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1 [[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database::
2 Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>>
3 can inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>>
4 from another object database, which is called "alternate".
6 [[def_bare_repository]]bare repository::
7 A bare repository is normally an appropriately
8 named <<def_directory,directory>> with a `.git` suffix that does not
9 have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
10 revision control. That is, all of the Git
11 administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
12 hidden `.git` sub-directory are directly present in the
13 `repository.git` directory instead,
14 and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of
15 public repositories make bare repositories available.
17 [[def_blob_object]]blob object::
18 Untyped <<def_object,object>>, e.g. the contents of a file.
20 [[def_branch]]branch::
21 A "branch" is an active line of development. The most recent
22 <<def_commit,commit>> on a branch is referred to as the tip of
23 that branch. The tip of the branch is referenced by a branch
24 <<def_head,head>>, which moves forward as additional development
25 is done on the branch. A single Git
26 <<def_repository,repository>> can track an arbitrary number of
27 branches, but your <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is
28 associated with just one of them (the "current" or "checked out"
29 branch), and <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> points to that branch.
31 [[def_cache]]cache::
32 Obsolete for: <<def_index,index>>.
34 [[def_chain]]chain::
35 A list of objects, where each <<def_object,object>> in the list contains
36 a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
37 <<def_commit,commit>> could be one of its <<def_parent,parents>>).
39 [[def_changeset]]changeset::
40 BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<<def_commit,commit>>". Since Git does not
41 store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
42 "changesets" with Git.
44 [[def_checkout]]checkout::
45 The action of updating all or part of the
46 <<def_working_tree,working tree>> with a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>
47 or <<def_blob_object,blob>> from the
48 <<def_object_database,object database>>, and updating the
49 <<def_index,index>> and <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> if the whole working tree has
50 been pointed at a new <<def_branch,branch>>.
52 [[def_cherry-picking]]cherry-picking::
53 In <<def_SCM,SCM>> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
54 changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
55 as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is
56 performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
57 by an existing <<def_commit,commit>> and to record it based on the tip
58 of the current <<def_branch,branch>> as a new commit.
60 [[def_clean]]clean::
61 A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is clean, if it
62 corresponds to the <<def_revision,revision>> referenced by the current
63 <<def_head,head>>. Also see "<<def_dirty,dirty>>".
65 [[def_commit]]commit::
66 As a noun: A single point in the
67 Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a
68 set of interrelated commits. The word "commit" is often
69 used by Git in the same places other revision control systems
70 use the words "revision" or "version". Also used as a short
71 hand for <<def_commit_object,commit object>>.
72 +
73 As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project's
74 state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current
75 state of the <<def_index,index>> and advancing <<def_HEAD,HEAD>>
76 to point at the new commit.
78 [[def_commit_object]]commit object::
79 An <<def_object,object>> which contains the information about a
80 particular <<def_revision,revision>>, such as <<def_parent,parents>>, committer,
81 author, date and the <<def_tree_object,tree object>> which corresponds
82 to the top <<def_directory,directory>> of the stored
83 revision.
85 [[def_core_git]]core Git::
86 Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited
87 source code management tools.
89 [[def_DAG]]DAG::
90 Directed acyclic graph. The <<def_commit_object,commit objects>> form a
91 directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
92 graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no <<def_chain,chain>>
93 which begins and ends with the same <<def_object,object>>).
95 [[def_dangling_object]]dangling object::
96 An <<def_unreachable_object,unreachable object>> which is not
97 <<def_reachable,reachable>> even from other unreachable objects; a
98 dangling object has no references to it from any
99 reference or <<def_object,object>> in the <<def_repository,repository>>.
101 [[def_detached_HEAD]]detached HEAD::
102 Normally the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> stores the name of a
103 <<def_branch,branch>>, and commands that operate on the
104 history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the
105 tip of the branch the HEAD points at. However, Git also
106 allows you to <<def_checkout,check out>> an arbitrary
107 <<def_commit,commit>> that isn't necessarily the tip of any
108 particular branch. The HEAD in such a state is called
109 "detached".
110 +
111 Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch
112 (e.g. `git commit` to build a new history on top of it) still work
113 while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip
114 of the updated history without affecting any branch. Commands that
115 update or inquire information _about_ the current branch (e.g. `git
116 branch --set-upstream-to` that sets what remote-tracking branch the
117 current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no
118 (real) current branch to ask about in this state.
120 [[def_directory]]directory::
121 The list you get with "ls" :-)
123 [[def_dirty]]dirty::
124 A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is said to be "dirty" if
125 it contains modifications which have not been <<def_commit,committed>> to the current
126 <<def_branch,branch>>.
128 [[def_evil_merge]]evil merge::
129 An evil merge is a <<def_merge,merge>> that introduces changes that
130 do not appear in any <<def_parent,parent>>.
132 [[def_fast_forward]]fast-forward::
133 A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a
134 <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another
135 <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
136 you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>>
137 <<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his
138 revision. This will happen frequently on a
139 <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branch>> of a remote
140 <<def_repository,repository>>.
142 [[def_fetch]]fetch::
143 Fetching a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the
144 branch's <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote
145 <<def_repository,repository>>, to find out which objects are
146 missing from the local <<def_object_database,object database>>,
147 and to get them, too. See also linkgit:git-fetch[1].
149 [[def_file_system]]file system::
150 Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system,
151 i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
152 efficiency and speed of Git.
154 [[def_git_archive]]Git archive::
155 Synonym for <<def_repository,repository>> (for arch people).
157 [[def_gitfile]]gitfile::
158 A plain file `.git` at the root of a working tree that
159 points at the directory that is the real repository.
161 [[def_grafts]]grafts::
162 Grafts enables two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
163 together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
164 you can make Git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has
165 is different from what was recorded when the commit was
166 created. Configured via the `.git/info/grafts` file.
168 [[def_hash]]hash::
169 In Git's context, synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
171 [[def_head]]head::
172 A <<def_ref,named reference>> to the <<def_commit,commit>> at the tip of a
173 <<def_branch,branch>>. Heads are stored in a file in
174 `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` directory, except when using packed refs. (See
175 linkgit:git-pack-refs[1].)
177 [[def_HEAD]]HEAD::
178 The current <<def_branch,branch>>. In more detail: Your <<def_working_tree,
179 working tree>> is normally derived from the state of the tree
180 referred to by HEAD. HEAD is a reference to one of the
181 <<def_head,heads>> in your repository, except when using a
182 <<def_detached_HEAD,detached HEAD>>, in which case it directly
183 references an arbitrary commit.
185 [[def_head_ref]]head ref::
186 A synonym for <<def_head,head>>.
188 [[def_hook]]hook::
189 During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made
190 to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
191 checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
192 and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
193 operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the
194 `$GIT_DIR/hooks/` directory, and are enabled by simply
195 removing the `.sample` suffix from the filename. In earlier versions
196 of Git you had to make them executable.
198 [[def_index]]index::
199 A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
200 as objects. The index is a stored version of your
201 <<def_working_tree,working tree>>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
202 a third version of a working tree, which are used
203 when <<def_merge,merging>>.
205 [[def_index_entry]]index entry::
206 The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
207 <<def_index,index>>. An index entry can be unmerged, if a
208 <<def_merge,merge>> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if
209 the index contains multiple versions of that file).
211 [[def_master]]master::
212 The default development <<def_branch,branch>>. Whenever you
213 create a Git <<def_repository,repository>>, a branch named
214 "master" is created, and becomes the active branch. In most
215 cases, this contains the local development, though that is
216 purely by convention and is not required.
218 [[def_merge]]merge::
219 As a verb: To bring the contents of another
220 <<def_branch,branch>> (possibly from an external
221 <<def_repository,repository>>) into the current branch. In the
222 case where the merged-in branch is from a different repository,
223 this is done by first <<def_fetch,fetching>> the remote branch
224 and then merging the result into the current branch. This
225 combination of fetch and merge operations is called a
226 <<def_pull,pull>>. Merging is performed by an automatic process
227 that identifies changes made since the branches diverged, and
228 then applies all those changes together. In cases where changes
229 conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the
230 merge.
231 +
232 As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast-forward>>, a
233 successful merge results in the creation of a new <<def_commit,commit>>
234 representing the result of the merge, and having as
235 <<def_parent,parents>> the tips of the merged <<def_branch,branches>>.
236 This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
237 "merge".
239 [[def_object]]object::
240 The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the
241 <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> of its contents. Consequently, an
242 object can not be changed.
244 [[def_object_database]]object database::
245 Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <<def_object,object>> is
246 identified by its <<def_object_name,object name>>. The objects usually
247 live in `$GIT_DIR/objects/`.
249 [[def_object_identifier]]object identifier::
250 Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
252 [[def_object_name]]object name::
253 The unique identifier of an <<def_object,object>>. The
254 object name is usually represented by a 40 character
255 hexadecimal string. Also colloquially called <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>.
257 [[def_object_type]]object type::
258 One of the identifiers "<<def_commit_object,commit>>",
259 "<<def_tree_object,tree>>", "<<def_tag_object,tag>>" or
260 "<<def_blob_object,blob>>" describing the type of an
261 <<def_object,object>>.
263 [[def_octopus]]octopus::
264 To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two <<def_branch,branches>>.
266 [[def_origin]]origin::
267 The default upstream <<def_repository,repository>>. Most projects have
268 at least one upstream project which they track. By default
269 'origin' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
270 will be fetched into <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branches>> named
271 origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
272 `git branch -r`.
274 [[def_pack]]pack::
275 A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
276 or to transmit them efficiently).
278 [[def_pack_index]]pack index::
279 The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a
280 <<def_pack,pack>>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a
281 pack.
283 [[def_pathspec]]pathspec::
284 Pattern used to limit paths in Git commands.
285 +
286 Pathspecs are used on the command line of "git ls-files", "git
287 ls-tree", "git add", "git grep", "git diff", "git checkout",
288 and many other commands to
289 limit the scope of operations to some subset of the tree or
290 worktree. See the documentation of each command for whether
291 paths are relative to the current directory or toplevel. The
292 pathspec syntax is as follows:
293 +
294 --
296 * any path matches itself
297 * the pathspec up to the last slash represents a
298 directory prefix. The scope of that pathspec is
299 limited to that subtree.
300 * the rest of the pathspec is a pattern for the remainder
301 of the pathname. Paths relative to the directory
302 prefix will be matched against that pattern using fnmatch(3);
303 in particular, '*' and '?' _can_ match directory separators.
305 --
306 +
307 For example, Documentation/*.jpg will match all .jpg files
308 in the Documentation subtree,
309 including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg.
310 +
311 A pathspec that begins with a colon `:` has special meaning. In the
312 short form, the leading colon `:` is followed by zero or more "magic
313 signature" letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon `:`),
314 and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path. The optional
315 colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be omitted if the pattern
316 begins with a character that cannot be a "magic signature" and is not a
317 colon.
318 +
319 In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by a open
320 parenthesis `(`, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words",
321 and a close parentheses `)`, and the remainder is the pattern to match
322 against the path.
323 +
324 The "magic signature" consists of an ASCII symbol that is not
325 alphanumeric.
326 +
327 --
328 top `/`;;
329 The magic word `top` (mnemonic: `/`) makes the pattern match
330 from the root of the working tree, even when you are running
331 the command from inside a subdirectory.
333 literal;;
334 Wildcards in the pattern such as `*` or `?` are treated
335 as literal characters.
337 glob;;
338 Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for
339 consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag:
340 wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname.
341 For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches
342 "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html"
343 or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html".
344 +
345 Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against
346 full pathname may have special meaning:
348 - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all
349 directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory
350 "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "**/foo/bar"
351 matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly
352 under directory "`foo`".
354 - A trailing "/**" matches everything inside. For example,
355 "abc/**" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative
356 to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth.
358 - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash
359 matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`"
360 matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on.
362 - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid.
363 +
364 Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic.
365 --
366 +
367 Currently only the slash `/` is recognized as the "magic signature",
368 but it is envisioned that we will support more types of magic in later
369 versions of Git.
370 +
371 A pathspec with only a colon means "there is no pathspec". This form
372 should not be combined with other pathspec.
374 [[def_parent]]parent::
375 A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> contains a (possibly empty) list
376 of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its
377 parents.
379 [[def_pickaxe]]pickaxe::
380 The term <<def_pickaxe,pickaxe>> refers to an option to the diffcore
381 routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
382 string. With the `--pickaxe-all` option, it can be used to view the full
383 <<def_changeset,changeset>> that introduced or removed, say, a
384 particular line of text. See linkgit:git-diff[1].
386 [[def_plumbing]]plumbing::
387 Cute name for <<def_core_git,core Git>>.
389 [[def_porcelain]]porcelain::
390 Cute name for programs and program suites depending on
391 <<def_core_git,core Git>>, presenting a high level access to
392 core Git. Porcelains expose more of a <<def_SCM,SCM>>
393 interface than the <<def_plumbing,plumbing>>.
395 [[def_pull]]pull::
396 Pulling a <<def_branch,branch>> means to <<def_fetch,fetch>> it and
397 <<def_merge,merge>> it. See also linkgit:git-pull[1].
399 [[def_push]]push::
400 Pushing a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the branch's
401 <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote <<def_repository,repository>>,
402 find out if it is a direct ancestor to the branch's local
403 head ref, and in that case, putting all
404 objects, which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the local
405 head ref, and which are missing from the remote
406 repository, into the remote
407 <<def_object_database,object database>>, and updating the remote
408 head ref. If the remote <<def_head,head>> is not an
409 ancestor to the local head, the push fails.
411 [[def_reachable]]reachable::
412 All of the ancestors of a given <<def_commit,commit>> are said to be
413 "reachable" from that commit. More
414 generally, one <<def_object,object>> is reachable from
415 another if we can reach the one from the other by a <<def_chain,chain>>
416 that follows <<def_tag,tags>> to whatever they tag,
417 <<def_commit_object,commits>> to their parents or trees, and
418 <<def_tree_object,trees>> to the trees or <<def_blob_object,blobs>>
419 that they contain.
421 [[def_rebase]]rebase::
422 To reapply a series of changes from a <<def_branch,branch>> to a
423 different base, and reset the <<def_head,head>> of that branch
424 to the result.
426 [[def_ref]]ref::
427 A 40-byte hex representation of a <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> or a name that
428 denotes a particular <<def_object,object>>. They may be stored in
429 a file under `$GIT_DIR/refs/` directory, or
430 in the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file.
432 [[def_reflog]]reflog::
433 A reflog shows the local "history" of a ref. In other words,
434 it can tell you what the 3rd last revision in _this_ repository
435 was, and what was the current state in _this_ repository,
436 yesterday 9:14pm. See linkgit:git-reflog[1] for details.
438 [[def_refspec]]refspec::
439 A "refspec" is used by <<def_fetch,fetch>> and
440 <<def_push,push>> to describe the mapping between remote
441 <<def_ref,ref>> and local ref.
443 [[def_remote_tracking_branch]]remote-tracking branch::
444 A <<def_ref,ref>> that is used to follow changes from another
445 <<def_repository,repository>>. It typically looks like
446 'refs/remotes/foo/bar' (indicating that it tracks a branch named
447 'bar' in a remote named 'foo'), and matches the right-hand-side of
448 a configured fetch <<def_refspec,refspec>>. A remote-tracking
449 branch should not contain direct modifications or have local
450 commits made to it.
452 [[def_repository]]repository::
453 A collection of <<def_ref,refs>> together with an
454 <<def_object_database,object database>> containing all objects
455 which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the refs, possibly
456 accompanied by meta data from one or more <<def_porcelain,porcelains>>. A
457 repository can share an object database with other repositories
458 via <<def_alternate_object_database,alternates mechanism>>.
460 [[def_resolve]]resolve::
461 The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic
462 <<def_merge,merge>> left behind.
464 [[def_revision]]revision::
465 Synonym for <<def_commit,commit>> (the noun).
467 [[def_rewind]]rewind::
468 To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the
469 <<def_head,head>> to an earlier <<def_revision,revision>>.
471 [[def_SCM]]SCM::
472 Source code management (tool).
474 [[def_SHA1]]SHA-1::
475 "Secure Hash Algorithm 1"; a cryptographic hash function.
476 In the context of Git used as a synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
478 [[def_shallow_repository]]shallow repository::
479 A shallow <<def_repository,repository>> has an incomplete
480 history some of whose <<def_commit,commits>> have <<def_parent,parents>> cauterized away (in other
481 words, Git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the
482 parents, even though they are recorded in the <<def_commit_object,commit
483 object>>). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the
484 recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the
485 upstream is much larger. A shallow repository
486 is created by giving the `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1], and
487 its history can be later deepened with linkgit:git-fetch[1].
489 [[def_symref]]symref::
490 Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>
491 id itself, it is of the format 'ref: refs/some/thing' and when
492 referenced, it recursively dereferences to this reference.
493 '<<def_HEAD,HEAD>>' is a prime example of a symref. Symbolic
494 references are manipulated with the linkgit:git-symbolic-ref[1]
495 command.
497 [[def_tag]]tag::
498 A <<def_ref,ref>> under `refs/tags/` namespace that points to an
499 object of an arbitrary type (typically a tag points to either a
500 <<def_tag_object,tag>> or a <<def_commit_object,commit object>>).
501 In contrast to a <<def_head,head>>, a tag is not updated by
502 the `commit` command. A Git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp
503 tag (which would be called an <<def_object_type,object type>>
504 in Git's context). A tag is most typically used to mark a particular
505 point in the commit ancestry <<def_chain,chain>>.
507 [[def_tag_object]]tag object::
508 An <<def_object,object>> containing a <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to
509 another object, which can contain a message just like a
510 <<def_commit_object,commit object>>. It can also contain a (PGP)
511 signature, in which case it is called a "signed tag object".
513 [[def_topic_branch]]topic branch::
514 A regular Git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used by a developer to
515 identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy
516 and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches
517 that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
518 related changes.
520 [[def_tree]]tree::
521 Either a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, or a <<def_tree_object,tree
522 object>> together with the dependent <<def_blob_object,blob>> and tree objects
523 (i.e. a stored representation of a working tree).
525 [[def_tree_object]]tree object::
526 An <<def_object,object>> containing a list of file names and modes along
527 with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A
528 <<def_tree,tree>> is equivalent to a <<def_directory,directory>>.
530 [[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish::
531 A <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to either a <<def_commit_object,commit
532 object>>, a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>, or a <<def_tag_object,tag
533 object>> pointing to a tag or commit or tree object.
535 [[def_unmerged_index]]unmerged index::
536 An <<def_index,index>> which contains unmerged
537 <<def_index_entry,index entries>>.
539 [[def_unreachable_object]]unreachable object::
540 An <<def_object,object>> which is not <<def_reachable,reachable>> from a
541 <<def_branch,branch>>, <<def_tag,tag>>, or any other reference.
543 [[def_upstream_branch]]upstream branch::
544 The default <<def_branch,branch>> that is merged into the branch in
545 question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured
546 via branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge. If the upstream branch
547 of 'A' is 'origin/B' sometimes we say "'A' is tracking 'origin/B'".
549 [[def_working_tree]]working tree::
550 The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally
551 contains the contents of the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> commit's tree,
552 plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed.