 PRIVATE USE TWO (PU2)
240 ~S TS 0x93 147 SET TRANSMIT STATE (STS)
241 ~T CC 0x94 148 CANCEL CHARACTER (CCH)
242 ~U MW 0x95 149 MESSAGE WAITING (MW)
243 ~V SG 0x96 150 START OF GUARDED AREA (SPA)
244 ~W EG 0x97 151 END OF GUARDED AREA (EPA)
245 ~X SS 0x98 152 START OF STRING (SOS)
246 ~Y GC 0x99 153 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SGCI)
247 ~Z SC 0x9a 154 SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SCI)
248 ~[ CI 0x9b 155 CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER (CSI)
249 ~\ ST 0x9c 156 STRING TERMINATOR (ST)
250 ~] OC 0x9d 157 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND (OSC)
251 ~^ PM 0x9e 158 PRIVACY MESSAGE (PM)
252 ~_ AC 0x9f 159 APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND (APC)
253 | NS 0xa0 160 NO-BREAK SPACE
254 ¡ !I 0xa1 161 INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
255 ¢ Ct 0xa2 162 CENT SIGN
256 £ Pd 0xa3 163 POUND SIGN
257 ¤ Cu 0xa4 164 CURRENCY SIGN
258 ¥ Ye 0xa5 165 YEN SIGN
259 ¦ BB 0xa6 166 BROKEN BAR
260 § SE 0xa7 167 SECTION SIGN
261 ¨ ': 0xa8 168 DIAERESIS
262 © Co 0xa9 169 COPYRIGHT SIGN
263 ª -a 0xaa 170 FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
264 « << 0xab 171 LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
265 ¬ NO 0xac 172 NOT SIGN
266 -- 0xad 173 SOFT HYPHEN
267 ® Rg 0xae 174 REGISTERED SIGN
268 ¯ 'm 0xaf 175 MACRON
269 ° DG 0xb0 176 DEGREE SIGN
270 ± +- 0xb1 177 PLUS-MINUS SIGN
271 ² 2S 0xb2 178 SUPERSCRIPT TWO
272 ³ 3S 0xb3 179 SUPERSCRIPT THREE
273 ´ '' 0xb4 180 ACUTE ACCENT
274 µ My 0xb5 181 MICRO SIGN
275 ¶ PI 0xb6 182 PILCROW SIGN
276 · .M 0xb7 183 MIDDLE DOT
277 ¸ ', 0xb8 184 CEDILLA
278 ¹ 1S 0xb9 185 SUPERSCRIPT ONE
279 º -o 0xba 186 MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR
280 » >> 0xbb 187 RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
281 ¼ 14 0xbc 188 VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
282 ½ 12 0xbd 189 VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF
283 ¾ 34 0xbe 190 VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS
284 ¿ ?I 0xbf 191 INVERTED QUESTION MARK
285 À A! 0xc0 192 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
286 Á A' 0xc1 193 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
287 Â A> 0xc2 194 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
288 Ã A? 0xc3 195 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
289 Ä A: 0xc4 196 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
290 Å AA 0xc5 197 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
291 Æ AE 0xc6 198 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE
292 Ç C, 0xc7 199 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
293 È E! 0xc8 200 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
294 É E' 0xc9 201 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
295 Ê E> 0xca 202 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
296 Ë E: 0xcb 203 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
297 Ì I! 0xcc 204 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
298 Í I' 0xcd 205 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
299 Î I> 0xce 206 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
300 Ï I: 0xcf 207 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
301 Ð D- 0xd0 208 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)
302 Ñ N? 0xd1 209 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
303 Ò O! 0xd2 210 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
304 Ó O' 0xd3 211 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
305 Ô O> 0xd4 212 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
306 Õ O? 0xd5 213 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
307 Ö O: 0xd6 214 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
308 × *X 0xd7 215 MULTIPLICATION SIGN
309 Ø O/ 0xd8 216 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE
310 Ù U! 0xd9 217 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
311 Ú U' 0xda 218 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
312 Û U> 0xdb 219 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
313 Ü U: 0xdc 220 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
314 Ý Y' 0xdd 221 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
315 Þ TH 0xde 222 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)
316 ß ss 0xdf 223 LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German)
317 à a! 0xe0 224 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
318 á a' 0xe1 225 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
319 â a> 0xe2 226 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
320 ã a? 0xe3 227 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
321 ä a: 0xe4 228 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
322 å aa 0xe5 229 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
323 æ ae 0xe6 230 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
324 ç c, 0xe7 231 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
325 è e! 0xe8 232 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
326 é e' 0xe9 233 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
327 ê e> 0xea 234 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
328 ë e: 0xeb 235 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
329 ì i! 0xec 236 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
330 í i' 0xed 237 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
331 î i> 0xee 238 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
332 ï i: 0xef 239 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
333 ð d- 0xf0 240 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)
334 ñ n? 0xf1 241 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
335 ò o! 0xf2 242 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
336 ó o' 0xf3 243 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
337 ô o> 0xf4 244 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
338 õ o? 0xf5 245 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
339 ö o: 0xf6 246 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
340 ÷ -: 0xf7 247 DIVISION SIGN
341 ø o/ 0xf8 248 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
342 ù u! 0xf9 249 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
343 ú u' 0xfa 250 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
344 û u> 0xfb 251 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
345 ü u: 0xfc 252 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
346 ý y' 0xfd 253 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
347 þ th 0xfe 254 LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)
348 ÿ y: 0xff 255 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
350 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: