usr/src/boot/sys/boot/i386/libi386/biospci.c

   1 /*-
   2  * Copyright (c) 1998 Michael Smith <msmith@freebsd.org>
   3  * Copyright (c) 2016 Netflix, Inc
   4  * All rights reserved.
   5  *
   6  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   7  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   8  * are met:
   9  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  10  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  11  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  12  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  13  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  14  *
  15  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
  16  * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
  17  * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
  18  * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
  19  * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
  20  * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
  21  * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
  22  * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  23  * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
  24  * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
  25  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  26  */
  27
  28 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
  29
  30 /*
  31  * PnP enumerator using the PCI BIOS.
  32  */
  33
  34 #include <stand.h>
  35 #include <machine/stdarg.h>
  36 #include <machine/cpufunc.h>
  37 #include <bootstrap.h>
  38 #include <isapnp.h>
  39 #include <btxv86.h>
  40 #include "libi386.h"
  41 #include "ficl.h"
  42
  43 /*
  44  * Stupid PCI BIOS interface doesn't let you simply enumerate everything
  45  * that's there, instead you have to ask it if it has something.
  46  *
  47  * So we have to scan by class code, subclass code and sometimes programming
  48  * interface.
  49  */
  50
  51 struct pci_progif
  52 {
  53     int         pi_code;
  54     const char  *pi_name;
  55 };
  56
  57 static struct pci_progif progif_null[] = {
  58     {0x0,       NULL},
  59     {-1,        NULL}
  60 };
  61
  62 static struct pci_progif progif_display[] = {
  63     {0x0,       "VGA"},
  64     {0x1,       "8514"},
  65     {-1,        NULL}
  66 };
  67
  68 static struct pci_progif progif_ide[] = {
  69     {0x00,      NULL},
  70     {0x01,      NULL},
  71     {0x02,      NULL},
  72     {0x03,      NULL},
  73     {0x04,      NULL},
  74     {0x05,      NULL},
  75     {0x06,      NULL},
  76     {0x07,      NULL},
  77     {0x08,      NULL},
  78     {0x09,      NULL},
  79     {0x0a,      NULL},
  80     {0x0b,      NULL},
  81     {0x0c,      NULL},
  82     {0x0d,      NULL},
  83     {0x0e,      NULL},
  84     {0x0f,      NULL},
  85     {0x80,      NULL},
  86     {0x81,      NULL},
  87     {0x82,      NULL},
  88     {0x83,      NULL},
  89     {0x84,      NULL},
  90     {0x85,      NULL},
  91     {0x86,      NULL},
  92     {0x87,      NULL},
  93     {0x88,      NULL},
  94     {0x89,      NULL},
  95     {0x8a,      NULL},
  96     {0x8b,      NULL},
  97     {0x8c,      NULL},
  98     {0x8d,      NULL},
  99     {0x8e,      NULL},
 100     {0x8f,      NULL},
 101     {-1,        NULL}
 102 };
 103
 104 static struct pci_progif progif_serial[] = {
 105     {0x0,       "8250"},
 106     {0x1,       "16450"},
 107     {0x2,       "16550"},
 108     {-1,        NULL}
 109 };
 110
 111 static struct pci_progif progif_parallel[] = {
 112     {0x0,       "Standard"},
 113     {0x1,       "Bidirectional"},
 114     {0x2,       "ECP"},
 115     {-1,        NULL}
 116 };
 117
 118 static struct pci_progif progif_firewire[] = {
 119     {0x10,      "OHCI"},
 120     {-1,        NULL}
 121 };
 122
 123 struct pci_subclass
 124 {
 125     int                 ps_subclass;
 126     const char          *ps_name;
 127     struct pci_progif   *ps_progif;     /* if set, use for programming interface value(s) */
 128 };
 129
 130 static struct pci_subclass subclass_old[] = {
 131     {0x0,       "Old non-VGA",          progif_null},
 132     {0x1,       "Old VGA",              progif_null},
 133     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 134 };
 135
 136 static struct pci_subclass subclass_mass[] = {
 137     {0x0,       "SCSI",                 progif_null},
 138     {0x1,       "IDE",                  progif_ide},
 139     {0x2,       "Floppy disk",          progif_null},
 140     {0x3,       "IPI",                  progif_null},
 141     {0x4,       "RAID",                 progif_null},
 142     {0x80,      "mass storage",         progif_null},
 143     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 144 };
 145
 146 static struct pci_subclass subclass_net[] = {
 147     {0x0,       "Ethernet",             progif_null},
 148     {0x1,       "Token ring",           progif_null},
 149     {0x2,       "FDDI",                 progif_null},
 150     {0x3,       "ATM",                  progif_null},
 151     {0x80,      "network",              progif_null},
 152     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 153 };
 154
 155 static struct pci_subclass subclass_display[] = {
 156     {0x0,       NULL,                   progif_display},
 157     {0x1,       "XGA",                  progif_null},
 158     {0x80,      "other",                progif_null},
 159     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 160 };
 161
 162 static struct pci_subclass subclass_comms[] = {
 163     {0x0,       "serial",               progif_serial},
 164     {0x1,       "parallel",             progif_parallel},
 165     {0x80,      "communications",       progif_null},
 166     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 167 };
 168
 169 static struct pci_subclass subclass_serial[] = {
 170     {0x0,       "FireWire",             progif_firewire},
 171     {0x1,       "ACCESS.bus",           progif_null},
 172     {0x2,       "SSA",                  progif_null},
 173     {0x3,       "USB",                  progif_null},
 174     {0x4,       "Fibrechannel",         progif_null},
 175     {-1,        NULL,                   NULL}
 176 };
 177
 178 static struct pci_class
 179 {
 180     int                 pc_class;
 181     const char          *pc_name;
 182     struct pci_subclass *pc_subclass;
 183 } pci_classes[] = {
 184     {0x0,       "device",       subclass_old},
 185     {0x1,       "controller",   subclass_mass},
 186     {0x2,       "controller",   subclass_net},
 187     {0x3,       "display",      subclass_display},
 188     {0x7,       "controller",   subclass_comms},
 189     {0xc,       "controller",   subclass_serial},
 190     {-1,        NULL,           NULL}
 191 };
 192
 193
 194 static void     biospci_enumerate(void);
 195 static void     biospci_addinfo(int devid, struct pci_class *pc, struct pci_subclass *psc, struct pci_progif *ppi);
 196
 197 struct pnphandler biospcihandler =
 198 {
 199     "PCI BIOS",
 200     biospci_enumerate
 201 };
 202
 203 #define PCI_BIOS_PRESENT        0xb101
 204 #define FIND_PCI_DEVICE         0xb102
 205 #define FIND_PCI_CLASS_CODE     0xb103
 206 #define GENERATE_SPECIAL_CYCLE  0xb106
 207 #define READ_CONFIG_BYTE        0xb108
 208 #define READ_CONFIG_WORD        0xb109
 209 #define READ_CONFIG_DWORD       0xb10a
 210 #define WRITE_CONFIG_BYTE       0xb10b
 211 #define WRITE_CONFIG_WORD       0xb10c
 212 #define WRITE_CONFIG_DWORD      0xb10d
 213 #define GET_IRQ_ROUTING_OPTIONS 0xb10e
 214 #define SET_PCI_IRQ             0xb10f
 215
 216 #define PCI_INT                 0x1a
 217
 218 #define PCI_SIGNATURE           0x20494350      /* AKA "PCI " */
 219
 220 void
 221 biospci_detect(void)
 222 {
 223     uint16_t version, hwcap, maxbus;
 224     char buf[24];
 225
 226     /* Find the PCI BIOS */
 227     v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 228     v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 229     v86.eax = PCI_BIOS_PRESENT;
 230     v86.edi = 0x0;
 231     v86int();
 232
 233     /* Check for OK response */
 234     if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || ((v86.eax & 0xff00) != 0) ||
 235         (v86.edx != PCI_SIGNATURE))
 236         return;
 237
 238     version = v86.ebx & 0xffff;
 239     hwcap = v86.eax & 0xff;
 240     maxbus = v86.ecx & 0xff;
 241 #if 0
 242     printf("PCI BIOS %d.%d%s%s maxbus %d\n",
 243            bcd2bin((version >> 8) & 0xf), bcd2bin(version & 0xf),
 244            (hwcap & 1) ? " config1" : "", (hwcap & 2) ? " config2" : "",
 245            maxbus);
 246 #endif
 247     sprintf(buf, "%d", bcd2bin((version >> 8) & 0xf));
 248     setenv("pcibios.major", buf, 1);
 249     sprintf(buf, "%d", bcd2bin(version & 0xf));
 250     setenv("pcibios.minor", buf, 1);
 251     sprintf(buf, "%d", !!(hwcap & 1));
 252     setenv("pcibios.config1", buf, 1);
 253     sprintf(buf, "%d", !!(hwcap & 2));
 254     setenv("pcibios.config2", buf, 1);
 255     sprintf(buf, "%d", maxbus);
 256     setenv("pcibios.maxbus", buf, 1);
 257
 258 }
 259
 260 static void
 261 biospci_enumerate(void)
 262 {
 263     int                 device_index, err;
 264     uint32_t            locator, devid;
 265     struct pci_class    *pc;
 266     struct pci_subclass *psc;
 267     struct pci_progif   *ppi;
 268
 269     /* Iterate over known classes */
 270     for (pc = pci_classes; pc->pc_class >= 0; pc++) {
 271         /* Iterate over subclasses */
 272         for (psc = pc->pc_subclass; psc->ps_subclass >= 0; psc++) {
 273             /* Iterate over programming interfaces */
 274             for (ppi = psc->ps_progif; ppi->pi_code >= 0; ppi++) {
 275
 276                 /* Scan for matches */
 277                 for (device_index = 0; ; device_index++) {
 278                     /* Look for a match */
 279                     err = biospci_find_devclass((pc->pc_class << 16)
 280                         + (psc->ps_subclass << 8) + ppi->pi_code,
 281                         device_index, &locator);
 282                     if (err != 0)
 283                         break;
 284
 285                     /* Read the device identifier from the nominated device */
 286                     err = biospci_read_config(locator, 0, 2, &devid);
 287                     if (err != 0)
 288                         break;
 289
 290                     /* We have the device ID, create a PnP object and save everything */
 291                     biospci_addinfo(devid, pc, psc, ppi);
 292                 }
 293             }
 294         }
 295     }
 296 }
 297
 298 static void
 299 biospci_addinfo(int devid, struct pci_class *pc, struct pci_subclass *psc, struct pci_progif *ppi)
 300 {
 301     struct pnpinfo      *pi;
 302     char                desc[80];
 303
 304
 305     /* build the description */
 306     desc[0] = 0;
 307     if (ppi->pi_name != NULL) {
 308         strcat(desc, ppi->pi_name);
 309         strcat(desc, " ");
 310     }
 311     if (psc->ps_name != NULL) {
 312         strcat(desc, psc->ps_name);
 313         strcat(desc, " ");
 314     }
 315     if (pc->pc_name != NULL)
 316         strcat(desc, pc->pc_name);
 317
 318     pi = pnp_allocinfo();
 319     pi->pi_desc = strdup(desc);
 320     sprintf(desc,"0x%08x", devid);
 321     pnp_addident(pi, desc);
 322     pnp_addinfo(pi);
 323 }
 324
 325 int
 326 biospci_find_devclass(uint32_t class, int index, uint32_t *locator)
 327 {
 328         v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 329         v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 330         v86.eax = FIND_PCI_CLASS_CODE;
 331         v86.ecx = class;
 332         v86.esi = index;
 333         v86int();
 334
 335          /* error */
 336         if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || (v86.eax & 0xff00))
 337                 return (-1);
 338
 339         *locator = v86.ebx;
 340         return (0);
 341 }
 342
 343 static int
 344 biospci_find_device(uint32_t devid, int index, uint32_t *locator)
 345 {
 346         v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 347         v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 348         v86.eax = FIND_PCI_DEVICE;
 349         v86.edx = devid & 0xffff;               /* EDX - Vendor ID */
 350         v86.ecx = (devid >> 16) & 0xffff;       /* ECX - Device ID */
 351         v86.esi = index;
 352         v86int();
 353
 354          /* error */
 355         if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || (v86.eax & 0xff00))
 356                 return (-1);
 357
 358         *locator = v86.ebx;
 359         return (0);
 360 }
 361 /*
 362  * Configuration space access methods.
 363  * width = 0(byte), 1(word) or 2(dword).
 364  */
 365 int
 366 biospci_write_config(uint32_t locator, int offset, int width, uint32_t val)
 367 {
 368         v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 369         v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 370         v86.eax = WRITE_CONFIG_BYTE + width;
 371         v86.ebx = locator;
 372         v86.edi = offset;
 373         v86.ecx = val;
 374         v86int();
 375
 376          /* error */
 377         if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || (v86.eax & 0xff00))
 378                 return (-1);
 379
 380         return(0);
 381 }
 382
 383 int
 384 biospci_read_config(uint32_t locator, int offset, int width, uint32_t *val)
 385 {
 386         v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 387         v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 388         v86.eax = READ_CONFIG_BYTE + width;
 389         v86.ebx = locator;
 390         v86.edi = offset;
 391         v86int();
 392
 393          /* error */
 394         if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || (v86.eax & 0xff00))
 395                 return (-1);
 396
 397         *val = v86.ecx;
 398         return (0);
 399 }
 400
 401 uint32_t
 402 biospci_locator(int8_t bus, uint8_t device, uint8_t function)
 403 {
 404
 405         return ((bus << 8) | ((device & 0x1f) << 3) | (function & 0x7));
 406 }
 407
 408 /*
 409  * Counts the number of instances of devid we have in the system, as least as
 410  * far as the PCI BIOS is able to tell.
 411  */
 412 static int
 413 biospci_count_device_type(uint32_t devid)
 414 {
 415         int i;
 416
 417         for (i = 0; 1; i++) {
 418                 v86.ctl = V86_FLAGS;
 419                 v86.addr = PCI_INT;
 420                 v86.eax = FIND_PCI_DEVICE;
 421                 v86.edx = devid & 0xffff;               /* EDX - Vendor ID */
 422                 v86.ecx = (devid >> 16) & 0xffff;       /* ECX - Device ID */
 423                 v86.esi = i;
 424                 v86int();
 425                 if (V86_CY(v86.efl) || (v86.eax & 0xff00))
 426                         break;
 427
 428         }
 429         return i;
 430 }
 431
 432 /*
 433  * pcibios-device-count (devid -- count)
 434  *
 435  * Returns the PCI BIOS' count of how many devices matching devid are
 436  * in the system. devid is the 32-bit vendor + device.
 437  */
 438 static void
 439 ficlPciBiosCountDevices(ficlVm *pVM)
 440 {
 441         uint32_t devid;
 442         int i;
 443
 444         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 1, 1);
 445
 446         devid = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 447
 448         i = biospci_count_device_type(devid);
 449
 450         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), i);
 451 }
 452
 453 /*
 454  * pcibios-write-config (locator offset width value -- )
 455  *
 456  * Writes the specified config register.
 457  * Locator is bus << 8 | device << 3 | fuction
 458  * offset is the pci config register
 459  * width is 0 for byte, 1 for word, 2 for dword
 460  * value is the value to write
 461  */
 462 static void
 463 ficlPciBiosWriteConfig(ficlVm *pVM)
 464 {
 465         uint32_t value, width, offset, locator;
 466
 467         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 4, 0);
 468
 469         value = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 470         width = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 471         offset = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 472         locator = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 473
 474         biospci_write_config(locator, offset, width, value);
 475 }
 476
 477 /*
 478  * pcibios-read-config (locator offset width -- value)
 479  *
 480  * Reads the specified config register.
 481  * Locator is bus << 8 | device << 3 | fuction
 482  * offset is the pci config register
 483  * width is 0 for byte, 1 for word, 2 for dword
 484  * value is the value to read from the register
 485  */
 486 static void
 487 ficlPciBiosReadConfig(ficlVm *pVM)
 488 {
 489         uint32_t value, width, offset, locator;
 490
 491         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 3, 1);
 492
 493         width = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 494         offset = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 495         locator = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 496
 497         biospci_read_config(locator, offset, width, &value);
 498
 499         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), value);
 500 }
 501
 502 /*
 503  * pcibios-find-devclass (class index -- locator)
 504  *
 505  * Finds the index'th instance of class in the pci tree.
 506  * must be an exact match.
 507  * class is the class to search for.
 508  * index 0..N (set to 0, increment until error)
 509  *
 510  * Locator is bus << 8 | device << 3 | fuction (or -1 on error)
 511  */
 512 static void
 513 ficlPciBiosFindDevclass(ficlVm *pVM)
 514 {
 515         uint32_t index, class, locator;
 516
 517         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 2, 1);
 518
 519         index = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 520         class = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 521
 522         if (biospci_find_devclass(class, index, &locator))
 523                 locator = 0xffffffff;
 524
 525         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), locator);
 526 }
 527
 528 /*
 529  * pcibios-find-device(devid index -- locator)
 530  *
 531  * Finds the index'th instance of devid in the pci tree.
 532  * must be an exact match.
 533  * class is the class to search for.
 534  * index 0..N (set to 0, increment until error)
 535  *
 536  * Locator is bus << 8 | device << 3 | fuction (or -1 on error)
 537  */
 538 static void
 539 ficlPciBiosFindDevice(ficlVm *pVM)
 540 {
 541         uint32_t index, devid, locator;
 542
 543         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 2, 1);
 544
 545         index = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 546         devid = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 547
 548         if (biospci_find_device(devid, index, &locator))
 549                 locator = 0xffffffff;
 550
 551         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), locator);
 552 }
 553
 554 /*
 555  * pcibios-locator(bus device function -- locator)
 556  *
 557  * converts bus, device, function to locator.
 558  *
 559  * Locator is bus << 8 | device << 3 | fuction
 560  */
 561 static void
 562 ficlPciBiosLocator(ficlVm *pVM)
 563 {
 564         uint32_t bus, device, function, locator;
 565
 566         FICL_STACK_CHECK(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), 3, 1);
 567
 568         function = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 569         device = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 570         bus = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 571
 572         locator = biospci_locator(bus, device, function);
 573
 574         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), locator);
 575 }
 576
 577 /*
 578  * Glue function to add the appropriate forth words to access pci bios
 579  * functionality.
 580  */
 581 static void
 582 ficlCompilePciBios(ficlSystem *pSys)
 583 {
 584         ficlDictionary *dp = ficlSystemGetDictionary(pSys);
 585
 586         FICL_SYSTEM_ASSERT(pSys, dp);
 587
 588         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-device-count",
 589             ficlPciBiosCountDevices, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 590         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-read-config",
 591             ficlPciBiosReadConfig, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 592         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-write-config",
 593             ficlPciBiosWriteConfig, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 594         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-find-devclass",
 595             ficlPciBiosFindDevclass, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 596         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-find-device",
 597             ficlPciBiosFindDevice, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 598         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "pcibios-locator", ficlPciBiosLocator,
 599             FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 600 }
 601
 602 FICL_COMPILE_SET(ficlCompilePciBios);
 603
 604 /*
 605  * outb ( port# c -- )
 606  * Store a byte to I/O port number port#
 607  */
 608 static void
 609 ficlOutb(ficlVm *pVM)
 610 {
 611         uint8_t c;
 612         uint32_t port;
 613
 614         port = ficlStackPopUnsigned(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 615         c = ficlStackPopInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 616         outb(port, c);
 617 }
 618
 619 /*
 620  * inb ( port# -- c )
 621  * Fetch a byte from I/O port number port#
 622  */
 623 static void
 624 ficlInb(ficlVm *pVM)
 625 {
 626         uint8_t c;
 627         uint32_t port;
 628
 629         port = ficlStackPopUnsigned(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM));
 630         c = inb(port);
 631         ficlStackPushInteger(ficlVmGetDataStack(pVM), c);
 632 }
 633
 634 static void
 635 ficlCompileCpufunc(ficlSystem *pSys)
 636 {
 637         ficlDictionary *dp = ficlSystemGetDictionary(pSys);
 638
 639         FICL_SYSTEM_ASSERT(pSys, dp);
 640
 641         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "outb", ficlOutb, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 642         ficlDictionarySetPrimitive(dp, "inb", ficlInb, FICL_WORD_DEFAULT);
 643 }
 644
 645 FICL_COMPILE_SET(ficlCompileCpufunc);