git-pull.html

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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-pull(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-pull -
 743    Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git pull</em> [&lt;options&gt;] [&lt;repository&gt; [&lt;refspec&gt;&#8230;]]</pre>
 753 <div class="attribution">
 754 </div></div>
 755 </div>
 756 </div>
 757 <div class="sect1">
 758 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 759 <div class="sectionbody">
 760 <div class="paragraph"><p>Incorporates changes from a remote repository into the current branch.
 761 If the current branch is behind the remote, then by default it will
 762 fast-forward the current branch to match the remote.  If the current
 763 branch and the remote have diverged, the user needs to specify how to
 764 reconcile the divergent branches with <code>--rebase</code> or <code>--no-rebase</code> (or
 765 the corresponding configuration option in <code>pull.rebase</code>).</p></div>
 766 <div class="paragraph"><p>More precisely, <code>git pull</code> runs <code>git fetch</code> with the given parameters
 767 and then depending on configuration options or command line flags,
 768 will call either <code>git rebase</code> or <code>git merge</code> to reconcile diverging
 769 branches.</p></div>
 770 <div class="paragraph"><p>&lt;repository&gt; should be the name of a remote repository as
 771 passed to <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>.  &lt;refspec&gt; can name an
 772 arbitrary remote ref (for example, the name of a tag) or even
 773 a collection of refs with corresponding remote-tracking branches
 774 (e.g., refs/heads/&#42;:refs/remotes/origin/&#42;),
 775 but usually it is the name of a branch in the remote repository.</p></div>
 776 <div class="paragraph"><p>Default values for &lt;repository&gt; and &lt;branch&gt; are read from the
 777 "remote" and "merge" configuration for the current branch
 778 as set by <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> <code>--track</code>.</p></div>
 779 <div class="paragraph"><p>Assume the following history exists and the current branch is
 780 "<code>master</code>":</p></div>
 781 <div class="listingblock">
 782 <div class="content">
 783 <pre><code>          A---B---C master on origin
 784          /
 785     D---E---F---G master
 786         ^
 787         origin/master in your repository</code></pre>
 788 </div></div>
 789 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then "<code>git pull</code>" will fetch and replay the changes from the remote
 790 <code>master</code> branch since it diverged from the local <code>master</code> (i.e., <code>E</code>)
 791 until its current commit (<code>C</code>) on top of <code>master</code> and record the
 792 result in a new commit along with the names of the two parent commits
 793 and a log message from the user describing the changes.</p></div>
 794 <div class="listingblock">
 795 <div class="content">
 796 <pre><code>          A---B---C origin/master
 797          /         \
 798     D---E---F---G---H master</code></pre>
 799 </div></div>
 800 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> for details, including how conflicts
 801 are presented and handled.</p></div>
 802 <div class="paragraph"><p>In Git 1.7.0 or later, to cancel a conflicting merge, use
 803 <code>git reset --merge</code>.  <strong>Warning</strong>: In older versions of Git, running <em>git pull</em>
 804 with uncommitted changes is discouraged: while possible, it leaves you
 805 in a state that may be hard to back out of in the case of a conflict.</p></div>
 806 <div class="paragraph"><p>If any of the remote changes overlap with local uncommitted changes,
 807 the merge will be automatically canceled and the work tree untouched.
 808 It is generally best to get any local changes in working order before
 809 pulling or stash them away with <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>.</p></div>
 810 </div>
 811 </div>
 812 <div class="sect1">
 813 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 814 <div class="sectionbody">
 815 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 816 <dt class="hdlist1">
 817 -q
 818 </dt>
 819 <dt class="hdlist1">
 820 --quiet
 821 </dt>
 822 <dd>
 823 <p>
 824         This is passed to both underlying git-fetch to squelch reporting of
 825         during transfer, and underlying git-merge to squelch output during
 826         merging.
 827 </p>
 828 </dd>
 829 <dt class="hdlist1">
 830 -v
 831 </dt>
 832 <dt class="hdlist1">
 833 --verbose
 834 </dt>
 835 <dd>
 836 <p>
 837         Pass --verbose to git-fetch and git-merge.
 838 </p>
 839 </dd>
 840 <dt class="hdlist1">
 841 --[no-]recurse-submodules[=yes|on-demand|no]
 842 </dt>
 843 <dd>
 844 <p>
 845         This option controls if new commits of populated submodules should
 846         be fetched, and if the working trees of active submodules should be
 847         updated, too (see <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> and
 848         <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).
 849 </p>
 850 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the checkout is done via rebase, local submodule commits are rebased as well.</p></div>
 851 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the update is done via merge, the submodule conflicts are resolved and checked out.</p></div>
 852 </dd>
 853 </dl></div>
 854 <div class="sect2">
 855 <h3 id="_options_related_to_merging">Options related to merging</h3>
 856 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 857 <dt class="hdlist1">
 858 --commit
 859 </dt>
 860 <dt class="hdlist1">
 861 --no-commit
 862 </dt>
 863 <dd>
 864 <p>
 865         Perform the merge and commit the result. This option can
 866         be used to override --no-commit.
 867         Only useful when merging.
 868 </p>
 869 <div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-commit perform the merge and stop just before creating
 870 a merge commit, to give the user a chance to inspect and further
 871 tweak the merge result before committing.</p></div>
 872 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that fast-forward updates do not create a merge commit and
 873 therefore there is no way to stop those merges with --no-commit.
 874 Thus, if you want to ensure your branch is not changed or updated
 875 by the merge command, use --no-ff with --no-commit.</p></div>
 876 </dd>
 877 <dt class="hdlist1">
 878 --edit
 879 </dt>
 880 <dt class="hdlist1">
 881 -e
 882 </dt>
 883 <dt class="hdlist1">
 884 --no-edit
 885 </dt>
 886 <dd>
 887 <p>
 888         Invoke an editor before committing successful mechanical merge to
 889         further edit the auto-generated merge message, so that the user
 890         can explain and justify the merge. The <code>--no-edit</code> option can be
 891         used to accept the auto-generated message (this is generally
 892         discouraged).
 893 </p>
 894 <div class="paragraph"><p>Older scripts may depend on the historical behaviour of not allowing the
 895 user to edit the merge log message. They will see an editor opened when
 896 they run <code>git merge</code>. To make it easier to adjust such scripts to the
 897 updated behaviour, the environment variable <code>GIT_MERGE_AUTOEDIT</code> can be
 898 set to <code>no</code> at the beginning of them.</p></div>
 899 </dd>
 900 <dt class="hdlist1">
 901 --cleanup=&lt;mode&gt;
 902 </dt>
 903 <dd>
 904 <p>
 905         This option determines how the merge message will be cleaned up before
 906         committing. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for more details. In addition, if
 907         the <em>&lt;mode&gt;</em> is given a value of <code>scissors</code>, scissors will be appended
 908         to <code>MERGE_MSG</code> before being passed on to the commit machinery in the
 909         case of a merge conflict.
 910 </p>
 911 </dd>
 912 <dt class="hdlist1">
 913 --ff-only
 914 </dt>
 915 <dd>
 916 <p>
 917         Only update to the new history if there is no divergent local
 918         history.  This is the default when no method for reconciling
 919         divergent histories is provided (via the --rebase=* flags).
 920 </p>
 921 </dd>
 922 <dt class="hdlist1">
 923 --ff
 924 </dt>
 925 <dt class="hdlist1">
 926 --no-ff
 927 </dt>
 928 <dd>
 929 <p>
 930         When merging rather than rebasing, specifies how a merge is
 931         handled when the merged-in history is already a descendant of
 932         the current history.  If merging is requested, <code>--ff</code> is the
 933         default unless merging an annotated (and possibly signed) tag
 934         that is not stored in its natural place in the <code>refs/tags/</code>
 935         hierarchy, in which case <code>--no-ff</code> is assumed.
 936 </p>
 937 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--ff</code>, when possible resolve the merge as a fast-forward (only
 938 update the branch pointer to match the merged branch; do not create a
 939 merge commit).  When not possible (when the merged-in history is not a
 940 descendant of the current history), create a merge commit.</p></div>
 941 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--no-ff</code>, create a merge commit in all cases, even when the merge
 942 could instead be resolved as a fast-forward.</p></div>
 943 </dd>
 944 <dt class="hdlist1">
 945 -S[&lt;keyid&gt;]
 946 </dt>
 947 <dt class="hdlist1">
 948 --gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]
 949 </dt>
 950 <dt class="hdlist1">
 951 --no-gpg-sign
 952 </dt>
 953 <dd>
 954 <p>
 955         GPG-sign the resulting merge commit. The <code>keyid</code> argument is
 956         optional and defaults to the committer identity; if specified,
 957         it must be stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code>
 958         is useful to countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable,
 959         and earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.
 960 </p>
 961 </dd>
 962 <dt class="hdlist1">
 963 --log[=&lt;n&gt;]
 964 </dt>
 965 <dt class="hdlist1">
 966 --no-log
 967 </dt>
 968 <dd>
 969 <p>
 970         In addition to branch names, populate the log message with
 971         one-line descriptions from at most &lt;n&gt; actual commits that are being
 972         merged. See also <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>.
 973         Only useful when merging.
 974 </p>
 975 <div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-log do not list one-line descriptions from the
 976 actual commits being merged.</p></div>
 977 </dd>
 978 <dt class="hdlist1">
 979 --signoff
 980 </dt>
 981 <dt class="hdlist1">
 982 --no-signoff
 983 </dt>
 984 <dd>
 985 <p>
 986         Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit
 987         log message.  The meaning of a signoff depends on the project
 988         to which you&#8217;re committing.  For example, it may certify that
 989         the committer has the rights to submit the work under the
 990         project&#8217;s license or agrees to some contributor representation,
 991         such as a Developer Certificate of Origin.
 992         (See <a href="http://developercertificate.org">http://developercertificate.org</a> for the one used by the
 993         Linux kernel and Git projects.)  Consult the documentation or
 994         leadership of the project to which you&#8217;re contributing to
 995         understand how the signoffs are used in that project.
 996 </p>
 997 <div class="paragraph"><p>The --no-signoff option can be used to countermand an earlier --signoff
 998 option on the command line.</p></div>
 999 </dd>
1000 <dt class="hdlist1">
1001 --stat
1002 </dt>
1003 <dt class="hdlist1">
1004 -n
1005 </dt>
1006 <dt class="hdlist1">
1007 --no-stat
1008 </dt>
1009 <dd>
1010 <p>
1011         Show a diffstat at the end of the merge. The diffstat is also
1012         controlled by the configuration option merge.stat.
1013 </p>
1014 <div class="paragraph"><p>With -n or --no-stat do not show a diffstat at the end of the
1015 merge.</p></div>
1016 </dd>
1017 <dt class="hdlist1">
1018 --squash
1019 </dt>
1020 <dt class="hdlist1">
1021 --no-squash
1022 </dt>
1023 <dd>
1024 <p>
1025         Produce the working tree and index state as if a real merge
1026         happened (except for the merge information), but do not actually
1027         make a commit, move the <code>HEAD</code>, or record <code>$GIT_DIR/MERGE_HEAD</code>
1028         (to cause the next <code>git commit</code> command to create a merge
1029         commit).  This allows you to create a single commit on top of
1030         the current branch whose effect is the same as merging another
1031         branch (or more in case of an octopus).
1032 </p>
1033 <div class="paragraph"><p>With --no-squash perform the merge and commit the result. This
1034 option can be used to override --squash.</p></div>
1035 <div class="paragraph"><p>With --squash, --commit is not allowed, and will fail.</p></div>
1036 <div class="paragraph"><p>Only useful when merging.</p></div>
1037 </dd>
1038 <dt class="hdlist1">
1039 --[no-]verify
1040 </dt>
1041 <dd>
1042 <p>
1043         By default, the pre-merge and commit-msg hooks are run.
1044         When <code>--no-verify</code> is given, these are bypassed.
1045         See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.
1046         Only useful when merging.
1047 </p>
1048 </dd>
1049 <dt class="hdlist1">
1050 -s &lt;strategy&gt;
1051 </dt>
1052 <dt class="hdlist1">
1053 --strategy=&lt;strategy&gt;
1054 </dt>
1055 <dd>
1056 <p>
1057         Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
1058         once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
1059         If there is no <code>-s</code> option, a built-in list of strategies
1060         is used instead (<code>ort</code> when merging a single head,
1061         <code>octopus</code> otherwise).
1062 </p>
1063 </dd>
1064 <dt class="hdlist1">
1065 -X &lt;option&gt;
1066 </dt>
1067 <dt class="hdlist1">
1068 --strategy-option=&lt;option&gt;
1069 </dt>
1070 <dd>
1071 <p>
1072         Pass merge strategy specific option through to the merge
1073         strategy.
1074 </p>
1075 </dd>
1076 <dt class="hdlist1">
1077 --verify-signatures
1078 </dt>
1079 <dt class="hdlist1">
1080 --no-verify-signatures
1081 </dt>
1082 <dd>
1083 <p>
1084         Verify that the tip commit of the side branch being merged is
1085         signed with a valid key, i.e. a key that has a valid uid: in the
1086         default trust model, this means the signing key has been signed by
1087         a trusted key.  If the tip commit of the side branch is not signed
1088         with a valid key, the merge is aborted.
1089 </p>
1090 <div class="paragraph"><p>Only useful when merging.</p></div>
1091 </dd>
1092 <dt class="hdlist1">
1093 --summary
1094 </dt>
1095 <dt class="hdlist1">
1096 --no-summary
1097 </dt>
1098 <dd>
1099 <p>
1100         Synonyms to --stat and --no-stat; these are deprecated and will be
1101         removed in the future.
1102 </p>
1103 </dd>
1104 <dt class="hdlist1">
1105 --autostash
1106 </dt>
1107 <dt class="hdlist1">
1108 --no-autostash
1109 </dt>
1110 <dd>
1111 <p>
1112         Automatically create a temporary stash entry before the operation
1113         begins, record it in the special ref <code>MERGE_AUTOSTASH</code>
1114         and apply it after the operation ends.  This means
1115         that you can run the operation on a dirty worktree.  However, use
1116         with care: the final stash application after a successful
1117         merge might result in non-trivial conflicts.
1118 </p>
1119 </dd>
1120 <dt class="hdlist1">
1121 --allow-unrelated-histories
1122 </dt>
1123 <dd>
1124 <p>
1125         By default, <code>git merge</code> command refuses to merge histories
1126         that do not share a common ancestor.  This option can be
1127         used to override this safety when merging histories of two
1128         projects that started their lives independently. As that is
1129         a very rare occasion, no configuration variable to enable
1130         this by default exists and will not be added.
1131 </p>
1132 <div class="paragraph"><p>Only useful when merging.</p></div>
1133 </dd>
1134 <dt class="hdlist1">
1135 -r
1136 </dt>
1137 <dt class="hdlist1">
1138 --rebase[=false|true|merges|interactive]
1139 </dt>
1140 <dd>
1141 <p>
1142         When true, rebase the current branch on top of the upstream
1143         branch after fetching. If there is a remote-tracking branch
1144         corresponding to the upstream branch and the upstream branch
1145         was rebased since last fetched, the rebase uses that information
1146         to avoid rebasing non-local changes.
1147 </p>
1148 <div class="paragraph"><p>When set to <code>merges</code>, rebase using <code>git rebase --rebase-merges</code> so that
1149 the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
1150 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details).</p></div>
1151 <div class="paragraph"><p>When false, merge the upstream branch into the current branch.</p></div>
1152 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>interactive</code>, enable the interactive mode of rebase.</p></div>
1153 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <code>pull.rebase</code>, <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.rebase</code> and <code>branch.autoSetupRebase</code> in
1154 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> if you want to make <code>git pull</code> always use
1155 <code>--rebase</code> instead of merging.</p></div>
1156 <div class="admonitionblock">
1157 <table><tr>
1158 <td class="icon">
1159 <div class="title">Note</div>
1160 </td>
1161 <td class="content">This is a potentially <em>dangerous</em> mode of operation.
1162 It rewrites history, which does not bode well when you
1163 published that history already.  Do <strong>not</strong> use this option
1164 unless you have read <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> carefully.</td>
1165 </tr></table>
1166 </div>
1167 </dd>
1168 <dt class="hdlist1">
1169 --no-rebase
1170 </dt>
1171 <dd>
1172 <p>
1173         This is shorthand for --rebase=false.
1174 </p>
1175 </dd>
1176 </dl></div>
1177 </div>
1178 <div class="sect2">
1179 <h3 id="_options_related_to_fetching">Options related to fetching</h3>
1180 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1181 <dt class="hdlist1">
1182 --all
1183 </dt>
1184 <dd>
1185 <p>
1186         Fetch all remotes.
1187 </p>
1188 </dd>
1189 <dt class="hdlist1">
1190 -a
1191 </dt>
1192 <dt class="hdlist1">
1193 --append
1194 </dt>
1195 <dd>
1196 <p>
1197         Append ref names and object names of fetched refs to the
1198         existing contents of <code>.git/FETCH_HEAD</code>.  Without this
1199         option old data in <code>.git/FETCH_HEAD</code> will be overwritten.
1200 </p>
1201 </dd>
1202 <dt class="hdlist1">
1203 --atomic
1204 </dt>
1205 <dd>
1206 <p>
1207         Use an atomic transaction to update local refs. Either all refs are
1208         updated, or on error, no refs are updated.
1209 </p>
1210 </dd>
1211 <dt class="hdlist1">
1212 --depth=&lt;depth&gt;
1213 </dt>
1214 <dd>
1215 <p>
1216         Limit fetching to the specified number of commits from the tip of
1217         each remote branch history. If fetching to a <em>shallow</em> repository
1218         created by <code>git clone</code> with <code>--depth=&lt;depth&gt;</code> option (see
1219         <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>), deepen or shorten the history to the specified
1220         number of commits. Tags for the deepened commits are not fetched.
1221 </p>
1222 </dd>
1223 <dt class="hdlist1">
1224 --deepen=&lt;depth&gt;
1225 </dt>
1226 <dd>
1227 <p>
1228         Similar to --depth, except it specifies the number of commits
1229         from the current shallow boundary instead of from the tip of
1230         each remote branch history.
1231 </p>
1232 </dd>
1233 <dt class="hdlist1">
1234 --shallow-since=&lt;date&gt;
1235 </dt>
1236 <dd>
1237 <p>
1238         Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
1239         include all reachable commits after &lt;date&gt;.
1240 </p>
1241 </dd>
1242 <dt class="hdlist1">
1243 --shallow-exclude=&lt;revision&gt;
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247         Deepen or shorten the history of a shallow repository to
1248         exclude commits reachable from a specified remote branch or tag.
1249         This option can be specified multiple times.
1250 </p>
1251 </dd>
1252 <dt class="hdlist1">
1253 --unshallow
1254 </dt>
1255 <dd>
1256 <p>
1257         If the source repository is complete, convert a shallow
1258         repository to a complete one, removing all the limitations
1259         imposed by shallow repositories.
1260 </p>
1261 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the source repository is shallow, fetch as much as possible so that
1262 the current repository has the same history as the source repository.</p></div>
1263 </dd>
1264 <dt class="hdlist1">
1265 --update-shallow
1266 </dt>
1267 <dd>
1268 <p>
1269         By default when fetching from a shallow repository,
1270         <code>git fetch</code> refuses refs that require updating
1271         .git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such
1272         refs.
1273 </p>
1274 </dd>
1275 <dt class="hdlist1">
1276 --negotiation-tip=&lt;commit|glob&gt;
1277 </dt>
1278 <dd>
1279 <p>
1280         By default, Git will report, to the server, commits reachable
1281         from all local refs to find common commits in an attempt to
1282         reduce the size of the to-be-received packfile. If specified,
1283         Git will only report commits reachable from the given tips.
1284         This is useful to speed up fetches when the user knows which
1285         local ref is likely to have commits in common with the
1286         upstream ref being fetched.
1287 </p>
1288 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified more than once; if so, Git will report
1289 commits reachable from any of the given commits.</p></div>
1290 <div class="paragraph"><p>The argument to this option may be a glob on ref names, a ref, or the (possibly
1291 abbreviated) SHA-1 of a commit. Specifying a glob is equivalent to specifying
1292 this option multiple times, one for each matching ref name.</p></div>
1293 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <code>fetch.negotiationAlgorithm</code> and <code>push.negotiate</code>
1294 configuration variables documented in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>, and the
1295 <code>--negotiate-only</code> option below.</p></div>
1296 </dd>
1297 <dt class="hdlist1">
1298 --negotiate-only
1299 </dt>
1300 <dd>
1301 <p>
1302         Do not fetch anything from the server, and instead print the
1303         ancestors of the provided <code>--negotiation-tip=*</code> arguments,
1304         which we have in common with the server.
1305 </p>
1306 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is incompatible with <code>--recurse-submodules=[yes|on-demand]</code>.
1307 Internally this is used to implement the <code>push.negotiate</code> option, see
1308 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p></div>
1309 </dd>
1310 <dt class="hdlist1">
1311 --dry-run
1312 </dt>
1313 <dd>
1314 <p>
1315         Show what would be done, without making any changes.
1316 </p>
1317 </dd>
1318 <dt class="hdlist1">
1319 --porcelain
1320 </dt>
1321 <dd>
1322 <p>
1323         Print the output to standard output in an easy-to-parse format for
1324         scripts. See section OUTPUT in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> for details.
1325 </p>
1326 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is incompatible with <code>--recurse-submodules=[yes|on-demand]</code> and takes
1327 precedence over the <code>fetch.output</code> config option.</p></div>
1328 </dd>
1329 <dt class="hdlist1">
1330 -f
1331 </dt>
1332 <dt class="hdlist1">
1333 --force
1334 </dt>
1335 <dd>
1336 <p>
1337         When <em>git fetch</em> is used with <code>&lt;src&gt;:&lt;dst&gt;</code> refspec it may
1338         refuse to update the local branch as discussed
1339         in the <code>&lt;refspec&gt;</code> part of the <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
1340         documentation.
1341         This option overrides that check.
1342 </p>
1343 </dd>
1344 <dt class="hdlist1">
1345 -k
1346 </dt>
1347 <dt class="hdlist1">
1348 --keep
1349 </dt>
1350 <dd>
1351 <p>
1352         Keep downloaded pack.
1353 </p>
1354 </dd>
1355 <dt class="hdlist1">
1356 --prefetch
1357 </dt>
1358 <dd>
1359 <p>
1360         Modify the configured refspec to place all refs into the
1361         <code>refs/prefetch/</code> namespace. See the <code>prefetch</code> task in
1362         <a href="git-maintenance.html">git-maintenance(1)</a>.
1363 </p>
1364 </dd>
1365 <dt class="hdlist1">
1366 -p
1367 </dt>
1368 <dt class="hdlist1">
1369 --prune
1370 </dt>
1371 <dd>
1372 <p>
1373         Before fetching, remove any remote-tracking references that no
1374         longer exist on the remote.  Tags are not subject to pruning
1375         if they are fetched only because of the default tag
1376         auto-following or due to a --tags option.  However, if tags
1377         are fetched due to an explicit refspec (either on the command
1378         line or in the remote configuration, for example if the remote
1379         was cloned with the --mirror option), then they are also
1380         subject to pruning. Supplying <code>--prune-tags</code> is a shorthand for
1381         providing the tag refspec.
1382 </p>
1383 </dd>
1384 <dt class="hdlist1">
1385 --no-tags
1386 </dt>
1387 <dd>
1388 <p>
1389         By default, tags that point at objects that are downloaded
1390         from the remote repository are fetched and stored locally.
1391         This option disables this automatic tag following. The default
1392         behavior for a remote may be specified with the remote.&lt;name&gt;.tagOpt
1393         setting. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1394 </p>
1395 </dd>
1396 <dt class="hdlist1">
1397 --refmap=&lt;refspec&gt;
1398 </dt>
1399 <dd>
1400 <p>
1401         When fetching refs listed on the command line, use the
1402         specified refspec (can be given more than once) to map the
1403         refs to remote-tracking branches, instead of the values of
1404         <code>remote.*.fetch</code> configuration variables for the remote
1405         repository.  Providing an empty <code>&lt;refspec&gt;</code> to the
1406         <code>--refmap</code> option causes Git to ignore the configured
1407         refspecs and rely entirely on the refspecs supplied as
1408         command-line arguments. See section on "Configured Remote-tracking
1409         Branches" for details.
1410 </p>
1411 </dd>
1412 <dt class="hdlist1">
1413 -t
1414 </dt>
1415 <dt class="hdlist1">
1416 --tags
1417 </dt>
1418 <dd>
1419 <p>
1420         Fetch all tags from the remote (i.e., fetch remote tags
1421         <code>refs/tags/*</code> into local tags with the same name), in addition
1422         to whatever else would otherwise be fetched.  Using this
1423         option alone does not subject tags to pruning, even if --prune
1424         is used (though tags may be pruned anyway if they are also the
1425         destination of an explicit refspec; see <code>--prune</code>).
1426 </p>
1427 </dd>
1428 <dt class="hdlist1">
1429 -j
1430 </dt>
1431 <dt class="hdlist1">
1432 --jobs=&lt;n&gt;
1433 </dt>
1434 <dd>
1435 <p>
1436         Number of parallel children to be used for all forms of fetching.
1437 </p>
1438 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the <code>--multiple</code> option was specified, the different remotes will be fetched
1439 in parallel. If multiple submodules are fetched, they will be fetched in
1440 parallel. To control them independently, use the config settings
1441 <code>fetch.parallel</code> and <code>submodule.fetchJobs</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
1442 <div class="paragraph"><p>Typically, parallel recursive and multi-remote fetches will be faster. By
1443 default fetches are performed sequentially, not in parallel.</p></div>
1444 </dd>
1445 <dt class="hdlist1">
1446 --set-upstream
1447 </dt>
1448 <dd>
1449 <p>
1450         If the remote is fetched successfully, add upstream
1451         (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
1452         <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and other commands. For more information,
1453         see <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code> and <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote</code> in
1454         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1455 </p>
1456 </dd>
1457 <dt class="hdlist1">
1458 --upload-pack &lt;upload-pack&gt;
1459 </dt>
1460 <dd>
1461 <p>
1462         When given, and the repository to fetch from is handled
1463         by <em>git fetch-pack</em>, <code>--exec=&lt;upload-pack&gt;</code> is passed to
1464         the command to specify non-default path for the command
1465         run on the other end.
1466 </p>
1467 </dd>
1468 <dt class="hdlist1">
1469 --progress
1470 </dt>
1471 <dd>
1472 <p>
1473         Progress status is reported on the standard error stream
1474         by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless -q
1475         is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the
1476         standard error stream is not directed to a terminal.
1477 </p>
1478 </dd>
1479 <dt class="hdlist1">
1480 -o &lt;option&gt;
1481 </dt>
1482 <dt class="hdlist1">
1483 --server-option=&lt;option&gt;
1484 </dt>
1485 <dd>
1486 <p>
1487         Transmit the given string to the server when communicating using
1488         protocol version 2.  The given string must not contain a NUL or LF
1489         character.  The server&#8217;s handling of server options, including
1490         unknown ones, is server-specific.
1491         When multiple <code>--server-option=&lt;option&gt;</code> are given, they are all
1492         sent to the other side in the order listed on the command line.
1493 </p>
1494 </dd>
1495 <dt class="hdlist1">
1496 --show-forced-updates
1497 </dt>
1498 <dd>
1499 <p>
1500         By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
1501         fetch. This can be disabled through fetch.showForcedUpdates, but
1502         the --show-forced-updates option guarantees this check occurs.
1503         See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1504 </p>
1505 </dd>
1506 <dt class="hdlist1">
1507 --no-show-forced-updates
1508 </dt>
1509 <dd>
1510 <p>
1511         By default, git checks if a branch is force-updated during
1512         fetch. Pass --no-show-forced-updates or set fetch.showForcedUpdates
1513         to false to skip this check for performance reasons. If used during
1514         <em>git-pull</em> the --ff-only option will still check for forced updates
1515         before attempting a fast-forward update. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1516 </p>
1517 </dd>
1518 <dt class="hdlist1">
1519 -4
1520 </dt>
1521 <dt class="hdlist1">
1522 --ipv4
1523 </dt>
1524 <dd>
1525 <p>
1526         Use IPv4 addresses only, ignoring IPv6 addresses.
1527 </p>
1528 </dd>
1529 <dt class="hdlist1">
1530 -6
1531 </dt>
1532 <dt class="hdlist1">
1533 --ipv6
1534 </dt>
1535 <dd>
1536 <p>
1537         Use IPv6 addresses only, ignoring IPv4 addresses.
1538 </p>
1539 </dd>
1540 <dt class="hdlist1">
1541 &lt;repository&gt;
1542 </dt>
1543 <dd>
1544 <p>
1545         The "remote" repository that is the source of a fetch
1546         or pull operation.  This parameter can be either a URL
1547         (see the section <a href="#URLS">GIT URLS</a> below) or the name
1548         of a remote (see the section <a href="#REMOTES">REMOTES</a> below).
1549 </p>
1550 </dd>
1551 <dt class="hdlist1">
1552 &lt;refspec&gt;
1553 </dt>
1554 <dd>
1555 <p>
1556         Specifies which refs to fetch and which local refs to update.
1557         When no &lt;refspec&gt;s appear on the command line, the refs to fetch
1558         are read from <code>remote.&lt;repository&gt;.fetch</code> variables instead
1559         (see the section "CONFIGURED REMOTE-TRACKING BRANCHES"
1560         in <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>).
1561 </p>
1562 <div class="paragraph"><p>The format of a &lt;refspec&gt; parameter is an optional plus
1563 <code>+</code>, followed by the source &lt;src&gt;, followed
1564 by a colon <code>:</code>, followed by the destination ref &lt;dst&gt;.
1565 The colon can be omitted when &lt;dst&gt; is empty.  &lt;src&gt; is
1566 typically a ref, but it can also be a fully spelled hex object
1567 name.</p></div>
1568 <div class="paragraph"><p>A &lt;refspec&gt; may contain a <code>*</code> in its &lt;src&gt; to indicate a simple pattern
1569 match. Such a refspec functions like a glob that matches any ref with the
1570 same prefix. A pattern &lt;refspec&gt; must have a <code>*</code> in both the &lt;src&gt; and
1571 &lt;dst&gt;. It will map refs to the destination by replacing the <code>*</code> with the
1572 contents matched from the source.</p></div>
1573 <div class="paragraph"><p>If a refspec is prefixed by <code>^</code>, it will be interpreted as a negative
1574 refspec. Rather than specifying which refs to fetch or which local refs to
1575 update, such a refspec will instead specify refs to exclude. A ref will be
1576 considered to match if it matches at least one positive refspec, and does
1577 not match any negative refspec. Negative refspecs can be useful to restrict
1578 the scope of a pattern refspec so that it will not include specific refs.
1579 Negative refspecs can themselves be pattern refspecs. However, they may only
1580 contain a &lt;src&gt; and do not specify a &lt;dst&gt;. Fully spelled out hex object
1581 names are also not supported.</p></div>
1582 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>tag &lt;tag&gt;</code> means the same as <code>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;:refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</code>;
1583 it requests fetching everything up to the given tag.</p></div>
1584 <div class="paragraph"><p>The remote ref that matches &lt;src&gt;
1585 is fetched, and if &lt;dst&gt; is not an empty string, an attempt
1586 is made to update the local ref that matches it.</p></div>
1587 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whether that update is allowed without <code>--force</code> depends on the ref
1588 namespace it&#8217;s being fetched to, the type of object being fetched, and
1589 whether the update is considered to be a fast-forward. Generally, the
1590 same rules apply for fetching as when pushing, see the <code>&lt;refspec&gt;...</code>
1591 section of <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> for what those are. Exceptions to those
1592 rules particular to <em>git fetch</em> are noted below.</p></div>
1593 <div class="paragraph"><p>Until Git version 2.20, and unlike when pushing with
1594 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, any updates to <code>refs/tags/*</code> would be accepted
1595 without <code>+</code> in the refspec (or <code>--force</code>). When fetching, we promiscuously
1596 considered all tag updates from a remote to be forced fetches.  Since
1597 Git version 2.20, fetching to update <code>refs/tags/*</code> works the same way
1598 as when pushing. I.e. any updates will be rejected without <code>+</code> in the
1599 refspec (or <code>--force</code>).</p></div>
1600 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike when pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, any updates outside of
1601 <code>refs/{tags,heads}/*</code> will be accepted without <code>+</code> in the refspec (or
1602 <code>--force</code>), whether that&#8217;s swapping e.g. a tree object for a blob, or
1603 a commit for another commit that&#8217;s doesn&#8217;t have the previous commit as
1604 an ancestor etc.</p></div>
1605 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike when pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, there is no
1606 configuration which&#8217;ll amend these rules, and nothing like a
1607 <code>pre-fetch</code> hook analogous to the <code>pre-receive</code> hook.</p></div>
1608 <div class="paragraph"><p>As with pushing with <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>, all of the rules described
1609 above about what&#8217;s not allowed as an update can be overridden by
1610 adding an the optional leading <code>+</code> to a refspec (or using <code>--force</code>
1611 command line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of
1612 forcing will make the <code>refs/heads/*</code> namespace accept a non-commit
1613 object.</p></div>
1614 <div class="admonitionblock">
1615 <table><tr>
1616 <td class="icon">
1617 <div class="title">Note</div>
1618 </td>
1619 <td class="content">When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to
1620 be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that
1621 its new tip will not be descendant of its previous tip
1622 (as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time
1623 you fetched).  You would want
1624 to use the <code>+</code> sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
1625 will be needed for such branches.  There is no way to
1626 determine or declare that a branch will be made available
1627 in a repository with this behavior; the pulling user simply
1628 must know this is the expected usage pattern for a branch.</td>
1629 </tr></table>
1630 </div>
1631 <div class="admonitionblock">
1632 <table><tr>
1633 <td class="icon">
1634 <div class="title">Note</div>
1635 </td>
1636 <td class="content">There is a difference between listing multiple &lt;refspec&gt;
1637 directly on <em>git pull</em> command line and having multiple
1638 <code>remote.&lt;repository&gt;.fetch</code> entries in your configuration
1639 for a &lt;repository&gt; and running a
1640 <em>git pull</em> command without any explicit &lt;refspec&gt; parameters.
1641 &lt;refspec&gt;s listed explicitly on the command line are always
1642 merged into the current branch after fetching.  In other words,
1643 if you list more than one remote ref, <em>git pull</em> will create
1644 an Octopus merge.  On the other hand, if you do not list any
1645 explicit &lt;refspec&gt; parameter on the command line, <em>git pull</em>
1646 will fetch all the &lt;refspec&gt;s it finds in the
1647 <code>remote.&lt;repository&gt;.fetch</code> configuration and merge
1648 only the first &lt;refspec&gt; found into the current branch.
1649 This is because making an
1650 Octopus from remote refs is rarely done, while keeping track
1651 of multiple remote heads in one-go by fetching more than one
1652 is often useful.</td>
1653 </tr></table>
1654 </div>
1655 </dd>
1656 </dl></div>
1657 </div>
1658 </div>
1659 </div>
1660 <div class="sect1">
1661 <h2 id="_git_urls_a_id_urls_a">GIT URLS<a id="URLS"></a></h2>
1662 <div class="sectionbody">
1663 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the
1664 address of the remote server, and the path to the repository.
1665 Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
1666 absent.</p></div>
1667 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp,
1668 and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and
1669 deprecated; do not use it).</p></div>
1670 <div class="paragraph"><p>The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
1671 should be used with caution on unsecured networks.</p></div>
1672 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following syntaxes may be used with them:</p></div>
1673 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1674 <li>
1675 <p>
1676 ssh://&#91;user@&#93;host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1677 </p>
1678 </li>
1679 <li>
1680 <p>
1681 git://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1682 </p>
1683 </li>
1684 <li>
1685 <p>
1686 http&#91;s&#93;://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1687 </p>
1688 </li>
1689 <li>
1690 <p>
1691 ftp&#91;s&#93;://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1692 </p>
1693 </li>
1694 </ul></div>
1695 <div class="paragraph"><p>An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:</p></div>
1696 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1697 <li>
1698 <p>
1699 &#91;user@&#93;host.xz:path/to/repo.git/
1700 </p>
1701 </li>
1702 </ul></div>
1703 <div class="paragraph"><p>This syntax is only recognized if there are no slashes before the
1704 first colon. This helps differentiate a local path that contains a
1705 colon. For example the local path <code>foo:bar</code> could be specified as an
1706 absolute path or <code>./foo:bar</code> to avoid being misinterpreted as an ssh
1707 url.</p></div>
1708 <div class="paragraph"><p>The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:</p></div>
1709 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1710 <li>
1711 <p>
1712 ssh://&#91;user@&#93;host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1713 </p>
1714 </li>
1715 <li>
1716 <p>
1717 git://host.xz&#91;:port&#93;/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1718 </p>
1719 </li>
1720 <li>
1721 <p>
1722 &#91;user@&#93;host.xz:/~&#91;user&#93;/path/to/repo.git/
1723 </p>
1724 </li>
1725 </ul></div>
1726 <div class="paragraph"><p>For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following
1727 syntaxes may be used:</p></div>
1728 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1729 <li>
1730 <p>
1731 /path/to/repo.git/
1732 </p>
1733 </li>
1734 <li>
1735 <p>
1736 file:///path/to/repo.git/
1737 </p>
1738 </li>
1739 </ul></div>
1740 <div class="paragraph"><p>These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when
1741 the former implies --local option. See <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> for
1742 details.</p></div>
1743 <div class="paragraph"><p><em>git clone</em>, <em>git fetch</em> and <em>git pull</em>, but not <em>git push</em>, will also
1744 accept a suitable bundle file. See <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>.</p></div>
1745 <div class="paragraph"><p>When Git doesn&#8217;t know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it
1746 attempts to use the <em>remote-&lt;transport&gt;</em> remote helper, if one
1747 exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following syntax
1748 may be used:</p></div>
1749 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1750 <li>
1751 <p>
1752 &lt;transport&gt;::&lt;address&gt;
1753 </p>
1754 </li>
1755 </ul></div>
1756 <div class="paragraph"><p>where &lt;address&gt; may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
1757 URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being
1758 invoked. See <a href="gitremote-helpers.html">gitremote-helpers(7)</a> for details.</p></div>
1759 <div class="paragraph"><p>If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
1760 you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you
1761 use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a
1762 configuration section of the form:</p></div>
1763 <div class="listingblock">
1764 <div class="content">
1765 <pre><code>        [url "&lt;actual url base&gt;"]
1766                 insteadOf = &lt;other url base&gt;</code></pre>
1767 </div></div>
1768 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
1769 <div class="listingblock">
1770 <div class="content">
1771 <pre><code>        [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
1772                 insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
1773                 insteadOf = work:</code></pre>
1774 </div></div>
1775 <div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be
1776 rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".</p></div>
1777 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a
1778 configuration section of the form:</p></div>
1779 <div class="listingblock">
1780 <div class="content">
1781 <pre><code>        [url "&lt;actual url base&gt;"]
1782                 pushInsteadOf = &lt;other url base&gt;</code></pre>
1783 </div></div>
1784 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, with this:</p></div>
1785 <div class="listingblock">
1786 <div class="content">
1787 <pre><code>        [url "ssh://example.org/"]
1788                 pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/</code></pre>
1789 </div></div>
1790 <div class="paragraph"><p>a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
1791 "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still
1792 use the original URL.</p></div>
1793 </div>
1794 </div>
1795 <div class="sect1">
1796 <h2 id="_remotes_a_id_remotes_a">REMOTES<a id="REMOTES"></a></h2>
1797 <div class="sectionbody">
1798 <div class="paragraph"><p>The name of one of the following can be used instead
1799 of a URL as <code>&lt;repository&gt;</code> argument:</p></div>
1800 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1801 <li>
1802 <p>
1803 a remote in the Git configuration file: <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code>,
1804 </p>
1805 </li>
1806 <li>
1807 <p>
1808 a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code> directory, or
1809 </p>
1810 </li>
1811 <li>
1812 <p>
1813 a file in the <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> directory.
1814 </p>
1815 </li>
1816 </ul></div>
1817 <div class="paragraph"><p>All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line
1818 because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.</p></div>
1819 <div class="sect2">
1820 <h3 id="_named_remote_in_configuration_file">Named remote in configuration file</h3>
1821 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously
1822 configured using <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1823 or even by a manual edit to the <code>$GIT_DIR/config</code> file.  The URL of
1824 this remote will be used to access the repository.  The refspec
1825 of this remote will be used by default when you do
1826 not provide a refspec on the command line.  The entry in the
1827 config file would appear like this:</p></div>
1828 <div class="listingblock">
1829 <div class="content">
1830 <pre><code>        [remote "&lt;name&gt;"]
1831                 url = &lt;URL&gt;
1832                 pushurl = &lt;pushurl&gt;
1833                 push = &lt;refspec&gt;
1834                 fetch = &lt;refspec&gt;</code></pre>
1835 </div></div>
1836 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>&lt;pushurl&gt;</code> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
1837 to <code>&lt;URL&gt;</code>. Pushing to a remote affects all defined pushurls or to all
1838 defined urls if no pushurls are defined. Fetch, however, will only
1839 fetch from the first defined url if multiple urls are defined.</p></div>
1840 </div>
1841 <div class="sect2">
1842 <h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_remotes_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code></h3>
1843 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
1844 file in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes</code>.  The URL
1845 in this file will be used to access the repository.  The refspec
1846 in this file will be used as default when you do not
1847 provide a refspec on the command line.  This file should have the
1848 following format:</p></div>
1849 <div class="listingblock">
1850 <div class="content">
1851 <pre><code>        URL: one of the above URL format
1852         Push: &lt;refspec&gt;
1853         Pull: &lt;refspec&gt;</code></pre>
1854 </div></div>
1855 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>Push:</code> lines are used by <em>git push</em> and
1856 <code>Pull:</code> lines are used by <em>git pull</em> and <em>git fetch</em>.
1857 Multiple <code>Push:</code> and <code>Pull:</code> lines may
1858 be specified for additional branch mappings.</p></div>
1859 </div>
1860 <div class="sect2">
1861 <h3 id="_named_file_in_code_git_dir_branches_code">Named file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code></h3>
1862 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can choose to provide the name of a
1863 file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code>.
1864 The URL in this file will be used to access the repository.
1865 This file should have the following format:</p></div>
1866 <div class="listingblock">
1867 <div class="content">
1868 <pre><code>        &lt;URL&gt;#&lt;head&gt;</code></pre>
1869 </div></div>
1870 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>&lt;URL&gt;</code> is required; <code>#&lt;head&gt;</code> is optional.</p></div>
1871 <div class="paragraph"><p>Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following
1872 refspecs, if you don&#8217;t provide one on the command line.
1873 <code>&lt;branch&gt;</code> is the name of this file in <code>$GIT_DIR/branches</code> and
1874 <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> defaults to <code>master</code>.</p></div>
1875 <div class="paragraph"><p>git fetch uses:</p></div>
1876 <div class="listingblock">
1877 <div class="content">
1878 <pre><code>        refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;:refs/heads/&lt;branch&gt;</code></pre>
1879 </div></div>
1880 <div class="paragraph"><p>git push uses:</p></div>
1881 <div class="listingblock">
1882 <div class="content">
1883 <pre><code>        HEAD:refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</code></pre>
1884 </div></div>
1885 </div>
1886 </div>
1887 </div>
1888 <div class="sect1">
1889 <h2 id="_merge_strategies">MERGE STRATEGIES</h2>
1890 <div class="sectionbody">
1891 <div class="paragraph"><p>The merge mechanism (<code>git merge</code> and <code>git pull</code> commands) allows the
1892 backend <em>merge strategies</em> to be chosen with <code>-s</code> option.  Some strategies
1893 can also take their own options, which can be passed by giving <code>-X&lt;option&gt;</code>
1894 arguments to <code>git merge</code> and/or <code>git pull</code>.</p></div>
1895 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1896 <dt class="hdlist1">
1897 ort
1898 </dt>
1899 <dd>
1900 <p>
1901         This is the default merge strategy when pulling or merging one
1902         branch.  This strategy can only resolve two heads using a
1903         3-way merge algorithm.  When there is more than one common
1904         ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a merged
1905         tree of the common ancestors and uses that as the reference
1906         tree for the 3-way merge.  This has been reported to result in
1907         fewer merge conflicts without causing mismerges by tests done
1908         on actual merge commits taken from Linux 2.6 kernel
1909         development history.  Additionally this strategy can detect
1910         and handle merges involving renames.  It does not make use of
1911         detected copies.  The name for this algorithm is an acronym
1912         ("Ostensibly Recursive&#8217;s Twin") and came from the fact that it
1913         was written as a replacement for the previous default
1914         algorithm, <code>recursive</code>.
1915 </p>
1916 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>ort</em> strategy can take the following options:</p></div>
1917 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1918 <dt class="hdlist1">
1919 ours
1920 </dt>
1921 <dd>
1922 <p>
1923         This option forces conflicting hunks to be auto-resolved cleanly by
1924         favoring <em>our</em> version.  Changes from the other tree that do not
1925         conflict with our side are reflected in the merge result.
1926         For a binary file, the entire contents are taken from our side.
1927 </p>
1928 <div class="paragraph"><p>This should not be confused with the <em>ours</em> merge strategy, which does not
1929 even look at what the other tree contains at all.  It discards everything
1930 the other tree did, declaring <em>our</em> history contains all that happened in it.</p></div>
1931 </dd>
1932 <dt class="hdlist1">
1933 theirs
1934 </dt>
1935 <dd>
1936 <p>
1937         This is the opposite of <em>ours</em>; note that, unlike <em>ours</em>, there is
1938         no <em>theirs</em> merge strategy to confuse this merge option with.
1939 </p>
1940 </dd>
1941 <dt class="hdlist1">
1942 ignore-space-change
1943 </dt>
1944 <dt class="hdlist1">
1945 ignore-all-space
1946 </dt>
1947 <dt class="hdlist1">
1948 ignore-space-at-eol
1949 </dt>
1950 <dt class="hdlist1">
1951 ignore-cr-at-eol
1952 </dt>
1953 <dd>
1954 <p>
1955         Treats lines with the indicated type of whitespace change as
1956         unchanged for the sake of a three-way merge.  Whitespace
1957         changes mixed with other changes to a line are not ignored.
1958         See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>-b</code>, <code>-w</code>,
1959         <code>--ignore-space-at-eol</code>, and <code>--ignore-cr-at-eol</code>.
1960 </p>
1961 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1962 <li>
1963 <p>
1964 If <em>their</em> version only introduces whitespace changes to a line,
1965   <em>our</em> version is used;
1966 </p>
1967 </li>
1968 <li>
1969 <p>
1970 If <em>our</em> version introduces whitespace changes but <em>their</em>
1971   version includes a substantial change, <em>their</em> version is used;
1972 </p>
1973 </li>
1974 <li>
1975 <p>
1976 Otherwise, the merge proceeds in the usual way.
1977 </p>
1978 </li>
1979 </ul></div>
1980 </dd>
1981 <dt class="hdlist1">
1982 renormalize
1983 </dt>
1984 <dd>
1985 <p>
1986         This runs a virtual check-out and check-in of all three stages
1987         of a file when resolving a three-way merge.  This option is
1988         meant to be used when merging branches with different clean
1989         filters or end-of-line normalization rules.  See "Merging
1990         branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes" in
1991         <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details.
1992 </p>
1993 </dd>
1994 <dt class="hdlist1">
1995 no-renormalize
1996 </dt>
1997 <dd>
1998 <p>
1999         Disables the <code>renormalize</code> option.  This overrides the
2000         <code>merge.renormalize</code> configuration variable.
2001 </p>
2002 </dd>
2003 <dt class="hdlist1">
2004 find-renames[=&lt;n&gt;]
2005 </dt>
2006 <dd>
2007 <p>
2008         Turn on rename detection, optionally setting the similarity
2009         threshold.  This is the default. This overrides the
2010         <em>merge.renames</em> configuration variable.
2011         See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--find-renames</code>.
2012 </p>
2013 </dd>
2014 <dt class="hdlist1">
2015 rename-threshold=&lt;n&gt;
2016 </dt>
2017 <dd>
2018 <p>
2019         Deprecated synonym for <code>find-renames=&lt;n&gt;</code>.
2020 </p>
2021 </dd>
2022 <dt class="hdlist1">
2023 subtree[=&lt;path&gt;]
2024 </dt>
2025 <dd>
2026 <p>
2027         This option is a more advanced form of <em>subtree</em> strategy, where
2028         the strategy makes a guess on how two trees must be shifted to
2029         match with each other when merging.  Instead, the specified path
2030         is prefixed (or stripped from the beginning) to make the shape of
2031         two trees to match.
2032 </p>
2033 </dd>
2034 </dl></div>
2035 </dd>
2036 <dt class="hdlist1">
2037 recursive
2038 </dt>
2039 <dd>
2040 <p>
2041         This can only resolve two heads using a 3-way merge
2042         algorithm.  When there is more than one common
2043         ancestor that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a
2044         merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as
2045         the reference tree for the 3-way merge.  This has been
2046         reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without
2047         causing mismerges by tests done on actual merge commits
2048         taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history.
2049         Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving
2050         renames.  It does not make use of detected copies.  This was
2051         the default strategy for resolving two heads from Git v0.99.9k
2052         until v2.33.0.
2053 </p>
2054 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>recursive</em> strategy takes the same options as <em>ort</em>.  However,
2055 there are three additional options that <em>ort</em> ignores (not documented
2056 above) that are potentially useful with the <em>recursive</em> strategy:</p></div>
2057 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2058 <dt class="hdlist1">
2059 patience
2060 </dt>
2061 <dd>
2062 <p>
2063         Deprecated synonym for <code>diff-algorithm=patience</code>.
2064 </p>
2065 </dd>
2066 <dt class="hdlist1">
2067 diff-algorithm=[patience|minimal|histogram|myers]
2068 </dt>
2069 <dd>
2070 <p>
2071         Use a different diff algorithm while merging, which can help
2072         avoid mismerges that occur due to unimportant matching lines
2073         (such as braces from distinct functions).  See also
2074         <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--diff-algorithm</code>.  Note that <code>ort</code>
2075         specifically uses <code>diff-algorithm=histogram</code>, while <code>recursive</code>
2076         defaults to the <code>diff.algorithm</code> config setting.
2077 </p>
2078 </dd>
2079 <dt class="hdlist1">
2080 no-renames
2081 </dt>
2082 <dd>
2083 <p>
2084         Turn off rename detection. This overrides the <code>merge.renames</code>
2085         configuration variable.
2086         See also <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> <code>--no-renames</code>.
2087 </p>
2088 </dd>
2089 </dl></div>
2090 </dd>
2091 <dt class="hdlist1">
2092 resolve
2093 </dt>
2094 <dd>
2095 <p>
2096         This can only resolve two heads (i.e. the current branch
2097         and another branch you pulled from) using a 3-way merge
2098         algorithm.  It tries to carefully detect criss-cross
2099         merge ambiguities.  It does not handle renames.
2100 </p>
2101 </dd>
2102 <dt class="hdlist1">
2103 octopus
2104 </dt>
2105 <dd>
2106 <p>
2107         This resolves cases with more than two heads, but refuses to do
2108         a complex merge that needs manual resolution.  It is
2109         primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch
2110         heads together.  This is the default merge strategy when
2111         pulling or merging more than one branch.
2112 </p>
2113 </dd>
2114 <dt class="hdlist1">
2115 ours
2116 </dt>
2117 <dd>
2118 <p>
2119         This resolves any number of heads, but the resulting tree of the
2120         merge is always that of the current branch head, effectively
2121         ignoring all changes from all other branches.  It is meant to
2122         be used to supersede old development history of side
2123         branches.  Note that this is different from the -Xours option to
2124         the <em>recursive</em> merge strategy.
2125 </p>
2126 </dd>
2127 <dt class="hdlist1">
2128 subtree
2129 </dt>
2130 <dd>
2131 <p>
2132         This is a modified <code>ort</code> strategy. When merging trees A and
2133         B, if B corresponds to a subtree of A, B is first adjusted to
2134         match the tree structure of A, instead of reading the trees at
2135         the same level. This adjustment is also done to the common
2136         ancestor tree.
2137 </p>
2138 </dd>
2139 </dl></div>
2140 <div class="paragraph"><p>With the strategies that use 3-way merge (including the default, <em>ort</em>),
2141 if a change is made on both branches, but later reverted on one of the
2142 branches, that change will be present in the merged result; some people find
2143 this behavior confusing.  It occurs because only the heads and the merge base
2144 are considered when performing a merge, not the individual commits.  The merge
2145 algorithm therefore considers the reverted change as no change at all, and
2146 substitutes the changed version instead.</p></div>
2147 </div>
2148 </div>
2149 <div class="sect1">
2150 <h2 id="_default_behaviour">DEFAULT BEHAVIOUR</h2>
2151 <div class="sectionbody">
2152 <div class="paragraph"><p>Often people use <code>git pull</code> without giving any parameter.
2153 Traditionally, this has been equivalent to saying <code>git pull
2154 origin</code>.  However, when configuration <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote</code> is
2155 present while on branch <code>&lt;name&gt;</code>, that value is used instead of
2156 <code>origin</code>.</p></div>
2157 <div class="paragraph"><p>In order to determine what URL to use to fetch from, the value
2158 of the configuration <code>remote.&lt;origin&gt;.url</code> is consulted
2159 and if there is not any such variable, the value on the <code>URL:</code> line
2160 in <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/&lt;origin&gt;</code> is used.</p></div>
2161 <div class="paragraph"><p>In order to determine what remote branches to fetch (and
2162 optionally store in the remote-tracking branches) when the command is
2163 run without any refspec parameters on the command line, values
2164 of the configuration variable <code>remote.&lt;origin&gt;.fetch</code> are
2165 consulted, and if there aren&#8217;t any, <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/&lt;origin&gt;</code>
2166 is consulted and its <code>Pull:</code> lines are used.
2167 In addition to the refspec formats described in the OPTIONS
2168 section, you can have a globbing refspec that looks like this:</p></div>
2169 <div class="listingblock">
2170 <div class="content">
2171 <pre><code>refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*</code></pre>
2172 </div></div>
2173 <div class="paragraph"><p>A globbing refspec must have a non-empty RHS (i.e. must store
2174 what were fetched in remote-tracking branches), and its LHS and RHS
2175 must end with <code>/*</code>.  The above specifies that all remote
2176 branches are tracked using remote-tracking branches in
2177 <code>refs/remotes/origin/</code> hierarchy under the same name.</p></div>
2178 <div class="paragraph"><p>The rule to determine which remote branch to merge after
2179 fetching is a bit involved, in order not to break backward
2180 compatibility.</p></div>
2181 <div class="paragraph"><p>If explicit refspecs were given on the command
2182 line of <code>git pull</code>, they are all merged.</p></div>
2183 <div class="paragraph"><p>When no refspec was given on the command line, then <code>git pull</code>
2184 uses the refspec from the configuration or
2185 <code>$GIT_DIR/remotes/&lt;origin&gt;</code>.  In such cases, the following
2186 rules apply:</p></div>
2187 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
2188 <li>
2189 <p>
2190 If <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code> configuration for the current
2191   branch <code>&lt;name&gt;</code> exists, that is the name of the branch at the
2192   remote site that is merged.
2193 </p>
2194 </li>
2195 <li>
2196 <p>
2197 If the refspec is a globbing one, nothing is merged.
2198 </p>
2199 </li>
2200 <li>
2201 <p>
2202 Otherwise the remote branch of the first refspec is merged.
2203 </p>
2204 </li>
2205 </ol></div>
2206 </div>
2207 </div>
2208 <div class="sect1">
2209 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
2210 <div class="sectionbody">
2211 <div class="ulist"><ul>
2212 <li>
2213 <p>
2214 Update the remote-tracking branches for the repository
2215   you cloned from, then merge one of them into your
2216   current branch:
2217 </p>
2218 <div class="listingblock">
2219 <div class="content">
2220 <pre><code>$ git pull
2221 $ git pull origin</code></pre>
2222 </div></div>
2223 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally the branch merged in is the HEAD of the remote repository,
2224 but the choice is determined by the branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote and
2225 branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge options; see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for details.</p></div>
2226 </li>
2227 <li>
2228 <p>
2229 Merge into the current branch the remote branch <code>next</code>:
2230 </p>
2231 <div class="listingblock">
2232 <div class="content">
2233 <pre><code>$ git pull origin next</code></pre>
2234 </div></div>
2235 <div class="paragraph"><p>This leaves a copy of <code>next</code> temporarily in FETCH_HEAD, and
2236 updates the remote-tracking branch <code>origin/next</code>.
2237 The same can be done by invoking fetch and merge:</p></div>
2238 <div class="listingblock">
2239 <div class="content">
2240 <pre><code>$ git fetch origin
2241 $ git merge origin/next</code></pre>
2242 </div></div>
2243 </li>
2244 </ul></div>
2245 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you tried a pull which resulted in complex conflicts and
2246 would want to start over, you can recover with <em>git reset</em>.</p></div>
2247 </div>
2248 </div>
2249 <div class="sect1">
2250 <h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
2251 <div class="sectionbody">
2252 <div class="paragraph"><p>The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
2253 stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
2254 shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious
2255 peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies
2256 to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not
2257 effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a
2258 namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire
2259 repository.</p></div>
2260 <div class="paragraph"><p>The known attack vectors are as follows:</p></div>
2261 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
2262 <li>
2263 <p>
2264 The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that
2265   are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the
2266   transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X
2267   to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn&#8217;t required to send the content of
2268   X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the
2269   attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker
2270   later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a
2271   server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access
2272   to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it
2273   on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
2274   does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server
2275   without noticing the merge.)
2276 </p>
2277 </li>
2278 <li>
2279 <p>
2280 As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends
2281   an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely
2282   claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X.
2283   The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker.
2284 </p>
2285 </li>
2286 </ol></div>
2287 </div>
2288 </div>
2289 <div class="sect1">
2290 <h2 id="_bugs">BUGS</h2>
2291 <div class="sectionbody">
2292 <div class="paragraph"><p>Using --recurse-submodules can only fetch new commits in already checked
2293 out submodules right now. When e.g. upstream added a new submodule in the
2294 just fetched commits of the superproject the submodule itself cannot be
2295 fetched, making it impossible to check out that submodule later without
2296 having to do a fetch again. This is expected to be fixed in a future Git
2297 version.</p></div>
2298 </div>
2299 </div>
2300 <div class="sect1">
2301 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
2302 <div class="sectionbody">
2303 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>, <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>, <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a></p></div>
2304 </div>
2305 </div>
2306 <div class="sect1">
2307 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2308 <div class="sectionbody">
2309 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2310 </div>
2311 </div>
2312 </div>
2313 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
2314 <div id="footer">
2315 <div id="footer-text">
2316 Last updated
2317  2021-10-18 17:00:13 PDT
2318 </div>
2319 </div>
2320 </body>
2321 </html>