2 \newcommand{\mbb}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathbb{#1}}} % Blackboard Bold (Capitals only)
3 \newcommand{\mbc}[1]{\textbf{\ensuremath{\mathcal{#1}}}} % Curly Capitals
4 \newcommand{\mf}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathfrak{#1}}} % Gothic letters
5 \newcommand{\scr}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathscr{#1}}} % Cursive Capitals
6 \newcommand{\mbf}[1]{\textbf{#1}} % Bold text
8 % Mathematical Shorthand
9 \newcommand{\mz}[1]{\ensuremath{\mbb{Z
}_
{#1}}} % Finite fields (requires \mbb)
10 \newcommand{\mbbN}{\ensuremath{\mbb{Z
}^
{+
} \cup \
{0\
}}} % Positive Integers (requires \mbb)
11 \newcommand{\ol}[1]{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}} % Overline
12 \newcommand{\ideal}[1]{\ensuremath{\langle#1\rangle}} % Ideal
13 \newcommand{\set}[1]{\ensuremath{\lbrace#1\rbrace}} % Set
14 \newcommand{\ltr}{\ensuremath{(
\Rightarrow)
}} % --> for enumerate
15 \newcommand{\rtl}{\ensuremath{(
\Leftarrow)
}} % <-- for enumerate
16 \newcommand{\pend}{\hspace*
{\fill}{\ensuremath{\square}}} % End of Proof
17 \newcommand{\vect}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}_1,
\dots,
{#1}_
{#2}}} % A list
19 % General Shorter Commands
20 \newcommand{\oast}{\ensuremath{\circledast}} % Circled *
21 \newcommand{\define}{\ensuremath{\stackrel{\text{\tiny def
}}{=
}}} % =^def
22 \newcommand{\IFF}{\textrm{ iff
}} % iff inside $s
23 \newcommand{\es}{\ensuremath{\varnothing}} % Empty Set
24 \newcommand{\tuple}[1]{\ideal{#1}} % An angled tuple (requires \ideal)
25 \newcommand{\sm}{\ensuremath{\backslash}} % Set subtraction
28 \newcommand{\cl}{\operatorname{cl
}} % Closure
29 \newcommand{\delete}{\sm} % Deletion of element
30 \newcommand{\contract}{/
} % Contraction of element
33 \newcommand{\V}{\mbf{V
}} % Variety (requires \mbf)
34 \newcommand{\I}{\mbf{I
}} % Ideal (requires \mbf)
35 \newcommand{\lt}{\textsc{lt
}} % Leading Term
36 \newcommand{\lp}{\textsc{lp
}} % Leading Polynomial
37 \newcommand{\mcb}[1]{\multicolumn{1}{|l
}{#1}} % For use with long division
38 \newcommand{\rto}[1]{\stackrel{#1}{\longrightarrow}_+
} % End of simplification
41 \newcommand{\liff}{\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}} % Logical iff
43 % Algebraic Number Theory
44 \newcommand{\extend}{\ensuremath{\subset}} % Field Extensions
47 \newcommand{\Hom}{{\rm Hom
}} % Hom
48 \newcommand{\carr}[1]{\ensuremath{\mbc{#1}_
{\rm arr
}}} % Arrows (requires \mbc)
49 \newcommand{\cobj}[1]{\ensuremath{\mbc{#1}_
{\rm obj
}}} % Objects (requires \mbc)
50 \newcommand{\id}[1]{\ensuremath{{\rm id
}_
{#1}}} % Identity
53 \newcommand{\qs}{\subsection*
{Questions
}} % Questions Heading
54 \newcommand{\as}{\subsection*
{Solutions
}} % Solutions Heading
55 \newcommand{\cat}[1]{\textbf{#1}} % Legacy bold text - use \mbf