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1 *digraph.txt* For Vim version 7.1. Last change: 2007 Sep 10
4 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
7 Digraphs *digraphs* *Digraphs*
9 Digraphs are used to enter characters that normally cannot be entered by
10 an ordinary keyboard. These are mostly accented characters which have the
11 eighth bit set. The digraphs are easier to remember than the decimal number
12 that can be entered with CTRL-V (see |i_CTRL-V|).
14 There is a brief introduction on digraphs in the user manual: |24.9|
15 An alternative is using the 'keymap' option.
17 1. Defining digraphs |digraphs-define|
18 2. Using digraphs |digraphs-use|
19 3. Default digraphs |digraphs-default|
21 {Vi does not have any of these commands}
23 ==============================================================================
24 1. Defining digraphs *digraphs-define*
26 *:dig* *:digraphs*
27 :dig[raphs] show currently defined digraphs.
28 *E104* *E39*
29 :dig[raphs] {char1}{char2} {number} ...
30 Add digraph {char1}{char2} to the list. {number} is
31 the decimal representation of the character. Normally
32 it is the Unicode character, see |digraph-encoding|.
33 Example: >
34 :digr e: 235 a: 228
35 < Avoid defining a digraph with '_' (underscore) as the
36 first character, it has a special meaning in the
37 future.
39 Vim is normally compiled with the |+digraphs| feature. If the feature is
40 disabled, the ":digraph" command will display an error message.
42 Example of the output of ":digraphs": >
43 TH Þ 222 ss ß 223 a! à 224 a' á 225 a> â 226 a? ã 227 a: ä 228
45 The first two characters in each column are the characters you have to type to
46 enter the digraph.
48 In the middle of each column is the resulting character. This may be mangled
49 if you look at it on a system that does not support digraphs or if you print
50 this file.
52 *digraph-encoding*
53 The decimal number normally is the Unicode number of the character. Note that
54 the meaning doesn't change when 'encoding' changes. The character will be
55 converted from Unicode to 'encoding' when needed. This does require the
56 conversion to be available, it might fail.
58 When Vim was compiled without the +multi_byte feature, you need to specify the
59 character in the encoding given with 'encoding'. You might want to use
60 something like this: >
62 if has("multi_byte")
63 digraph oe 339
64 elseif &encoding == "iso-8859-15"
65 digraph oe 189
66 endif
68 This defines the "oe" digraph for a character that is number 339 in Unicode
69 and 189 in latin9 (iso-8859-15).
71 ==============================================================================
72 2. Using digraphs *digraphs-use*
74 There are two methods to enter digraphs: *i_digraph*
75 CTRL-K {char1} {char2} or
76 {char1} <BS> {char2}
77 The first is always available; the second only when the 'digraph' option is
78 set.
80 If a digraph with {char1}{char2} does not exist, Vim searches for a digraph
81 {char2}{char1}. This helps when you don't remember which character comes
82 first.
84 Note that when you enter CTRL-K {char1}, where {char1} is a special key, Vim
85 enters the code for that special key. This is not a digraph.
87 Once you have entered the digraph, Vim treats the character like a normal
88 character that occupies only one character in the file and on the screen.
89 Example: >
90 'B' <BS> 'B' will enter the broken '|' character (166)
91 'a' <BS> '>' will enter an 'a' with a circumflex (226)
92 CTRL-K '-' '-' will enter a soft hyphen (173)
94 The current digraphs are listed with the ":digraphs" command. Some of the
95 default ones are listed below |digraph-table|.
97 For CTRL-K, there is one general digraph: CTRL-K <Space> {char} will enter
98 {char} with the highest bit set. You can use this to enter meta-characters.
100 The <Esc> character cannot be part of a digraph. When hitting <Esc>, Vim
101 stops digraph entry and ends Insert mode or Command-line mode, just like
102 hitting an <Esc> out of digraph context. Use CTRL-V 155 to enter meta-ESC
103 (CSI).
105 If you accidentally typed an 'a' that should be an 'e', you will type 'a' <BS>
106 'e'. But that is a digraph, so you will not get what you want. To correct
107 this, you will have to type <BS> e again. To avoid this don't set the
108 'digraph' option and use CTRL-K to enter digraphs.
110 You may have problems using Vim with characters which have a value above 128.
111 For example: You insert ue (u-umlaut) and the editor echoes \334 in Insert
112 mode. After leaving the Insert mode everything is fine. Note that fmt
113 removes all characters with a value above 128 from the text being formatted.
114 On some Unix systems this means you have to define the environment-variable
115 LC_CTYPE. If you are using csh, then put the following line in your .cshrc: >
116 setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
118 ==============================================================================
119 3. Default digraphs *digraphs-default*
121 Vim comes with a set of default digraphs. Check the output of ":digraphs" to
122 see them.
124 On most systems Vim uses the same digraphs. They work for the Unicode and
125 ISO-8859-1 character sets. These default digraphs are taken from the RFC1345
126 mnemonics. To make it easy to remember the mnemonic, the second character has
127 a standard meaning:
129 char name char meaning ~
130 Exclamation mark ! Grave
131 Apostrophe ' Acute accent
132 Greater-Than sign > Circumflex accent
133 Question mark ? Tilde
134 Hyphen-Minus - Macron
135 Left parenthesis ( Breve
136 Full stop . Dot above
137 Colon : Diaeresis
138 Comma , Cedilla
139 Underline _ Underline
140 Solidus / Stroke
141 Quotation mark " Double acute accent
142 Semicolon ; Ogonek
143 Less-Than sign < Caron
144 Zero 0 Ring above
145 Two 2 Hook
146 Nine 9 Horn
148 Equals = Cyrillic
149 Asterisk * Greek
150 Percent sign % Greek/Cyrillic special
151 Plus + smalls: Arabic, capitals: Hebrew
152 Three 3 some Latin/Greek/Cyrillic letters
153 Four 4 Bopomofo
154 Five 5 Hiragana
155 Six 6 Katakana
157 Example: a: is ä and o: is ö
159 These are the RFC1345 digraphs for the one-byte characters. See the output of
160 ":digraphs" for the others. The characters above 255 are only available when
161 Vim was compiled with the |+multi_byte| feature.
163 EURO
165 Exception: RFC1345 doesn't specify the euro sign. In Vim the digraph =e was
166 added for this. Note the difference between latin1, where the digraph Cu is
167 used for the currency sign, and latin9 (iso-8859-15), where the digraph =e is
168 used for the euro sign, while both of them are the character 164, 0xa4. For
169 compatibility with zsh Eu can also be used for the euro sign.
171 *digraph-table*
172 char digraph hex dec official name ~
173 ^@ NU 0x00 0 NULL (NUL)
174 ^A SH 0x01 1 START OF HEADING (SOH)
175 ^B SX 0x02 2 START OF TEXT (STX)
176 ^C EX 0x03 3 END OF TEXT (ETX)
177 ^D ET 0x04 4 END OF TRANSMISSION (EOT)
178 ^E EQ 0x05 5 ENQUIRY (ENQ)
179 ^F AK 0x06 6 ACKNOWLEDGE (ACK)
180 ^G BL 0x07 7 BELL (BEL)
181 ^H BS 0x08 8 BACKSPACE (BS)
182 ^I HT 0x09 9 CHARACTER TABULATION (HT)
183 ^@ LF 0x0a 10 LINE FEED (LF)
184 ^K VT 0x0b 11 LINE TABULATION (VT)
185 ^L FF 0x0c 12 FORM FEED (FF)
186 ^M CR 0x0d 13 CARRIAGE RETURN (CR)
187 ^N SO 0x0e 14 SHIFT OUT (SO)
188 ^O SI 0x0f 15 SHIFT IN (SI)
189 ^P DL 0x10 16 DATALINK ESCAPE (DLE)
190 ^Q D1 0x11 17 DEVICE CONTROL ONE (DC1)
191 ^R D2 0x12 18 DEVICE CONTROL TWO (DC2)
192 ^S D3 0x13 19 DEVICE CONTROL THREE (DC3)
193 ^T D4 0x14 20 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR (DC4)
194 ^U NK 0x15 21 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE (NAK)
195 ^V SY 0x16 22 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE (SYN)
196 ^W EB 0x17 23 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK (ETB)
197 ^X CN 0x18 24 CANCEL (CAN)
198 ^Y EM 0x19 25 END OF MEDIUM (EM)
199 ^Z SB 0x1a 26 SUBSTITUTE (SUB)
200 ^[ EC 0x1b 27 ESCAPE (ESC)
201 ^\ FS 0x1c 28 FILE SEPARATOR (IS4)
202 ^] GS 0x1d 29 GROUP SEPARATOR (IS3)
203 ^^ RS 0x1e 30 RECORD SEPARATOR (IS2)
204 ^_ US 0x1f 31 UNIT SEPARATOR (IS1)
205 SP 0x20 32 SPACE
206 # Nb 0x23 35 NUMBER SIGN
207 $ DO 0x24 36 DOLLAR SIGN
208 @ At 0x40 64 COMMERCIAL AT
209 [ <( 0x5b 91 LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
210 \ // 0x5c 92 REVERSE SOLIDUS
211 ] )> 0x5d 93 RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
212 ^ '> 0x5e 94 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
213 ` '! 0x60 96 GRAVE ACCENT
214 { (! 0x7b 123 LEFT CURLY BRACKET
215 | !! 0x7c 124 VERTICAL LINE
216 } !) 0x7d 125 RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
217 ~ '? 0x7e 126 TILDE
218 ^? DT 0x7f 127 DELETE (DEL)
219 ~@ PA 0x80 128 PADDING CHARACTER (PAD)
220 ~A HO 0x81 129 HIGH OCTET PRESET (HOP)
221 ~B BH 0x82 130 BREAK PERMITTED HERE (BPH)
222 ~C NH 0x83 131 NO BREAK HERE (NBH)
223 ~D IN 0x84 132 INDEX (IND)
224 ~E NL 0x85 133 NEXT LINE (NEL)
225 ~F SA 0x86 134 START OF SELECTED AREA (SSA)
226 ~G ES 0x87 135 END OF SELECTED AREA (ESA)
227 ~H HS 0x88 136 CHARACTER TABULATION SET (HTS)
228 ~I HJ 0x89 137 CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION (HTJ)
229 ~J VS 0x8a 138 LINE TABULATION SET (VTS)
230 ~K PD 0x8b 139 PARTIAL LINE FORWARD (PLD)
231 ~L PU 0x8c 140 PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD (PLU)
232 ~M RI 0x8d 141 REVERSE LINE FEED (RI)
233 ~N S2 0x8e 142 SINGLE-SHIFT TWO (SS2)
234 ~O S3 0x8f 143 SINGLE-SHIFT THREE (SS3)
235 ~P DC 0x90 144 DEVICE CONTROL STRING (DCS)
236 ~Q P1 0x91 145 PRIVATE USE ONE (PU1)
237 ~R P2 0x92 146 PRIVATE USE TWO (PU2)
238 ~S TS 0x93 147 SET TRANSMIT STATE (STS)
239 ~T CC 0x94 148 CANCEL CHARACTER (CCH)
240 ~U MW 0x95 149 MESSAGE WAITING (MW)
241 ~V SG 0x96 150 START OF GUARDED AREA (SPA)
242 ~W EG 0x97 151 END OF GUARDED AREA (EPA)
243 ~X SS 0x98 152 START OF STRING (SOS)
244 ~Y GC 0x99 153 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SGCI)
245 ~Z SC 0x9a 154 SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER (SCI)
246 ~[ CI 0x9b 155 CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER (CSI)
247 ~\ ST 0x9c 156 STRING TERMINATOR (ST)
248 ~] OC 0x9d 157 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND (OSC)
249 ~^ PM 0x9e 158 PRIVACY MESSAGE (PM)
250 ~_ AC 0x9f 159 APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND (APC)
251 | NS 0xa0 160 NO-BREAK SPACE
252 ¡ !I 0xa1 161 INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
253 ¢ Ct 0xa2 162 CENT SIGN
254 £ Pd 0xa3 163 POUND SIGN
255 ¤ Cu 0xa4 164 CURRENCY SIGN
256 ¥ Ye 0xa5 165 YEN SIGN
257 ¦ BB 0xa6 166 BROKEN BAR
258 § SE 0xa7 167 SECTION SIGN
259 ¨ ': 0xa8 168 DIAERESIS
260 © Co 0xa9 169 COPYRIGHT SIGN
261 ª -a 0xaa 170 FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
262 « << 0xab 171 LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
263 ¬ NO 0xac 172 NOT SIGN
264 -- 0xad 173 SOFT HYPHEN
265 ® Rg 0xae 174 REGISTERED SIGN
266 ¯ 'm 0xaf 175 MACRON
267 ° DG 0xb0 176 DEGREE SIGN
268 ± +- 0xb1 177 PLUS-MINUS SIGN
269 ² 2S 0xb2 178 SUPERSCRIPT TWO
270 ³ 3S 0xb3 179 SUPERSCRIPT THREE
271 ´ '' 0xb4 180 ACUTE ACCENT
272 µ My 0xb5 181 MICRO SIGN
273 ¶ PI 0xb6 182 PILCROW SIGN
274 · .M 0xb7 183 MIDDLE DOT
275 ¸ ', 0xb8 184 CEDILLA
276 ¹ 1S 0xb9 185 SUPERSCRIPT ONE
277 º -o 0xba 186 MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR
278 » >> 0xbb 187 RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
279 ¼ 14 0xbc 188 VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
280 ½ 12 0xbd 189 VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF
281 ¾ 34 0xbe 190 VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS
282 ¿ ?I 0xbf 191 INVERTED QUESTION MARK
283 À A! 0xc0 192 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
284 Á A' 0xc1 193 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
285 Â A> 0xc2 194 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
286 Ã A? 0xc3 195 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
287 Ä A: 0xc4 196 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
288 Å AA 0xc5 197 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
289 Æ AE 0xc6 198 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AE
290 Ç C, 0xc7 199 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
291 È E! 0xc8 200 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
292 É E' 0xc9 201 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
293 Ê E> 0xca 202 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
294 Ë E: 0xcb 203 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
295 Ì I! 0xcc 204 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
296 Í I' 0xcd 205 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
297 Î I> 0xce 206 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
298 Ï I: 0xcf 207 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
299 Ð D- 0xd0 208 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)
300 Ñ N? 0xd1 209 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
301 Ò O! 0xd2 210 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
302 Ó O' 0xd3 211 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
303 Ô O> 0xd4 212 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
304 Õ O? 0xd5 213 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
305 Ö O: 0xd6 214 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
306 × *X 0xd7 215 MULTIPLICATION SIGN
307 Ø O/ 0xd8 216 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH STROKE
308 Ù U! 0xd9 217 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
309 Ú U' 0xda 218 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
310 Û U> 0xdb 219 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
311 Ü U: 0xdc 220 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
312 Ý Y' 0xdd 221 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
313 Þ TH 0xde 222 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)
314 ß ss 0xdf 223 LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S (German)
315 à a! 0xe0 224 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
316 á a' 0xe1 225 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
317 â a> 0xe2 226 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
318 ã a? 0xe3 227 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH TILDE
319 ä a: 0xe4 228 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
320 å aa 0xe5 229 LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
321 æ ae 0xe6 230 LATIN SMALL LETTER AE
322 ç c, 0xe7 231 LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
323 è e! 0xe8 232 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
324 é e' 0xe9 233 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
325 ê e> 0xea 234 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
326 ë e: 0xeb 235 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
327 ì i! 0xec 236 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
328 í i' 0xed 237 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
329 î i> 0xee 238 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
330 ï i: 0xef 239 LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
331 ð d- 0xf0 240 LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH (Icelandic)
332 ñ n? 0xf1 241 LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH TILDE
333 ò o! 0xf2 242 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
334 ó o' 0xf3 243 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
335 ô o> 0xf4 244 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
336 õ o? 0xf5 245 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
337 ö o: 0xf6 246 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
338 ÷ -: 0xf7 247 DIVISION SIGN
339 ø o/ 0xf8 248 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH STROKE
340 ù u! 0xf9 249 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
341 ú u' 0xfa 250 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
342 û u> 0xfb 251 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
343 ü u: 0xfc 252 LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
344 ý y' 0xfd 253 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
345 þ th 0xfe 254 LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN (Icelandic)
346 ÿ y: 0xff 255 LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS
348 vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: