feat/persistent-undo: Fix bug in persistence with differing undolevels

[vim_extended.git] / src / undo.c

/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4:
 *
 * VIM - Vi IMproved    by Bram Moolenaar
 *
 * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
 * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
 * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
 */

/*
 * undo.c: multi level undo facility
 *
 * The saved lines are stored in a list of lists (one for each buffer):
 *
 * b_u_oldhead------------------------------------------------+
 *                                                            |
 *                                                            V
 *                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
 * b_u_newhead--->| u_header     |    | u_header     |    | u_header     |
 *                |     uh_next------>|     uh_next------>|     uh_next---->NULL
 *         NULL<--------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |<---------uh_prev  |
 *                |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |    |     uh_entry |
 *                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
 *                         |                   |                   |
 *                         V                   V                   V
 *                +--------------+    +--------------+    +--------------+
 *                | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |    | u_entry      |
 *                |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |    |     ue_next  |
 *                +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+    +--------|-----+
 *                         |                   |                   |
 *                         V                   V                   V
 *                +--------------+            NULL                NULL
 *                | u_entry      |
 *                |     ue_next  |
 *                +--------|-----+
 *                         |
 *                         V
 *                        etc.
 *
 * Each u_entry list contains the information for one undo or redo.
 * curbuf->b_u_curhead points to the header of the last undo (the next redo),
 * or is NULL if nothing has been undone (end of the branch).
 *
 * For keeping alternate undo/redo branches the uh_alt field is used.  Thus at
 * each point in the list a branch may appear for an alternate to redo.  The
 * uh_seq field is numbered sequentially to be able to find a newer or older
 * branch.
 *
 *                 +---------------+    +---------------+
 * b_u_oldhead --->| u_header      |    | u_header      |
 *                 |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next ----> NULL
 *         NULL <----- uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
 *                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
 *                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
 *                       |                    |
 *                       V                    V
 *                 +---------------+    +---------------+
 *                 | u_header      |    | u_header      |
 *                 |   uh_alt_next |    |   uh_alt_next |
 * b_u_newhead --->|   uh_alt_prev |    |   uh_alt_prev |
 *                 |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
 *                 +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
 *                       |                    |
 *                       V                    V
 *                     NULL             +---------------+    +---------------+
 *                                      | u_header      |    | u_header      |
 *                                      |   uh_alt_next ---->|   uh_alt_next |
 *                                      |   uh_alt_prev |<------ uh_alt_prev |
 *                                      |   uh_prev     |    |   uh_prev     |
 *                                      +-----|---------+    +-----|---------+
 *                                            |                    |
 *                                           etc.                 etc.
 *
 *
 * All data is allocated with U_ALLOC_LINE(), it will be freed as soon as the
 * buffer is unloaded.
 */

/* Uncomment the next line for including the u_check() function.  This warns
 * for errors in the debug information. */
/* #define U_DEBUG 1 */
#define UH_MAGIC 0x18dade       /* value for uh_magic when in use */
#define UE_MAGIC 0xabc123       /* value for ue_magic when in use */

#include "vim.h"

#ifdef FEAT_PERSISTENT_UNDO
# define UF_MAGIC 0xfeac                /* Quick undofile corruption check */
# define UF_VERSION 0           /* 2-byte undofile version number */
#endif

/* See below: use malloc()/free() for memory management. */
#define U_USE_MALLOC 1

static void u_unch_branch __ARGS((u_header_T *uhp));
static u_entry_T *u_get_headentry __ARGS((void));
static void u_getbot __ARGS((void));
static int u_savecommon __ARGS((linenr_T, linenr_T, linenr_T));
static void u_doit __ARGS((int count));
static void u_undoredo __ARGS((int undo));
static void u_undo_end __ARGS((int did_undo, int absolute));
static void u_add_time __ARGS((char_u *buf, size_t buflen, time_t tt));
static void u_freeheader __ARGS((buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp));
static void u_freebranch __ARGS((buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp));
static void u_freeentries __ARGS((buf_T *buf, u_header_T *uhp, u_header_T **uhpp));
static void u_freeentry __ARGS((u_entry_T *, long));
#ifdef FEAT_PERSISTENT_UNDO
static void serialize_uep __ARGS((u_entry_T *uep, FILE *fp));
static void serialize_pos __ARGS((pos_T pos, FILE *fp));
static void serialize_visualinfo __ARGS((visualinfo_T info, FILE *fp));
static int unserialize_pos __ARGS((pos_T *pos, FILE *fp));
static int unserialize_visualinfo __ARGS((visualinfo_T *info, FILE *fp));
#endif
static char_u *u_get_undofile __ARGS((char_u *));

#ifdef U_USE_MALLOC
# define U_FREE_LINE(ptr) vim_free(ptr)
# define U_ALLOC_LINE(size) lalloc((long_u)((size) + 1), FALSE)
#else
static void u_free_line __ARGS((char_u *ptr, int keep));
static char_u *u_alloc_line __ARGS((unsigned size));
# define U_FREE_LINE(ptr) u_free_line((ptr), FALSE)
# define U_ALLOC_LINE(size) u_alloc_line(size)
#endif
static char_u *u_save_line __ARGS((linenr_T));

static long     u_newcount, u_oldcount;

/*
 * When 'u' flag included in 'cpoptions', we behave like vi.  Need to remember
 * the action that "u" should do.
 */
static int      undo_undoes = FALSE;

#ifdef U_DEBUG
/*
 * Check the undo structures for being valid.  Print a warning when something
 * looks wrong.
 */
static int seen_b_u_curhead;
static int seen_b_u_newhead;
static int header_count;

    static void
u_check_tree(u_header_T *uhp,
        u_header_T *exp_uh_next,
        u_header_T *exp_uh_alt_prev)
{
    u_entry_T *uep;

    if (uhp == NULL)
        return;
    ++header_count;
    if (uhp == curbuf->b_u_curhead && ++seen_b_u_curhead > 1)
    {
        EMSG("b_u_curhead found twice (looping?)");
        return;
    }
    if (uhp == curbuf->b_u_newhead && ++seen_b_u_newhead > 1)
    {
        EMSG("b_u_newhead found twice (looping?)");
        return;
    }

    if (uhp->uh_magic != UH_MAGIC)
        EMSG("uh_magic wrong (may be using freed memory)");
    else
    {
        /* Check pointers back are correct. */
        if (uhp->uh_next != exp_uh_next)
        {
            EMSG("uh_next wrong");
            smsg((char_u *)"expected: 0x%x, actual: 0x%x",
                                                   exp_uh_next, uhp->uh_next);
        }
        if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != exp_uh_alt_prev)
        {
            EMSG("uh_alt_prev wrong");
            smsg((char_u *)"expected: 0x%x, actual: 0x%x",
                                           exp_uh_alt_prev, uhp->uh_alt_prev);
        }

        /* Check the undo tree at this header. */
        for (uep = uhp->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = uep->ue_next)
        {
            if (uep->ue_magic != UE_MAGIC)
            {
                EMSG("ue_magic wrong (may be using freed memory)");
                break;
            }
        }

        /* Check the next alt tree. */
        u_check_tree(uhp->uh_alt_next, uhp->uh_next, uhp);

        /* Check the next header in this branch. */
        u_check_tree(uhp->uh_prev, uhp, NULL);
    }
}

    void
u_check(int newhead_may_be_NULL)
{
    seen_b_u_newhead = 0;
    seen_b_u_curhead = 0;
    header_count = 0;

    u_check_tree(curbuf->b_u_oldhead, NULL, NULL);

    if (seen_b_u_newhead == 0 && curbuf->b_u_oldhead != NULL
            && !(newhead_may_be_NULL && curbuf->b_u_newhead == NULL))
        EMSGN("b_u_newhead invalid: 0x%x", curbuf->b_u_newhead);
    if (curbuf->b_u_curhead != NULL && seen_b_u_curhead == 0)
        EMSGN("b_u_curhead invalid: 0x%x", curbuf->b_u_curhead);
    if (header_count != curbuf->b_u_numhead)
    {
        EMSG("b_u_numhead invalid");
        smsg((char_u *)"expected: %ld, actual: %ld",
                               (long)header_count, (long)curbuf->b_u_numhead);
    }
}
#endif

/*
 * Save the current line for both the "u" and "U" command.
 * Returns OK or FAIL.
 */
    int
u_save_cursor()
{
    return (u_save((linenr_T)(curwin->w_cursor.lnum - 1),
                                      (linenr_T)(curwin->w_cursor.lnum + 1)));
}

/*
 * Save the lines between "top" and "bot" for both the "u" and "U" command.
 * "top" may be 0 and bot may be curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1.
 * Returns FAIL when lines could not be saved, OK otherwise.
 */
    int
u_save(top, bot)
    linenr_T top, bot;
{
    if (undo_off)
        return OK;

    if (top > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count ||
                            top >= bot || bot > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1)
        return FALSE;   /* rely on caller to do error messages */

    if (top + 2 == bot)
        u_saveline((linenr_T)(top + 1));

    return (u_savecommon(top, bot, (linenr_T)0));
}

/*
 * save the line "lnum" (used by ":s" and "~" command)
 * The line is replaced, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
 */
    int
u_savesub(lnum)
    linenr_T    lnum;
{
    if (undo_off)
        return OK;

    return (u_savecommon(lnum - 1, lnum + 1, lnum + 1));
}

/*
 * a new line is inserted before line "lnum" (used by :s command)
 * The line is inserted, so the new bottom line is lnum + 1.
 */
    int
u_inssub(lnum)
    linenr_T    lnum;
{
    if (undo_off)
        return OK;

    return (u_savecommon(lnum - 1, lnum, lnum + 1));
}

/*
 * save the lines "lnum" - "lnum" + nlines (used by delete command)
 * The lines are deleted, so the new bottom line is lnum, unless the buffer
 * becomes empty.
 */
    int
u_savedel(lnum, nlines)
    linenr_T    lnum;
    long        nlines;
{
    if (undo_off)
        return OK;

    return (u_savecommon(lnum - 1, lnum + nlines,
                        nlines == curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count ? 2 : lnum));
}

/*
 * Return TRUE when undo is allowed.  Otherwise give an error message and
 * return FALSE.
 */
    int
undo_allowed()
{
    /* Don't allow changes when 'modifiable' is off.  */
    if (!curbuf->b_p_ma)
    {
        EMSG(_(e_modifiable));
        return FALSE;
    }

#ifdef HAVE_SANDBOX
    /* In the sandbox it's not allowed to change the text. */
    if (sandbox != 0)
    {
        EMSG(_(e_sandbox));
        return FALSE;
    }
#endif

    /* Don't allow changes in the buffer while editing the cmdline.  The
     * caller of getcmdline() may get confused. */
    if (textlock != 0)
    {
        EMSG(_(e_secure));
        return FALSE;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

    static int
u_savecommon(top, bot, newbot)
    linenr_T    top, bot;
    linenr_T    newbot;
{
    linenr_T    lnum;
    long        i;
    u_header_T  *uhp;
    u_header_T  *old_curhead;
    u_entry_T   *uep;
    u_entry_T   *prev_uep;
    long        size;

    /* When making changes is not allowed return FAIL.  It's a crude way to
     * make all change commands fail. */
    if (!undo_allowed())
        return FAIL;

#ifdef U_DEBUG
    u_check(FALSE);
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
    /*
     * Netbeans defines areas that cannot be modified.  Bail out here when
     * trying to change text in a guarded area.
     */
    if (usingNetbeans)
    {
        if (netbeans_is_guarded(top, bot))
        {
            EMSG(_(e_guarded));
            return FAIL;
        }
        if (curbuf->b_p_ro)
        {
            EMSG(_(e_nbreadonly));
            return FAIL;
        }
    }
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /*
     * Saving text for undo means we are going to make a change.  Give a
     * warning for a read-only file before making the change, so that the
     * FileChangedRO event can replace the buffer with a read-write version
     * (e.g., obtained from a source control system).
     */
    change_warning(0);
#endif

    size = bot - top - 1;

    /*
     * if curbuf->b_u_synced == TRUE make a new header
     */
    if (curbuf->b_u_synced)
    {
#ifdef FEAT_JUMPLIST
        /* Need to create new entry in b_changelist. */
        curbuf->b_new_change = TRUE;
#endif

        if (p_ul >= 0)
        {
            /*
             * Make a new header entry.  Do this first so that we don't mess
             * up the undo info when out of memory.
             */
            uhp = (u_header_T *)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned)sizeof(u_header_T));
            if (uhp == NULL)
                goto nomem;
#ifdef U_DEBUG
            uhp->uh_magic = UH_MAGIC;
#endif
        }
        else
            uhp = NULL;

        /*
         * If we undid more than we redid, move the entry lists before and
         * including curbuf->b_u_curhead to an alternate branch.
         */
        old_curhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
        if (old_curhead != NULL)
        {
            curbuf->b_u_newhead = old_curhead->uh_next;
            curbuf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * free headers to keep the size right
         */
        while (curbuf->b_u_numhead > p_ul && curbuf->b_u_oldhead != NULL)
        {
            u_header_T      *uhfree = curbuf->b_u_oldhead;

            if (uhfree == old_curhead)
                /* Can't reconnect the branch, delete all of it. */
                u_freebranch(curbuf, uhfree, &old_curhead);
            else if (uhfree->uh_alt_next == NULL)
                /* There is no branch, only free one header. */
                u_freeheader(curbuf, uhfree, &old_curhead);
            else
            {
                /* Free the oldest alternate branch as a whole. */
                while (uhfree->uh_alt_next != NULL)
                    uhfree = uhfree->uh_alt_next;
                u_freebranch(curbuf, uhfree, &old_curhead);
            }
#ifdef U_DEBUG
            u_check(TRUE);
#endif
        }

        if (uhp == NULL)                /* no undo at all */
        {
            if (old_curhead != NULL)
                u_freebranch(curbuf, old_curhead, NULL);
            curbuf->b_u_synced = FALSE;
            return OK;
        }

        uhp->uh_prev = NULL;
        uhp->uh_next = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
        uhp->uh_alt_next = old_curhead;
        if (old_curhead != NULL)
        {
            uhp->uh_alt_prev = old_curhead->uh_alt_prev;
            if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
                uhp->uh_alt_prev->uh_alt_next = uhp;
            old_curhead->uh_alt_prev = uhp;
            if (curbuf->b_u_oldhead == old_curhead)
                curbuf->b_u_oldhead = uhp;
        }
        else
            uhp->uh_alt_prev = NULL;
        if (curbuf->b_u_newhead != NULL)
            curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_prev = uhp;

        uhp->uh_seq = ++curbuf->b_u_seq_last;
        curbuf->b_u_seq_cur = uhp->uh_seq;
        uhp->uh_time = time(NULL);
        curbuf->b_u_seq_time = uhp->uh_time + 1;

        uhp->uh_walk = 0;
        uhp->uh_entry = NULL;
        uhp->uh_getbot_entry = NULL;
        uhp->uh_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;      /* save cursor pos. for undo */
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
        if (virtual_active() && curwin->w_cursor.coladd > 0)
            uhp->uh_cursor_vcol = getviscol();
        else
            uhp->uh_cursor_vcol = -1;
#endif

        /* save changed and buffer empty flag for undo */
        uhp->uh_flags = (curbuf->b_changed ? UH_CHANGED : 0) +
                       ((curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) ? UH_EMPTYBUF : 0);

        /* save named marks and Visual marks for undo */
        mch_memmove(uhp->uh_namedm, curbuf->b_namedm, sizeof(pos_T) * NMARKS);
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
        uhp->uh_visual = curbuf->b_visual;
#endif

        curbuf->b_u_newhead = uhp;
        if (curbuf->b_u_oldhead == NULL)
            curbuf->b_u_oldhead = uhp;
        ++curbuf->b_u_numhead;
    }
    else
    {
        if (p_ul < 0)           /* no undo at all */
            return OK;

        /*
         * When saving a single line, and it has been saved just before, it
         * doesn't make sense saving it again.  Saves a lot of memory when
         * making lots of changes inside the same line.
         * This is only possible if the previous change didn't increase or
         * decrease the number of lines.
         * Check the ten last changes.  More doesn't make sense and takes too
         * long.
         */
        if (size == 1)
        {
            uep = u_get_headentry();
            prev_uep = NULL;
            for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
            {
                if (uep == NULL)
                    break;

                /* If lines have been inserted/deleted we give up.
                 * Also when the line was included in a multi-line save. */
                if ((curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry != uep
                            ? (uep->ue_top + uep->ue_size + 1
                                != (uep->ue_bot == 0
                                    ? curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1
                                    : uep->ue_bot))
                            : uep->ue_lcount != curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
                        || (uep->ue_size > 1
                            && top >= uep->ue_top
                            && top + 2 <= uep->ue_top + uep->ue_size + 1))
                    break;

                /* If it's the same line we can skip saving it again. */
                if (uep->ue_size == 1 && uep->ue_top == top)
                {
                    if (i > 0)
                    {
                        /* It's not the last entry: get ue_bot for the last
                         * entry now.  Following deleted/inserted lines go to
                         * the re-used entry. */
                        u_getbot();
                        curbuf->b_u_synced = FALSE;

                        /* Move the found entry to become the last entry.  The
                         * order of undo/redo doesn't matter for the entries
                         * we move it over, since they don't change the line
                         * count and don't include this line.  It does matter
                         * for the found entry if the line count is changed by
                         * the executed command. */
                        prev_uep->ue_next = uep->ue_next;
                        uep->ue_next = curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry;
                        curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry = uep;
                    }

                    /* The executed command may change the line count. */
                    if (newbot != 0)
                        uep->ue_bot = newbot;
                    else if (bot > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
                        uep->ue_bot = 0;
                    else
                    {
                        uep->ue_lcount = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
                        curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry = uep;
                    }
                    return OK;
                }
                prev_uep = uep;
                uep = uep->ue_next;
            }
        }

        /* find line number for ue_bot for previous u_save() */
        u_getbot();
    }

#if !defined(UNIX) && !defined(DJGPP) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__EMX__)
        /*
         * With Amiga and MSDOS 16 bit we can't handle big undo's, because
         * then u_alloc_line would have to allocate a block larger than 32K
         */
    if (size >= 8000)
        goto nomem;
#endif

    /*
     * add lines in front of entry list
     */
    uep = (u_entry_T *)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned)sizeof(u_entry_T));
    if (uep == NULL)
        goto nomem;
#ifdef U_DEBUG
    uep->ue_magic = UE_MAGIC;
#endif

    uep->ue_size = size;
    uep->ue_top = top;
    if (newbot != 0)
        uep->ue_bot = newbot;
    /*
     * Use 0 for ue_bot if bot is below last line.
     * Otherwise we have to compute ue_bot later.
     */
    else if (bot > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
        uep->ue_bot = 0;
    else
    {
        uep->ue_lcount = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
        curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry = uep;
    }

    if (size > 0)
    {
        if ((uep->ue_array = (char_u **)U_ALLOC_LINE(
                                (unsigned)(sizeof(char_u *) * size))) == NULL)
        {
            u_freeentry(uep, 0L);
            goto nomem;
        }
        for (i = 0, lnum = top + 1; i < size; ++i)
        {
            fast_breakcheck();
            if (got_int)
            {
                u_freeentry(uep, i);
                return FAIL;
            }
            if ((uep->ue_array[i] = u_save_line(lnum++)) == NULL)
            {
                u_freeentry(uep, i);
                goto nomem;
            }
        }
    }
    else
        uep->ue_array = NULL;
    uep->ue_next = curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry;
    curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry = uep;
    curbuf->b_u_synced = FALSE;
    undo_undoes = FALSE;

#ifdef U_DEBUG
    u_check(FALSE);
#endif
    return OK;

nomem:
    msg_silent = 0;     /* must display the prompt */
    if (ask_yesno((char_u *)_("No undo possible; continue anyway"), TRUE)
                                                                       == 'y')
    {
        undo_off = TRUE;            /* will be reset when character typed */
        return OK;
    }
    do_outofmem_msg((long_u)0);
    return FAIL;
}

#ifdef FEAT_PERSISTENT_UNDO
    static int
unserialize_pos(pos_T *pos, FILE *fp)
{
    /* Unserialize the pos_T at the current position in fp. */
    pos->lnum = get4c(fp);
    pos->col = get4c(fp);
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
    pos->coladd = get4c(fp);
#endif
    return 0;
}

#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
    static int
unserialize_visualinfo(visualinfo_T *info, FILE *fp)
{
    /* Unserialize the visualinfo_T at the current position in fp. */
    unserialize_pos(&info->vi_start, fp);
    unserialize_pos(&info->vi_end, fp);
    info->vi_mode = get4c(fp);
    info->vi_curswant = get4c(fp);
    return 0;
}
#endif

    static char_u *
u_get_undofile(char_u *ffname)
{
    /* Returns an allocated string of the full path of the target undofile */
    char_u *undo_path = NULL;
    char_u *dirp;
    char_u dir_name[IOSIZE + 1];
    char_u *munged_name;
    int dir_len, undo_path_len, name_len;
    int found_udir = FALSE;
    int i;
    if (ffname == NULL)
        ffname = (char_u *) "";

    name_len = STRLEN(ffname);
    munged_name = alloc(name_len + 1);
    mch_memmove(munged_name, ffname, name_len + 1);

    for (i = 0; i < name_len; i++)
    {
        if (munged_name[i] == '/')
            munged_name[i] = '_';
    }

    dirp = p_udir;
    while (*dirp)
    {
        dir_len = copy_option_part(&dirp, dir_name, IOSIZE, ",");
        dir_name[dir_len] = '\0';
        if (mch_isdir(dir_name))
        {
            found_udir = TRUE;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (found_udir == FALSE)
    {
        /* Found no created undo dirs, so create the first one in the list.*/
        dirp = p_udir;
        dir_len = copy_option_part(&dirp, dir_name, IOSIZE, ",");
        dir_name[dir_len] = '\0';
        vim_mkdir(dir_name, 0755);
        if (!mch_isdir(dir_name))
        {
            /* Couldn't create undo directory, bail */
            vim_free(undo_path);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    /* get_file_in_dir returns allocated memory */
    undo_path = get_file_in_dir(munged_name, dir_name);
    vim_free(munged_name);
    undo_path_len = STRLEN(undo_path);
    undo_path = vim_realloc(undo_path, sizeof(char_u) * undo_path_len + 5);
    vim_strncpy(undo_path + undo_path_len, (char_u *) ".und", 4);
    return undo_path;
}

    void
u_rundo(char_u *name, int quiet)
{
    /* Given a buffer name, load in the undo tree from an undo file. If quiet
     * is 0, don't complain if there is no appropriate undo file. */
    char_u *undo_file;
    FILE *fp;

    long magic, version, str_len, file_mtime;
    char_u *line_ptr = NULL;
    linenr_T line_lnum;
    colnr_T line_colnr;
    linenr_T line_count;
    int uep_len;
    int line_len;
    int num_head;
    long old_header_seq, new_header_seq, cur_header_seq, seq_last, seq_cur;
    short old_idx = -1, new_idx = -1, cur_idx = -1;
    long num_read_uhps = 0;
    time_t seq_time;
    int i, j;
    int c;
    short found_first_uep = 0;
    char_u **array;
    char_u *line;
    u_entry_T *uep, *last_uep, *nuep;
    u_header_T *uhp;
    u_header_T **uhp_table = NULL;

    if (name == NULL || STRLEN(name) == 0)
    {
        undo_file = u_get_undofile(curbuf->b_ffname);
    }
    else
    {
        undo_file = u_get_undofile(name);
    }
    if (undo_file == NULL)
    {
        if (!quiet)
            EMSG(_("Error: Can't find or create an undo directory"));
        return;
    }
    fp = fopen((char *)undo_file, "r");
    if (fp == NULL)
    {
        if (!quiet)
            EMSG2(_("Error: Can't open undo file %s for read"), undo_file);
        vim_free(undo_file);
        return;
    }


    /* Begin overall file information */
    magic = get2c(fp);
    if (magic != UF_MAGIC)
    {
        EMSG2(_("Error: corrupted undo file %s"), undo_file);
        vim_free(undo_file);
        goto error;
    }
    version = get2c(fp);
    if (version != UF_VERSION)
    {
        EMSG2(_("Error: incompatible undo file %s"), undo_file);
        vim_free(undo_file);
        goto error;
    }
    vim_free(undo_file);

    file_mtime = (long_u) get4c(fp);
    if (file_mtime != curbuf->b_mtime)
    {
        if (p_verbose > 0)
        {
            verbose_enter();
            give_warning((char_u *)_("Undo file mismatch"), TRUE);
            verbose_leave();
        }
        goto error;
    }

    line_count = (linenr_T) get4c(fp);
    if (line_count != curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
    {
        if (p_verbose > 0)
        {
            verbose_enter();
            give_warning((char_u *)_("Undo file linecount differs"), TRUE);
            verbose_leave();
        }
        goto error;
    }

    /* Begin undo data for U */
    str_len = get4c(fp);
    if (str_len < 0)
        goto error;
    else if (str_len > 0)
    {
        if ((line_ptr = U_ALLOC_LINE(str_len)) == NULL)
        {
            EMSG("u_rundo: out of memory!");
            goto error;
        }
        for (i = 0; i < str_len; i++)
        {
            line_ptr[i] = (char_u) getc(fp);
        }
        line_ptr[i] = '\0';
    }
    line_lnum = (linenr_T) get4c(fp);
    line_colnr = (colnr_T) get4c(fp);

    /* Begin general undo data */
    old_header_seq = get4c(fp);
    new_header_seq = get4c(fp);
    cur_header_seq = get4c(fp);
    num_head = get4c(fp);
    seq_last = get4c(fp);
    seq_cur = get4c(fp);
    seq_time = get4c(fp);
    /* uhp_table will store the freshly created undo headers we allocate
     * until we insert them into curbuf. The table remains sorted by the
     * sequence numbers of the headers.
     */
    uhp_table = (u_header_T **)U_ALLOC_LINE(num_head * sizeof(u_header_T *));
    if (uhp_table == NULL)
    {
        EMSG("u_rundo: out of memory!");
        goto error;
    }
    vim_memset(uhp_table, 0, num_head * sizeof(u_header_T *));

    c = getc(fp);
    while (c != 0x0a && c != EOF)
    {
        ungetc(c, fp);

        found_first_uep = 0;
        uhp = (u_header_T *)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned)sizeof(u_header_T));
        if (uhp == NULL)
        {
            EMSG("u_rundo: out of memory!");
            goto error;
        }
        vim_memset(uhp, 0, sizeof(u_header_T));
        /* We're not actually trying to store pointers here. We're just storing
         * IDs so we can swizzle them into pointers later - hence type hack */
        uhp->uh_next = (u_header_T *)(long)get4c(fp);
        uhp->uh_prev = (u_header_T *)(long)get4c(fp);
        uhp->uh_alt_next = (u_header_T *)(long)get4c(fp);
        uhp->uh_alt_prev = (u_header_T *)(long)get4c(fp);
        uhp->uh_seq = get4c(fp);
        if (uhp->uh_seq <= 0)
        {
            EMSG("u_rundo: undo file corruption detected: invalid uh_seq.");
            U_FREE_LINE(uhp);
            goto error;
        }
        uhp->uh_walk = 0;
        unserialize_pos(&uhp->uh_cursor, fp);
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
        uhp->uh_cursor_vcol = get4c(fp);
#endif
        uhp->uh_flags = get2c(fp);
        for (i = 0; i < NMARKS; ++i)
        {
            unserialize_pos(&uhp->uh_namedm[i], fp);
        }
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
        unserialize_visualinfo(&uhp->uh_visual, fp);
#endif
        uhp->uh_time = get4c(fp);

        /* Unserialize uep list. The first 4 bytes is the length of the
         * entire uep in bytes minus the length of the strings within.
         * -1 is a sentinel value meaning no more ueps.*/
        last_uep = NULL;
        while ((uep_len = get4c(fp)) != -1)
        {
            uep = (u_entry_T *)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned)sizeof(u_entry_T));
            vim_memset(uep, 0, sizeof(u_entry_T));
            if (uep == NULL)
            {
                EMSG("u_rundo: out of memory!");
                goto error;
            }
            uep->ue_top = get4c(fp);
            uep->ue_bot = get4c(fp);
            uep->ue_lcount = get4c(fp);
            uep->ue_size = get4c(fp);
            uep->ue_next = NULL;
            array = (char_u **)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned)(sizeof(char_u *) * uep->ue_size));
            for (i = 0; i < uep->ue_size; i++)
            {
                line_len = get4c(fp);
                /* U_ALLOC_LINE provides an extra byte for the NUL terminator.*/
                line = (char_u *)U_ALLOC_LINE((unsigned) (sizeof(char_u) * line_len));
                if (line == NULL)
                {
                    EMSG("u_rundo: out of memory!");
                    goto error;
                }
                for (j = 0; j < line_len; j++)
                {
                    line[j] = getc(fp);
                }
                line[j] = '\0';
                array[i] = line;
            }
            uep->ue_array = array;
            if (found_first_uep == 0)
            {
                uhp->uh_entry = uep;
                found_first_uep = 1;
            }
            else
            {
                last_uep->ue_next = uep;
            }
            last_uep = uep;
        }

        /* Insertion sort the uhp into the table by its uh_seq. This is
         * required because, while the number of uhps is limited to
         * num_heads, and the uh_seq order is monotonic with respect to
         * creation time, the starting uh_seq can be > 0 if any undolevel
         * culling was done at undofile write time, and there can be uh_seq
         * gaps in the uhps.
         */
        for (i = num_read_uhps - 1; i >= -1; i--)
        {
            /* if i == -1, we've hit the leftmost side of the table, so insert
             * at uhp_table[0]. */
            if (i == -1 || uhp->uh_seq > uhp_table[i]->uh_seq)
            {
                /* If we've had to move from the rightmost side of the table,
                 * we have to shift everything to the right by one spot. */
                if (i < num_read_uhps - 1)
                {
                    memmove(uhp_table + i + 2, uhp_table + i + 1,
                            (num_read_uhps - i) * sizeof(u_header_T *));
                }
                uhp_table[i + 1] = uhp;
                break;
            }
            else if (uhp->uh_seq == uhp_table[i]->uh_seq)
            {
                EMSG("u_rundo: undo file corruption detected: duplicate uh_seq.");
                goto error;
            }
        }
        num_read_uhps++;
        c = getc(fp);
    }

    /* We've organized all of the uhps into a table sorted by uh_seq. Now we
     * iterate through the table and swizzle each sequence number we've
     * stored in uh_foo into a pointer corresponding to the header with that
     * sequence number. Then free curbuf's old undo structure, give curbuf
     * the updated {old,new,cur}head pointers, and then free the table. */
    for (i = 0; i < num_head; i++)
    {
        uhp = uhp_table[i];
        if (uhp == NULL)
            continue;
        for (j = 0; j < num_head; j++)
        {
            if (uhp_table[j] == NULL)
                continue;
            if (uhp_table[j]->uh_seq == (long)uhp->uh_next)
                uhp->uh_next = uhp_table[j];
            if (uhp_table[j]->uh_seq == (long)uhp->uh_prev)
                uhp->uh_prev = uhp_table[j];
            if (uhp_table[j]->uh_seq == (long)uhp->uh_alt_next)
                uhp->uh_alt_next = uhp_table[j];
            if (uhp_table[j]->uh_seq == (long)uhp->uh_alt_prev)
                uhp->uh_alt_prev = uhp_table[j];
        }
        if (old_header_seq > 0 && old_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == old_header_seq)
            old_idx = i;
        if (new_header_seq > 0 && new_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == new_header_seq)
            new_idx = i;
        if (cur_header_seq > 0 && cur_idx < 0 && uhp->uh_seq == cur_header_seq)
            cur_idx = i;
    }
    u_blockfree(curbuf);
    curbuf->b_u_oldhead = old_idx < 0 ? 0 : uhp_table[old_idx];
    curbuf->b_u_newhead = new_idx < 0 ? 0 : uhp_table[new_idx];
    curbuf->b_u_curhead = cur_idx < 0 ? 0 : uhp_table[cur_idx];
    curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = line_ptr;
    curbuf->b_u_line_lnum = line_lnum;
    curbuf->b_u_line_colnr = line_colnr;
    curbuf->b_u_numhead = num_head;
    curbuf->b_u_seq_last = seq_last;
    curbuf->b_u_seq_cur = seq_cur;
    curbuf->b_u_seq_time = seq_time;
    U_FREE_LINE(uhp_table);
#ifdef U_DEBUG
    u_check(TRUE);
#endif
    fclose(fp);
    return;


error:
    if (fp != NULL)
        fclose(fp);
    if (line_ptr != NULL)
        U_FREE_LINE(line_ptr);
    if (uhp_table != NULL)
    {
        for (i = 0; i < num_head; i++)
        {
            if (uhp_table[i] != NULL)
            {
                uep = uhp_table[i]->uh_entry;
                while (uep != NULL)
                {
                    nuep = uep->ue_next;
                    u_freeentry(uep, uep->ue_size);
                    uep = nuep;
                }
                U_FREE_LINE(uhp_table[i]);
            }
        }
        U_FREE_LINE(uhp_table);
    }
    return;
}

    static void
serialize_uep(u_entry_T *uep, FILE *fp)
{
    /* Serialize the given u_entry_T to fp. */
    int i;
    int uep_len;
    int *entry_lens;

    if (uep->ue_size > 0)
    {
        entry_lens = (int *)alloc(uep->ue_size * sizeof(int));
    }

    /* Define uep_len to be the size of the entire uep minus the size of its
     * component strings, in bytes. The sizes of the component strings
     * are written before each individual string.
     * We have 4 entries each of 4 bytes, plus ue_size * 4 bytes
     * of string size information. */

    uep_len = uep->ue_size * 4;
    /* Collect sizing information for later serialization. */
    for (i = 0; i < uep->ue_size; i++)
    {
        entry_lens[i] = (int) STRLEN(uep->ue_array[i]);
        uep_len += entry_lens[i];
    }
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep_len, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep->ue_top, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep->ue_bot, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep->ue_lcount, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep->ue_size, 4);
    for (i = 0; i < uep->ue_size; i++)
    {
        put_bytes(fp, (long_u) entry_lens[i], 4);
        fprintf(fp, "%s", uep->ue_array[i]);
    }
    if (uep->ue_size > 0)
    {
        vim_free(entry_lens);
    }
}

static int lastmark = 0;

    static void
serialize_pos(pos_T pos, FILE *fp)
{
    /* Serialize the given pos_T to fp. */
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) pos.lnum, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) pos.col, 4);
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) pos.coladd, 4);
#endif
}

    static void
serialize_visualinfo(visualinfo_T info, FILE *fp)
{
    /* Serialize the given visualinfo_T to fp. */
    serialize_pos(info.vi_start, fp);
    serialize_pos(info.vi_end, fp);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) info.vi_mode, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) info.vi_curswant, 4);
}

    void
u_wundo(char_u *name, buf_T *buf)
{
    /* Given an optional buffer name and a buffer, write out the undo tree
     * to an undo file. */
    u_header_T *uhp;
    u_entry_T *uep;
    char_u *undo_file;
    int str_len, i, uep_len, mark;
    FILE *fp;

    if (name == NULL || STRLEN(name) == 0)
    {
        undo_file = u_get_undofile(buf->b_ffname);
    }
    else
    {
        undo_file = u_get_undofile(name);
    }
    if (undo_file == NULL)
    {
        EMSG(_("Error: Can't find or create an undo directory"));
        return;
    }
    fp = fopen((char *)undo_file, "w");
    if (fp == NULL)
    {
        EMSG2(_("Error: Can't open undo file %s for write"), undo_file);
        vim_free(undo_file);
        return;
    }
    vim_free(undo_file);

    /* Begin overall file information */
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) UF_MAGIC, 2);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) UF_VERSION, 2);

    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_mtime, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_ml.ml_line_count, 4);

    /* Begin undo data for U */
    str_len = buf->b_u_line_ptr != NULL ? STRLEN(buf->b_u_line_ptr) : 0;
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) str_len, 4);
    for (i = 0; i < str_len; i++)
    {
        put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_line_ptr[i], 1);
    }

    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_line_lnum, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_line_colnr, 4);

    /* Begin general undo data */
    uhp = buf->b_u_oldhead;
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) (uhp != NULL ? uhp->uh_seq : 0), 4);

    uhp = buf->b_u_newhead;
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) (uhp != NULL ? uhp->uh_seq : 0), 4);

    uhp = buf->b_u_curhead;
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) (uhp != NULL ? uhp->uh_seq : 0), 4);

    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_numhead, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_seq_last, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_seq_cur, 4);
    put_bytes(fp, (long_u) buf->b_u_seq_time, 4);

    /* Iteratively serialize UHPs and their UEPs from the top down.  */
    mark = ++lastmark;
    uhp = buf->b_u_oldhead;
    while (uhp != NULL)
    {
        /* Serialize current UHP if we haven't seen it */
        if (uhp->uh_walk != mark)
        {
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) ((uhp->uh_next != NULL) ? uhp->uh_next->uh_seq : 0), 4);
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) ((uhp->uh_prev != NULL) ? uhp->uh_prev->uh_seq : 0), 4);
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) ((uhp->uh_alt_next != NULL) ? uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_seq : 0), 4);
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) ((uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL) ? uhp->uh_alt_prev->uh_seq : 0), 4);
            put_bytes(fp, uhp->uh_seq, 4);
            serialize_pos(uhp->uh_cursor, fp);
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uhp->uh_cursor_vcol, 4);
#endif
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uhp->uh_flags, 2);
            /* Assume NMARKS will stay the same. */
            for (i = 0; i < NMARKS; ++i)
            {
                serialize_pos(uhp->uh_namedm[i], fp);
            }
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
            serialize_visualinfo(uhp->uh_visual, fp);
#endif
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uhp->uh_time, 4);

            uep = uhp->uh_entry;
            while (uep != NULL)
            {
                serialize_uep(uep, fp);
                uep = uep->ue_next;
            }
            /* Sentinel value: no more ueps */
            uep_len = -1;
            put_bytes(fp, (long_u) uep_len, 4);
            uhp->uh_walk = mark;
        }

        /* Now walk through the tree - algorithm from undo_time*/
        if (uhp->uh_prev != NULL && uhp->uh_prev->uh_walk != mark)
            uhp = uhp->uh_prev;
        else if (uhp->uh_alt_next != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_walk != mark)
            uhp = uhp->uh_alt_next;
        else if (uhp->uh_next != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_prev == NULL
                && uhp->uh_next->uh_walk != mark)
            uhp = uhp->uh_next;
        else if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
            uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev;
        else
            uhp = uhp->uh_next;
    }
    fclose(fp);
}

#endif /* FEAT_PERSISTENT_UNDO */


/*
 * If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Undo the previous undo or redo (vi compatible).
 * If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always undo.
 */
    void
u_undo(count)
    int count;
{
    /*
     * If we get an undo command while executing a macro, we behave like the
     * original vi. If this happens twice in one macro the result will not
     * be compatible.
     */
    if (curbuf->b_u_synced == FALSE)
    {
        u_sync(TRUE);
        count = 1;
    }

    if (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_UNDO) == NULL)
        undo_undoes = TRUE;
    else
        undo_undoes = !undo_undoes;
    u_doit(count);
}

/*
 * If 'cpoptions' contains 'u': Repeat the previous undo or redo.
 * If 'cpoptions' does not contain 'u': Always redo.
 */
    void
u_redo(count)
    int count;
{
    if (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_UNDO) == NULL)
        undo_undoes = FALSE;
    u_doit(count);
}

/*
 * Undo or redo, depending on 'undo_undoes', 'count' times.
 */
    static void
u_doit(startcount)
    int startcount;
{
    int count = startcount;

    if (!undo_allowed())
        return;

    u_newcount = 0;
    u_oldcount = 0;
    if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
        u_oldcount = -1;
    while (count--)
    {
        if (undo_undoes)
        {
            if (curbuf->b_u_curhead == NULL)            /* first undo */
                curbuf->b_u_curhead = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
            else if (p_ul > 0)                          /* multi level undo */
                /* get next undo */
                curbuf->b_u_curhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_next;
            /* nothing to undo */
            if (curbuf->b_u_numhead == 0 || curbuf->b_u_curhead == NULL)
            {
                /* stick curbuf->b_u_curhead at end */
                curbuf->b_u_curhead = curbuf->b_u_oldhead;
                beep_flush();
                if (count == startcount - 1)
                {
                    MSG(_("Already at oldest change"));
                    return;
                }
                break;
            }

            u_undoredo(TRUE);
        }
        else
        {
            if (curbuf->b_u_curhead == NULL || p_ul <= 0)
            {
                beep_flush();   /* nothing to redo */
                if (count == startcount - 1)
                {
                    MSG(_("Already at newest change"));
                    return;
                }
                break;
            }

            u_undoredo(FALSE);

            /* Advance for next redo.  Set "newhead" when at the end of the
             * redoable changes. */
            if (curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_prev == NULL)
                curbuf->b_u_newhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
            curbuf->b_u_curhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_prev;
        }
    }
    u_undo_end(undo_undoes, FALSE);
}

/*
 * Undo or redo over the timeline.
 * When "step" is negative go back in time, otherwise goes forward in time.
 * When "sec" is FALSE make "step" steps, when "sec" is TRUE use "step" as
 * seconds.
 * When "absolute" is TRUE use "step" as the sequence number to jump to.
 * "sec" must be FALSE then.
 */
    void
undo_time(step, sec, absolute)
    long        step;
    int         sec;
    int         absolute;
{
    long            target;
    long            closest;
    long            closest_start;
    long            closest_seq = 0;
    long            val;
    u_header_T      *uhp;
    u_header_T      *last;
    int             mark;
    int             nomark;
    int             round;
    int             dosec = sec;
    int             above = FALSE;
    int             did_undo = TRUE;

    /* First make sure the current undoable change is synced. */
    if (curbuf->b_u_synced == FALSE)
        u_sync(TRUE);

    u_newcount = 0;
    u_oldcount = 0;
    if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
        u_oldcount = -1;

    /* "target" is the node below which we want to be.
     * Init "closest" to a value we can't reach. */
    if (absolute)
    {
        target = step;
        closest = -1;
    }
    else
    {
        /* When doing computations with time_t subtract starttime, because
         * time_t converted to a long may result in a wrong number. */
        if (sec)
            target = (long)(curbuf->b_u_seq_time - starttime) + step;
        else
            target = curbuf->b_u_seq_cur + step;
        if (step < 0)
        {
            if (target < 0)
                target = 0;
            closest = -1;
        }
        else
        {
            if (sec)
                closest = (long)(time(NULL) - starttime + 1);
            else
                closest = curbuf->b_u_seq_last + 2;
            if (target >= closest)
                target = closest - 1;
        }
    }
    closest_start = closest;
    closest_seq = curbuf->b_u_seq_cur;

    /*
     * May do this twice:
     * 1. Search for "target", update "closest" to the best match found.
     * 2. If "target" not found search for "closest".
     *
     * When using the closest time we use the sequence number in the second
     * round, because there may be several entries with the same time.
     */
    for (round = 1; round <= 2; ++round)
    {
        /* Find the path from the current state to where we want to go.  The
         * desired state can be anywhere in the undo tree, need to go all over
         * it.  We put "nomark" in uh_walk where we have been without success,
         * "mark" where it could possibly be. */
        mark = ++lastmark;
        nomark = ++lastmark;

        if (curbuf->b_u_curhead == NULL)        /* at leaf of the tree */
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
        else
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead;

        while (uhp != NULL)
        {
            uhp->uh_walk = mark;
            val = (long)(dosec ? (uhp->uh_time - starttime) : uhp->uh_seq);

            if (round == 1)
            {
                /* Remember the header that is closest to the target.
                 * It must be at least in the right direction (checked with
                 * "b_u_seq_cur").  When the timestamp is equal find the
                 * highest/lowest sequence number. */
                if ((step < 0 ? uhp->uh_seq <= curbuf->b_u_seq_cur
                              : uhp->uh_seq > curbuf->b_u_seq_cur)
                        && ((dosec && val == closest)
                            ? (step < 0
                                ? uhp->uh_seq < closest_seq
                                : uhp->uh_seq > closest_seq)
                            : closest == closest_start
                                || (val > target
                                    ? (closest > target
                                        ? val - target <= closest - target
                                        : val - target <= target - closest)
                                    : (closest > target
                                        ? target - val <= closest - target
                                        : target - val <= target - closest))))
                {
                    closest = val;
                    closest_seq = uhp->uh_seq;
                }
            }

            /* Quit searching when we found a match.  But when searching for a
             * time we need to continue looking for the best uh_seq. */
            if (target == val && !dosec)
                break;

            /* go down in the tree if we haven't been there */
            if (uhp->uh_prev != NULL && uhp->uh_prev->uh_walk != nomark
                                             && uhp->uh_prev->uh_walk != mark)
                uhp = uhp->uh_prev;

            /* go to alternate branch if we haven't been there */
            else if (uhp->uh_alt_next != NULL
                    && uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_walk != nomark
                    && uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_walk != mark)
                uhp = uhp->uh_alt_next;

            /* go up in the tree if we haven't been there and we are at the
             * start of alternate branches */
            else if (uhp->uh_next != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_prev == NULL
                    && uhp->uh_next->uh_walk != nomark
                    && uhp->uh_next->uh_walk != mark)
            {
                /* If still at the start we don't go through this change. */
                if (uhp == curbuf->b_u_curhead)
                    uhp->uh_walk = nomark;
                uhp = uhp->uh_next;
            }

            else
            {
                /* need to backtrack; mark this node as useless */
                uhp->uh_walk = nomark;
                if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
                    uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev;
                else
                    uhp = uhp->uh_next;
            }
        }

        if (uhp != NULL)    /* found it */
            break;

        if (absolute)
        {
            EMSGN(_("Undo number %ld not found"), step);
            return;
        }

        if (closest == closest_start)
        {
            if (step < 0)
                MSG(_("Already at oldest change"));
            else
                MSG(_("Already at newest change"));
            return;
        }

        target = closest_seq;
        dosec = FALSE;
        if (step < 0)
            above = TRUE;       /* stop above the header */
    }

    /* If we found it: Follow the path to go to where we want to be. */
    if (uhp != NULL)
    {
        /*
         * First go up the tree as much as needed.
         */
        for (;;)
        {
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
            if (uhp == NULL)
                uhp = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
            else
                uhp = uhp->uh_next;
            if (uhp == NULL || uhp->uh_walk != mark
                                         || (uhp->uh_seq == target && !above))
                break;
            curbuf->b_u_curhead = uhp;
            u_undoredo(TRUE);
            uhp->uh_walk = nomark;      /* don't go back down here */
        }

        /*
         * And now go down the tree (redo), branching off where needed.
         */
        uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
        while (uhp != NULL)
        {
            /* Go back to the first branch with a mark. */
            while (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL
                                        && uhp->uh_alt_prev->uh_walk == mark)
                uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev;

            /* Find the last branch with a mark, that's the one. */
            last = uhp;
            while (last->uh_alt_next != NULL
                                        && last->uh_alt_next->uh_walk == mark)
                last = last->uh_alt_next;
            if (last != uhp)
            {
                /* Make the used branch the first entry in the list of
                 * alternatives to make "u" and CTRL-R take this branch. */
                while (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
                    uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev;
                if (last->uh_alt_next != NULL)
                    last->uh_alt_next->uh_alt_prev = last->uh_alt_prev;
                last->uh_alt_prev->uh_alt_next = last->uh_alt_next;
                last->uh_alt_prev = NULL;
                last->uh_alt_next = uhp;
                uhp->uh_alt_prev = last;

                uhp = last;
                if (uhp->uh_next != NULL)
                    uhp->uh_next->uh_prev = uhp;
            }
            curbuf->b_u_curhead = uhp;

            if (uhp->uh_walk != mark)
                break;      /* must have reached the target */

            /* Stop when going backwards in time and didn't find the exact
             * header we were looking for. */
            if (uhp->uh_seq == target && above)
            {
                curbuf->b_u_seq_cur = target - 1;
                break;
            }

            u_undoredo(FALSE);

            /* Advance "curhead" to below the header we last used.  If it
             * becomes NULL then we need to set "newhead" to this leaf. */
            if (uhp->uh_prev == NULL)
                curbuf->b_u_newhead = uhp;
            curbuf->b_u_curhead = uhp->uh_prev;
            did_undo = FALSE;

            if (uhp->uh_seq == target)  /* found it! */
                break;

            uhp = uhp->uh_prev;
            if (uhp == NULL || uhp->uh_walk != mark)
            {
                /* Need to redo more but can't find it... */
                EMSG2(_(e_intern2), "undo_time()");
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    u_undo_end(did_undo, absolute);
}

/*
 * u_undoredo: common code for undo and redo
 *
 * The lines in the file are replaced by the lines in the entry list at
 * curbuf->b_u_curhead. The replaced lines in the file are saved in the entry
 * list for the next undo/redo.
 *
 * When "undo" is TRUE we go up in the tree, when FALSE we go down.
 */
    static void
u_undoredo(undo)
    int         undo;
{
    char_u      **newarray = NULL;
    linenr_T    oldsize;
    linenr_T    newsize;
    linenr_T    top, bot;
    linenr_T    lnum;
    linenr_T    newlnum = MAXLNUM;
    long        i;
    u_entry_T   *uep, *nuep;
    u_entry_T   *newlist = NULL;
    int         old_flags;
    int         new_flags;
    pos_T       namedm[NMARKS];
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
    visualinfo_T visualinfo;
#endif
    int         empty_buffer;               /* buffer became empty */
    u_header_T  *curhead = curbuf->b_u_curhead;

#ifdef U_DEBUG
    u_check(FALSE);
#endif
    old_flags = curhead->uh_flags;
    new_flags = (curbuf->b_changed ? UH_CHANGED : 0) +
               ((curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY) ? UH_EMPTYBUF : 0);
    setpcmark();

    /*
     * save marks before undo/redo
     */
    mch_memmove(namedm, curbuf->b_namedm, sizeof(pos_T) * NMARKS);
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
    visualinfo = curbuf->b_visual;
#endif
    curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
    curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;
    curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = 0;
    curbuf->b_op_end.col = 0;

    for (uep = curhead->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = nuep)
    {
        top = uep->ue_top;
        bot = uep->ue_bot;
        if (bot == 0)
            bot = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1;
        if (top > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count || top >= bot
                                      || bot > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count + 1)
        {
            EMSG(_("E438: u_undo: line numbers wrong"));
            changed();          /* don't want UNCHANGED now */
            return;
        }

        oldsize = bot - top - 1;    /* number of lines before undo */
        newsize = uep->ue_size;     /* number of lines after undo */

        if (top < newlnum)
        {
            /* If the saved cursor is somewhere in this undo block, move it to
             * the remembered position.  Makes "gwap" put the cursor back
             * where it was. */
            lnum = curhead->uh_cursor.lnum;
            if (lnum >= top && lnum <= top + newsize + 1)
            {
                curwin->w_cursor = curhead->uh_cursor;
                newlnum = curwin->w_cursor.lnum - 1;
            }
            else
            {
                /* Use the first line that actually changed.  Avoids that
                 * undoing auto-formatting puts the cursor in the previous
                 * line. */
                for (i = 0; i < newsize && i < oldsize; ++i)
                    if (STRCMP(uep->ue_array[i], ml_get(top + 1 + i)) != 0)
                        break;
                if (i == newsize && newlnum == MAXLNUM && uep->ue_next == NULL)
                {
                    newlnum = top;
                    curwin->w_cursor.lnum = newlnum + 1;
                }
                else if (i < newsize)
                {
                    newlnum = top + i;
                    curwin->w_cursor.lnum = newlnum + 1;
                }
            }
        }

        empty_buffer = FALSE;

        /* delete the lines between top and bot and save them in newarray */
        if (oldsize > 0)
        {
            if ((newarray = (char_u **)U_ALLOC_LINE(
                            (unsigned)(sizeof(char_u *) * oldsize))) == NULL)
            {
                do_outofmem_msg((long_u)(sizeof(char_u *) * oldsize));
                /*
                 * We have messed up the entry list, repair is impossible.
                 * we have to free the rest of the list.
                 */
                while (uep != NULL)
                {
                    nuep = uep->ue_next;
                    u_freeentry(uep, uep->ue_size);
                    uep = nuep;
                }
                break;
            }
            /* delete backwards, it goes faster in most cases */
            for (lnum = bot - 1, i = oldsize; --i >= 0; --lnum)
            {
                /* what can we do when we run out of memory? */
                if ((newarray[i] = u_save_line(lnum)) == NULL)
                    do_outofmem_msg((long_u)0);
                /* remember we deleted the last line in the buffer, and a
                 * dummy empty line will be inserted */
                if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count == 1)
                    empty_buffer = TRUE;
                ml_delete(lnum, FALSE);
            }
        }
        else
            newarray = NULL;

        /* insert the lines in u_array between top and bot */
        if (newsize)
        {
            for (lnum = top, i = 0; i < newsize; ++i, ++lnum)
            {
                /*
                 * If the file is empty, there is an empty line 1 that we
                 * should get rid of, by replacing it with the new line
                 */
                if (empty_buffer && lnum == 0)
                    ml_replace((linenr_T)1, uep->ue_array[i], TRUE);
                else
                    ml_append(lnum, uep->ue_array[i], (colnr_T)0, FALSE);
                U_FREE_LINE(uep->ue_array[i]);
            }
            U_FREE_LINE((char_u *)uep->ue_array);
        }

        /* adjust marks */
        if (oldsize != newsize)
        {
            mark_adjust(top + 1, top + oldsize, (long)MAXLNUM,
                                               (long)newsize - (long)oldsize);
            if (curbuf->b_op_start.lnum > top + oldsize)
                curbuf->b_op_start.lnum += newsize - oldsize;
            if (curbuf->b_op_end.lnum > top + oldsize)
                curbuf->b_op_end.lnum += newsize - oldsize;
        }

        changed_lines(top + 1, 0, bot, newsize - oldsize);

        /* set '[ and '] mark */
        if (top + 1 < curbuf->b_op_start.lnum)
            curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = top + 1;
        if (newsize == 0 && top + 1 > curbuf->b_op_end.lnum)
            curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = top + 1;
        else if (top + newsize > curbuf->b_op_end.lnum)
            curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = top + newsize;

        u_newcount += newsize;
        u_oldcount += oldsize;
        uep->ue_size = oldsize;
        uep->ue_array = newarray;
        uep->ue_bot = top + newsize + 1;

        /*
         * insert this entry in front of the new entry list
         */
        nuep = uep->ue_next;
        uep->ue_next = newlist;
        newlist = uep;
    }

    curhead->uh_entry = newlist;
    curhead->uh_flags = new_flags;
    if ((old_flags & UH_EMPTYBUF) && bufempty())
        curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags |= ML_EMPTY;
    if (old_flags & UH_CHANGED)
        changed();
    else
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
        /* per netbeans undo rules, keep it as modified */
        if (!isNetbeansModified(curbuf))
#endif
        unchanged(curbuf, FALSE);

    /*
     * restore marks from before undo/redo
     */
    for (i = 0; i < NMARKS; ++i)
        if (curhead->uh_namedm[i].lnum != 0)
        {
            curbuf->b_namedm[i] = curhead->uh_namedm[i];
            curhead->uh_namedm[i] = namedm[i];
        }
#ifdef FEAT_VISUAL
    if (curhead->uh_visual.vi_start.lnum != 0)
    {
        curbuf->b_visual = curhead->uh_visual;
        curhead->uh_visual = visualinfo;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * If the cursor is only off by one line, put it at the same position as
     * before starting the change (for the "o" command).
     * Otherwise the cursor should go to the first undone line.
     */
    if (curhead->uh_cursor.lnum + 1 == curwin->w_cursor.lnum
                                                 && curwin->w_cursor.lnum > 1)
        --curwin->w_cursor.lnum;
    if (curhead->uh_cursor.lnum == curwin->w_cursor.lnum)
    {
        curwin->w_cursor.col = curhead->uh_cursor.col;
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
        if (virtual_active() && curhead->uh_cursor_vcol >= 0)
            coladvance((colnr_T)curhead->uh_cursor_vcol);
        else
            curwin->w_cursor.coladd = 0;
#endif
    }
    else if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
        beginline(BL_SOL | BL_FIX);
    else
    {
        /* We get here with the current cursor line being past the end (eg
         * after adding lines at the end of the file, and then undoing it).
         * check_cursor() will move the cursor to the last line.  Move it to
         * the first column here. */
        curwin->w_cursor.col = 0;
#ifdef FEAT_VIRTUALEDIT
        curwin->w_cursor.coladd = 0;
#endif
    }

    /* Make sure the cursor is on an existing line and column. */
    check_cursor();

    /* Remember where we are for "g-" and ":earlier 10s". */
    curbuf->b_u_seq_cur = curhead->uh_seq;
    if (undo)
        /* We are below the previous undo.  However, to make ":earlier 1s"
         * work we compute this as being just above the just undone change. */
        --curbuf->b_u_seq_cur;

    /* The timestamp can be the same for multiple changes, just use the one of
     * the undone/redone change. */
    curbuf->b_u_seq_time = curhead->uh_time;
#ifdef U_DEBUG
    u_check(FALSE);
#endif
}

/*
 * If we deleted or added lines, report the number of less/more lines.
 * Otherwise, report the number of changes (this may be incorrect
 * in some cases, but it's better than nothing).
 */
    static void
u_undo_end(did_undo, absolute)
    int         did_undo;       /* just did an undo */
    int         absolute;       /* used ":undo N" */
{
    char        *msgstr;
    u_header_T  *uhp;
    char_u      msgbuf[80];

#ifdef FEAT_FOLDING
    if ((fdo_flags & FDO_UNDO) && KeyTyped)
        foldOpenCursor();
#endif

    if (global_busy         /* no messages now, wait until global is finished */
            || !messaging())  /* 'lazyredraw' set, don't do messages now */
        return;

    if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
        --u_newcount;

    u_oldcount -= u_newcount;
    if (u_oldcount == -1)
        msgstr = N_("more line");
    else if (u_oldcount < 0)
        msgstr = N_("more lines");
    else if (u_oldcount == 1)
        msgstr = N_("line less");
    else if (u_oldcount > 1)
        msgstr = N_("fewer lines");
    else
    {
        u_oldcount = u_newcount;
        if (u_newcount == 1)
            msgstr = N_("change");
        else
            msgstr = N_("changes");
    }

    if (curbuf->b_u_curhead != NULL)
    {
        /* For ":undo N" we prefer a "after #N" message. */
        if (absolute && curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_next != NULL)
        {
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_next;
            did_undo = FALSE;
        }
        else if (did_undo)
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead;
        else
            uhp = curbuf->b_u_curhead->uh_next;
    }
    else
        uhp = curbuf->b_u_newhead;

    if (uhp == NULL)
        *msgbuf = NUL;
    else
        u_add_time(msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), uhp->uh_time);

    smsg((char_u *)_("%ld %s; %s #%ld  %s"),
            u_oldcount < 0 ? -u_oldcount : u_oldcount,
            _(msgstr),
            did_undo ? _("before") : _("after"),
            uhp == NULL ? 0L : uhp->uh_seq,
            msgbuf);
}

/*
 * u_sync: stop adding to the current entry list
 */
    void
u_sync(force)
    int     force;      /* Also sync when no_u_sync is set. */
{
    /* Skip it when already synced or syncing is disabled. */
    if (curbuf->b_u_synced || (!force && no_u_sync > 0))
        return;
#if defined(FEAT_XIM) && defined(FEAT_GUI_GTK)
    if (im_is_preediting())
        return;             /* XIM is busy, don't break an undo sequence */
#endif
    if (p_ul < 0)
        curbuf->b_u_synced = TRUE;  /* no entries, nothing to do */
    else
    {
        u_getbot();                 /* compute ue_bot of previous u_save */
        curbuf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
    }
}


/*
 * ":undolist": List the leafs of the undo tree
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    void
ex_undolist(eap)
    exarg_T *eap;
{
    garray_T    ga;
    u_header_T  *uhp;
    int         mark;
    int         nomark;
    int         changes = 1;
    int         i;

    /*
     * 1: walk the tree to find all leafs, put the info in "ga".
     * 2: sort the lines
     * 3: display the list
     */
    mark = ++lastmark;
    nomark = ++lastmark;
    ga_init2(&ga, (int)sizeof(char *), 20);

    uhp = curbuf->b_u_oldhead;
    while (uhp != NULL)
    {
        if (uhp->uh_prev == NULL && uhp->uh_walk != nomark
                                                      && uhp->uh_walk != mark)
        {
            if (ga_grow(&ga, 1) == FAIL)
                break;
            vim_snprintf((char *)IObuff, IOSIZE, "%6ld %7ld  ",
                                                        uhp->uh_seq, changes);
            u_add_time(IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff), IOSIZE - STRLEN(IObuff),
                                                                uhp->uh_time);
            ((char_u **)(ga.ga_data))[ga.ga_len++] = vim_strsave(IObuff);
        }

        uhp->uh_walk = mark;

        /* go down in the tree if we haven't been there */
        if (uhp->uh_prev != NULL && uhp->uh_prev->uh_walk != nomark
                                         && uhp->uh_prev->uh_walk != mark)
        {
            uhp = uhp->uh_prev;
            ++changes;
        }

        /* go to alternate branch if we haven't been there */
        else if (uhp->uh_alt_next != NULL
                && uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_walk != nomark
                && uhp->uh_alt_next->uh_walk != mark)
            uhp = uhp->uh_alt_next;

        /* go up in the tree if we haven't been there and we are at the
         * start of alternate branches */
        else if (uhp->uh_next != NULL && uhp->uh_alt_prev == NULL
                && uhp->uh_next->uh_walk != nomark
                && uhp->uh_next->uh_walk != mark)
        {
            uhp = uhp->uh_next;
            --changes;
        }

        else
        {
            /* need to backtrack; mark this node as done */
            uhp->uh_walk = nomark;
            if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
                uhp = uhp->uh_alt_prev;
            else
            {
                uhp = uhp->uh_next;
                --changes;
            }
        }
    }

    if (ga.ga_len == 0)
        MSG(_("Nothing to undo"));
    else
    {
        sort_strings((char_u **)ga.ga_data, ga.ga_len);

        msg_start();
        msg_puts_attr((char_u *)_("number changes  time"), hl_attr(HLF_T));
        for (i = 0; i < ga.ga_len && !got_int; ++i)
        {
            msg_putchar('\n');
            if (got_int)
                break;
            msg_puts(((char_u **)ga.ga_data)[i]);
        }
        msg_end();

        ga_clear_strings(&ga);
    }
}

/*
 * Put the timestamp of an undo header in "buf[buflen]" in a nice format.
 */
    static void
u_add_time(buf, buflen, tt)
    char_u      *buf;
    size_t      buflen;
    time_t      tt;
{
#ifdef HAVE_STRFTIME
    struct tm   *curtime;

    if (time(NULL) - tt >= 100)
    {
        curtime = localtime(&tt);
        (void)strftime((char *)buf, buflen, "%H:%M:%S", curtime);
    }
    else
#endif
        vim_snprintf((char *)buf, buflen, _("%ld seconds ago"),
                                                     (long)(time(NULL) - tt));
}

/*
 * ":undojoin": continue adding to the last entry list
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    void
ex_undojoin(eap)
    exarg_T *eap;
{
    if (curbuf->b_u_newhead == NULL)
        return;             /* nothing changed before */
    if (curbuf->b_u_curhead != NULL)
    {
        EMSG(_("E790: undojoin is not allowed after undo"));
        return;
    }
    if (!curbuf->b_u_synced)
        return;             /* already unsynced */
    if (p_ul < 0)
        return;             /* no entries, nothing to do */
    else
    {
        /* Go back to the last entry */
        curbuf->b_u_curhead = curbuf->b_u_newhead;
        curbuf->b_u_synced = FALSE;  /* no entries, nothing to do */
    }
}

/*
 * Called after writing the file and setting b_changed to FALSE.
 * Now an undo means that the buffer is modified.
 */
    void
u_unchanged(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    u_unch_branch(buf->b_u_oldhead);
    buf->b_did_warn = FALSE;
}

    static void
u_unch_branch(uhp)
    u_header_T  *uhp;
{
    u_header_T  *uh;

    for (uh = uhp; uh != NULL; uh = uh->uh_prev)
    {
        uh->uh_flags |= UH_CHANGED;
        if (uh->uh_alt_next != NULL)
            u_unch_branch(uh->uh_alt_next);         /* recursive */
    }
}

/*
 * Get pointer to last added entry.
 * If it's not valid, give an error message and return NULL.
 */
    static u_entry_T *
u_get_headentry()
{
    if (curbuf->b_u_newhead == NULL || curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry == NULL)
    {
        EMSG(_("E439: undo list corrupt"));
        return NULL;
    }
    return curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_entry;
}

/*
 * u_getbot(): compute the line number of the previous u_save
 *              It is called only when b_u_synced is FALSE.
 */
    static void
u_getbot()
{
    u_entry_T   *uep;
    linenr_T    extra;

    uep = u_get_headentry();    /* check for corrupt undo list */
    if (uep == NULL)
        return;

    uep = curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry;
    if (uep != NULL)
    {
        /*
         * the new ue_bot is computed from the number of lines that has been
         * inserted (0 - deleted) since calling u_save. This is equal to the
         * old line count subtracted from the current line count.
         */
        extra = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - uep->ue_lcount;
        uep->ue_bot = uep->ue_top + uep->ue_size + 1 + extra;
        if (uep->ue_bot < 1 || uep->ue_bot > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
        {
            EMSG(_("E440: undo line missing"));
            uep->ue_bot = uep->ue_top + 1;  /* assume all lines deleted, will
                                             * get all the old lines back
                                             * without deleting the current
                                             * ones */
        }

        curbuf->b_u_newhead->uh_getbot_entry = NULL;
    }

    curbuf->b_u_synced = TRUE;
}

/*
 * Free one header "uhp" and its entry list and adjust the pointers.
 */
    static void
u_freeheader(buf, uhp, uhpp)
    buf_T           *buf;
    u_header_T      *uhp;
    u_header_T      **uhpp;     /* if not NULL reset when freeing this header */
{
    u_header_T      *uhap;

    /* When there is an alternate redo list free that branch completely,
     * because we can never go there. */
    if (uhp->uh_alt_next != NULL)
        u_freebranch(buf, uhp->uh_alt_next, uhpp);

    if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
        uhp->uh_alt_prev->uh_alt_next = NULL;

    /* Update the links in the list to remove the header. */
    if (uhp->uh_next == NULL)
        buf->b_u_oldhead = uhp->uh_prev;
    else
        uhp->uh_next->uh_prev = uhp->uh_prev;

    if (uhp->uh_prev == NULL)
        buf->b_u_newhead = uhp->uh_next;
    else
        for (uhap = uhp->uh_prev; uhap != NULL; uhap = uhap->uh_alt_next)
            uhap->uh_next = uhp->uh_next;

    u_freeentries(buf, uhp, uhpp);
}

/*
 * Free an alternate branch and any following alternate branches.
 */
    static void
u_freebranch(buf, uhp, uhpp)
    buf_T           *buf;
    u_header_T      *uhp;
    u_header_T      **uhpp;     /* if not NULL reset when freeing this header */
{
    u_header_T      *tofree, *next;

    /* If this is the top branch we may need to use u_freeheader() to update
     * all the pointers. */
    if (uhp == buf->b_u_oldhead)
    {
        u_freeheader(buf, uhp, uhpp);
        return;
    }

    if (uhp->uh_alt_prev != NULL)
        uhp->uh_alt_prev->uh_alt_next = NULL;

    next = uhp;
    while (next != NULL)
    {
        tofree = next;
        if (tofree->uh_alt_next != NULL)
            u_freebranch(buf, tofree->uh_alt_next, uhpp);   /* recursive */
        next = tofree->uh_prev;
        u_freeentries(buf, tofree, uhpp);
    }
}

/*
 * Free all the undo entries for one header and the header itself.
 * This means that "uhp" is invalid when returning.
 */
    static void
u_freeentries(buf, uhp, uhpp)
    buf_T           *buf;
    u_header_T      *uhp;
    u_header_T      **uhpp;     /* if not NULL reset when freeing this header */
{
    u_entry_T       *uep, *nuep;

    /* Check for pointers to the header that become invalid now. */
    if (buf->b_u_curhead == uhp)
        buf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
    if (buf->b_u_newhead == uhp)
        buf->b_u_newhead = NULL;  /* freeing the newest entry */
    if (uhpp != NULL && uhp == *uhpp)
        *uhpp = NULL;

    for (uep = uhp->uh_entry; uep != NULL; uep = nuep)
    {
        nuep = uep->ue_next;
        u_freeentry(uep, uep->ue_size);
    }

#ifdef U_DEBUG
    uhp->uh_magic = 0;
#endif
    U_FREE_LINE((char_u *)uhp);
    --buf->b_u_numhead;
}

/*
 * free entry 'uep' and 'n' lines in uep->ue_array[]
 */
    static void
u_freeentry(uep, n)
    u_entry_T   *uep;
    long            n;
{
    while (n > 0)
        U_FREE_LINE(uep->ue_array[--n]);
    U_FREE_LINE((char_u *)uep->ue_array);
#ifdef U_DEBUG
    uep->ue_magic = 0;
#endif
    U_FREE_LINE((char_u *)uep);
}

/*
 * invalidate the undo buffer; called when storage has already been released
 */
    void
u_clearall(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    buf->b_u_newhead = buf->b_u_oldhead = buf->b_u_curhead = NULL;
    buf->b_u_synced = TRUE;
    buf->b_u_numhead = 0;
    buf->b_u_line_ptr = NULL;
    buf->b_u_line_lnum = 0;
}

/*
 * save the line "lnum" for the "U" command
 */
    void
u_saveline(lnum)
    linenr_T lnum;
{
    if (lnum == curbuf->b_u_line_lnum)      /* line is already saved */
        return;
    if (lnum < 1 || lnum > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count) /* should never happen */
        return;
    u_clearline();
    curbuf->b_u_line_lnum = lnum;
    if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum == lnum)
        curbuf->b_u_line_colnr = curwin->w_cursor.col;
    else
        curbuf->b_u_line_colnr = 0;
    if ((curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = u_save_line(lnum)) == NULL)
        do_outofmem_msg((long_u)0);
}

/*
 * clear the line saved for the "U" command
 * (this is used externally for crossing a line while in insert mode)
 */
    void
u_clearline()
{
    if (curbuf->b_u_line_ptr != NULL)
    {
        U_FREE_LINE(curbuf->b_u_line_ptr);
        curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = NULL;
        curbuf->b_u_line_lnum = 0;
    }
}

/*
 * Implementation of the "U" command.
 * Differentiation from vi: "U" can be undone with the next "U".
 * We also allow the cursor to be in another line.
 */
    void
u_undoline()
{
    colnr_T t;
    char_u  *oldp;

    if (undo_off)
        return;

    if (curbuf->b_u_line_ptr == NULL
                        || curbuf->b_u_line_lnum > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
    {
        beep_flush();
        return;
    }

    /* first save the line for the 'u' command */
    if (u_savecommon(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum - 1,
                                curbuf->b_u_line_lnum + 1, (linenr_T)0) == FAIL)
        return;
    oldp = u_save_line(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum);
    if (oldp == NULL)
    {
        do_outofmem_msg((long_u)0);
        return;
    }
    ml_replace(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum, curbuf->b_u_line_ptr, TRUE);
    changed_bytes(curbuf->b_u_line_lnum, 0);
    U_FREE_LINE(curbuf->b_u_line_ptr);
    curbuf->b_u_line_ptr = oldp;

    t = curbuf->b_u_line_colnr;
    if (curwin->w_cursor.lnum == curbuf->b_u_line_lnum)
        curbuf->b_u_line_colnr = curwin->w_cursor.col;
    curwin->w_cursor.col = t;
    curwin->w_cursor.lnum = curbuf->b_u_line_lnum;
    check_cursor_col();
}

/*
 * There are two implementations of the memory management for undo:
 * 1. Use the standard malloc()/free() functions.
 *    This should be fast for allocating memory, but when a buffer is
 *    abandoned every single allocated chunk must be freed, which may be slow.
 * 2. Allocate larger blocks of memory and keep track of chunks ourselves.
 *    This is fast for abandoning, but the use of linked lists is slow for
 *    finding a free chunk.  Esp. when a lot of lines are changed or deleted.
 * A bit of profiling showed that the first method is faster, especially when
 * making a large number of changes, under the condition that malloc()/free()
 * is implemented efficiently.
 */
#ifdef U_USE_MALLOC
/*
 * Version of undo memory allocation using malloc()/free()
 *
 * U_FREE_LINE() and U_ALLOC_LINE() are macros that invoke vim_free() and
 * lalloc() directly.
 */

/*
 * Free all allocated memory blocks for the buffer 'buf'.
 */
    void
u_blockfree(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    while (buf->b_u_oldhead != NULL)
        u_freeheader(buf, buf->b_u_oldhead, NULL);
    U_FREE_LINE(buf->b_u_line_ptr);
}

#else
/*
 * Storage allocation for the undo lines and blocks of the current file.
 * Version where Vim keeps track of the available memory.
 */

/*
 * Memory is allocated in relatively large blocks. These blocks are linked
 * in the allocated block list, headed by curbuf->b_block_head. They are all
 * freed when abandoning a file, so we don't have to free every single line.
 * The list is kept sorted on memory address.
 * block_alloc() allocates a block.
 * m_blockfree() frees all blocks.
 *
 * The available chunks of memory are kept in free chunk lists. There is
 * one free list for each block of allocated memory. The list is kept sorted
 * on memory address.
 * u_alloc_line() gets a chunk from the free lists.
 * u_free_line() returns a chunk to the free lists.
 * curbuf->b_m_search points to the chunk before the chunk that was
 * freed/allocated the last time.
 * curbuf->b_mb_current points to the b_head where curbuf->b_m_search
 * points into the free list.
 *
 *
 *  b_block_head     /---> block #1     /---> block #2
 *       mb_next ---/       mb_next ---/       mb_next ---> NULL
 *       mb_info            mb_info            mb_info
 *          |                  |                  |
 *          V                  V                  V
 *        NULL          free chunk #1.1      free chunk #2.1
 *                             |                  |
 *                             V                  V
 *                      free chunk #1.2          NULL
 *                             |
 *                             V
 *                            NULL
 *
 * When a single free chunk list would have been used, it could take a lot
 * of time in u_free_line() to find the correct place to insert a chunk in the
 * free list. The single free list would become very long when many lines are
 * changed (e.g. with :%s/^M$//).
 */

 /*
  * this blocksize is used when allocating new lines
  */
#define MEMBLOCKSIZE 2044

/*
 * The size field contains the size of the chunk, including the size field
 * itself.
 *
 * When the chunk is not in-use it is preceded with the m_info structure.
 * The m_next field links it in one of the free chunk lists.
 *
 * On most unix systems structures have to be longword (32 or 64 bit) aligned.
 * On most other systems they are short (16 bit) aligned.
 */

/* the structure definitions are now in structs.h */

#ifdef ALIGN_LONG
    /* size of m_size */
# define M_OFFSET (sizeof(long_u))
#else
    /* size of m_size */
# define M_OFFSET (sizeof(short_u))
#endif

static char_u *u_blockalloc __ARGS((long_u));

/*
 * Allocate a block of memory and link it in the allocated block list.
 */
    static char_u *
u_blockalloc(size)
    long_u      size;
{
    mblock_T    *p;
    mblock_T    *mp, *next;

    p = (mblock_T *)lalloc(size + sizeof(mblock_T), FALSE);
    if (p != NULL)
    {
         /* Insert the block into the allocated block list, keeping it
                    sorted on address. */
        for (mp = &curbuf->b_block_head;
                (next = mp->mb_next) != NULL && next < p;
                        mp = next)
            ;
        p->mb_next = next;              /* link in block list */
        p->mb_size = size;
        p->mb_maxsize = 0;              /* nothing free yet */
        mp->mb_next = p;
        p->mb_info.m_next = NULL;       /* clear free list */
        p->mb_info.m_size = 0;
        curbuf->b_mb_current = p;       /* remember current block */
        curbuf->b_m_search = NULL;
        p++;                            /* return usable memory */
    }
    return (char_u *)p;
}

/*
 * free all allocated memory blocks for the buffer 'buf'
 */
    void
u_blockfree(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    mblock_T    *p, *np;

    for (p = buf->b_block_head.mb_next; p != NULL; p = np)
    {
        np = p->mb_next;
        vim_free(p);
    }
    buf->b_block_head.mb_next = NULL;
    buf->b_m_search = NULL;
    buf->b_mb_current = NULL;
}

/*
 * Free a chunk of memory for the current buffer.
 * Insert the chunk into the correct free list, keeping it sorted on address.
 */
    static void
u_free_line(ptr, keep)
    char_u      *ptr;
    int         keep;   /* don't free the block when it's empty */
{
    minfo_T     *next;
    minfo_T     *prev, *curr;
    minfo_T     *mp;
    mblock_T    *nextb;
    mblock_T    *prevb;
    long_u      maxsize;

    if (ptr == NULL || ptr == IObuff)
        return; /* illegal address can happen in out-of-memory situations */

    mp = (minfo_T *)(ptr - M_OFFSET);

    /* find block where chunk could be a part off */
    /* if we change curbuf->b_mb_current, curbuf->b_m_search is set to NULL */
    if (curbuf->b_mb_current == NULL || mp < (minfo_T *)curbuf->b_mb_current)
    {
        curbuf->b_mb_current = curbuf->b_block_head.mb_next;
        curbuf->b_m_search = NULL;
    }
    if ((nextb = curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_next) != NULL
                                                     && (minfo_T *)nextb < mp)
    {
        curbuf->b_mb_current = nextb;
        curbuf->b_m_search = NULL;
    }
    while ((nextb = curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_next) != NULL
                                                     && (minfo_T *)nextb < mp)
        curbuf->b_mb_current = nextb;

    curr = NULL;
    /*
     * If mp is smaller than curbuf->b_m_search->m_next go to the start of
     * the free list
     */
    if (curbuf->b_m_search == NULL || mp < (curbuf->b_m_search->m_next))
        next = &(curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_info);
    else
        next = curbuf->b_m_search;
    /*
     * The following loop is executed very often.
     * Therefore it has been optimized at the cost of readability.
     * Keep it fast!
     */
#ifdef SLOW_BUT_EASY_TO_READ
    do
    {
        prev = curr;
        curr = next;
        next = next->m_next;
    }
    while (mp > next && next != NULL);
#else
    do                                      /* first, middle, last */
    {
        prev = next->m_next;                /* curr, next, prev */
        if (prev == NULL || mp <= prev)
        {
            prev = curr;
            curr = next;
            next = next->m_next;
            break;
        }
        curr = prev->m_next;                /* next, prev, curr */
        if (curr == NULL || mp <= curr)
        {
            prev = next;
            curr = prev->m_next;
            next = curr->m_next;
            break;
        }
        next = curr->m_next;                /* prev, curr, next */
    }
    while (mp > next && next != NULL);
#endif

    /* if *mp and *next are concatenated, join them into one chunk */
    if ((char_u *)mp + mp->m_size == (char_u *)next)
    {
        mp->m_size += next->m_size;
        mp->m_next = next->m_next;
    }
    else
        mp->m_next = next;
    maxsize = mp->m_size;

    /* if *curr and *mp are concatenated, join them */
    if (prev != NULL && (char_u *)curr + curr->m_size == (char_u *)mp)
    {
        curr->m_size += mp->m_size;
        maxsize = curr->m_size;
        curr->m_next = mp->m_next;
        curbuf->b_m_search = prev;
    }
    else
    {
        curr->m_next = mp;
        curbuf->b_m_search = curr;  /* put curbuf->b_m_search before freed
                                       chunk */
    }

    /*
     * If the block only contains free memory now, release it.
     */
    if (!keep && curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_size
                              == curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_info.m_next->m_size)
    {
        /* Find the block before the current one to be able to unlink it from
         * the list of blocks. */
        prevb = &curbuf->b_block_head;
        for (nextb = prevb->mb_next; nextb != curbuf->b_mb_current;
                                                       nextb = nextb->mb_next)
            prevb = nextb;
        prevb->mb_next = nextb->mb_next;
        vim_free(nextb);
        curbuf->b_mb_current = NULL;
        curbuf->b_m_search = NULL;
    }
    else if (curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_maxsize < maxsize)
        curbuf->b_mb_current->mb_maxsize = maxsize;
}

/*
 * Allocate and initialize a new line structure with room for at least
 * 'size' characters plus a terminating NUL.
 */
    static char_u *
u_alloc_line(size)
    unsigned    size;
{
    minfo_T     *mp, *mprev, *mp2;
    mblock_T    *mbp;
    int         size_align;

    /*
     * Add room for size field and trailing NUL byte.
     * Adjust for minimal size (must be able to store minfo_T
     * plus a trailing NUL, so the chunk can be released again)
     */
    size += M_OFFSET + 1;
    if (size < sizeof(minfo_T) + 1)
        size = sizeof(minfo_T) + 1;

    /*
     * round size up for alignment
     */
    size_align = (size + ALIGN_MASK) & ~ALIGN_MASK;

    /*
     * If curbuf->b_m_search is NULL (uninitialized free list) start at
     * curbuf->b_block_head
     */
    if (curbuf->b_mb_current == NULL || curbuf->b_m_search == NULL)
    {
        curbuf->b_mb_current = &curbuf->b_block_head;
        curbuf->b_m_search = &(curbuf->b_block_head.mb_info);
    }

    /* Search for a block with enough space. */
    mbp = curbuf->b_mb_current;
    while (mbp->mb_maxsize < size_align)
    {
        if (mbp->mb_next != NULL)
            mbp = mbp->mb_next;
        else
            mbp = &curbuf->b_block_head;
        if (mbp == curbuf->b_mb_current)
        {
            int n = (size_align > (MEMBLOCKSIZE / 4)
                                             ? size_align : MEMBLOCKSIZE);

            /* Back where we started in block list: need to add a new block
             * with enough space. */
            mp = (minfo_T *)u_blockalloc((long_u)n);
            if (mp == NULL)
                return (NULL);
            mp->m_size = n;
            u_free_line((char_u *)mp + M_OFFSET, TRUE);
            mbp = curbuf->b_mb_current;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (mbp != curbuf->b_mb_current)
        curbuf->b_m_search = &(mbp->mb_info);

    /* In this block find a chunk with enough space. */
    mprev = curbuf->b_m_search;
    mp = curbuf->b_m_search->m_next;
    for (;;)
    {
        if (mp == NULL)                     /* at end of the list */
            mp = &(mbp->mb_info);           /* wrap around to begin */
        if (mp->m_size >= size)
            break;
        if (mp == curbuf->b_m_search)
        {
            /* back where we started in free chunk list: "cannot happen" */
            EMSG2(_(e_intern2), "u_alloc_line()");
            return NULL;
        }
        mprev = mp;
        mp = mp->m_next;
    }

    /* when using the largest chunk adjust mb_maxsize */
    if (mp->m_size >= mbp->mb_maxsize)
        mbp->mb_maxsize = 0;

    /* if the chunk we found is large enough, split it up in two */
    if ((long)mp->m_size - size_align >= (long)(sizeof(minfo_T) + 1))
    {
        mp2 = (minfo_T *)((char_u *)mp + size_align);
        mp2->m_size = mp->m_size - size_align;
        mp2->m_next = mp->m_next;
        mprev->m_next = mp2;
        mp->m_size = size_align;
    }
    else                    /* remove *mp from the free list */
    {
        mprev->m_next = mp->m_next;
    }
    curbuf->b_m_search = mprev;
    curbuf->b_mb_current = mbp;

    /* If using the largest chunk need to find the new largest chunk */
    if (mbp->mb_maxsize == 0)
        for (mp2 = &(mbp->mb_info); mp2 != NULL; mp2 = mp2->m_next)
            if (mbp->mb_maxsize < mp2->m_size)
                mbp->mb_maxsize = mp2->m_size;

    mp = (minfo_T *)((char_u *)mp + M_OFFSET);
    *(char_u *)mp = NUL;                    /* set the first byte to NUL */

    return ((char_u *)mp);
}
#endif

/*
 * u_save_line(): allocate memory with u_alloc_line() and copy line 'lnum'
 * into it.
 */
    static char_u *
u_save_line(lnum)
    linenr_T    lnum;
{
    char_u      *src;
    char_u      *dst;
    unsigned    len;

    src = ml_get(lnum);
    len = (unsigned)STRLEN(src);
    if ((dst = U_ALLOC_LINE(len)) != NULL)
        mch_memmove(dst, src, (size_t)(len + 1));
    return (dst);
}

/*
 * Check if the 'modified' flag is set, or 'ff' has changed (only need to
 * check the first character, because it can only be "dos", "unix" or "mac").
 * "nofile" and "scratch" type buffers are considered to always be unchanged.
 */
    int
bufIsChanged(buf)
    buf_T       *buf;
{
    return
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
            !bt_dontwrite(buf) &&
#endif
            (buf->b_changed || file_ff_differs(buf));
}

    int
curbufIsChanged()
{
    return
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
        !bt_dontwrite(curbuf) &&
#endif
        (curbuf->b_changed || file_ff_differs(curbuf));
}