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1 [[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database::
2 Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>>
3 can inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>>
4 from another object database, which is called "alternate".
6 [[def_bare_repository]]bare repository::
7 A bare repository is normally an appropriately
8 named <<def_directory,directory>> with a `.git` suffix that does not
9 have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
10 revision control. That is, all of the Git
11 administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
12 hidden `.git` sub-directory are directly present in the
13 `repository.git` directory instead,
14 and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of
15 public repositories make bare repositories available.
17 [[def_blob_object]]blob object::
18 Untyped <<def_object,object>>, e.g. the contents of a file.
20 [[def_branch]]branch::
21 A "branch" is an active line of development. The most recent
22 <<def_commit,commit>> on a branch is referred to as the tip of
23 that branch. The tip of the branch is referenced by a branch
24 <<def_head,head>>, which moves forward as additional development
25 is done on the branch. A single Git
26 <<def_repository,repository>> can track an arbitrary number of
27 branches, but your <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is
28 associated with just one of them (the "current" or "checked out"
29 branch), and <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> points to that branch.
31 [[def_cache]]cache::
32 Obsolete for: <<def_index,index>>.
34 [[def_chain]]chain::
35 A list of objects, where each <<def_object,object>> in the list contains
36 a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
37 <<def_commit,commit>> could be one of its <<def_parent,parents>>).
39 [[def_changeset]]changeset::
40 BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<<def_commit,commit>>". Since Git does not
41 store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
42 "changesets" with Git.
44 [[def_checkout]]checkout::
45 The action of updating all or part of the
46 <<def_working_tree,working tree>> with a <<def_tree_object,tree object>>
47 or <<def_blob_object,blob>> from the
48 <<def_object_database,object database>>, and updating the
49 <<def_index,index>> and <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> if the whole working tree has
50 been pointed at a new <<def_branch,branch>>.
52 [[def_cherry-picking]]cherry-picking::
53 In <<def_SCM,SCM>> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
54 changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
55 as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is
56 performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
57 by an existing <<def_commit,commit>> and to record it based on the tip
58 of the current <<def_branch,branch>> as a new commit.
60 [[def_clean]]clean::
61 A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is clean, if it
62 corresponds to the <<def_revision,revision>> referenced by the current
63 <<def_head,head>>. Also see "<<def_dirty,dirty>>".
65 [[def_commit]]commit::
66 As a noun: A single point in the
67 Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a
68 set of interrelated commits. The word "commit" is often
69 used by Git in the same places other revision control systems
70 use the words "revision" or "version". Also used as a short
71 hand for <<def_commit_object,commit object>>.
72 +
73 As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project's
74 state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current
75 state of the <<def_index,index>> and advancing <<def_HEAD,HEAD>>
76 to point at the new commit.
78 [[def_commit_object]]commit object::
79 An <<def_object,object>> which contains the information about a
80 particular <<def_revision,revision>>, such as <<def_parent,parents>>, committer,
81 author, date and the <<def_tree_object,tree object>> which corresponds
82 to the top <<def_directory,directory>> of the stored
83 revision.
85 [[def_commit-ish]]commit-ish (also committish)::
86 A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> or an
87 <<def_object,object>> that can be recursively dereferenced to
88 a commit object.
89 The following are all commit-ishes:
90 a commit object,
91 a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a commit
92 object,
93 a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a
94 commit object,
95 etc.
97 [[def_core_git]]core Git::
98 Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited
99 source code management tools.
101 [[def_DAG]]DAG::
102 Directed acyclic graph. The <<def_commit_object,commit objects>> form a
103 directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
104 graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no <<def_chain,chain>>
105 which begins and ends with the same <<def_object,object>>).
107 [[def_dangling_object]]dangling object::
108 An <<def_unreachable_object,unreachable object>> which is not
109 <<def_reachable,reachable>> even from other unreachable objects; a
110 dangling object has no references to it from any
111 reference or <<def_object,object>> in the <<def_repository,repository>>.
113 [[def_detached_HEAD]]detached HEAD::
114 Normally the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> stores the name of a
115 <<def_branch,branch>>, and commands that operate on the
116 history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the
117 tip of the branch the HEAD points at. However, Git also
118 allows you to <<def_checkout,check out>> an arbitrary
119 <<def_commit,commit>> that isn't necessarily the tip of any
120 particular branch. The HEAD in such a state is called
121 "detached".
122 +
123 Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch
124 (e.g. `git commit` to build a new history on top of it) still work
125 while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip
126 of the updated history without affecting any branch. Commands that
127 update or inquire information _about_ the current branch (e.g. `git
128 branch --set-upstream-to` that sets what remote-tracking branch the
129 current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no
130 (real) current branch to ask about in this state.
132 [[def_directory]]directory::
133 The list you get with "ls" :-)
135 [[def_dirty]]dirty::
136 A <<def_working_tree,working tree>> is said to be "dirty" if
137 it contains modifications which have not been <<def_commit,committed>> to the current
138 <<def_branch,branch>>.
140 [[def_evil_merge]]evil merge::
141 An evil merge is a <<def_merge,merge>> that introduces changes that
142 do not appear in any <<def_parent,parent>>.
144 [[def_fast_forward]]fast-forward::
145 A fast-forward is a special type of <<def_merge,merge>> where you have a
146 <<def_revision,revision>> and you are "merging" another
147 <<def_branch,branch>>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
148 you have. In such these cases, you do not make a new <<def_merge,merge>>
149 <<def_commit,commit>> but instead just update to his
150 revision. This will happen frequently on a
151 <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branch>> of a remote
152 <<def_repository,repository>>.
154 [[def_fetch]]fetch::
155 Fetching a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the
156 branch's <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote
157 <<def_repository,repository>>, to find out which objects are
158 missing from the local <<def_object_database,object database>>,
159 and to get them, too. See also linkgit:git-fetch[1].
161 [[def_file_system]]file system::
162 Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system,
163 i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
164 efficiency and speed of Git.
166 [[def_git_archive]]Git archive::
167 Synonym for <<def_repository,repository>> (for arch people).
169 [[def_gitfile]]gitfile::
170 A plain file `.git` at the root of a working tree that
171 points at the directory that is the real repository.
173 [[def_grafts]]grafts::
174 Grafts enables two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
175 together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
176 you can make Git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has
177 is different from what was recorded when the commit was
178 created. Configured via the `.git/info/grafts` file.
180 [[def_hash]]hash::
181 In Git's context, synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
183 [[def_head]]head::
184 A <<def_ref,named reference>> to the <<def_commit,commit>> at the tip of a
185 <<def_branch,branch>>. Heads are stored in a file in
186 `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/` directory, except when using packed refs. (See
187 linkgit:git-pack-refs[1].)
189 [[def_HEAD]]HEAD::
190 The current <<def_branch,branch>>. In more detail: Your <<def_working_tree,
191 working tree>> is normally derived from the state of the tree
192 referred to by HEAD. HEAD is a reference to one of the
193 <<def_head,heads>> in your repository, except when using a
194 <<def_detached_HEAD,detached HEAD>>, in which case it directly
195 references an arbitrary commit.
197 [[def_head_ref]]head ref::
198 A synonym for <<def_head,head>>.
200 [[def_hook]]hook::
201 During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made
202 to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
203 checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
204 and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
205 operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the
206 `$GIT_DIR/hooks/` directory, and are enabled by simply
207 removing the `.sample` suffix from the filename. In earlier versions
208 of Git you had to make them executable.
210 [[def_index]]index::
211 A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
212 as objects. The index is a stored version of your
213 <<def_working_tree,working tree>>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
214 a third version of a working tree, which are used
215 when <<def_merge,merging>>.
217 [[def_index_entry]]index entry::
218 The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
219 <<def_index,index>>. An index entry can be unmerged, if a
220 <<def_merge,merge>> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if
221 the index contains multiple versions of that file).
223 [[def_master]]master::
224 The default development <<def_branch,branch>>. Whenever you
225 create a Git <<def_repository,repository>>, a branch named
226 "master" is created, and becomes the active branch. In most
227 cases, this contains the local development, though that is
228 purely by convention and is not required.
230 [[def_merge]]merge::
231 As a verb: To bring the contents of another
232 <<def_branch,branch>> (possibly from an external
233 <<def_repository,repository>>) into the current branch. In the
234 case where the merged-in branch is from a different repository,
235 this is done by first <<def_fetch,fetching>> the remote branch
236 and then merging the result into the current branch. This
237 combination of fetch and merge operations is called a
238 <<def_pull,pull>>. Merging is performed by an automatic process
239 that identifies changes made since the branches diverged, and
240 then applies all those changes together. In cases where changes
241 conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the
242 merge.
243 +
244 As a noun: unless it is a <<def_fast_forward,fast-forward>>, a
245 successful merge results in the creation of a new <<def_commit,commit>>
246 representing the result of the merge, and having as
247 <<def_parent,parents>> the tips of the merged <<def_branch,branches>>.
248 This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
249 "merge".
251 [[def_object]]object::
252 The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the
253 <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>> of its contents. Consequently, an
254 object can not be changed.
256 [[def_object_database]]object database::
257 Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <<def_object,object>> is
258 identified by its <<def_object_name,object name>>. The objects usually
259 live in `$GIT_DIR/objects/`.
261 [[def_object_identifier]]object identifier::
262 Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
264 [[def_object_name]]object name::
265 The unique identifier of an <<def_object,object>>. The
266 object name is usually represented by a 40 character
267 hexadecimal string. Also colloquially called <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>.
269 [[def_object_type]]object type::
270 One of the identifiers "<<def_commit_object,commit>>",
271 "<<def_tree_object,tree>>", "<<def_tag_object,tag>>" or
272 "<<def_blob_object,blob>>" describing the type of an
273 <<def_object,object>>.
275 [[def_octopus]]octopus::
276 To <<def_merge,merge>> more than two <<def_branch,branches>>.
278 [[def_origin]]origin::
279 The default upstream <<def_repository,repository>>. Most projects have
280 at least one upstream project which they track. By default
281 'origin' is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
282 will be fetched into <<def_remote_tracking_branch,remote-tracking branches>> named
283 origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
284 `git branch -r`.
286 [[def_pack]]pack::
287 A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
288 or to transmit them efficiently).
290 [[def_pack_index]]pack index::
291 The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a
292 <<def_pack,pack>>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a
293 pack.
295 [[def_pathspec]]pathspec::
296 Pattern used to limit paths in Git commands.
297 +
298 Pathspecs are used on the command line of "git ls-files", "git
299 ls-tree", "git add", "git grep", "git diff", "git checkout",
300 and many other commands to
301 limit the scope of operations to some subset of the tree or
302 worktree. See the documentation of each command for whether
303 paths are relative to the current directory or toplevel. The
304 pathspec syntax is as follows:
305 +
306 --
308 * any path matches itself
309 * the pathspec up to the last slash represents a
310 directory prefix. The scope of that pathspec is
311 limited to that subtree.
312 * the rest of the pathspec is a pattern for the remainder
313 of the pathname. Paths relative to the directory
314 prefix will be matched against that pattern using fnmatch(3);
315 in particular, '*' and '?' _can_ match directory separators.
317 --
318 +
319 For example, Documentation/*.jpg will match all .jpg files
320 in the Documentation subtree,
321 including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg.
322 +
323 A pathspec that begins with a colon `:` has special meaning. In the
324 short form, the leading colon `:` is followed by zero or more "magic
325 signature" letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon `:`),
326 and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path.
327 The "magic signature" consists of ASCII symbols that are neither
328 alphanumeric, glob, regex special charaters nor colon.
329 The optional colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be
330 omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to
331 "magic signature" symbol set and is not a colon.
332 +
333 In the long form, the leading colon `:` is followed by a open
334 parenthesis `(`, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words",
335 and a close parentheses `)`, and the remainder is the pattern to match
336 against the path.
337 +
338 A pathspec with only a colon means "there is no pathspec". This form
339 should not be combined with other pathspec.
340 +
341 --
342 top;;
343 The magic word `top` (magic signature: `/`) makes the pattern
344 match from the root of the working tree, even when you are
345 running the command from inside a subdirectory.
347 literal;;
348 Wildcards in the pattern such as `*` or `?` are treated
349 as literal characters.
351 icase;;
352 Case insensitive match.
354 glob;;
355 Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for
356 consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag:
357 wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname.
358 For example, "Documentation/{asterisk}.html" matches
359 "Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html"
360 or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html".
361 +
362 Two consecutive asterisks ("`**`") in patterns matched against
363 full pathname may have special meaning:
365 - A leading "`**`" followed by a slash means match in all
366 directories. For example, "`**/foo`" matches file or directory
367 "`foo`" anywhere, the same as pattern "`foo`". "`**/foo/bar`"
368 matches file or directory "`bar`" anywhere that is directly
369 under directory "`foo`".
371 - A trailing "`/**`" matches everything inside. For example,
372 "`abc/**`" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative
373 to the location of the `.gitignore` file, with infinite depth.
375 - A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash
376 matches zero or more directories. For example, "`a/**/b`"
377 matches "`a/b`", "`a/x/b`", "`a/x/y/b`" and so on.
379 - Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid.
380 +
381 Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic.
382 --
384 [[def_parent]]parent::
385 A <<def_commit_object,commit object>> contains a (possibly empty) list
386 of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its
387 parents.
389 [[def_pickaxe]]pickaxe::
390 The term <<def_pickaxe,pickaxe>> refers to an option to the diffcore
391 routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
392 string. With the `--pickaxe-all` option, it can be used to view the full
393 <<def_changeset,changeset>> that introduced or removed, say, a
394 particular line of text. See linkgit:git-diff[1].
396 [[def_plumbing]]plumbing::
397 Cute name for <<def_core_git,core Git>>.
399 [[def_porcelain]]porcelain::
400 Cute name for programs and program suites depending on
401 <<def_core_git,core Git>>, presenting a high level access to
402 core Git. Porcelains expose more of a <<def_SCM,SCM>>
403 interface than the <<def_plumbing,plumbing>>.
405 [[def_pull]]pull::
406 Pulling a <<def_branch,branch>> means to <<def_fetch,fetch>> it and
407 <<def_merge,merge>> it. See also linkgit:git-pull[1].
409 [[def_push]]push::
410 Pushing a <<def_branch,branch>> means to get the branch's
411 <<def_head_ref,head ref>> from a remote <<def_repository,repository>>,
412 find out if it is a direct ancestor to the branch's local
413 head ref, and in that case, putting all
414 objects, which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the local
415 head ref, and which are missing from the remote
416 repository, into the remote
417 <<def_object_database,object database>>, and updating the remote
418 head ref. If the remote <<def_head,head>> is not an
419 ancestor to the local head, the push fails.
421 [[def_reachable]]reachable::
422 All of the ancestors of a given <<def_commit,commit>> are said to be
423 "reachable" from that commit. More
424 generally, one <<def_object,object>> is reachable from
425 another if we can reach the one from the other by a <<def_chain,chain>>
426 that follows <<def_tag,tags>> to whatever they tag,
427 <<def_commit_object,commits>> to their parents or trees, and
428 <<def_tree_object,trees>> to the trees or <<def_blob_object,blobs>>
429 that they contain.
431 [[def_rebase]]rebase::
432 To reapply a series of changes from a <<def_branch,branch>> to a
433 different base, and reset the <<def_head,head>> of that branch
434 to the result.
436 [[def_ref]]ref::
437 A name that begins with `refs/` (e.g. `refs/heads/master`)
438 that points to an <<def_object_name,object name>> or another
439 ref (the latter is called a <<def_symref,symbolic ref>>).
440 For convenience, a ref can sometimes be abbreviated when used
441 as an argument to a Git command; see linkgit:gitrevisions[7]
442 for details.
443 Refs are stored in the <<def_repository,repository>>.
444 +
445 The ref namespace is hierarchical.
446 Different subhierarchies are used for different purposes (e.g. the
447 `refs/heads/` hierarchy is used to represent local branches).
448 +
449 There are a few special-purpose refs that do not begin with `refs/`.
450 The most notable example is `HEAD`.
452 [[def_reflog]]reflog::
453 A reflog shows the local "history" of a ref. In other words,
454 it can tell you what the 3rd last revision in _this_ repository
455 was, and what was the current state in _this_ repository,
456 yesterday 9:14pm. See linkgit:git-reflog[1] for details.
458 [[def_refspec]]refspec::
459 A "refspec" is used by <<def_fetch,fetch>> and
460 <<def_push,push>> to describe the mapping between remote
461 <<def_ref,ref>> and local ref.
463 [[def_remote_tracking_branch]]remote-tracking branch::
464 A <<def_ref,ref>> that is used to follow changes from another
465 <<def_repository,repository>>. It typically looks like
466 'refs/remotes/foo/bar' (indicating that it tracks a branch named
467 'bar' in a remote named 'foo'), and matches the right-hand-side of
468 a configured fetch <<def_refspec,refspec>>. A remote-tracking
469 branch should not contain direct modifications or have local
470 commits made to it.
472 [[def_repository]]repository::
473 A collection of <<def_ref,refs>> together with an
474 <<def_object_database,object database>> containing all objects
475 which are <<def_reachable,reachable>> from the refs, possibly
476 accompanied by meta data from one or more <<def_porcelain,porcelains>>. A
477 repository can share an object database with other repositories
478 via <<def_alternate_object_database,alternates mechanism>>.
480 [[def_resolve]]resolve::
481 The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic
482 <<def_merge,merge>> left behind.
484 [[def_revision]]revision::
485 Synonym for <<def_commit,commit>> (the noun).
487 [[def_rewind]]rewind::
488 To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the
489 <<def_head,head>> to an earlier <<def_revision,revision>>.
491 [[def_SCM]]SCM::
492 Source code management (tool).
494 [[def_SHA1]]SHA-1::
495 "Secure Hash Algorithm 1"; a cryptographic hash function.
496 In the context of Git used as a synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
498 [[def_shallow_repository]]shallow repository::
499 A shallow <<def_repository,repository>> has an incomplete
500 history some of whose <<def_commit,commits>> have <<def_parent,parents>> cauterized away (in other
501 words, Git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the
502 parents, even though they are recorded in the <<def_commit_object,commit
503 object>>). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the
504 recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the
505 upstream is much larger. A shallow repository
506 is created by giving the `--depth` option to linkgit:git-clone[1], and
507 its history can be later deepened with linkgit:git-fetch[1].
509 [[def_symref]]symref::
510 Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <<def_SHA1,SHA-1>>
511 id itself, it is of the format 'ref: refs/some/thing' and when
512 referenced, it recursively dereferences to this reference.
513 '<<def_HEAD,HEAD>>' is a prime example of a symref. Symbolic
514 references are manipulated with the linkgit:git-symbolic-ref[1]
515 command.
517 [[def_tag]]tag::
518 A <<def_ref,ref>> under `refs/tags/` namespace that points to an
519 object of an arbitrary type (typically a tag points to either a
520 <<def_tag_object,tag>> or a <<def_commit_object,commit object>>).
521 In contrast to a <<def_head,head>>, a tag is not updated by
522 the `commit` command. A Git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp
523 tag (which would be called an <<def_object_type,object type>>
524 in Git's context). A tag is most typically used to mark a particular
525 point in the commit ancestry <<def_chain,chain>>.
527 [[def_tag_object]]tag object::
528 An <<def_object,object>> containing a <<def_ref,ref>> pointing to
529 another object, which can contain a message just like a
530 <<def_commit_object,commit object>>. It can also contain a (PGP)
531 signature, in which case it is called a "signed tag object".
533 [[def_topic_branch]]topic branch::
534 A regular Git <<def_branch,branch>> that is used by a developer to
535 identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy
536 and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches
537 that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
538 related changes.
540 [[def_tree]]tree::
541 Either a <<def_working_tree,working tree>>, or a <<def_tree_object,tree
542 object>> together with the dependent <<def_blob_object,blob>> and tree objects
543 (i.e. a stored representation of a working tree).
545 [[def_tree_object]]tree object::
546 An <<def_object,object>> containing a list of file names and modes along
547 with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A
548 <<def_tree,tree>> is equivalent to a <<def_directory,directory>>.
550 [[def_tree-ish]]tree-ish (also treeish)::
551 A <<def_tree_object,tree object>> or an <<def_object,object>>
552 that can be recursively dereferenced to a tree object.
553 Dereferencing a <<def_commit_object,commit object>> yields the
554 tree object corresponding to the <<def_revision,revision>>'s
555 top <<def_directory,directory>>.
556 The following are all tree-ishes:
557 a <<def_commit-ish,commit-ish>>,
558 a tree object,
559 a <<def_tag_object,tag object>> that points to a tree object,
560 a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a tree
561 object,
562 etc.
564 [[def_unmerged_index]]unmerged index::
565 An <<def_index,index>> which contains unmerged
566 <<def_index_entry,index entries>>.
568 [[def_unreachable_object]]unreachable object::
569 An <<def_object,object>> which is not <<def_reachable,reachable>> from a
570 <<def_branch,branch>>, <<def_tag,tag>>, or any other reference.
572 [[def_upstream_branch]]upstream branch::
573 The default <<def_branch,branch>> that is merged into the branch in
574 question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured
575 via branch.<name>.remote and branch.<name>.merge. If the upstream branch
576 of 'A' is 'origin/B' sometimes we say "'A' is tracking 'origin/B'".
578 [[def_working_tree]]working tree::
579 The tree of actual checked out files. The working tree normally
580 contains the contents of the <<def_HEAD,HEAD>> commit's tree,
581 plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed.