| blob | 51789a41712b1d9a6859c823916c8fd92c9e752c |
5 <head>
10 /* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
12 /* Default font. */
13 body {
14 font-family: Georgia,serif;
15 }
17 /* Title font. */
18 h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
19 div.title, caption.title,
20 thead, p.table.header,
21 #toctitle,
22 #author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
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25 }
27 body {
29 }
31 a {
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33 text-decoration: underline;
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95 padding: 0;
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417 div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
420 /*
421 * xhtml11 specific
422 *
423 * */
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431 }
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455 *
456 * */
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516 /*
517 * manpage specific
518 *
519 * */
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534 @media print {
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536 }
539 </style>
541 /*<![CDATA[*/
542 var asciidoc = { // Namespace.
544 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
545 // Table Of Contents generator
546 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
548 /* Author: Mihai Bazon, September 2002
549 * http://students.infoiasi.ro/~mishoo
550 *
551 * Table Of Content generator
552 * Version: 0.4
553 *
554 * Feel free to use this script under the terms of the GNU General Public
555 * License, as long as you do not remove or alter this notice.
556 */
558 /* modified by Troy D. Hanson, September 2006. License: GPL */
562 toc: function (toclevels) {
564 function getText(el) {
565 var text = "";
566 for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
567 if (i.nodeType == 3 /* Node.TEXT_NODE */) // IE doesn't speak constants.
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570 text += getText(i);
571 }
572 return text;
573 }
575 function TocEntry(el, text, toclevel) {
576 this.element = el;
577 this.text = text;
578 this.toclevel = toclevel;
579 }
581 function tocEntries(el, toclevels) {
582 var result = new Array;
584 // Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
585 // nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
586 // browsers).
587 var iterate = function (el) {
588 for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
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594 iterate(i);
595 }
596 }
597 }
598 iterate(el);
599 return result;
600 }
602 var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
603 if (!toc) {
604 return;
605 }
607 // Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
608 var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
609 var i;
610 for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
611 var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
612 if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
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617 for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
618 toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
619 }
621 // Rebuild TOC entries.
622 var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
623 for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
624 var entry = entries[i];
625 if (entry.element.id == "")
626 entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
627 var a = document.createElement("a");
628 a.href = "#" + entry.element.id;
629 a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
630 var div = document.createElement("div");
631 div.appendChild(a);
632 div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
633 toc.appendChild(div);
634 }
635 if (entries.length == 0)
636 toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
637 },
640 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
641 // Footnotes generator
642 /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
644 /* Based on footnote generation code from:
646 */
648 footnotes: function () {
649 // Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
650 var i;
651 var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
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673 var note = spans[i].getAttribute("data-note");
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675 // Use [\s\S] in place of . so multi-line matches work.
676 // Because JavaScript has no s (dotall) regex flag.
677 note = spans[i].innerHTML.match(/\s*\[([\s\S]*)]\s*/)[1];
678 spans[i].innerHTML =
681 spans[i].setAttribute("data-note", note);
682 }
683 noteholder.innerHTML +=
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688 if (id != null) refs["#"+id] = n;
689 }
690 }
691 if (n == 0)
692 noteholder.parentNode.removeChild(noteholder);
693 else {
694 // Process footnoterefs.
696 if (spans[i].className == "footnoteref") {
698 href = href.match(/#.*/)[0]; // Because IE return full URL.
699 n = refs[href];
700 spans[i].innerHTML =
701 "[<a href='#_footnote_" + n +
703 }
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705 }
706 },
708 install: function(toclevels) {
709 var timerId;
711 function reinstall() {
712 asciidoc.footnotes();
713 if (toclevels) {
714 asciidoc.toc(toclevels);
715 }
716 }
718 function reinstallAndRemoveTimer() {
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727 window.onload = reinstallAndRemoveTimer;
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730 }
731 asciidoc.install();
732 /*]]>*/
733 </script>
734 </head>
737 <h1>
738 git-rev-list(1) Manual Page
739 </h1>
742 <p>git-rev-list -
743 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
744 </p>
745 </div>
746 </div>
752 <pre class="content"><em>git rev-list</em> [<options>] <commit>… [--] [<path>…]</pre>
754 </div></div>
755 </div>
756 </div>
760 <div class="paragraph"><p>List commits that are reachable by following the <code>parent</code> links from the
761 given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
763 chronological order by default.</p></div>
764 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can think of this as a set operation. Commits reachable from any of
765 the commits given on the command line form a set, and then commits reachable
767 set. The remaining commits are what comes out in the command’s output.
768 Various other options and paths parameters can be used to further limit the
769 result.</p></div>
774 </div></div>
775 <div class="paragraph"><p>means "list all the commits which are reachable from <em>foo</em> or <em>bar</em>, but
777 <div class="paragraph"><p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a
778 short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of
779 the following may be used interchangeably:</p></div>
782 <pre><code>$ git rev-list origin..HEAD
783 $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin</code></pre>
784 </div></div>
785 <div class="paragraph"><p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…<em><commit2></em>" which is useful
786 for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
787 between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p></div>
790 <pre><code>$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
791 $ git rev-list A...B</code></pre>
792 </div></div>
794 provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
795 this reason, it has a lot of different options that enable it to be
798 </div>
799 </div>
806 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
807 limiting may be applied.</p></div>
809 <code>--since=<date1></code> limits to commits newer than <code><date1></code>, and using it
817 </dt>
820 </dt>
823 </dt>
824 <dd>
825 <p>
826 Limit the number of commits to output.
827 </p>
828 </dd>
831 </dt>
832 <dd>
833 <p>
835 </p>
836 </dd>
839 </dt>
842 </dt>
843 <dd>
844 <p>
845 Show commits more recent than a specific date.
846 </p>
847 </dd>
850 </dt>
851 <dd>
852 <p>
853 Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
854 all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
855 is older than a specific date.
856 </p>
857 </dd>
860 </dt>
863 </dt>
864 <dd>
865 <p>
866 Show commits older than a specific date.
867 </p>
868 </dd>
871 </dt>
874 </dt>
875 <dd>
876 <p>
877 Limit the commits output to specified time range.
878 </p>
879 </dd>
882 </dt>
885 </dt>
886 <dd>
887 <p>
888 Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
889 header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
891 commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
893 </p>
894 </dd>
897 </dt>
898 <dd>
899 <p>
900 Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
901 match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
903 matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an
905 </p>
906 </dd>
909 </dt>
910 <dd>
911 <p>
912 Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
913 matches the specified pattern (regular expression). With
915 matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
917 </p>
918 </dd>
920 --all-match
921 </dt>
922 <dd>
923 <p>
925 instead of ones that match at least one.
926 </p>
927 </dd>
929 --invert-grep
930 </dt>
931 <dd>
932 <p>
933 Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
935 </p>
936 </dd>
938 -i
939 </dt>
941 --regexp-ignore-case
942 </dt>
943 <dd>
944 <p>
945 Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
946 case.
947 </p>
948 </dd>
950 --basic-regexp
951 </dt>
952 <dd>
953 <p>
954 Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
955 this is the default.
956 </p>
957 </dd>
959 -E
960 </dt>
962 --extended-regexp
963 </dt>
964 <dd>
965 <p>
966 Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
967 instead of the default basic regular expressions.
968 </p>
969 </dd>
971 -F
972 </dt>
974 --fixed-strings
975 </dt>
976 <dd>
977 <p>
978 Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret
979 pattern as a regular expression).
980 </p>
981 </dd>
983 -P
984 </dt>
986 --perl-regexp
987 </dt>
988 <dd>
989 <p>
990 Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
991 expressions.
992 </p>
994 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them
995 providing this option will cause it to die.</p></div>
996 </dd>
998 --remove-empty
999 </dt>
1000 <dd>
1001 <p>
1002 Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
1003 </p>
1004 </dd>
1006 --merges
1007 </dt>
1008 <dd>
1009 <p>
1011 </p>
1012 </dd>
1014 --no-merges
1015 </dt>
1016 <dd>
1017 <p>
1018 Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
1020 </p>
1021 </dd>
1024 </dt>
1027 </dt>
1029 --no-min-parents
1030 </dt>
1032 --no-max-parents
1033 </dt>
1034 <dd>
1035 <p>
1036 Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
1038 <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>. <code>--max-parents=0</code>
1040 </p>
1041 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
1044 </dd>
1046 --first-parent
1047 </dt>
1048 <dd>
1049 <p>
1050 When finding commits to include, follow only the first
1051 parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option
1052 can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
1053 a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
1054 branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
1055 from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
1056 the individual commits brought in to your history by such
1057 a merge.
1058 </p>
1059 </dd>
1061 --exclude-first-parent-only
1062 </dt>
1063 <dd>
1064 <p>
1066 the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
1067 This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
1068 from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
1069 that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.
1070 </p>
1071 </dd>
1073 --not
1074 </dt>
1075 <dd>
1076 <p>
1079 When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
1080 through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
1081 via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
1082 not be affected by it.
1083 </p>
1084 </dd>
1086 --all
1087 </dt>
1088 <dd>
1089 <p>
1092 </p>
1093 </dd>
1096 </dt>
1097 <dd>
1098 <p>
1103 </p>
1104 </dd>
1107 </dt>
1108 <dd>
1109 <p>
1114 </p>
1115 </dd>
1118 </dt>
1119 <dd>
1120 <p>
1123 remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
1124 If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>*</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/*</em> at the end is implied.
1125 </p>
1126 </dd>
1129 </dt>
1130 <dd>
1131 <p>
1136 </p>
1137 </dd>
1140 </dt>
1141 <dd>
1142 <p>
1144 <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
1145 consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
1146 up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
1148 accumulated patterns).
1149 </p>
1150 <div class="paragraph"><p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
1151 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
1154 explicitly.</p></div>
1155 </dd>
1157 --exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]
1158 </dt>
1159 <dd>
1160 <p>
1167 </p>
1168 </dd>
1170 --reflog
1171 </dt>
1172 <dd>
1173 <p>
1174 Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
1176 </p>
1177 </dd>
1179 --alternate-refs
1180 </dt>
1181 <dd>
1182 <p>
1183 Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
1184 repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
1185 repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
1189 </p>
1190 </dd>
1192 --single-worktree
1193 </dt>
1194 <dd>
1195 <p>
1196 By default, all working trees will be examined by the
1197 following options when there are more than one (see
1198 <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
1200 This option forces them to examine the current working tree
1201 only.
1202 </p>
1203 </dd>
1205 --ignore-missing
1206 </dt>
1207 <dd>
1208 <p>
1209 Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
1210 the bad input was not given.
1211 </p>
1212 </dd>
1214 --stdin
1215 </dt>
1216 <dd>
1217 <p>
1218 In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
1219 them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
1220 pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
1221 is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
1223 are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
1224 influence any subsequent command line arguments.
1225 </p>
1226 </dd>
1228 --quiet
1229 </dt>
1230 <dd>
1231 <p>
1232 Don’t print anything to standard output. This form
1233 is primarily meant to allow the caller to
1234 test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully
1235 connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout
1237 </p>
1238 </dd>
1240 --disk-usage
1241 </dt>
1243 --disk-usage=human
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247 Suppress normal output; instead, print the sum of the bytes used
1248 for on-disk storage by the selected commits or objects. This is
1249 equivalent to piping the output into <code>git cat-file
1250 --batch-check='%(objectsize:disk)'</code>, except that it runs much
1253 "on-disk storage" means.
1256 </p>
1257 </dd>
1259 --cherry-mark
1260 </dt>
1261 <dd>
1262 <p>
1265 </p>
1266 </dd>
1268 --cherry-pick
1269 </dt>
1270 <dd>
1271 <p>
1272 Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
1274 commits are limited with symmetric difference.
1275 </p>
1276 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
1277 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
1281 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
1282 excluded from the output.</p></div>
1283 </dd>
1285 --left-only
1286 </dt>
1288 --right-only
1289 </dt>
1290 <dd>
1291 <p>
1292 List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
1295 </p>
1296 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick --right-only A...B</code> omits those
1298 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git cherry A B</code>.
1300 list.</p></div>
1301 </dd>
1303 --cherry
1304 </dt>
1305 <dd>
1306 <p>
1308 limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
1309 have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
1312 </p>
1313 </dd>
1315 -g
1316 </dt>
1318 --walk-reflogs
1319 </dt>
1320 <dd>
1321 <p>
1322 Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
1323 reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
1324 When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
1327 </p>
1328 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
1329 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
1330 taken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown
1333 depending on a few rules:</p></div>
1337 <li>
1338 <p>
1340 format.
1341 </p>
1342 </li>
1343 <li>
1344 <p>
1346 timestamp format.
1347 </p>
1348 </li>
1349 <li>
1350 <p>
1353 </p>
1354 </li>
1355 <li>
1356 <p>
1357 Otherwise, show the index format.
1358 </p>
1359 </li>
1360 </ol></div>
1361 </div></div>
1363 prefixed with this information on the same line.
1366 <div class="paragraph"><p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p></div>
1367 </dd>
1369 --merge
1370 </dt>
1371 <dd>
1372 <p>
1373 After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
1374 conflict and don’t exist on all heads to merge.
1375 </p>
1376 </dd>
1378 --boundary
1379 </dt>
1380 <dd>
1381 <p>
1382 Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
1384 </p>
1385 </dd>
1387 --use-bitmap-index
1388 </dt>
1389 <dd>
1390 <p>
1391 Try to speed up the traversal using the pack bitmap index (if
1393 trees and blobs will not have their associated path printed.
1394 </p>
1395 </dd>
1398 </dt>
1399 <dd>
1400 <p>
1401 Show progress reports on stderr as objects are considered. The
1403 </p>
1404 </dd>
1405 </dl></div>
1406 </div>
1409 <div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
1412 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p></div>
1417 </dt>
1418 <dd>
1419 <p>
1421 </p>
1422 </dd>
1424 --simplify-by-decoration
1425 </dt>
1426 <dd>
1427 <p>
1428 Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
1429 </p>
1430 </dd>
1431 </dl></div>
1432 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p></div>
1433 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p></div>
1436 Default mode
1437 </dt>
1438 <dd>
1439 <p>
1440 Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
1441 final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
1442 branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
1443 with the same content)
1444 </p>
1445 </dd>
1447 --show-pulls
1448 </dt>
1449 <dd>
1450 <p>
1451 Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
1452 commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
1453 TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
1454 the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.
1455 </p>
1456 </dd>
1458 --full-history
1459 </dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>
1462 Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
1463 </p>
1464 </dd>
1466 --dense
1467 </dt>
1468 <dd>
1469 <p>
1470 Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
1471 meaningful history.
1472 </p>
1473 </dd>
1475 --sparse
1476 </dt>
1477 <dd>
1478 <p>
1479 All commits in the simplified history are shown.
1480 </p>
1481 </dd>
1483 --simplify-merges
1484 </dt>
1485 <dd>
1486 <p>
1488 merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
1489 commits contributing to this merge.
1490 </p>
1491 </dd>
1494 </dt>
1495 <dd>
1496 <p>
1502 times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
1503 given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.
1504 </p>
1505 </dd>
1506 </dl></div>
1508 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the <paths>. We shall call commits
1511 <div class="paragraph"><p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
1512 illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume
1516 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1517 / / / / / /
1518 I B C D E Y
1519 \ / / / / /
1520 `-------------' X</code></pre>
1521 </div></div>
1522 <div class="paragraph"><p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
1523 each merge. The commits are:</p></div>
1525 <li>
1526 <p>
1528 “asdf”, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents “quux”. Initial
1530 </p>
1531 </li>
1532 <li>
1533 <p>
1535 </p>
1536 </li>
1537 <li>
1538 <p>
1539 <code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>. Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1540 hence TREESAME to all parents.
1541 </p>
1542 </li>
1543 <li>
1544 <p>
1545 <code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to “foobar”,
1546 so it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1547 </p>
1548 </li>
1549 <li>
1550 <p>
1551 <code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to “baz”. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1552 <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to “foobarbaz”; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1553 </p>
1554 </li>
1555 <li>
1556 <p>
1557 <code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to “xyzzy”, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1558 strings to “quux xyzzy”. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.
1559 </p>
1560 </li>
1561 <li>
1562 <p>
1563 <code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1564 modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1566 </p>
1567 </li>
1568 </ul></div>
1569 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1572 are available.</p></div>
1575 Default mode
1576 </dt>
1577 <dd>
1578 <p>
1579 Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1581 commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1582 only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME
1583 parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all
1584 parents.
1585 </p>
1589 <pre><code> .-A---N---O
1590 / / /
1591 I---------D</code></pre>
1592 </div></div>
1597 <div class="paragraph"><p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1598 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1599 parent lines.</p></div>
1600 </dd>
1602 --full-history without parent rewriting
1603 </dt>
1604 <dd>
1605 <p>
1606 This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1607 all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1608 Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1609 included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In
1610 the example, we get
1611 </p>
1615 </div></div>
1616 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. <code>E</code>,
1617 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1618 do not appear.</p></div>
1619 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1620 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1621 them disconnected.</p></div>
1622 </dd>
1624 --full-history with parent rewriting
1625 </dt>
1626 <dd>
1627 <p>
1628 Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1630 </p>
1632 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1633 themselves. This results in</p></div>
1636 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1637 / / / / /
1638 I B / D /
1639 \ / / / /
1640 `-------------'</code></pre>
1641 </div></div>
1642 <div class="paragraph"><p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above. Note that <code>E</code>
1643 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1644 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>. The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1646 </dd>
1647 </dl></div>
1649 affects inclusion:</p></div>
1652 --dense
1653 </dt>
1654 <dd>
1655 <p>
1656 Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1657 to any parent.
1658 </p>
1659 </dd>
1661 --sparse
1662 </dt>
1663 <dd>
1664 <p>
1665 All commits that are walked are included.
1666 </p>
1667 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1668 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1669 sides of the merge are never walked.</p></div>
1670 </dd>
1672 --simplify-merges
1673 </dt>
1674 <dd>
1675 <p>
1676 First, build a history graph in the same way that
1678 </p>
1679 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C'</code> in the final
1680 history according to the following rules:</p></div>
1684 <li>
1685 <p>
1687 </p>
1688 </li>
1689 <li>
1690 <p>
1691 Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C'</code> with its simplification <code>P'</code>. In
1692 the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1693 root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1694 to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.
1695 </p>
1696 </li>
1697 <li>
1698 <p>
1701 Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
1702 </p>
1703 </li>
1704 </ul></div>
1705 </div></div>
1710 <pre><code> .-A---M---N---O
1711 / / /
1712 I B D
1713 \ / /
1714 `---------'</code></pre>
1715 </div></div>
1716 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p></div>
1720 <li>
1721 <p>
1724 </p>
1725 </li>
1726 <li>
1727 <p>
1729 removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
1730 </p>
1731 </li>
1732 <li>
1733 <p>
1734 <code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1736 parent and is TREESAME.
1737 </p>
1738 </li>
1739 </ul></div>
1740 </div></div>
1741 </dd>
1742 </dl></div>
1747 </dt>
1748 <dd>
1749 <p>
1750 Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1752 itself.
1753 </p>
1754 <div class="paragraph"><p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p></div>
1757 <pre><code> D---E-------F
1758 / \ \
1759 B---C---G---H---I---J
1760 / \
1761 A-------K---------------L--M</code></pre>
1762 </div></div>
1763 <div class="paragraph"><p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1766 that “what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>”. The result in this
1767 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1768 of course).</p></div>
1769 <div class="paragraph"><p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1772 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1776 <pre><code> E-------F
1777 \ \
1778 G---H---I---J
1779 \
1780 L--M</code></pre>
1781 </div></div>
1782 <div class="paragraph"><p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1784 explicit.</p></div>
1785 <div class="paragraph"><p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1786 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1791 <pre><code> E
1792 \
1793 G---H---I---J
1794 \
1795 L--M</code></pre>
1796 </div></div>
1797 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K D..M</code> would result in</p></div>
1801 </div></div>
1802 </dd>
1803 </dl></div>
1804 <div class="paragraph"><p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1805 create a new example history.</p></div>
1806 <div class="paragraph"><p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1807 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file’s
1808 simplified history. Let’s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1809 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p></div>
1812 <pre><code> .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1813 / / \ \ \/ / /
1814 I B \ R-'`-Z' /
1815 \ / \/ /
1816 \ / /\ /
1817 `---X--' `---Y--'</code></pre>
1818 </div></div>
1819 <div class="paragraph"><p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1820 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1821 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1825 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1827 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1830 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1831 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1832 graph is:</p></div>
1836 </div></div>
1837 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1838 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1839 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p></div>
1842 <pre><code> .-A---M--------N---O---P
1843 / / \ \ \/ / /
1844 I B \ R-'`--' /
1845 \ / \/ /
1846 \ / /\ /
1847 `---X--' `------'</code></pre>
1848 </div></div>
1849 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1852 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1853 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1855 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1856 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1858 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1860 in a history view as follows:</p></div>
1863 <pre><code> .-A---M--.
1864 / / \
1865 I B R
1866 \ / /
1867 \ / /
1868 `---X--'</code></pre>
1869 </div></div>
1871 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1874 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p></div>
1877 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1878 use for very large repositories.</p></div>
1879 <div class="paragraph"><p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1880 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1882 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1883 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1884 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1885 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1886 commit message.</p></div>
1889 --show-pulls
1890 </dt>
1891 <dd>
1892 <p>
1893 In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1894 each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1895 is TREESAME to a later parent.
1896 </p>
1897 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1898 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1900 graph is:</p></div>
1904 </div></div>
1905 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1908 default history.</p></div>
1909 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1910 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p></div>
1913 <pre><code> .-A---M--. N
1914 / / \ /
1915 I B R
1916 \ / /
1917 \ / /
1918 `---X--'</code></pre>
1919 </div></div>
1920 <div class="paragraph"><p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
1923 branch.</p></div>
1924 </dd>
1925 </dl></div>
1926 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
1927 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
1928 that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME
1929 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
1931 contents of the paths given on the command line. All other
1932 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p></div>
1933 </div>
1938 --bisect
1939 </dt>
1940 <dd>
1941 <p>
1942 Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
1943 included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection ref
1946 added to the excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there
1948 </p>
1952 </div></div>
1956 <pre><code> $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
1957 $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz</code></pre>
1958 </div></div>
1960 introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
1961 generate and test new 'midpoint’s until the commit chain is of length
1962 one.</p></div>
1963 </dd>
1965 --bisect-vars
1966 </dt>
1967 <dd>
1968 <p>
1971 text ready to be eval’ed by the shell. These lines will assign the
1979 </p>
1980 </dd>
1982 --bisect-all
1983 </dt>
1984 <dd>
1985 <p>
1986 This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded
1987 commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded
1989 from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
1991 </p>
1993 test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they
1994 may not compile for example).</p></div>
1995 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option can be used along with <code>--bisect-vars</code>, in this case,
1996 after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if
1998 </dd>
1999 </dl></div>
2000 </div>
2003 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p></div>
2006 --date-order
2007 </dt>
2008 <dd>
2009 <p>
2010 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
2011 otherwise show commits in the commit timestamp order.
2012 </p>
2013 </dd>
2015 --author-date-order
2016 </dt>
2017 <dd>
2018 <p>
2019 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, but
2020 otherwise show commits in the author timestamp order.
2021 </p>
2022 </dd>
2024 --topo-order
2025 </dt>
2026 <dd>
2027 <p>
2028 Show no parents before all of its children are shown, and
2029 avoid showing commits on multiple lines of history
2030 intermixed.
2031 </p>
2036 \ \
2038 </div></div>
2042 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--topo-order</code>, they would show 8 6 5 3 7 4 2 1 (or 8 7 4 2 6 5
2043 3 1); some older commits are shown before newer ones in order to
2044 avoid showing the commits from two parallel development track mixed
2045 together.</p></div>
2046 </dd>
2048 --reverse
2049 </dt>
2050 <dd>
2051 <p>
2052 Output the commits chosen to be shown (see Commit Limiting
2053 section above) in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
2055 </p>
2056 </dd>
2057 </dl></div>
2058 </div>
2061 <div class="paragraph"><p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of Git repositories.</p></div>
2064 --objects
2065 </dt>
2066 <dd>
2067 <p>
2068 Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
2070 all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
2072 </p>
2073 </dd>
2075 --in-commit-order
2076 </dt>
2077 <dd>
2078 <p>
2079 Print tree and blob ids in order of the commits. The tree
2080 and blob ids are printed after they are first referenced
2081 by a commit.
2082 </p>
2083 </dd>
2085 --objects-edge
2086 </dt>
2087 <dd>
2088 <p>
2091 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a> to build a “thin” pack, which records
2092 objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
2093 excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
2094 </p>
2095 </dd>
2097 --objects-edge-aggressive
2098 </dt>
2099 <dd>
2100 <p>
2102 commits at the cost of increased time. This is used instead of
2104 </p>
2105 </dd>
2107 --indexed-objects
2108 </dt>
2109 <dd>
2110 <p>
2111 Pretend as if all trees and blobs used by the index are listed
2112 on the command line. Note that you probably want to use
2114 </p>
2115 </dd>
2117 --unpacked
2118 </dt>
2119 <dd>
2120 <p>
2122 in packs.
2123 </p>
2124 </dd>
2126 --object-names
2127 </dt>
2128 <dd>
2129 <p>
2131 that are found. This is the default behavior. Note that the
2132 "name" of each object is ambiguous, and mostly intended as a
2133 hint for packing objects. In particular: no distinction is made between
2134 the names of tags, trees, and blobs; path names may be modified
2135 to remove newlines; and if an object would appear multiple times
2136 with different names, only one name is shown.
2137 </p>
2138 </dd>
2140 --no-object-names
2141 </dt>
2142 <dd>
2143 <p>
2146 the output to be more easily parsed by commands such as
2148 </p>
2149 </dd>
2152 </dt>
2153 <dd>
2154 <p>
2157 may be one of the following:
2158 </p>
2160 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=blob:limit=<n>[kmg]</em> omits blobs larger than n bytes
2161 or units. n may be zero. The suffixes k, m, and g can be used to name
2164 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=object:type=(tag|commit|tree|blob)</em> omits all objects
2165 which are not of the requested type.</p></div>
2166 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=sparse:oid=<blob-ish></em> uses a sparse-checkout
2168 to omit blobs that would not be required for a sparse checkout on
2169 the requested refs.</p></div>
2170 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=tree:<depth></em> omits all blobs and trees whose depth
2173 any trees or blobs unless included explicitly in the command-line (or
2175 tree and blobs which are referenced directly by a commit reachable from
2177 while also including trees and blobs one more level removed from an
2178 explicitly-given commit or tree.</p></div>
2179 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the form <em>--filter=sparse:path=<path></em> that wants to read
2180 from an arbitrary path on the filesystem has been dropped for security
2181 reasons.</p></div>
2182 <div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple <em>--filter=</em> flags can be specified to combine filters. Only
2183 objects which are accepted by every filter are included.</p></div>
2184 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--filter=combine:<filter1>+<filter2>+…<filterN></em> can also be
2185 used to combined several filters, but this is harder than just repeating
2189 reserved and also must be encoded: <code>~!@#$^&*()[]{}\;",<>?</code><code>'`</code>
2190 as well as all characters with ASCII code <= <code>0x20</code>, which includes
2191 space and newline.</p></div>
2193 <em>combine:tree:3+blob:none</em> and <em>combine:tree%3A3+blob%3Anone</em> are
2194 equivalent.</p></div>
2195 </dd>
2197 --no-filter
2198 </dt>
2199 <dd>
2200 <p>
2201 Turn off any previous <code>--filter=</code> argument.
2202 </p>
2203 </dd>
2205 --filter-provided-objects
2206 </dt>
2207 <dd>
2208 <p>
2209 Filter the list of explicitly provided objects, which would otherwise
2210 always be printed even if they did not match any of the filters. Only
2211 useful with <code>--filter=</code>.
2212 </p>
2213 </dd>
2215 --filter-print-omitted
2216 </dt>
2217 <dd>
2218 <p>
2219 Only useful with <code>--filter=</code>; prints a list of the objects omitted
2220 by the filter. Object IDs are prefixed with a “~” character.
2221 </p>
2222 </dd>
2224 --missing=<missing-action>
2225 </dt>
2226 <dd>
2227 <p>
2229 This option specifies how missing objects are handled.
2230 </p>
2231 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=error</em> requests that rev-list stop with an error if
2232 a missing object is encountered. This is the default action.</p></div>
2233 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=allow-any</em> will allow object traversal to continue
2234 if a missing object is encountered. Missing objects will silently be
2235 omitted from the results.</p></div>
2236 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=allow-promisor</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will only
2237 allow object traversal to continue for EXPECTED promisor missing objects.
2238 Unexpected missing objects will raise an error.</p></div>
2239 <div class="paragraph"><p>The form <em>--missing=print</em> is like <em>allow-any</em>, but will also print a
2240 list of the missing objects. Object IDs are prefixed with a “?” character.</p></div>
2241 </dd>
2243 --exclude-promisor-objects
2244 </dt>
2245 <dd>
2246 <p>
2247 (For internal use only.) Prefilter object traversal at
2248 promisor boundary. This is used with partial clone. This is
2249 stronger than <code>--missing=allow-promisor</code> because it limits the
2250 traversal, rather than just silencing errors about missing
2251 objects.
2252 </p>
2253 </dd>
2255 --no-walk[=(sorted|unsorted)]
2256 </dt>
2257 <dd>
2258 <p>
2259 Only show the given commits, but do not traverse their ancestors.
2260 This has no effect if a range is specified. If the argument
2261 <code>unsorted</code> is given, the commits are shown in the order they were
2262 given on the command line. Otherwise (if <code>sorted</code> or no argument
2263 was given), the commits are shown in reverse chronological order
2264 by commit time.
2265 Cannot be combined with <code>--graph</code>.
2266 </p>
2267 </dd>
2269 --do-walk
2270 </dt>
2271 <dd>
2272 <p>
2273 Overrides a previous <code>--no-walk</code>.
2274 </p>
2275 </dd>
2276 </dl></div>
2277 </div>
2280 <div class="paragraph"><p>Using these options, <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> will act similar to the
2282 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></p></div>
2285 --pretty[=<format>]
2286 </dt>
2288 --format=<format>
2289 </dt>
2290 <dd>
2291 <p>
2292 Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
2293 where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
2294 <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:<string></em>
2295 and <em>tformat:<string></em>. When <em><format></em> is none of the above,
2296 and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
2297 <em>--pretty=tformat:<format></em> were given.
2298 </p>
2299 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
2300 format. When <em>=<format></em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p></div>
2303 </dd>
2305 --abbrev-commit
2306 </dt>
2307 <dd>
2308 <p>
2309 Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
2310 name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
2312 option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.
2313 </p>
2315 people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
2316 </dd>
2318 --no-abbrev-commit
2319 </dt>
2320 <dd>
2321 <p>
2322 Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
2323 <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
2325 </p>
2326 </dd>
2328 --oneline
2329 </dt>
2330 <dd>
2331 <p>
2333 used together.
2334 </p>
2335 </dd>
2337 --encoding=<encoding>
2338 </dt>
2339 <dd>
2340 <p>
2341 Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
2342 in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
2343 command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
2344 preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
2345 defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
2346 in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
2347 verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
2348 commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
2349 to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
2350 object verbatim.
2351 </p>
2352 </dd>
2354 --expand-tabs=<n>
2355 </dt>
2357 --expand-tabs
2358 </dt>
2360 --no-expand-tabs
2361 </dt>
2362 <dd>
2363 <p>
2364 Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
2365 to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em><n></em>)
2366 in the log message before showing it in the output.
2367 <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
2368 <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
2369 which disables tab expansion.
2370 </p>
2372 message by 4 spaces (i.e. <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
2373 and <em>fuller</em>).</p></div>
2374 </dd>
2376 --show-signature
2377 </dt>
2378 <dd>
2379 <p>
2380 Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
2381 to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.
2382 </p>
2383 </dd>
2385 --relative-date
2386 </dt>
2387 <dd>
2388 <p>
2389 Synonym for <code>--date=relative</code>.
2390 </p>
2391 </dd>
2393 --date=<format>
2394 </dt>
2395 <dd>
2396 <p>
2397 Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
2398 as when using <code>--pretty</code>. <code>log.date</code> config variable sets a default
2399 value for the log command’s <code>--date</code> option. By default, dates
2400 are shown in the original time zone (either committer’s or
2401 author’s). If <code>-local</code> is appended to the format (e.g.,
2402 <code>iso-local</code>), the user’s local time zone is used instead.
2403 </p>
2406 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=relative</code> shows dates relative to the current time,
2407 e.g. “2 hours ago”. The <code>-local</code> option has no effect for
2408 <code>--date=relative</code>.</p></div>
2409 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=local</code> is an alias for <code>--date=default-local</code>.</p></div>
2410 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=iso</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601</code>) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
2411 The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:</p></div>
2413 <li>
2414 <p>
2415 a space instead of the <code>T</code> date/time delimiter
2416 </p>
2417 </li>
2418 <li>
2419 <p>
2420 a space between time and time zone
2421 </p>
2422 </li>
2423 <li>
2424 <p>
2425 no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone
2426 </p>
2427 </li>
2428 </ul></div>
2429 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=iso-strict</code> (or <code>--date=iso8601-strict</code>) shows timestamps in strict
2430 ISO 8601 format.</p></div>
2431 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=rfc</code> (or <code>--date=rfc2822</code>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
2432 format, often found in email messages.</p></div>
2433 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=short</code> shows only the date, but not the time, in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format.</p></div>
2434 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=raw</code> shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
2435 00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
2436 from UTC (a <code>+</code> or <code>-</code> with four digits; the first two are hours, and
2437 the second two are minutes). I.e., as if the timestamp were formatted
2439 Note that the <code>-local</code> option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
2440 value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
2441 timezone value.</p></div>
2442 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=human</code> shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
2443 current time-zone, and doesn’t print the whole date if that matches
2445 the whole date itself if it’s in the last few days and we can just say
2446 what weekday it was). For older dates the hour and minute is also
2447 omitted.</p></div>
2448 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=unix</code> shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
2449 1970). As with <code>--raw</code>, this is always in UTC and therefore <code>-local</code>
2450 has no effect.</p></div>
2451 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=format:...</code> feeds the format <code>...</code> to your system <code>strftime</code>,
2452 except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
2453 Use <code>--date=format:%c</code> to show the date in your system locale’s
2454 preferred format. See the <code>strftime</code> manual for a complete list of
2455 format placeholders. When using <code>-local</code>, the correct syntax is
2456 <code>--date=format-local:...</code>.</p></div>
2457 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--date=default</code> is the default format, and is based on ctime(3)
2458 output. It shows a single line with three-letter day of the week,
2460 format, followed by 4-digit year, plus timezone information, unless
2461 the local time zone is used, e.g. <code>Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 +0000</code>.</p></div>
2462 </div></div>
2463 </dd>
2465 --header
2466 </dt>
2467 <dd>
2468 <p>
2469 Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
2470 separated with a NUL character.
2471 </p>
2472 </dd>
2474 --no-commit-header
2475 </dt>
2476 <dd>
2477 <p>
2479 the specified format. This has no effect on the built-in formats; only custom
2480 formats are affected.
2481 </p>
2482 </dd>
2484 --commit-header
2485 </dt>
2486 <dd>
2487 <p>
2488 Overrides a previous <code>--no-commit-header</code>.
2489 </p>
2490 </dd>
2492 --parents
2493 </dt>
2494 <dd>
2495 <p>
2497 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.
2498 </p>
2499 </dd>
2501 --children
2502 </dt>
2503 <dd>
2504 <p>
2506 Also enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.
2507 </p>
2508 </dd>
2510 --timestamp
2511 </dt>
2512 <dd>
2513 <p>
2514 Print the raw commit timestamp.
2515 </p>
2516 </dd>
2518 --left-right
2519 </dt>
2520 <dd>
2521 <p>
2522 Mark which side of a symmetric difference a commit is reachable from.
2523 Commits from the left side are prefixed with <code><</code> and those from
2524 the right with <code>></code>. If combined with <code>--boundary</code>, those
2525 commits are prefixed with <code>-</code>.
2526 </p>
2530 <pre><code> y---b---b branch B
2531 / \ /
2532 / .
2533 / / \
2534 o---x---a---a branch A</code></pre>
2535 </div></div>
2539 <pre><code> $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
2541 >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
2542 >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
2543 <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
2544 <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
2545 -yyyyyyy... 1st on b
2546 -xxxxxxx... 1st on a</code></pre>
2547 </div></div>
2548 </dd>
2550 --graph
2551 </dt>
2552 <dd>
2553 <p>
2554 Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history
2555 on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines
2556 to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history
2557 to be drawn properly.
2558 Cannot be combined with <code>--no-walk</code>.
2559 </p>
2560 <div class="paragraph"><p>This enables parent rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> above.</p></div>
2561 <div class="paragraph"><p>This implies the <code>--topo-order</code> option by default, but the
2562 <code>--date-order</code> option may also be specified.</p></div>
2563 </dd>
2565 --show-linear-break[=<barrier>]
2566 </dt>
2567 <dd>
2568 <p>
2569 When --graph is not used, all history branches are flattened
2570 which can make it hard to see that the two consecutive commits
2571 do not belong to a linear branch. This option puts a barrier
2572 in between them in that case. If <code><barrier></code> is specified, it
2573 is the string that will be shown instead of the default one.
2574 </p>
2575 </dd>
2577 --count
2578 </dt>
2579 <dd>
2580 <p>
2581 Print a number stating how many commits would have been
2582 listed, and suppress all other output. When used together
2583 with <code>--left-right</code>, instead print the counts for left and
2584 right commits, separated by a tab. When used together with
2585 <code>--cherry-mark</code>, omit patch equivalent commits from these
2586 counts and print the count for equivalent commits separated
2587 by a tab.
2588 </p>
2589 </dd>
2590 </dl></div>
2591 </div>
2592 </div>
2593 </div>
2598 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
2599 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
2601 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
2602 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
2603 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
2604 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
2605 file.</p></div>
2607 additional formats by setting a pretty.<name>
2608 config option to either another format name, or a
2609 <em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
2611 built-in formats:</p></div>
2613 <li>
2614 <p>
2615 <em>oneline</em>
2616 </p>
2619 <pre><code><hash> <title-line></code></pre>
2620 </div></div>
2622 </li>
2623 <li>
2624 <p>
2625 <em>short</em>
2626 </p>
2629 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2630 Author: <author></code></pre>
2631 </div></div>
2634 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2635 </div></div>
2636 </li>
2637 <li>
2638 <p>
2639 <em>medium</em>
2640 </p>
2643 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2644 Author: <author>
2645 Date: <author-date></code></pre>
2646 </div></div>
2649 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2650 </div></div>
2653 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2654 </div></div>
2655 </li>
2656 <li>
2657 <p>
2658 <em>full</em>
2659 </p>
2662 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2663 Author: <author>
2664 Commit: <committer></code></pre>
2665 </div></div>
2668 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2669 </div></div>
2672 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2673 </div></div>
2674 </li>
2675 <li>
2676 <p>
2677 <em>fuller</em>
2678 </p>
2681 <pre><code>commit <hash>
2682 Author: <author>
2683 AuthorDate: <author-date>
2684 Commit: <committer>
2685 CommitDate: <committer-date></code></pre>
2686 </div></div>
2689 <pre><code><title-line></code></pre>
2690 </div></div>
2693 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2694 </div></div>
2695 </li>
2696 <li>
2697 <p>
2698 <em>reference</em>
2699 </p>
2702 <pre><code><abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)</code></pre>
2703 </div></div>
2704 <div class="paragraph"><p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
2705 is the same as <code>--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'</code>. By default,
2706 the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
2707 is explicitly specified. As with any <code>format:</code> with format
2708 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
2709 <code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p></div>
2710 </li>
2711 <li>
2712 <p>
2713 <em>email</em>
2714 </p>
2717 <pre><code>From <hash> <date>
2718 From: <author>
2719 Date: <author-date>
2720 Subject: [PATCH] <title-line></code></pre>
2721 </div></div>
2724 <pre><code><full-commit-message></code></pre>
2725 </div></div>
2726 </li>
2727 <li>
2728 <p>
2729 <em>mboxrd</em>
2730 </p>
2731 <div class="paragraph"><p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
2733 confused as starting a new commit.</p></div>
2734 </li>
2735 <li>
2736 <p>
2737 <em>raw</em>
2738 </p>
2740 stored in the commit object. Notably, the hashes are
2741 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
2742 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
2743 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
2744 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
2745 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
2746 <code>git log --raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
2747 use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p></div>
2748 </li>
2749 <li>
2750 <p>
2751 <em>format:<format-string></em>
2752 </p>
2753 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>format:<format-string></em> format allows you to specify which information
2754 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
2755 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
2756 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
2757 <div class="paragraph"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
2758 would show something like this:</p></div>
2761 <pre><code>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
2762 The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<</code></pre>
2763 </div></div>
2766 <li>
2767 <p>
2768 Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
2769 </p>
2772 <em>%n</em>
2773 </dt>
2774 <dd>
2775 <p>
2776 newline
2777 </p>
2778 </dd>
2780 <em>%%</em>
2781 </dt>
2782 <dd>
2783 <p>
2784 a raw <em>%</em>
2785 </p>
2786 </dd>
2788 <em>%x00</em>
2789 </dt>
2790 <dd>
2791 <p>
2792 <em>%x</em> followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a
2793 byte with the hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this
2795 </p>
2796 </dd>
2797 </dl></div>
2798 </li>
2799 <li>
2800 <p>
2801 Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
2802 </p>
2805 <em>%Cred</em>
2806 </dt>
2807 <dd>
2808 <p>
2809 switch color to red
2810 </p>
2811 </dd>
2813 <em>%Cgreen</em>
2814 </dt>
2815 <dd>
2816 <p>
2817 switch color to green
2818 </p>
2819 </dd>
2821 <em>%Cblue</em>
2822 </dt>
2823 <dd>
2824 <p>
2825 switch color to blue
2826 </p>
2827 </dd>
2829 <em>%Creset</em>
2830 </dt>
2831 <dd>
2832 <p>
2833 reset color
2834 </p>
2835 </dd>
2837 <em>%C(…)</em>
2838 </dt>
2839 <dd>
2840 <p>
2841 color specification, as described under Values in the
2843 default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
2844 (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
2845 the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
2846 terminal). <code>%C(auto,...)</code> is accepted as a historical
2847 synonym for the default (e.g., <code>%C(auto,red)</code>). Specifying
2848 <code>%C(always,...)</code> will show the colors even when color is
2849 not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
2850 <code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
2851 including this format and anything else git might color).
2852 <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
2853 on the next placeholders until the color is switched
2854 again.
2855 </p>
2856 </dd>
2858 <em>%m</em>
2859 </dt>
2860 <dd>
2861 <p>
2862 left (<code><</code>), right (<code>></code>) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark
2863 </p>
2864 </dd>
2866 <em>%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])</em>
2867 </dt>
2868 <dd>
2869 <p>
2870 switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
2872 </p>
2873 </dd>
2875 <em>%<( <N> [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em>
2876 </dt>
2877 <dd>
2878 <p>
2879 make the next placeholder take at
2880 least N column widths, padding spaces on
2881 the right if necessary. Optionally
2882 truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..ft</code>,
2883 the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi..le</code>, or the end
2884 (trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
2885 N columns.
2886 Note 1: that truncating
2887 only works correctly with N >= 2.
2888 Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
2889 values are optional.
2890 Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
2891 will take two display columns, which may
2892 over-run column boundaries.
2893 Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
2894 may be misplaced at padding boundaries.
2895 </p>
2896 </dd>
2898 <em>%<|( <M> )</em>
2899 </dt>
2900 <dd>
2901 <p>
2902 make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
2903 display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
2904 Use negative M values for column positions measured
2905 from the right hand edge of the terminal window.
2906 </p>
2907 </dd>
2909 <em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em>
2910 </dt>
2911 <dd>
2912 <p>
2913 similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em> respectively,
2914 but padding spaces on the left
2915 </p>
2916 </dd>
2918 <em>%>>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>>|( <M> )</em>
2919 </dt>
2920 <dd>
2921 <p>
2922 similar to <em>%>( <N> )</em>, <em>%>|( <M> )</em>
2923 respectively, except that if the next
2924 placeholder takes more spaces than given and
2925 there are spaces on its left, use those
2926 spaces
2927 </p>
2928 </dd>
2930 <em>%><( <N> )</em>, <em>%><|( <M> )</em>
2931 </dt>
2932 <dd>
2933 <p>
2934 similar to <em>%<( <N> )</em>, <em>%<|( <M> )</em>
2935 respectively, but padding both sides
2936 (i.e. the text is centered)
2937 </p>
2938 </dd>
2939 </dl></div>
2940 </li>
2941 <li>
2942 <p>
2943 Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
2944 </p>
2947 <em>%H</em>
2948 </dt>
2949 <dd>
2950 <p>
2951 commit hash
2952 </p>
2953 </dd>
2955 <em>%h</em>
2956 </dt>
2957 <dd>
2958 <p>
2959 abbreviated commit hash
2960 </p>
2961 </dd>
2963 <em>%T</em>
2964 </dt>
2965 <dd>
2966 <p>
2967 tree hash
2968 </p>
2969 </dd>
2971 <em>%t</em>
2972 </dt>
2973 <dd>
2974 <p>
2975 abbreviated tree hash
2976 </p>
2977 </dd>
2979 <em>%P</em>
2980 </dt>
2981 <dd>
2982 <p>
2983 parent hashes
2984 </p>
2985 </dd>
2987 <em>%p</em>
2988 </dt>
2989 <dd>
2990 <p>
2991 abbreviated parent hashes
2992 </p>
2993 </dd>
2995 <em>%an</em>
2996 </dt>
2997 <dd>
2998 <p>
2999 author name
3000 </p>
3001 </dd>
3003 <em>%aN</em>
3004 </dt>
3005 <dd>
3006 <p>
3009 </p>
3010 </dd>
3012 <em>%ae</em>
3013 </dt>
3014 <dd>
3015 <p>
3016 author email
3017 </p>
3018 </dd>
3020 <em>%aE</em>
3021 </dt>
3022 <dd>
3023 <p>
3026 </p>
3027 </dd>
3029 <em>%al</em>
3030 </dt>
3031 <dd>
3032 <p>
3033 author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
3034 </p>
3035 </dd>
3037 <em>%aL</em>
3038 </dt>
3039 <dd>
3040 <p>
3041 author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
3043 </p>
3044 </dd>
3046 <em>%ad</em>
3047 </dt>
3048 <dd>
3049 <p>
3050 author date (format respects --date= option)
3051 </p>
3052 </dd>
3054 <em>%aD</em>
3055 </dt>
3056 <dd>
3057 <p>
3058 author date, RFC2822 style
3059 </p>
3060 </dd>
3062 <em>%ar</em>
3063 </dt>
3064 <dd>
3065 <p>
3066 author date, relative
3067 </p>
3068 </dd>
3070 <em>%at</em>
3071 </dt>
3072 <dd>
3073 <p>
3074 author date, UNIX timestamp
3075 </p>
3076 </dd>
3078 <em>%ai</em>
3079 </dt>
3080 <dd>
3081 <p>
3082 author date, ISO 8601-like format
3083 </p>
3084 </dd>
3086 <em>%aI</em>
3087 </dt>
3088 <dd>
3089 <p>
3090 author date, strict ISO 8601 format
3091 </p>
3092 </dd>
3094 <em>%as</em>
3095 </dt>
3096 <dd>
3097 <p>
3098 author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
3099 </p>
3100 </dd>
3102 <em>%ah</em>
3103 </dt>
3104 <dd>
3105 <p>
3106 author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
3108 </p>
3109 </dd>
3111 <em>%cn</em>
3112 </dt>
3113 <dd>
3114 <p>
3115 committer name
3116 </p>
3117 </dd>
3119 <em>%cN</em>
3120 </dt>
3121 <dd>
3122 <p>
3123 committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
3125 </p>
3126 </dd>
3128 <em>%ce</em>
3129 </dt>
3130 <dd>
3131 <p>
3132 committer email
3133 </p>
3134 </dd>
3136 <em>%cE</em>
3137 </dt>
3138 <dd>
3139 <p>
3140 committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
3142 </p>
3143 </dd>
3145 <em>%cl</em>
3146 </dt>
3147 <dd>
3148 <p>
3149 committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
3150 </p>
3151 </dd>
3153 <em>%cL</em>
3154 </dt>
3155 <dd>
3156 <p>
3157 committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
3159 </p>
3160 </dd>
3162 <em>%cd</em>
3163 </dt>
3164 <dd>
3165 <p>
3166 committer date (format respects --date= option)
3167 </p>
3168 </dd>
3170 <em>%cD</em>
3171 </dt>
3172 <dd>
3173 <p>
3174 committer date, RFC2822 style
3175 </p>
3176 </dd>
3178 <em>%cr</em>
3179 </dt>
3180 <dd>
3181 <p>
3182 committer date, relative
3183 </p>
3184 </dd>
3186 <em>%ct</em>
3187 </dt>
3188 <dd>
3189 <p>
3190 committer date, UNIX timestamp
3191 </p>
3192 </dd>
3194 <em>%ci</em>
3195 </dt>
3196 <dd>
3197 <p>
3198 committer date, ISO 8601-like format
3199 </p>
3200 </dd>
3202 <em>%cI</em>
3203 </dt>
3204 <dd>
3205 <p>
3206 committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
3207 </p>
3208 </dd>
3210 <em>%cs</em>
3211 </dt>
3212 <dd>
3213 <p>
3214 committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
3215 </p>
3216 </dd>
3218 <em>%ch</em>
3219 </dt>
3220 <dd>
3221 <p>
3222 committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
3224 </p>
3225 </dd>
3227 <em>%d</em>
3228 </dt>
3229 <dd>
3230 <p>
3232 </p>
3233 </dd>
3235 <em>%D</em>
3236 </dt>
3237 <dd>
3238 <p>
3240 </p>
3241 </dd>
3243 <em>%(decorate[:<options>])</em>
3244 </dt>
3245 <dd>
3246 <p>
3247 ref names with custom decorations. The <code>decorate</code> string may be followed by a
3248 colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
3249 literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (<code>%x2C</code>) and closing
3250 parentheses (<code>%x29</code>), due to their role in the option syntax.
3251 </p>
3253 <li>
3254 <p>
3255 <em>prefix=<value></em>: Shown before the list of ref names. Defaults to " <code>(</code>".
3256 </p>
3257 </li>
3258 <li>
3259 <p>
3260 <em>suffix=<value></em>: Shown after the list of ref names. Defaults to "<code>)</code>".
3261 </p>
3262 </li>
3263 <li>
3264 <p>
3266 </p>
3267 </li>
3268 <li>
3269 <p>
3270 <em>pointer=<value></em>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
3272 </p>
3273 </li>
3274 <li>
3275 <p>
3277 </p>
3278 </li>
3279 </ul></div>
3281 or tag annotations, and spaces as separators:</p></div>
3283 </dd>
3285 <em>%(describe[:<options>])</em>
3286 </dt>
3287 <dd>
3288 <p>
3290 undescribable commits. The <code>describe</code> string may be followed by a colon and
3291 zero or more comma-separated options. Descriptions can be inconsistent when
3292 tags are added or removed at the same time.
3293 </p>
3295 <li>
3296 <p>
3297 <em>tags[=<bool-value>]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
3298 consider lightweight tags as well.
3299 </p>
3300 </li>
3301 <li>
3302 <p>
3303 <em>abbrev=<number></em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
3304 (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
3305 default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many
3306 digits as needed to form a unique object name.
3307 </p>
3308 </li>
3309 <li>
3310 <p>
3311 <em>match=<pattern></em>: Only consider tags matching the given
3313 </p>
3314 </li>
3315 <li>
3316 <p>
3317 <em>exclude=<pattern></em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
3319 </p>
3320 </li>
3321 </ul></div>
3322 </dd>
3324 <em>%S</em>
3325 </dt>
3326 <dd>
3327 <p>
3328 ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
3329 (like <code>git log --source</code>), only works with <code>git log</code>
3330 </p>
3331 </dd>
3333 <em>%e</em>
3334 </dt>
3335 <dd>
3336 <p>
3337 encoding
3338 </p>
3339 </dd>
3341 <em>%s</em>
3342 </dt>
3343 <dd>
3344 <p>
3345 subject
3346 </p>
3347 </dd>
3349 <em>%f</em>
3350 </dt>
3351 <dd>
3352 <p>
3353 sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
3354 </p>
3355 </dd>
3357 <em>%b</em>
3358 </dt>
3359 <dd>
3360 <p>
3361 body
3362 </p>
3363 </dd>
3365 <em>%B</em>
3366 </dt>
3367 <dd>
3368 <p>
3369 raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
3370 </p>
3371 </dd>
3373 <em>%GG</em>
3374 </dt>
3375 <dd>
3376 <p>
3377 raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
3378 </p>
3379 </dd>
3381 <em>%G?</em>
3382 </dt>
3383 <dd>
3384 <p>
3393 </p>
3394 </dd>
3396 <em>%GS</em>
3397 </dt>
3398 <dd>
3399 <p>
3400 show the name of the signer for a signed commit
3401 </p>
3402 </dd>
3404 <em>%GK</em>
3405 </dt>
3406 <dd>
3407 <p>
3408 show the key used to sign a signed commit
3409 </p>
3410 </dd>
3412 <em>%GF</em>
3413 </dt>
3414 <dd>
3415 <p>
3416 show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
3417 </p>
3418 </dd>
3420 <em>%GP</em>
3421 </dt>
3422 <dd>
3423 <p>
3424 show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
3425 to sign a signed commit
3426 </p>
3427 </dd>
3429 <em>%GT</em>
3430 </dt>
3431 <dd>
3432 <p>
3433 show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
3434 </p>
3435 </dd>
3437 <em>%gD</em>
3438 </dt>
3439 <dd>
3440 <p>
3441 reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code> or <code>refs/stash@{2
3442 minutes ago}</code>; the format follows the rules described for the
3443 <code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
3444 given on the command line (so <code>git log -g refs/heads/master</code>
3445 would yield <code>refs/heads/master@{0}</code>).
3446 </p>
3447 </dd>
3449 <em>%gd</em>
3450 </dt>
3451 <dd>
3452 <p>
3453 shortened reflog selector; same as <code>%gD</code>, but the refname
3454 portion is shortened for human readability (so
3455 <code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).
3456 </p>
3457 </dd>
3459 <em>%gn</em>
3460 </dt>
3461 <dd>
3462 <p>
3463 reflog identity name
3464 </p>
3465 </dd>
3467 <em>%gN</em>
3468 </dt>
3469 <dd>
3470 <p>
3471 reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
3473 </p>
3474 </dd>
3476 <em>%ge</em>
3477 </dt>
3478 <dd>
3479 <p>
3480 reflog identity email
3481 </p>
3482 </dd>
3484 <em>%gE</em>
3485 </dt>
3486 <dd>
3487 <p>
3488 reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
3490 </p>
3491 </dd>
3493 <em>%gs</em>
3494 </dt>
3495 <dd>
3496 <p>
3497 reflog subject
3498 </p>
3499 </dd>
3501 <em>%(trailers[:<options>])</em>
3502 </dt>
3503 <dd>
3504 <p>
3505 display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
3506 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>. The <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by
3507 a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided
3508 multiple times, the last occurrence wins.
3509 </p>
3511 <li>
3512 <p>
3513 <em>key=<key></em>: only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
3514 case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
3515 given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
3516 shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
3517 non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
3518 desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>. E.g.,
3519 <code>%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)</code> shows trailer lines with key
3520 <code>Reviewed-by</code>.
3521 </p>
3522 </li>
3523 <li>
3524 <p>
3525 <em>only[=<bool>]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
3526 block should be included.
3527 </p>
3528 </li>
3529 <li>
3530 <p>
3531 <em>separator=<sep></em>: specify a separator inserted between trailer
3532 lines. When this option is not given each trailer line is
3533 terminated with a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain
3534 the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
3535 separator one must use <code>%x2C</code> as it would otherwise be parsed as
3536 next option. E.g., <code>%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )</code>
3538 and a space.
3539 </p>
3540 </li>
3541 <li>
3542 <p>
3543 <em>unfold[=<bool>]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer’s <code>--unfold</code>
3544 option was given. E.g.,
3545 <code>%(trailers:only,unfold=true)</code> unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
3546 </p>
3547 </li>
3548 <li>
3549 <p>
3550 <em>keyonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.
3551 </p>
3552 </li>
3553 <li>
3554 <p>
3555 <em>valueonly[=<bool>]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.
3556 </p>
3557 </li>
3558 <li>
3559 <p>
3560 <em>key_value_separator=<sep></em>: specify a separator inserted between
3561 trailer lines. When this option is not given each trailer key-value
3563 as <em>separator=<sep></em> above.
3564 </p>
3565 </li>
3566 </ul></div>
3567 </dd>
3568 </dl></div>
3569 </li>
3570 </ul></div>
3571 </li>
3572 </ul></div>
3574 <table><tr>
3577 </td>
3579 revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
3580 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
3581 <code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> and <code>%D</code> placeholders will use the "short"
3582 decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
3583 line.</td>
3584 </tr></table>
3585 </div>
3586 <div class="paragraph"><p>The boolean options accept an optional value <code>[=<bool-value>]</code>. The values
3587 <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>on</code>, <code>off</code> etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
3589 option is given with no value, it’s enabled.</p></div>
3590 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
3591 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3592 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3593 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
3594 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
3595 placeholder expands to an empty string.</p></div>
3597 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3598 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3600 <li>
3601 <p>
3602 <em>tformat:</em>
3603 </p>
3604 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
3606 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
3607 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
3608 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
3610 For example:</p></div>
3613 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
3615 4da45be
3616 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
3618 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
3620 4da45be
3621 7134973</code></pre>
3622 </div></div>
3623 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
3624 as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it. For example, these two are
3625 equivalent:</p></div>
3628 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
3629 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</code></pre>
3630 </div></div>
3631 </li>
3632 </ul></div>
3633 </div>
3634 </div>
3639 <li>
3640 <p>
3641 Print the list of commits reachable from the current branch.
3642 </p>
3645 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD</code></pre>
3646 </div></div>
3647 </li>
3648 <li>
3649 <p>
3650 Print the list of commits on this branch, but not present in the
3651 upstream branch.
3652 </p>
3655 <pre><code>git rev-list @{upstream}..HEAD</code></pre>
3656 </div></div>
3657 </li>
3658 <li>
3659 <p>
3660 Format commits with their author and commit message (see also the
3662 </p>
3665 <pre><code>git rev-list --format=medium HEAD</code></pre>
3666 </div></div>
3667 </li>
3668 <li>
3669 <p>
3670 Format commits along with their diffs (see also the porcelain
3672 </p>
3675 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD |
3676 git diff-tree --stdin --format=medium -p</code></pre>
3677 </div></div>
3678 </li>
3679 <li>
3680 <p>
3681 Print the list of commits on the current branch that touched any
3682 file in the <code>Documentation</code> directory.
3683 </p>
3686 <pre><code>git rev-list HEAD -- Documentation/</code></pre>
3687 </div></div>
3688 </li>
3689 <li>
3690 <p>
3691 Print the list of commits authored by you in the past year, on
3692 any branch, tag, or other ref.
3693 </p>
3696 <pre><code>git rev-list --author=you@example.com --since=1.year.ago --all</code></pre>
3697 </div></div>
3698 </li>
3699 <li>
3700 <p>
3701 Print the list of objects reachable from the current branch (i.e., all
3702 commits and the blobs and trees they contain).
3703 </p>
3706 <pre><code>git rev-list --objects HEAD</code></pre>
3707 </div></div>
3708 </li>
3709 <li>
3710 <p>
3711 Compare the disk size of all reachable objects, versus those
3712 reachable from reflogs, versus the total packed size. This can tell
3713 you whether running <code>git repack -ad</code> might reduce the repository size
3714 (by dropping unreachable objects), and whether expiring reflogs might
3715 help.
3716 </p>
3719 <pre><code># reachable objects
3720 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all
3721 # plus reflogs
3722 git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --all --reflog
3723 # total disk size used
3724 du -c .git/objects/pack/*.pack .git/objects/??/*
3726 git count-objects -v</code></pre>
3727 </div></div>
3728 </li>
3729 <li>
3730 <p>
3731 Report the disk size of each branch, not including objects used by the
3732 current branch. This can find outliers that are contributing to a
3733 bloated repository size (e.g., because somebody accidentally committed
3734 large build artifacts).
3735 </p>
3738 <pre><code>git for-each-ref --format='%(refname)' |
3739 while read branch
3740 do
3741 size=$(git rev-list --disk-usage --objects HEAD..$branch)
3743 done |
3744 sort -n</code></pre>
3745 </div></div>
3746 </li>
3747 <li>
3748 <p>
3749 Compare the on-disk size of branches in one group of refs, excluding
3750 another. If you co-mingle objects from multiple remotes in a single
3751 repository, this can show which remotes are contributing to the
3752 repository size (taking the size of <code>origin</code> as a baseline).
3753 </p>
3756 <pre><code>git rev-list --disk-usage --objects --remotes=$suspect --not --remotes=origin</code></pre>
3757 </div></div>
3758 </li>
3759 </ul></div>
3760 </div>
3761 </div>
3766 </div>
3767 </div>
3768 </div>
3772 Last updated
3773 2023-10-24 06:43:46 JST
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