git-diff-tree.html

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 734 </head>
 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-diff-tree(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-diff-tree -
 743    Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git diff-tree</em> [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty]
 753               [-t] [-r] [-c | --cc] [--combined-all-paths] [--root] [--merge-base]
 754               [&lt;common-diff-options&gt;] &lt;tree-ish&gt; [&lt;tree-ish&gt;] [&lt;path&gt;&#8230;]</pre>
 755 <div class="attribution">
 756 </div></div>
 757 </div>
 758 </div>
 759 <div class="sect1">
 760 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 761 <div class="sectionbody">
 762 <div class="paragraph"><p>Compare the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.</p></div>
 763 <div class="paragraph"><p>If there is only one &lt;tree-ish&gt; given, the commit is compared with its parents
 764 (see --stdin below).</p></div>
 765 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <em>git diff-tree</em> can use the tree encapsulated in a commit object.</p></div>
 766 </div>
 767 </div>
 768 <div class="sect1">
 769 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 770 <div class="sectionbody">
 771 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 772 <dt class="hdlist1">
 773 -p
 774 </dt>
 775 <dt class="hdlist1">
 776 -u
 777 </dt>
 778 <dt class="hdlist1">
 779 --patch
 780 </dt>
 781 <dd>
 782 <p>
 783         Generate patch (see <a href="#generate_patch_text_with_p">[generate_patch_text_with_p]</a>).
 784 </p>
 785 </dd>
 786 <dt class="hdlist1">
 787 -s
 788 </dt>
 789 <dt class="hdlist1">
 790 --no-patch
 791 </dt>
 792 <dd>
 793 <p>
 794         Suppress all output from the diff machinery.  Useful for
 795         commands like <code>git show</code> that show the patch by default to
 796         squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options like
 797         <code>--patch</code>, <code>--stat</code> earlier on the command line in an alias.
 798 </p>
 799 </dd>
 800 <dt class="hdlist1">
 801 -U&lt;n&gt;
 802 </dt>
 803 <dt class="hdlist1">
 804 --unified=&lt;n&gt;
 805 </dt>
 806 <dd>
 807 <p>
 808         Generate diffs with &lt;n&gt; lines of context instead of
 809         the usual three.
 810         Implies <code>--patch</code>.
 811 </p>
 812 </dd>
 813 <dt class="hdlist1">
 814 --output=&lt;file&gt;
 815 </dt>
 816 <dd>
 817 <p>
 818         Output to a specific file instead of stdout.
 819 </p>
 820 </dd>
 821 <dt class="hdlist1">
 822 --output-indicator-new=&lt;char&gt;
 823 </dt>
 824 <dt class="hdlist1">
 825 --output-indicator-old=&lt;char&gt;
 826 </dt>
 827 <dt class="hdlist1">
 828 --output-indicator-context=&lt;char&gt;
 829 </dt>
 830 <dd>
 831 <p>
 832         Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context
 833         lines in the generated patch. Normally they are <em>+</em>, <em>-</em> and
 834         ' ' respectively.
 835 </p>
 836 </dd>
 837 <dt class="hdlist1">
 838 --raw
 839 </dt>
 840 <dd>
 841 <p>
 842         Generate the diff in raw format.
 843         This is the default.
 844 </p>
 845 </dd>
 846 <dt class="hdlist1">
 847 --patch-with-raw
 848 </dt>
 849 <dd>
 850 <p>
 851         Synonym for <code>-p --raw</code>.
 852 </p>
 853 </dd>
 854 <dt class="hdlist1">
 855 --indent-heuristic
 856 </dt>
 857 <dd>
 858 <p>
 859         Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches
 860         easier to read. This is the default.
 861 </p>
 862 </dd>
 863 <dt class="hdlist1">
 864 --no-indent-heuristic
 865 </dt>
 866 <dd>
 867 <p>
 868         Disable the indent heuristic.
 869 </p>
 870 </dd>
 871 <dt class="hdlist1">
 872 --minimal
 873 </dt>
 874 <dd>
 875 <p>
 876         Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible
 877         diff is produced.
 878 </p>
 879 </dd>
 880 <dt class="hdlist1">
 881 --patience
 882 </dt>
 883 <dd>
 884 <p>
 885         Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
 886 </p>
 887 </dd>
 888 <dt class="hdlist1">
 889 --histogram
 890 </dt>
 891 <dd>
 892 <p>
 893         Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.
 894 </p>
 895 </dd>
 896 <dt class="hdlist1">
 897 --anchored=&lt;text&gt;
 898 </dt>
 899 <dd>
 900 <p>
 901         Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.
 902 </p>
 903 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option may be specified more than once.</p></div>
 904 <div class="paragraph"><p>If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once,
 905 and starts with this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from
 906 appearing as a deletion or addition in the output. It uses the "patience
 907 diff" algorithm internally.</p></div>
 908 </dd>
 909 <dt class="hdlist1">
 910 --diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}
 911 </dt>
 912 <dd>
 913 <p>
 914         Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:
 915 </p>
 916 <div class="openblock">
 917 <div class="content">
 918 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 919 <dt class="hdlist1">
 920 <code>default</code>, <code>myers</code>
 921 </dt>
 922 <dd>
 923 <p>
 924         The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.
 925 </p>
 926 </dd>
 927 <dt class="hdlist1">
 928 <code>minimal</code>
 929 </dt>
 930 <dd>
 931 <p>
 932         Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is
 933         produced.
 934 </p>
 935 </dd>
 936 <dt class="hdlist1">
 937 <code>patience</code>
 938 </dt>
 939 <dd>
 940 <p>
 941         Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.
 942 </p>
 943 </dd>
 944 <dt class="hdlist1">
 945 <code>histogram</code>
 946 </dt>
 947 <dd>
 948 <p>
 949         This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support
 950         low-occurrence common elements".
 951 </p>
 952 </dd>
 953 </dl></div>
 954 </div></div>
 955 <div class="paragraph"><p>For instance, if you configured the <code>diff.algorithm</code> variable to a
 956 non-default value and want to use the default one, then you
 957 have to use <code>--diff-algorithm=default</code> option.</p></div>
 958 </dd>
 959 <dt class="hdlist1">
 960 --stat[=&lt;width&gt;[,&lt;name-width&gt;[,&lt;count&gt;]]]
 961 </dt>
 962 <dd>
 963 <p>
 964         Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary
 965         will be used for the filename part, and the rest for the graph
 966         part. Maximum width defaults to terminal width, or 80 columns
 967         if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by
 968         <code>&lt;width&gt;</code>. The width of the filename part can be limited by
 969         giving another width <code>&lt;name-width&gt;</code> after a comma or by setting
 970         <code>diff.statNameWidth=&lt;width&gt;</code>. The width of the graph part can be
 971         limited by using <code>--stat-graph-width=&lt;width&gt;</code> or by setting
 972         <code>diff.statGraphWidth=&lt;width&gt;</code>. Using <code>--stat</code> or
 973         <code>--stat-graph-width</code> affects all commands generating a stat graph,
 974         while setting <code>diff.statNameWidth</code> or <code>diff.statGraphWidth</code>
 975         does not affect <code>git format-patch</code>.
 976         By giving a third parameter <code>&lt;count&gt;</code>, you can limit the output to
 977         the first <code>&lt;count&gt;</code> lines, followed by <code>...</code> if there are more.
 978 </p>
 979 <div class="paragraph"><p>These parameters can also be set individually with <code>--stat-width=&lt;width&gt;</code>,
 980 <code>--stat-name-width=&lt;name-width&gt;</code> and <code>--stat-count=&lt;count&gt;</code>.</p></div>
 981 </dd>
 982 <dt class="hdlist1">
 983 --compact-summary
 984 </dt>
 985 <dd>
 986 <p>
 987         Output a condensed summary of extended header information such
 988         as file creations or deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l"
 989         if it&#8217;s a symlink) and mode changes ("+x" or "-x" for adding
 990         or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The
 991         information is put between the filename part and the graph
 992         part. Implies <code>--stat</code>.
 993 </p>
 994 </dd>
 995 <dt class="hdlist1">
 996 --numstat
 997 </dt>
 998 <dd>
 999 <p>
1000         Similar to <code>--stat</code>, but shows number of added and
1001         deleted lines in decimal notation and pathname without
1002         abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly.  For
1003         binary files, outputs two <code>-</code> instead of saying
1004         <code>0 0</code>.
1005 </p>
1006 </dd>
1007 <dt class="hdlist1">
1008 --shortstat
1009 </dt>
1010 <dd>
1011 <p>
1012         Output only the last line of the <code>--stat</code> format containing total
1013         number of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted
1014         lines.
1015 </p>
1016 </dd>
1017 <dt class="hdlist1">
1018 -X[&lt;param1,param2,&#8230;&gt;]
1019 </dt>
1020 <dt class="hdlist1">
1021 --dirstat[=&lt;param1,param2,&#8230;&gt;]
1022 </dt>
1023 <dd>
1024 <p>
1025         Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each
1026         sub-directory. The behavior of <code>--dirstat</code> can be customized by
1027         passing it a comma separated list of parameters.
1028         The defaults are controlled by the <code>diff.dirstat</code> configuration
1029         variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
1030         The following parameters are available:
1031 </p>
1032 <div class="openblock">
1033 <div class="content">
1034 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1035 <dt class="hdlist1">
1036 <code>changes</code>
1037 </dt>
1038 <dd>
1039 <p>
1040         Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been
1041         removed from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores
1042         the amount of pure code movements within a file.  In other words,
1043         rearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes.
1044         This is the default behavior when no parameter is given.
1045 </p>
1046 </dd>
1047 <dt class="hdlist1">
1048 <code>lines</code>
1049 </dt>
1050 <dd>
1051 <p>
1052         Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff
1053         analysis, and summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary
1054         files, count 64-byte chunks instead, since binary files have no
1055         natural concept of lines). This is a more expensive <code>--dirstat</code>
1056         behavior than the <code>changes</code> behavior, but it does count rearranged
1057         lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output
1058         is consistent with what you get from the other <code>--*stat</code> options.
1059 </p>
1060 </dd>
1061 <dt class="hdlist1">
1062 <code>files</code>
1063 </dt>
1064 <dd>
1065 <p>
1066         Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed.
1067         Each changed file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is
1068         the computationally cheapest <code>--dirstat</code> behavior, since it does
1069         not have to look at the file contents at all.
1070 </p>
1071 </dd>
1072 <dt class="hdlist1">
1073 <code>cumulative</code>
1074 </dt>
1075 <dd>
1076 <p>
1077         Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well.
1078         Note that when using <code>cumulative</code>, the sum of the percentages
1079         reported may exceed 100%. The default (non-cumulative) behavior can
1080         be specified with the <code>noncumulative</code> parameter.
1081 </p>
1082 </dd>
1083 <dt class="hdlist1">
1084 &lt;limit&gt;
1085 </dt>
1086 <dd>
1087 <p>
1088         An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default).
1089         Directories contributing less than this percentage of the changes
1090         are not shown in the output.
1091 </p>
1092 </dd>
1093 </dl></div>
1094 </div></div>
1095 <div class="paragraph"><p>Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring
1096 directories with less than 10% of the total amount of changed files,
1097 and accumulating child directory counts in the parent directories:
1098 <code>--dirstat=files,10,cumulative</code>.</p></div>
1099 </dd>
1100 <dt class="hdlist1">
1101 --cumulative
1102 </dt>
1103 <dd>
1104 <p>
1105         Synonym for --dirstat=cumulative
1106 </p>
1107 </dd>
1108 <dt class="hdlist1">
1109 --dirstat-by-file[=&lt;param1,param2&gt;&#8230;]
1110 </dt>
1111 <dd>
1112 <p>
1113         Synonym for --dirstat=files,&lt;param1&gt;,&lt;param2&gt;&#8230;
1114 </p>
1115 </dd>
1116 <dt class="hdlist1">
1117 --summary
1118 </dt>
1119 <dd>
1120 <p>
1121         Output a condensed summary of extended header information
1122         such as creations, renames and mode changes.
1123 </p>
1124 </dd>
1125 <dt class="hdlist1">
1126 --patch-with-stat
1127 </dt>
1128 <dd>
1129 <p>
1130         Synonym for <code>-p --stat</code>.
1131 </p>
1132 </dd>
1133 <dt class="hdlist1">
1134 -z
1135 </dt>
1136 <dd>
1137 <p>
1138         When <code>--raw</code>, <code>--numstat</code>, <code>--name-only</code> or <code>--name-status</code> has been
1139         given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators.
1140 </p>
1141 <div class="paragraph"><p>Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as
1142 explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
1143 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
1144 </dd>
1145 <dt class="hdlist1">
1146 --name-only
1147 </dt>
1148 <dd>
1149 <p>
1150         Show only the name of each changed file in the post-image tree.
1151         The file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
1152         For more information see the discussion about encoding in the <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
1153         manual page.
1154 </p>
1155 </dd>
1156 <dt class="hdlist1">
1157 --name-status
1158 </dt>
1159 <dd>
1160 <p>
1161         Show only the name(s) and status of each changed file. See the description
1162         of the <code>--diff-filter</code> option on what the status letters mean.
1163         Just like <code>--name-only</code> the file names are often encoded in UTF-8.
1164 </p>
1165 </dd>
1166 <dt class="hdlist1">
1167 --submodule[=&lt;format&gt;]
1168 </dt>
1169 <dd>
1170 <p>
1171         Specify how differences in submodules are shown.  When specifying
1172         <code>--submodule=short</code> the <em>short</em> format is used.  This format just
1173         shows the names of the commits at the beginning and end of the range.
1174         When <code>--submodule</code> or <code>--submodule=log</code> is specified, the <em>log</em>
1175         format is used.  This format lists the commits in the range like
1176         <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a> <code>summary</code> does.  When <code>--submodule=diff</code>
1177         is specified, the <em>diff</em> format is used.  This format shows an
1178         inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the
1179         commit range.  Defaults to <code>diff.submodule</code> or the <em>short</em> format
1180         if the config option is unset.
1181 </p>
1182 </dd>
1183 <dt class="hdlist1">
1184 --color[=&lt;when&gt;]
1185 </dt>
1186 <dd>
1187 <p>
1188         Show colored diff.
1189         <code>--color</code> (i.e. without <em>=&lt;when&gt;</em>) is the same as <code>--color=always</code>.
1190         <em>&lt;when&gt;</em> can be one of <code>always</code>, <code>never</code>, or <code>auto</code>.
1191 </p>
1192 </dd>
1193 <dt class="hdlist1">
1194 --no-color
1195 </dt>
1196 <dd>
1197 <p>
1198         Turn off colored diff.
1199         It is the same as <code>--color=never</code>.
1200 </p>
1201 </dd>
1202 <dt class="hdlist1">
1203 --color-moved[=&lt;mode&gt;]
1204 </dt>
1205 <dd>
1206 <p>
1207         Moved lines of code are colored differently.
1208         The &lt;mode&gt; defaults to <em>no</em> if the option is not given
1209         and to <em>zebra</em> if the option with no mode is given.
1210         The mode must be one of:
1211 </p>
1212 <div class="openblock">
1213 <div class="content">
1214 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1215 <dt class="hdlist1">
1216 no
1217 </dt>
1218 <dd>
1219 <p>
1220         Moved lines are not highlighted.
1221 </p>
1222 </dd>
1223 <dt class="hdlist1">
1224 default
1225 </dt>
1226 <dd>
1227 <p>
1228         Is a synonym for <code>zebra</code>. This may change to a more sensible mode
1229         in the future.
1230 </p>
1231 </dd>
1232 <dt class="hdlist1">
1233 plain
1234 </dt>
1235 <dd>
1236 <p>
1237         Any line that is added in one location and was removed
1238         in another location will be colored with <em>color.diff.newMoved</em>.
1239         Similarly <em>color.diff.oldMoved</em> will be used for removed lines
1240         that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any
1241         moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine
1242         if a block of code was moved without permutation.
1243 </p>
1244 </dd>
1245 <dt class="hdlist1">
1246 blocks
1247 </dt>
1248 <dd>
1249 <p>
1250         Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters
1251         are detected greedily. The detected blocks are
1252         painted using either the <em>color.diff.{old,new}Moved</em> color.
1253         Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart.
1254 </p>
1255 </dd>
1256 <dt class="hdlist1">
1257 zebra
1258 </dt>
1259 <dd>
1260 <p>
1261         Blocks of moved text are detected as in <em>blocks</em> mode. The blocks
1262         are painted using either the <em>color.diff.{old,new}Moved</em> color or
1263         <em>color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative</em>. The change between
1264         the two colors indicates that a new block was detected.
1265 </p>
1266 </dd>
1267 <dt class="hdlist1">
1268 dimmed-zebra
1269 </dt>
1270 <dd>
1271 <p>
1272         Similar to <em>zebra</em>, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts
1273         of moved code is performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent
1274         blocks are considered interesting, the rest is uninteresting.
1275         <code>dimmed_zebra</code> is a deprecated synonym.
1276 </p>
1277 </dd>
1278 </dl></div>
1279 </div></div>
1280 </dd>
1281 <dt class="hdlist1">
1282 --no-color-moved
1283 </dt>
1284 <dd>
1285 <p>
1286         Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration
1287         settings. It is the same as <code>--color-moved=no</code>.
1288 </p>
1289 </dd>
1290 <dt class="hdlist1">
1291 --color-moved-ws=&lt;modes&gt;
1292 </dt>
1293 <dd>
1294 <p>
1295         This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the
1296         move detection for <code>--color-moved</code>.
1297         These modes can be given as a comma separated list:
1298 </p>
1299 <div class="openblock">
1300 <div class="content">
1301 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1302 <dt class="hdlist1">
1303 no
1304 </dt>
1305 <dd>
1306 <p>
1307         Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.
1308 </p>
1309 </dd>
1310 <dt class="hdlist1">
1311 ignore-space-at-eol
1312 </dt>
1313 <dd>
1314 <p>
1315         Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
1316 </p>
1317 </dd>
1318 <dt class="hdlist1">
1319 ignore-space-change
1320 </dt>
1321 <dd>
1322 <p>
1323         Ignore changes in amount of whitespace.  This ignores whitespace
1324         at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
1325         more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
1326 </p>
1327 </dd>
1328 <dt class="hdlist1">
1329 ignore-all-space
1330 </dt>
1331 <dd>
1332 <p>
1333         Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences
1334         even if one line has whitespace where the other line has none.
1335 </p>
1336 </dd>
1337 <dt class="hdlist1">
1338 allow-indentation-change
1339 </dt>
1340 <dd>
1341 <p>
1342         Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then
1343         group the moved code blocks only into a block if the change in
1344         whitespace is the same per line. This is incompatible with the
1345         other modes.
1346 </p>
1347 </dd>
1348 </dl></div>
1349 </div></div>
1350 </dd>
1351 <dt class="hdlist1">
1352 --no-color-moved-ws
1353 </dt>
1354 <dd>
1355 <p>
1356         Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can be
1357         used to override configuration settings. It is the same as
1358         <code>--color-moved-ws=no</code>.
1359 </p>
1360 </dd>
1361 <dt class="hdlist1">
1362 --word-diff[=&lt;mode&gt;]
1363 </dt>
1364 <dd>
1365 <p>
1366         Show a word diff, using the &lt;mode&gt; to delimit changed words.
1367         By default, words are delimited by whitespace; see
1368         <code>--word-diff-regex</code> below.  The &lt;mode&gt; defaults to <em>plain</em>, and
1369         must be one of:
1370 </p>
1371 <div class="openblock">
1372 <div class="content">
1373 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1374 <dt class="hdlist1">
1375 color
1376 </dt>
1377 <dd>
1378 <p>
1379         Highlight changed words using only colors.  Implies <code>--color</code>.
1380 </p>
1381 </dd>
1382 <dt class="hdlist1">
1383 plain
1384 </dt>
1385 <dd>
1386 <p>
1387         Show words as <code>[-removed-]</code> and <code>{+added+}</code>.  Makes no
1388         attempts to escape the delimiters if they appear in the input,
1389         so the output may be ambiguous.
1390 </p>
1391 </dd>
1392 <dt class="hdlist1">
1393 porcelain
1394 </dt>
1395 <dd>
1396 <p>
1397         Use a special line-based format intended for script
1398         consumption.  Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the
1399         usual unified diff format, starting with a <code>+</code>/<code>-</code>/` `
1400         character at the beginning of the line and extending to the
1401         end of the line.  Newlines in the input are represented by a
1402         tilde <code>~</code> on a line of its own.
1403 </p>
1404 </dd>
1405 <dt class="hdlist1">
1406 none
1407 </dt>
1408 <dd>
1409 <p>
1410         Disable word diff again.
1411 </p>
1412 </dd>
1413 </dl></div>
1414 </div></div>
1415 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to
1416 highlight the changed parts in all modes if enabled.</p></div>
1417 </dd>
1418 <dt class="hdlist1">
1419 --word-diff-regex=&lt;regex&gt;
1420 </dt>
1421 <dd>
1422 <p>
1423         Use &lt;regex&gt; to decide what a word is, instead of considering
1424         runs of non-whitespace to be a word.  Also implies
1425         <code>--word-diff</code> unless it was already enabled.
1426 </p>
1427 <div class="paragraph"><p>Every non-overlapping match of the
1428 &lt;regex&gt; is considered a word.  Anything between these matches is
1429 considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
1430 differences.  You may want to append <code>|[^[:space:]]</code> to your regular
1431 expression to make sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters.
1432 A match that contains a newline is silently truncated(!) at the
1433 newline.</p></div>
1434 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, <code>--word-diff-regex=.</code> will treat each character as a word
1435 and, correspondingly, show differences character by character.</p></div>
1436 <div class="paragraph"><p>The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
1437 <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> or <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.  Giving it explicitly
1438 overrides any diff driver or configuration setting.  Diff drivers
1439 override configuration settings.</p></div>
1440 </dd>
1441 <dt class="hdlist1">
1442 --color-words[=&lt;regex&gt;]
1443 </dt>
1444 <dd>
1445 <p>
1446         Equivalent to <code>--word-diff=color</code> plus (if a regex was
1447         specified) <code>--word-diff-regex=&lt;regex&gt;</code>.
1448 </p>
1449 </dd>
1450 <dt class="hdlist1">
1451 --no-renames
1452 </dt>
1453 <dd>
1454 <p>
1455         Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration
1456         file gives the default to do so.
1457 </p>
1458 </dd>
1459 <dt class="hdlist1">
1460 --[no-]rename-empty
1461 </dt>
1462 <dd>
1463 <p>
1464         Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.
1465 </p>
1466 </dd>
1467 <dt class="hdlist1">
1468 --check
1469 </dt>
1470 <dd>
1471 <p>
1472         Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors.
1473         What are considered whitespace errors is controlled by <code>core.whitespace</code>
1474         configuration.  By default, trailing whitespaces (including
1475         lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
1476         that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the
1477         initial indent of the line are considered whitespace errors.
1478         Exits with non-zero status if problems are found. Not compatible
1479         with --exit-code.
1480 </p>
1481 </dd>
1482 <dt class="hdlist1">
1483 --ws-error-highlight=&lt;kind&gt;
1484 </dt>
1485 <dd>
1486 <p>
1487         Highlight whitespace errors in the <code>context</code>, <code>old</code> or <code>new</code>
1488         lines of the diff.  Multiple values are separated by comma,
1489         <code>none</code> resets previous values, <code>default</code> reset the list to
1490         <code>new</code> and <code>all</code> is a shorthand for <code>old,new,context</code>.  When
1491         this option is not given, and the configuration variable
1492         <code>diff.wsErrorHighlight</code> is not set, only whitespace errors in
1493         <code>new</code> lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored
1494         with <code>color.diff.whitespace</code>.
1495 </p>
1496 </dd>
1497 <dt class="hdlist1">
1498 --full-index
1499 </dt>
1500 <dd>
1501 <p>
1502         Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full
1503         pre- and post-image blob object names on the "index"
1504         line when generating patch format output.
1505 </p>
1506 </dd>
1507 <dt class="hdlist1">
1508 --binary
1509 </dt>
1510 <dd>
1511 <p>
1512         In addition to <code>--full-index</code>, output a binary diff that
1513         can be applied with <code>git-apply</code>.
1514         Implies <code>--patch</code>.
1515 </p>
1516 </dd>
1517 <dt class="hdlist1">
1518 --abbrev[=&lt;n&gt;]
1519 </dt>
1520 <dd>
1521 <p>
1522         Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
1523         name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header
1524         lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>
1525         hexdigits long that uniquely refers the object.
1526         In diff-patch output format, <code>--full-index</code> takes higher
1527         precedence, i.e. if <code>--full-index</code> is specified, full blob
1528         names will be shown regardless of <code>--abbrev</code>.
1529         Non default number of digits can be specified with <code>--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;</code>.
1530 </p>
1531 </dd>
1532 <dt class="hdlist1">
1533 -B[&lt;n&gt;][/&lt;m&gt;]
1534 </dt>
1535 <dt class="hdlist1">
1536 --break-rewrites[=[&lt;n&gt;][/&lt;m&gt;]]
1537 </dt>
1538 <dd>
1539 <p>
1540         Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and
1541         create. This serves two purposes:
1542 </p>
1543 <div class="paragraph"><p>It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file
1544 not as a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very
1545 few lines that happen to match textually as the context, but as a
1546 single deletion of everything old followed by a single insertion of
1547 everything new, and the number <code>m</code> controls this aspect of the -B
1548 option (defaults to 60%). <code>-B/70%</code> specifies that less than 30% of the
1549 original should remain in the result for Git to consider it a total
1550 rewrite (i.e. otherwise the resulting patch will be a series of
1551 deletion and insertion mixed together with context lines).</p></div>
1552 <div class="paragraph"><p>When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the
1553 source of a rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared
1554 as the source of a rename), and the number <code>n</code> controls this aspect of
1555 the -B option (defaults to 50%). <code>-B20%</code> specifies that a change with
1556 addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the file&#8217;s size are
1557 eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
1558 another file.</p></div>
1559 </dd>
1560 <dt class="hdlist1">
1561 -M[&lt;n&gt;]
1562 </dt>
1563 <dt class="hdlist1">
1564 --find-renames[=&lt;n&gt;]
1565 </dt>
1566 <dd>
1567 <p>
1568         Detect renames.
1569         If <code>n</code> is specified, it is a threshold on the similarity
1570         index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
1571         file&#8217;s size). For example, <code>-M90%</code> means Git should consider a
1572         delete/add pair to be a rename if more than 90% of the file
1573         hasn&#8217;t changed.  Without a <code>%</code> sign, the number is to be read as
1574         a fraction, with a decimal point before it.  I.e., <code>-M5</code> becomes
1575         0.5, and is thus the same as <code>-M50%</code>.  Similarly, <code>-M05</code> is
1576         the same as <code>-M5%</code>.  To limit detection to exact renames, use
1577         <code>-M100%</code>.  The default similarity index is 50%.
1578 </p>
1579 </dd>
1580 <dt class="hdlist1">
1581 -C[&lt;n&gt;]
1582 </dt>
1583 <dt class="hdlist1">
1584 --find-copies[=&lt;n&gt;]
1585 </dt>
1586 <dd>
1587 <p>
1588         Detect copies as well as renames.  See also <code>--find-copies-harder</code>.
1589         If <code>n</code> is specified, it has the same meaning as for <code>-M&lt;n&gt;</code>.
1590 </p>
1591 </dd>
1592 <dt class="hdlist1">
1593 --find-copies-harder
1594 </dt>
1595 <dd>
1596 <p>
1597         For performance reasons, by default, <code>-C</code> option finds copies only
1598         if the original file of the copy was modified in the same
1599         changeset.  This flag makes the command
1600         inspect unmodified files as candidates for the source of
1601         copy.  This is a very expensive operation for large
1602         projects, so use it with caution.  Giving more than one
1603         <code>-C</code> option has the same effect.
1604 </p>
1605 </dd>
1606 <dt class="hdlist1">
1607 -D
1608 </dt>
1609 <dt class="hdlist1">
1610 --irreversible-delete
1611 </dt>
1612 <dd>
1613 <p>
1614         Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not
1615         the diff between the preimage and <code>/dev/null</code>. The resulting patch
1616         is not meant to be applied with <code>patch</code> or <code>git apply</code>; this is
1617         solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the
1618         text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks
1619         enough information to apply such a patch in reverse, even manually,
1620         hence the name of the option.
1621 </p>
1622 <div class="paragraph"><p>When used together with <code>-B</code>, omit also the preimage in the deletion part
1623 of a delete/create pair.</p></div>
1624 </dd>
1625 <dt class="hdlist1">
1626 -l&lt;num&gt;
1627 </dt>
1628 <dd>
1629 <p>
1630         The <code>-M</code> and <code>-C</code> options involve some preliminary steps that
1631         can detect subsets of renames/copies cheaply, followed by an
1632         exhaustive fallback portion that compares all remaining
1633         unpaired destinations to all relevant sources.  (For renames,
1634         only remaining unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all
1635         original sources are relevant.)  For N sources and
1636         destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2).  This option
1637         prevents the exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from
1638         running if the number of source/destination files involved
1639         exceeds the specified number.  Defaults to diff.renameLimit.
1640         Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.
1641 </p>
1642 </dd>
1643 <dt class="hdlist1">
1644 --diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)&#8230;[*]]
1645 </dt>
1646 <dd>
1647 <p>
1648         Select only files that are Added (<code>A</code>), Copied (<code>C</code>),
1649         Deleted (<code>D</code>), Modified (<code>M</code>), Renamed (<code>R</code>), have their
1650         type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, &#8230;) changed (<code>T</code>),
1651         are Unmerged (<code>U</code>), are
1652         Unknown (<code>X</code>), or have had their pairing Broken (<code>B</code>).
1653         Any combination of the filter characters (including none) can be used.
1654         When <code>*</code> (All-or-none) is added to the combination, all
1655         paths are selected if there is any file that matches
1656         other criteria in the comparison; if there is no file
1657         that matches other criteria, nothing is selected.
1658 </p>
1659 <div class="paragraph"><p>Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude.  E.g.
1660 <code>--diff-filter=ad</code> excludes added and deleted paths.</p></div>
1661 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied and
1662 renamed entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled.</p></div>
1663 </dd>
1664 <dt class="hdlist1">
1665 -S&lt;string&gt;
1666 </dt>
1667 <dd>
1668 <p>
1669         Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
1670         the specified string (i.e. addition/deletion) in a file.
1671         Intended for the scripter&#8217;s use.
1672 </p>
1673 <div class="paragraph"><p>It is useful when you&#8217;re looking for an exact block of code (like a
1674 struct), and want to know the history of that block since it first
1675 came into being: use the feature iteratively to feed the interesting
1676 block in the preimage back into <code>-S</code>, and keep going until you get the
1677 very first version of the block.</p></div>
1678 <div class="paragraph"><p>Binary files are searched as well.</p></div>
1679 </dd>
1680 <dt class="hdlist1">
1681 -G&lt;regex&gt;
1682 </dt>
1683 <dd>
1684 <p>
1685         Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed
1686         lines that match &lt;regex&gt;.
1687 </p>
1688 <div class="paragraph"><p>To illustrate the difference between <code>-S&lt;regex&gt; --pickaxe-regex</code> and
1689 <code>-G&lt;regex&gt;</code>, consider a commit with the following diff in the same
1690 file:</p></div>
1691 <div class="listingblock">
1692 <div class="content">
1693 <pre><code>+    return frotz(nitfol, two-&gt;ptr, 1, 0);
1694 ...
1695 -    hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);</code></pre>
1696 </div></div>
1697 <div class="paragraph"><p>While <code>git log -G"frotz\(nitfol"</code> will show this commit, <code>git log
1698 -S"frotz\(nitfol" --pickaxe-regex</code> will not (because the number of
1699 occurrences of that string did not change).</p></div>
1700 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unless <code>--text</code> is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv
1701 filter will be ignored.</p></div>
1702 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the <em>pickaxe</em> entry in <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a> for more
1703 information.</p></div>
1704 </dd>
1705 <dt class="hdlist1">
1706 --find-object=&lt;object-id&gt;
1707 </dt>
1708 <dd>
1709 <p>
1710         Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of
1711         the specified object. Similar to <code>-S</code>, just the argument is different
1712         in that it doesn&#8217;t search for a specific string but for a specific
1713         object id.
1714 </p>
1715 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the <code>-t</code> option in
1716 <code>git-log</code> to also find trees.</p></div>
1717 </dd>
1718 <dt class="hdlist1">
1719 --pickaxe-all
1720 </dt>
1721 <dd>
1722 <p>
1723         When <code>-S</code> or <code>-G</code> finds a change, show all the changes in that
1724         changeset, not just the files that contain the change
1725         in &lt;string&gt;.
1726 </p>
1727 </dd>
1728 <dt class="hdlist1">
1729 --pickaxe-regex
1730 </dt>
1731 <dd>
1732 <p>
1733         Treat the &lt;string&gt; given to <code>-S</code> as an extended POSIX regular
1734         expression to match.
1735 </p>
1736 </dd>
1737 <dt class="hdlist1">
1738 -O&lt;orderfile&gt;
1739 </dt>
1740 <dd>
1741 <p>
1742         Control the order in which files appear in the output.
1743         This overrides the <code>diff.orderFile</code> configuration variable
1744         (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).  To cancel <code>diff.orderFile</code>,
1745         use <code>-O/dev/null</code>.
1746 </p>
1747 <div class="paragraph"><p>The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in
1748 &lt;orderfile&gt;.
1749 All files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output
1750 first, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not
1751 the first) are output next, and so on.
1752 All files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output
1753 last, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the
1754 file.
1755 If multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern
1756 but no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is
1757 the normal order.</p></div>
1758 <div class="paragraph"><p>&lt;orderfile&gt; is parsed as follows:</p></div>
1759 <div class="openblock">
1760 <div class="content">
1761 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1762 <li>
1763 <p>
1764 Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for
1765    readability.
1766 </p>
1767 </li>
1768 <li>
1769 <p>
1770 Lines starting with a hash ("<code>#</code>") are ignored, so they can be used
1771    for comments.  Add a backslash ("<code>\</code>") to the beginning of the
1772    pattern if it starts with a hash.
1773 </p>
1774 </li>
1775 <li>
1776 <p>
1777 Each other line contains a single pattern.
1778 </p>
1779 </li>
1780 </ul></div>
1781 </div></div>
1782 <div class="paragraph"><p>Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for
1783 fnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also
1784 matches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname
1785 components matches the pattern.  For example, the pattern "<code>foo*bar</code>"
1786 matches "<code>fooasdfbar</code>" and "<code>foo/bar/baz/asdf</code>" but not "<code>foobarx</code>".</p></div>
1787 </dd>
1788 <dt class="hdlist1">
1789 --skip-to=&lt;file&gt;
1790 </dt>
1791 <dt class="hdlist1">
1792 --rotate-to=&lt;file&gt;
1793 </dt>
1794 <dd>
1795 <p>
1796         Discard the files before the named &lt;file&gt; from the output
1797         (i.e. <em>skip to</em>), or move them to the end of the output
1798         (i.e. <em>rotate to</em>).  These options were invented primarily for the use
1799         of the <code>git difftool</code> command, and may not be very useful
1800         otherwise.
1801 </p>
1802 </dd>
1803 <dt class="hdlist1">
1804 -R
1805 </dt>
1806 <dd>
1807 <p>
1808         Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or
1809         on-disk file to tree contents.
1810 </p>
1811 </dd>
1812 <dt class="hdlist1">
1813 --relative[=&lt;path&gt;]
1814 </dt>
1815 <dt class="hdlist1">
1816 --no-relative
1817 </dt>
1818 <dd>
1819 <p>
1820         When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be
1821         told to exclude changes outside the directory and show
1822         pathnames relative to it with this option.  When you are
1823         not in a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you
1824         can name which subdirectory to make the output relative
1825         to by giving a &lt;path&gt; as an argument.
1826         <code>--no-relative</code> can be used to countermand both <code>diff.relative</code> config
1827         option and previous <code>--relative</code>.
1828 </p>
1829 </dd>
1830 <dt class="hdlist1">
1831 -a
1832 </dt>
1833 <dt class="hdlist1">
1834 --text
1835 </dt>
1836 <dd>
1837 <p>
1838         Treat all files as text.
1839 </p>
1840 </dd>
1841 <dt class="hdlist1">
1842 --ignore-cr-at-eol
1843 </dt>
1844 <dd>
1845 <p>
1846         Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.
1847 </p>
1848 </dd>
1849 <dt class="hdlist1">
1850 --ignore-space-at-eol
1851 </dt>
1852 <dd>
1853 <p>
1854         Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
1855 </p>
1856 </dd>
1857 <dt class="hdlist1">
1858 -b
1859 </dt>
1860 <dt class="hdlist1">
1861 --ignore-space-change
1862 </dt>
1863 <dd>
1864 <p>
1865         Ignore changes in amount of whitespace.  This ignores whitespace
1866         at line end, and considers all other sequences of one or
1867         more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
1868 </p>
1869 </dd>
1870 <dt class="hdlist1">
1871 -w
1872 </dt>
1873 <dt class="hdlist1">
1874 --ignore-all-space
1875 </dt>
1876 <dd>
1877 <p>
1878         Ignore whitespace when comparing lines.  This ignores
1879         differences even if one line has whitespace where the other
1880         line has none.
1881 </p>
1882 </dd>
1883 <dt class="hdlist1">
1884 --ignore-blank-lines
1885 </dt>
1886 <dd>
1887 <p>
1888         Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.
1889 </p>
1890 </dd>
1891 <dt class="hdlist1">
1892 -I&lt;regex&gt;
1893 </dt>
1894 <dt class="hdlist1">
1895 --ignore-matching-lines=&lt;regex&gt;
1896 </dt>
1897 <dd>
1898 <p>
1899         Ignore changes whose all lines match &lt;regex&gt;.  This option may
1900         be specified more than once.
1901 </p>
1902 </dd>
1903 <dt class="hdlist1">
1904 --inter-hunk-context=&lt;lines&gt;
1905 </dt>
1906 <dd>
1907 <p>
1908         Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number
1909         of lines, thereby fusing hunks that are close to each other.
1910         Defaults to <code>diff.interHunkContext</code> or 0 if the config option
1911         is unset.
1912 </p>
1913 </dd>
1914 <dt class="hdlist1">
1915 -W
1916 </dt>
1917 <dt class="hdlist1">
1918 --function-context
1919 </dt>
1920 <dd>
1921 <p>
1922         Show whole function as context lines for each change.
1923         The function names are determined in the same way as
1924         <code>git diff</code> works out patch hunk headers (see <em>Defining a
1925         custom hunk-header</em> in <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).
1926 </p>
1927 </dd>
1928 <dt class="hdlist1">
1929 --exit-code
1930 </dt>
1931 <dd>
1932 <p>
1933         Make the program exit with codes similar to diff(1).
1934         That is, it exits with 1 if there were differences and
1935         0 means no differences.
1936 </p>
1937 </dd>
1938 <dt class="hdlist1">
1939 --quiet
1940 </dt>
1941 <dd>
1942 <p>
1943         Disable all output of the program. Implies <code>--exit-code</code>.
1944 </p>
1945 </dd>
1946 <dt class="hdlist1">
1947 --ext-diff
1948 </dt>
1949 <dd>
1950 <p>
1951         Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an
1952         external diff driver with <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>, you need
1953         to use this option with <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> and friends.
1954 </p>
1955 </dd>
1956 <dt class="hdlist1">
1957 --no-ext-diff
1958 </dt>
1959 <dd>
1960 <p>
1961         Disallow external diff drivers.
1962 </p>
1963 </dd>
1964 <dt class="hdlist1">
1965 --textconv
1966 </dt>
1967 <dt class="hdlist1">
1968 --no-textconv
1969 </dt>
1970 <dd>
1971 <p>
1972         Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run
1973         when comparing binary files. See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for
1974         details. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way
1975         conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human
1976         consumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv
1977         filters are enabled by default only for <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and
1978         <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, but not for <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> or
1979         diff plumbing commands.
1980 </p>
1981 </dd>
1982 <dt class="hdlist1">
1983 --ignore-submodules[=&lt;when&gt;]
1984 </dt>
1985 <dd>
1986 <p>
1987         Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. &lt;when&gt; can be
1988         either "none", "untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default.
1989         Using "none" will consider the submodule modified when it either contains
1990         untracked or modified files or its HEAD differs from the commit recorded
1991         in the superproject and can be used to override any settings of the
1992         <em>ignore</em> option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> or <a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>. When
1993         "untracked" is used submodules are not considered dirty when they only
1994         contain untracked content (but they are still scanned for modified
1995         content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the work tree of submodules,
1996         only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are shown (this was
1997         the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to submodules.
1998 </p>
1999 </dd>
2000 <dt class="hdlist1">
2001 --src-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;
2002 </dt>
2003 <dd>
2004 <p>
2005         Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".
2006 </p>
2007 </dd>
2008 <dt class="hdlist1">
2009 --dst-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;
2010 </dt>
2011 <dd>
2012 <p>
2013         Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".
2014 </p>
2015 </dd>
2016 <dt class="hdlist1">
2017 --no-prefix
2018 </dt>
2019 <dd>
2020 <p>
2021         Do not show any source or destination prefix.
2022 </p>
2023 </dd>
2024 <dt class="hdlist1">
2025 --default-prefix
2026 </dt>
2027 <dd>
2028 <p>
2029         Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/").
2030         This overrides configuration variables such as <code>diff.noprefix</code>,
2031         <code>diff.srcPrefix</code>, <code>diff.dstPrefix</code>, and <code>diff.mnemonicPrefix</code>
2032         (see <code>git-config</code>(1)).
2033 </p>
2034 </dd>
2035 <dt class="hdlist1">
2036 --line-prefix=&lt;prefix&gt;
2037 </dt>
2038 <dd>
2039 <p>
2040         Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output.
2041 </p>
2042 </dd>
2043 <dt class="hdlist1">
2044 --ita-invisible-in-index
2045 </dt>
2046 <dd>
2047 <p>
2048         By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing
2049         empty file in "git diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached".
2050         This option makes the entry appear as a new file in "git diff"
2051         and non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be
2052         reverted with <code>--ita-visible-in-index</code>. Both options are
2053         experimental and could be removed in future.
2054 </p>
2055 </dd>
2056 </dl></div>
2057 <div class="paragraph"><p>For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also
2058 <a href="gitdiffcore.html">gitdiffcore(7)</a>.</p></div>
2059 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2060 <dt class="hdlist1">
2061 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
2062 </dt>
2063 <dd>
2064 <p>
2065         The id of a tree object.
2066 </p>
2067 </dd>
2068 <dt class="hdlist1">
2069 &lt;path&gt;&#8230;
2070 </dt>
2071 <dd>
2072 <p>
2073         If provided, the results are limited to a subset of files
2074         matching one of the provided pathspecs.
2075 </p>
2076 </dd>
2077 <dt class="hdlist1">
2078 -r
2079 </dt>
2080 <dd>
2081 <p>
2082         Recurse into sub-trees.
2083 </p>
2084 </dd>
2085 <dt class="hdlist1">
2086 -t
2087 </dt>
2088 <dd>
2089 <p>
2090         Show tree entry itself as well as subtrees.  Implies -r.
2091 </p>
2092 </dd>
2093 <dt class="hdlist1">
2094 --root
2095 </dt>
2096 <dd>
2097 <p>
2098         When <code>--root</code> is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big
2099         creation event. This is equivalent to a diff against the NULL tree.
2100 </p>
2101 </dd>
2102 <dt class="hdlist1">
2103 --merge-base
2104 </dt>
2105 <dd>
2106 <p>
2107         Instead of comparing the &lt;tree-ish&gt;s directly, use the merge
2108         base between the two &lt;tree-ish&gt;s as the "before" side.  There
2109         must be two &lt;tree-ish&gt;s given and they must both be commits.
2110 </p>
2111 </dd>
2112 <dt class="hdlist1">
2113 --stdin
2114 </dt>
2115 <dd>
2116 <p>
2117         When <code>--stdin</code> is specified, the command does not take
2118         &lt;tree-ish&gt; arguments from the command line.  Instead, it
2119         reads lines containing either two &lt;tree&gt;, one &lt;commit&gt;, or a
2120         list of &lt;commit&gt; from its standard input.  (Use a single space
2121         as separator.)
2122 </p>
2123 <div class="paragraph"><p>When two trees are given, it compares the first tree with the second.
2124 When a single commit is given, it compares the commit with its
2125 parents.  The remaining commits, when given, are used as if they are
2126 parents of the first commit.</p></div>
2127 <div class="paragraph"><p>When comparing two trees, the ID of both trees (separated by a space
2128 and terminated by a newline) is printed before the difference.  When
2129 comparing commits, the ID of the first (or only) commit, followed by a
2130 newline, is printed.</p></div>
2131 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following flags further affect the behavior when comparing
2132 commits (but not trees).</p></div>
2133 </dd>
2134 <dt class="hdlist1">
2135 -m
2136 </dt>
2137 <dd>
2138 <p>
2139         By default, <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> does not show
2140         differences for merge commits.  With this flag, it shows
2141         differences to that commit from all of its parents. See
2142         also <code>-c</code>.
2143 </p>
2144 </dd>
2145 <dt class="hdlist1">
2146 -s
2147 </dt>
2148 <dd>
2149 <p>
2150         By default, <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> shows differences,
2151         either in machine-readable form (without <code>-p</code>) or in patch
2152         form (with <code>-p</code>).  This output can be suppressed.  It is
2153         only useful with the <code>-v</code> flag.
2154 </p>
2155 </dd>
2156 <dt class="hdlist1">
2157 -v
2158 </dt>
2159 <dd>
2160 <p>
2161         This flag causes <em>git diff-tree --stdin</em> to also show
2162         the commit message before the differences.
2163 </p>
2164 </dd>
2165 <dt class="hdlist1">
2166 --pretty[=&lt;format&gt;]
2167 </dt>
2168 <dt class="hdlist1">
2169 --format=&lt;format&gt;
2170 </dt>
2171 <dd>
2172 <p>
2173         Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
2174         where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
2175         <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>reference</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em>, <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>
2176         and <em>tformat:&lt;string&gt;</em>.  When <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> is none of the above,
2177         and has <em>%placeholder</em> in it, it acts as if
2178         <em>--pretty=tformat:&lt;format&gt;</em> were given.
2179 </p>
2180 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each
2181 format.  When <em>=&lt;format&gt;</em> part is omitted, it defaults to <em>medium</em>.</p></div>
2182 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
2183 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
2184 </dd>
2185 <dt class="hdlist1">
2186 --abbrev-commit
2187 </dt>
2188 <dd>
2189 <p>
2190         Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
2191         name, show a prefix that names the object uniquely.
2192         "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies diff output, if it is displayed)
2193         option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.
2194 </p>
2195 <div class="paragraph"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
2196 people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
2197 </dd>
2198 <dt class="hdlist1">
2199 --no-abbrev-commit
2200 </dt>
2201 <dd>
2202 <p>
2203         Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates
2204         <code>--abbrev-commit</code>, either explicit or implied by other options such
2205         as "--oneline". It also overrides the <code>log.abbrevCommit</code> variable.
2206 </p>
2207 </dd>
2208 <dt class="hdlist1">
2209 --oneline
2210 </dt>
2211 <dd>
2212 <p>
2213         This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit"
2214         used together.
2215 </p>
2216 </dd>
2217 <dt class="hdlist1">
2218 --encoding=&lt;encoding&gt;
2219 </dt>
2220 <dd>
2221 <p>
2222         Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message
2223         in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
2224         command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
2225         preferred by the user.  For non plumbing commands this
2226         defaults to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded
2227         in <code>X</code> and we are outputting in <code>X</code>, we will output the object
2228         verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
2229         commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails
2230         to convert the commit, we will quietly output the original
2231         object verbatim.
2232 </p>
2233 </dd>
2234 <dt class="hdlist1">
2235 --expand-tabs=&lt;n&gt;
2236 </dt>
2237 <dt class="hdlist1">
2238 --expand-tabs
2239 </dt>
2240 <dt class="hdlist1">
2241 --no-expand-tabs
2242 </dt>
2243 <dd>
2244 <p>
2245         Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
2246         to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of <em>&lt;n&gt;</em>)
2247         in the log message before showing it in the output.
2248         <code>--expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=8</code>, and
2249         <code>--no-expand-tabs</code> is a short-hand for <code>--expand-tabs=0</code>,
2250         which disables tab expansion.
2251 </p>
2252 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log
2253 message by 4 spaces (i.e.  <em>medium</em>, which is the default, <em>full</em>,
2254 and <em>fuller</em>).</p></div>
2255 </dd>
2256 <dt class="hdlist1">
2257 --notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]
2258 </dt>
2259 <dd>
2260 <p>
2261         Show the notes (see <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>) that annotate the
2262         commit, when showing the commit log message.  This is the default
2263         for <code>git log</code>, <code>git show</code> and <code>git whatchanged</code> commands when
2264         there is no <code>--pretty</code>, <code>--format</code>, or <code>--oneline</code> option given
2265         on the command line.
2266 </p>
2267 <div class="paragraph"><p>By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the
2268 <code>core.notesRef</code> and <code>notes.displayRef</code> variables (or corresponding
2269 environment overrides). See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for more details.</p></div>
2270 <div class="paragraph"><p>With an optional <em>&lt;ref&gt;</em> argument, use the ref to find the notes
2271 to display.  The ref can specify the full refname when it begins
2272 with <code>refs/notes/</code>; when it begins with <code>notes/</code>, <code>refs/</code> and otherwise
2273 <code>refs/notes/</code> is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.</p></div>
2274 <div class="paragraph"><p>Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
2275 being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
2276 "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo --notes" will show both notes from
2277 "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).</p></div>
2278 </dd>
2279 <dt class="hdlist1">
2280 --no-notes
2281 </dt>
2282 <dd>
2283 <p>
2284         Do not show notes. This negates the above <code>--notes</code> option, by
2285         resetting the list of notes refs from which notes are shown.
2286         Options are parsed in the order given on the command line, so e.g.
2287         "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show notes
2288         from "refs/notes/bar".
2289 </p>
2290 </dd>
2291 <dt class="hdlist1">
2292 --show-notes-by-default
2293 </dt>
2294 <dd>
2295 <p>
2296         Show the default notes unless options for displaying specific
2297         notes are given.
2298 </p>
2299 </dd>
2300 <dt class="hdlist1">
2301 --show-notes[=&lt;ref&gt;]
2302 </dt>
2303 <dt class="hdlist1">
2304 --[no-]standard-notes
2305 </dt>
2306 <dd>
2307 <p>
2308         These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes
2309         options instead.
2310 </p>
2311 </dd>
2312 <dt class="hdlist1">
2313 --show-signature
2314 </dt>
2315 <dd>
2316 <p>
2317         Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature
2318         to <code>gpg --verify</code> and show the output.
2319 </p>
2320 </dd>
2321 <dt class="hdlist1">
2322 --no-commit-id
2323 </dt>
2324 <dd>
2325 <p>
2326         <em>git diff-tree</em> outputs a line with the commit ID when
2327         applicable.  This flag suppressed the commit ID output.
2328 </p>
2329 </dd>
2330 <dt class="hdlist1">
2331 -c
2332 </dt>
2333 <dd>
2334 <p>
2335         This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed
2336         (which means it is useful only when the command is given
2337         one &lt;tree-ish&gt;, or <code>--stdin</code>).  It shows the differences
2338         from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously
2339         instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the
2340         result one at a time (which is what the <code>-m</code> option does).
2341         Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified
2342         from all parents.
2343 </p>
2344 </dd>
2345 <dt class="hdlist1">
2346 --cc
2347 </dt>
2348 <dd>
2349 <p>
2350         This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed,
2351         in a similar way to the <code>-c</code> option. It implies the <code>-c</code>
2352         and <code>-p</code> options and further compresses the patch output
2353         by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
2354         have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
2355         without modification.  When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit
2356         itself and the commit log message are not shown, just like in any other
2357         "empty diff" case.
2358 </p>
2359 </dd>
2360 <dt class="hdlist1">
2361 --combined-all-paths
2362 </dt>
2363 <dd>
2364 <p>
2365         This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to
2366         list the name of the file from all parents.  It thus only has
2367         effect when -c or --cc are specified, and is likely only
2368         useful if filename changes are detected (i.e. when either
2369         rename or copy detection have been requested).
2370 </p>
2371 </dd>
2372 <dt class="hdlist1">
2373 --always
2374 </dt>
2375 <dd>
2376 <p>
2377         Show the commit itself and the commit log message even
2378         if the diff itself is empty.
2379 </p>
2380 </dd>
2381 </dl></div>
2382 </div>
2383 </div>
2384 <div class="sect1">
2385 <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
2386 <div class="sectionbody">
2387 <div class="paragraph"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
2388 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
2389 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line.  This line begins with
2390 "Merge: " and the hashes of ancestral commits are printed,
2391 separated by spaces.  Note that the listed commits may not
2392 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
2393 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
2394 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
2395 file.</p></div>
2396 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are several built-in formats, and you can define
2397 additional formats by setting a pretty.&lt;name&gt;
2398 config option to either another format name, or a
2399 <em>format:</em> string, as described below (see
2400 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). Here are the details of the
2401 built-in formats:</p></div>
2402 <div class="ulist"><ul>
2403 <li>
2404 <p>
2405 <em>oneline</em>
2406 </p>
2407 <div class="literalblock">
2408 <div class="content">
2409 <pre><code>&lt;hash&gt; &lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2410 </div></div>
2411 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
2412 </li>
2413 <li>
2414 <p>
2415 <em>short</em>
2416 </p>
2417 <div class="literalblock">
2418 <div class="content">
2419 <pre><code>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2420 Author: &lt;author&gt;</code></pre>
2421 </div></div>
2422 <div class="literalblock">
2423 <div class="content">
2424 <pre><code>&lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2425 </div></div>
2426 </li>
2427 <li>
2428 <p>
2429 <em>medium</em>
2430 </p>
2431 <div class="literalblock">
2432 <div class="content">
2433 <pre><code>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2434 Author: &lt;author&gt;
2435 Date:   &lt;author-date&gt;</code></pre>
2436 </div></div>
2437 <div class="literalblock">
2438 <div class="content">
2439 <pre><code>&lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2440 </div></div>
2441 <div class="literalblock">
2442 <div class="content">
2443 <pre><code>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</code></pre>
2444 </div></div>
2445 </li>
2446 <li>
2447 <p>
2448 <em>full</em>
2449 </p>
2450 <div class="literalblock">
2451 <div class="content">
2452 <pre><code>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2453 Author: &lt;author&gt;
2454 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</code></pre>
2455 </div></div>
2456 <div class="literalblock">
2457 <div class="content">
2458 <pre><code>&lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2459 </div></div>
2460 <div class="literalblock">
2461 <div class="content">
2462 <pre><code>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</code></pre>
2463 </div></div>
2464 </li>
2465 <li>
2466 <p>
2467 <em>fuller</em>
2468 </p>
2469 <div class="literalblock">
2470 <div class="content">
2471 <pre><code>commit &lt;hash&gt;
2472 Author:     &lt;author&gt;
2473 AuthorDate: &lt;author-date&gt;
2474 Commit:     &lt;committer&gt;
2475 CommitDate: &lt;committer-date&gt;</code></pre>
2476 </div></div>
2477 <div class="literalblock">
2478 <div class="content">
2479 <pre><code>&lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2480 </div></div>
2481 <div class="literalblock">
2482 <div class="content">
2483 <pre><code>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</code></pre>
2484 </div></div>
2485 </li>
2486 <li>
2487 <p>
2488 <em>reference</em>
2489 </p>
2490 <div class="literalblock">
2491 <div class="content">
2492 <pre><code>&lt;abbrev-hash&gt; (&lt;title-line&gt;, &lt;short-author-date&gt;)</code></pre>
2493 </div></div>
2494 <div class="paragraph"><p>This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
2495 is the same as <code>--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'</code>.  By default,
2496 the date is formatted with <code>--date=short</code> unless another <code>--date</code> option
2497 is explicitly specified.  As with any <code>format:</code> with format
2498 placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like
2499 <code>--decorate</code> and <code>--walk-reflogs</code>.</p></div>
2500 </li>
2501 <li>
2502 <p>
2503 <em>email</em>
2504 </p>
2505 <div class="literalblock">
2506 <div class="content">
2507 <pre><code>From &lt;hash&gt; &lt;date&gt;
2508 From: &lt;author&gt;
2509 Date: &lt;author-date&gt;
2510 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title-line&gt;</code></pre>
2511 </div></div>
2512 <div class="literalblock">
2513 <div class="content">
2514 <pre><code>&lt;full-commit-message&gt;</code></pre>
2515 </div></div>
2516 </li>
2517 <li>
2518 <p>
2519 <em>mboxrd</em>
2520 </p>
2521 <div class="paragraph"><p>Like <em>email</em>, but lines in the commit message starting with "From "
2522 (preceded by zero or more "&gt;") are quoted with "&gt;" so they aren&#8217;t
2523 confused as starting a new commit.</p></div>
2524 </li>
2525 <li>
2526 <p>
2527 <em>raw</em>
2528 </p>
2529 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
2530 stored in the commit object.  Notably, the hashes are
2531 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
2532 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
2533 true parent commits, without taking grafts or history
2534 simplification into account. Note that this format affects the way
2535 commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with
2536 <code>git log --raw</code>. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
2537 use <code>--no-abbrev</code>.</p></div>
2538 </li>
2539 <li>
2540 <p>
2541 <em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em>
2542 </p>
2543 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>format:&lt;format-string&gt;</em> format allows you to specify which information
2544 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
2545 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
2546 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
2547 <div class="paragraph"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
2548 would show something like this:</p></div>
2549 <div class="listingblock">
2550 <div class="content">
2551 <pre><code>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
2552 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;</code></pre>
2553 </div></div>
2554 <div class="paragraph"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
2555 <div class="ulist"><ul>
2556 <li>
2557 <p>
2558 Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
2559 </p>
2560 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2561 <dt class="hdlist1">
2562 <em>%n</em>
2563 </dt>
2564 <dd>
2565 <p>
2566 newline
2567 </p>
2568 </dd>
2569 <dt class="hdlist1">
2570 <em>%%</em>
2571 </dt>
2572 <dd>
2573 <p>
2574 a raw <em>%</em>
2575 </p>
2576 </dd>
2577 <dt class="hdlist1">
2578 <em>%x00</em>
2579 </dt>
2580 <dd>
2581 <p>
2582 <em>%x</em> followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a
2583          byte with the hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this
2584          "literal formatting code" in the rest of this document).
2585 </p>
2586 </dd>
2587 </dl></div>
2588 </li>
2589 <li>
2590 <p>
2591 Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
2592 </p>
2593 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2594 <dt class="hdlist1">
2595 <em>%Cred</em>
2596 </dt>
2597 <dd>
2598 <p>
2599 switch color to red
2600 </p>
2601 </dd>
2602 <dt class="hdlist1">
2603 <em>%Cgreen</em>
2604 </dt>
2605 <dd>
2606 <p>
2607 switch color to green
2608 </p>
2609 </dd>
2610 <dt class="hdlist1">
2611 <em>%Cblue</em>
2612 </dt>
2613 <dd>
2614 <p>
2615 switch color to blue
2616 </p>
2617 </dd>
2618 <dt class="hdlist1">
2619 <em>%Creset</em>
2620 </dt>
2621 <dd>
2622 <p>
2623 reset color
2624 </p>
2625 </dd>
2626 <dt class="hdlist1">
2627 <em>%C(&#8230;)</em>
2628 </dt>
2629 <dd>
2630 <p>
2631 color specification, as described under Values in the
2632             "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.  By
2633             default, colors are shown only when enabled for log output
2634             (by <code>color.diff</code>, <code>color.ui</code>, or <code>--color</code>, and respecting
2635             the <code>auto</code> settings of the former if we are going to a
2636             terminal). <code>%C(auto,...)</code> is accepted as a historical
2637             synonym for the default (e.g., <code>%C(auto,red)</code>). Specifying
2638             <code>%C(always,...)</code> will show the colors even when color is
2639             not otherwise enabled (though consider just using
2640             <code>--color=always</code> to enable color for the whole output,
2641             including this format and anything else git might color).
2642             <code>auto</code> alone (i.e. <code>%C(auto)</code>) will turn on auto coloring
2643             on the next placeholders until the color is switched
2644             again.
2645 </p>
2646 </dd>
2647 <dt class="hdlist1">
2648 <em>%m</em>
2649 </dt>
2650 <dd>
2651 <p>
2652 left (<code>&lt;</code>), right (<code>&gt;</code>) or boundary (<code>-</code>) mark
2653 </p>
2654 </dd>
2655 <dt class="hdlist1">
2656 <em>%w([&lt;w&gt;[,&lt;i1&gt;[,&lt;i2&gt;]]])</em>
2657 </dt>
2658 <dd>
2659 <p>
2660 switch line wrapping, like the -w option of
2661                             <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.
2662 </p>
2663 </dd>
2664 <dt class="hdlist1">
2665 <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])</em>
2666 </dt>
2667 <dd>
2668 <p>
2669 make the next placeholder take at
2670                                   least N column widths, padding spaces on
2671                                   the right if necessary.  Optionally
2672                                   truncate (with ellipsis <em>..</em>) at the left (ltrunc) <code>..ft</code>,
2673                                   the middle (mtrunc) <code>mi..le</code>, or the end
2674                                   (trunc) <code>rig..</code>, if the output is longer than
2675                                   N columns.
2676                                   Note 1: that truncating
2677                                   only works correctly with N &gt;= 2.
2678                                   Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below)
2679                                   values are optional.
2680                                   Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters
2681                                   will take two display columns, which may
2682                                   over-run column boundaries.
2683                                   Note 4: decomposed character combining marks
2684                                   may be misplaced at padding boundaries.
2685 </p>
2686 </dd>
2687 <dt class="hdlist1">
2688 <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2689 </dt>
2690 <dd>
2691 <p>
2692 make the next placeholder take at least until Mth
2693              display column, padding spaces on the right if necessary.
2694              Use negative M values for column positions measured
2695              from the right hand edge of the terminal window.
2696 </p>
2697 </dd>
2698 <dt class="hdlist1">
2699 <em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2700 </dt>
2701 <dd>
2702 <p>
2703 similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em> respectively,
2704                         but padding spaces on the left
2705 </p>
2706 </dd>
2707 <dt class="hdlist1">
2708 <em>%&gt;&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2709 </dt>
2710 <dd>
2711 <p>
2712 similar to <em>%&gt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2713                           respectively, except that if the next
2714                           placeholder takes more spaces than given and
2715                           there are spaces on its left, use those
2716                           spaces
2717 </p>
2718 </dd>
2719 <dt class="hdlist1">
2720 <em>%&gt;&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&gt;&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2721 </dt>
2722 <dd>
2723 <p>
2724 similar to <em>%&lt;( &lt;N&gt; )</em>, <em>%&lt;|( &lt;M&gt; )</em>
2725                           respectively, but padding both sides
2726                           (i.e. the text is centered)
2727 </p>
2728 </dd>
2729 </dl></div>
2730 </li>
2731 <li>
2732 <p>
2733 Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
2734 </p>
2735 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2736 <dt class="hdlist1">
2737 <em>%H</em>
2738 </dt>
2739 <dd>
2740 <p>
2741 commit hash
2742 </p>
2743 </dd>
2744 <dt class="hdlist1">
2745 <em>%h</em>
2746 </dt>
2747 <dd>
2748 <p>
2749 abbreviated commit hash
2750 </p>
2751 </dd>
2752 <dt class="hdlist1">
2753 <em>%T</em>
2754 </dt>
2755 <dd>
2756 <p>
2757 tree hash
2758 </p>
2759 </dd>
2760 <dt class="hdlist1">
2761 <em>%t</em>
2762 </dt>
2763 <dd>
2764 <p>
2765 abbreviated tree hash
2766 </p>
2767 </dd>
2768 <dt class="hdlist1">
2769 <em>%P</em>
2770 </dt>
2771 <dd>
2772 <p>
2773 parent hashes
2774 </p>
2775 </dd>
2776 <dt class="hdlist1">
2777 <em>%p</em>
2778 </dt>
2779 <dd>
2780 <p>
2781 abbreviated parent hashes
2782 </p>
2783 </dd>
2784 <dt class="hdlist1">
2785 <em>%an</em>
2786 </dt>
2787 <dd>
2788 <p>
2789 author name
2790 </p>
2791 </dd>
2792 <dt class="hdlist1">
2793 <em>%aN</em>
2794 </dt>
2795 <dd>
2796 <p>
2797 author name (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
2798         or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2799 </p>
2800 </dd>
2801 <dt class="hdlist1">
2802 <em>%ae</em>
2803 </dt>
2804 <dd>
2805 <p>
2806 author email
2807 </p>
2808 </dd>
2809 <dt class="hdlist1">
2810 <em>%aE</em>
2811 </dt>
2812 <dd>
2813 <p>
2814 author email (respecting .mailmap, see <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
2815         or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2816 </p>
2817 </dd>
2818 <dt class="hdlist1">
2819 <em>%al</em>
2820 </dt>
2821 <dd>
2822 <p>
2823 author email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
2824 </p>
2825 </dd>
2826 <dt class="hdlist1">
2827 <em>%aL</em>
2828 </dt>
2829 <dd>
2830 <p>
2831 author local-part (see <em>%al</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
2832         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2833 </p>
2834 </dd>
2835 <dt class="hdlist1">
2836 <em>%ad</em>
2837 </dt>
2838 <dd>
2839 <p>
2840 author date (format respects --date= option)
2841 </p>
2842 </dd>
2843 <dt class="hdlist1">
2844 <em>%aD</em>
2845 </dt>
2846 <dd>
2847 <p>
2848 author date, RFC2822 style
2849 </p>
2850 </dd>
2851 <dt class="hdlist1">
2852 <em>%ar</em>
2853 </dt>
2854 <dd>
2855 <p>
2856 author date, relative
2857 </p>
2858 </dd>
2859 <dt class="hdlist1">
2860 <em>%at</em>
2861 </dt>
2862 <dd>
2863 <p>
2864 author date, UNIX timestamp
2865 </p>
2866 </dd>
2867 <dt class="hdlist1">
2868 <em>%ai</em>
2869 </dt>
2870 <dd>
2871 <p>
2872 author date, ISO 8601-like format
2873 </p>
2874 </dd>
2875 <dt class="hdlist1">
2876 <em>%aI</em>
2877 </dt>
2878 <dd>
2879 <p>
2880 author date, strict ISO 8601 format
2881 </p>
2882 </dd>
2883 <dt class="hdlist1">
2884 <em>%as</em>
2885 </dt>
2886 <dd>
2887 <p>
2888 author date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
2889 </p>
2890 </dd>
2891 <dt class="hdlist1">
2892 <em>%ah</em>
2893 </dt>
2894 <dd>
2895 <p>
2896 author date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
2897         <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)
2898 </p>
2899 </dd>
2900 <dt class="hdlist1">
2901 <em>%cn</em>
2902 </dt>
2903 <dd>
2904 <p>
2905 committer name
2906 </p>
2907 </dd>
2908 <dt class="hdlist1">
2909 <em>%cN</em>
2910 </dt>
2911 <dd>
2912 <p>
2913 committer name (respecting .mailmap, see
2914         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2915 </p>
2916 </dd>
2917 <dt class="hdlist1">
2918 <em>%ce</em>
2919 </dt>
2920 <dd>
2921 <p>
2922 committer email
2923 </p>
2924 </dd>
2925 <dt class="hdlist1">
2926 <em>%cE</em>
2927 </dt>
2928 <dd>
2929 <p>
2930 committer email (respecting .mailmap, see
2931         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2932 </p>
2933 </dd>
2934 <dt class="hdlist1">
2935 <em>%cl</em>
2936 </dt>
2937 <dd>
2938 <p>
2939 committer email local-part (the part before the <em>@</em> sign)
2940 </p>
2941 </dd>
2942 <dt class="hdlist1">
2943 <em>%cL</em>
2944 </dt>
2945 <dd>
2946 <p>
2947 committer local-part (see <em>%cl</em>) respecting .mailmap, see
2948         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
2949 </p>
2950 </dd>
2951 <dt class="hdlist1">
2952 <em>%cd</em>
2953 </dt>
2954 <dd>
2955 <p>
2956 committer date (format respects --date= option)
2957 </p>
2958 </dd>
2959 <dt class="hdlist1">
2960 <em>%cD</em>
2961 </dt>
2962 <dd>
2963 <p>
2964 committer date, RFC2822 style
2965 </p>
2966 </dd>
2967 <dt class="hdlist1">
2968 <em>%cr</em>
2969 </dt>
2970 <dd>
2971 <p>
2972 committer date, relative
2973 </p>
2974 </dd>
2975 <dt class="hdlist1">
2976 <em>%ct</em>
2977 </dt>
2978 <dd>
2979 <p>
2980 committer date, UNIX timestamp
2981 </p>
2982 </dd>
2983 <dt class="hdlist1">
2984 <em>%ci</em>
2985 </dt>
2986 <dd>
2987 <p>
2988 committer date, ISO 8601-like format
2989 </p>
2990 </dd>
2991 <dt class="hdlist1">
2992 <em>%cI</em>
2993 </dt>
2994 <dd>
2995 <p>
2996 committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
2997 </p>
2998 </dd>
2999 <dt class="hdlist1">
3000 <em>%cs</em>
3001 </dt>
3002 <dd>
3003 <p>
3004 committer date, short format (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)
3005 </p>
3006 </dd>
3007 <dt class="hdlist1">
3008 <em>%ch</em>
3009 </dt>
3010 <dd>
3011 <p>
3012 committer date, human style (like the <code>--date=human</code> option of
3013         <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>)
3014 </p>
3015 </dd>
3016 <dt class="hdlist1">
3017 <em>%d</em>
3018 </dt>
3019 <dd>
3020 <p>
3021 ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
3022 </p>
3023 </dd>
3024 <dt class="hdlist1">
3025 <em>%D</em>
3026 </dt>
3027 <dd>
3028 <p>
3029 ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.
3030 </p>
3031 </dd>
3032 <dt class="hdlist1">
3033 <em>%(decorate[:&lt;options&gt;])</em>
3034 </dt>
3035 <dd>
3036 <p>
3037 ref names with custom decorations. The <code>decorate</code> string may be followed by a
3038 colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
3039 literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (<code>%x2C</code>) and closing
3040 parentheses (<code>%x29</code>), due to their role in the option syntax.
3041 </p>
3042 <div class="ulist"><ul>
3043 <li>
3044 <p>
3045 <em>prefix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before the list of ref names.  Defaults to "&#160;<code>(</code>".
3046 </p>
3047 </li>
3048 <li>
3049 <p>
3050 <em>suffix=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown after the list of ref names.  Defaults to "<code>)</code>".
3051 </p>
3052 </li>
3053 <li>
3054 <p>
3055 <em>separator=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between ref names.  Defaults to "<code>,</code>&#160;".
3056 </p>
3057 </li>
3058 <li>
3059 <p>
3060 <em>pointer=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
3061                       Defaults to "&#160;<code>-&gt;</code>&#160;".
3062 </p>
3063 </li>
3064 <li>
3065 <p>
3066 <em>tag=&lt;value&gt;</em>: Shown before tag names. Defaults to "<code>tag:</code>&#160;".
3067 </p>
3068 </li>
3069 </ul></div>
3070 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, to produce decorations with no wrapping
3071 or tag annotations, and spaces as separators:</p></div>
3072 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>%(decorate:prefix=,suffix=,tag=,separator= )</code></p></div>
3073 </dd>
3074 <dt class="hdlist1">
3075 <em>%(describe[:&lt;options&gt;])</em>
3076 </dt>
3077 <dd>
3078 <p>
3079 human-readable name, like <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>; empty string for
3080 undescribable commits.  The <code>describe</code> string may be followed by a colon and
3081 zero or more comma-separated options.  Descriptions can be inconsistent when
3082 tags are added or removed at the same time.
3083 </p>
3084 <div class="ulist"><ul>
3085 <li>
3086 <p>
3087 <em>tags[=&lt;bool-value&gt;]</em>: Instead of only considering annotated tags,
3088    consider lightweight tags as well.
3089 </p>
3090 </li>
3091 <li>
3092 <p>
3093 <em>abbrev=&lt;number&gt;</em>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
3094    (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
3095    default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use &lt;number&gt; digits, or as many
3096    digits as needed to form a unique object name.
3097 </p>
3098 </li>
3099 <li>
3100 <p>
3101 <em>match=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Only consider tags matching the given
3102    <code>glob(7)</code> pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
3103 </p>
3104 </li>
3105 <li>
3106 <p>
3107 <em>exclude=&lt;pattern&gt;</em>: Do not consider tags matching the given
3108    <code>glob(7)</code> pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
3109 </p>
3110 </li>
3111 </ul></div>
3112 </dd>
3113 <dt class="hdlist1">
3114 <em>%S</em>
3115 </dt>
3116 <dd>
3117 <p>
3118 ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached
3119        (like <code>git log --source</code>), only works with <code>git log</code>
3120 </p>
3121 </dd>
3122 <dt class="hdlist1">
3123 <em>%e</em>
3124 </dt>
3125 <dd>
3126 <p>
3127 encoding
3128 </p>
3129 </dd>
3130 <dt class="hdlist1">
3131 <em>%s</em>
3132 </dt>
3133 <dd>
3134 <p>
3135 subject
3136 </p>
3137 </dd>
3138 <dt class="hdlist1">
3139 <em>%f</em>
3140 </dt>
3141 <dd>
3142 <p>
3143 sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
3144 </p>
3145 </dd>
3146 <dt class="hdlist1">
3147 <em>%b</em>
3148 </dt>
3149 <dd>
3150 <p>
3151 body
3152 </p>
3153 </dd>
3154 <dt class="hdlist1">
3155 <em>%B</em>
3156 </dt>
3157 <dd>
3158 <p>
3159 raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
3160 </p>
3161 </dd>
3162 <dt class="hdlist1">
3163 <em>%N</em>
3164 </dt>
3165 <dd>
3166 <p>
3167 commit notes
3168 </p>
3169 </dd>
3170 <dt class="hdlist1">
3171 <em>%GG</em>
3172 </dt>
3173 <dd>
3174 <p>
3175 raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
3176 </p>
3177 </dd>
3178 <dt class="hdlist1">
3179 <em>%G?</em>
3180 </dt>
3181 <dd>
3182 <p>
3183 show "G" for a good (valid) signature,
3184         "B" for a bad signature,
3185         "U" for a good signature with unknown validity,
3186         "X" for a good signature that has expired,
3187         "Y" for a good signature made by an expired key,
3188         "R" for a good signature made by a revoked key,
3189         "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
3190         and "N" for no signature
3191 </p>
3192 </dd>
3193 <dt class="hdlist1">
3194 <em>%GS</em>
3195 </dt>
3196 <dd>
3197 <p>
3198 show the name of the signer for a signed commit
3199 </p>
3200 </dd>
3201 <dt class="hdlist1">
3202 <em>%GK</em>
3203 </dt>
3204 <dd>
3205 <p>
3206 show the key used to sign a signed commit
3207 </p>
3208 </dd>
3209 <dt class="hdlist1">
3210 <em>%GF</em>
3211 </dt>
3212 <dd>
3213 <p>
3214 show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
3215 </p>
3216 </dd>
3217 <dt class="hdlist1">
3218 <em>%GP</em>
3219 </dt>
3220 <dd>
3221 <p>
3222 show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used
3223         to sign a signed commit
3224 </p>
3225 </dd>
3226 <dt class="hdlist1">
3227 <em>%GT</em>
3228 </dt>
3229 <dd>
3230 <p>
3231 show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
3232 </p>
3233 </dd>
3234 <dt class="hdlist1">
3235 <em>%gD</em>
3236 </dt>
3237 <dd>
3238 <p>
3239 reflog selector, e.g., <code>refs/stash@{1}</code> or <code>refs/stash@{2
3240         minutes ago}</code>; the format follows the rules described for the
3241         <code>-g</code> option. The portion before the <code>@</code> is the refname as
3242         given on the command line (so <code>git log -g refs/heads/master</code>
3243         would yield <code>refs/heads/master@{0}</code>).
3244 </p>
3245 </dd>
3246 <dt class="hdlist1">
3247 <em>%gd</em>
3248 </dt>
3249 <dd>
3250 <p>
3251 shortened reflog selector; same as <code>%gD</code>, but the refname
3252         portion is shortened for human readability (so
3253         <code>refs/heads/master</code> becomes just <code>master</code>).
3254 </p>
3255 </dd>
3256 <dt class="hdlist1">
3257 <em>%gn</em>
3258 </dt>
3259 <dd>
3260 <p>
3261 reflog identity name
3262 </p>
3263 </dd>
3264 <dt class="hdlist1">
3265 <em>%gN</em>
3266 </dt>
3267 <dd>
3268 <p>
3269 reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see
3270         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
3271 </p>
3272 </dd>
3273 <dt class="hdlist1">
3274 <em>%ge</em>
3275 </dt>
3276 <dd>
3277 <p>
3278 reflog identity email
3279 </p>
3280 </dd>
3281 <dt class="hdlist1">
3282 <em>%gE</em>
3283 </dt>
3284 <dd>
3285 <p>
3286 reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see
3287         <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> or <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>)
3288 </p>
3289 </dd>
3290 <dt class="hdlist1">
3291 <em>%gs</em>
3292 </dt>
3293 <dd>
3294 <p>
3295 reflog subject
3296 </p>
3297 </dd>
3298 <dt class="hdlist1">
3299 <em>%(trailers[:&lt;options&gt;])</em>
3300 </dt>
3301 <dd>
3302 <p>
3303 display the trailers of the body as interpreted by
3304 <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>. The <code>trailers</code> string may be followed by
3305 a colon and zero or more comma-separated options. If any option is provided
3306 multiple times, the last occurrence wins.
3307 </p>
3308 <div class="ulist"><ul>
3309 <li>
3310 <p>
3311 <em>key=&lt;key&gt;</em>: only show trailers with specified &lt;key&gt;. Matching is done
3312    case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
3313    given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
3314    shown. This option automatically enables the <code>only</code> option so that
3315    non-trailer lines in the trailer block are hidden. If that is not
3316    desired it can be disabled with <code>only=false</code>.  E.g.,
3317    <code>%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)</code> shows trailer lines with key
3318    <code>Reviewed-by</code>.
3319 </p>
3320 </li>
3321 <li>
3322 <p>
3323 <em>only[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
3324    block should be included.
3325 </p>
3326 </li>
3327 <li>
3328 <p>
3329 <em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between trailer
3330    lines. Defaults to a line feed character. The string &lt;sep&gt; may contain
3331    the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
3332    separator one must use <code>%x2C</code> as it would otherwise be parsed as
3333    next option. E.g., <code>%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )</code>
3334    shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
3335    and a space.
3336 </p>
3337 </li>
3338 <li>
3339 <p>
3340 <em>unfold[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: make it behave as if interpret-trailer&#8217;s <code>--unfold</code>
3341    option was given. E.g.,
3342    <code>%(trailers:only,unfold=true)</code> unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
3343 </p>
3344 </li>
3345 <li>
3346 <p>
3347 <em>keyonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the key part of the trailer.
3348 </p>
3349 </li>
3350 <li>
3351 <p>
3352 <em>valueonly[=&lt;bool&gt;]</em>: only show the value part of the trailer.
3353 </p>
3354 </li>
3355 <li>
3356 <p>
3357 <em>key_value_separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em>: specify the separator inserted between
3358    the key and value of each trailer. Defaults to ": ". Otherwise it
3359    shares the same semantics as <em>separator=&lt;sep&gt;</em> above.
3360 </p>
3361 </li>
3362 </ul></div>
3363 </dd>
3364 </dl></div>
3365 </li>
3366 </ul></div>
3367 </li>
3368 </ul></div>
3369 <div class="admonitionblock">
3370 <table><tr>
3371 <td class="icon">
3372 <div class="title">Note</div>
3373 </td>
3374 <td class="content">Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
3375 revision traversal engine. For example, the <code>%g*</code> reflog options will
3376 insert an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
3377 <code>git log -g</code>). The <code>%d</code> and <code>%D</code> placeholders will use the "short"
3378 decoration format if <code>--decorate</code> was not already provided on the command
3379 line.</td>
3380 </tr></table>
3381 </div>
3382 <div class="paragraph"><p>The boolean options accept an optional value <code>[=&lt;bool-value&gt;]</code>. The values
3383 <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>on</code>, <code>off</code> etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
3384 sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>. If a boolean
3385 option is given with no value, it&#8217;s enabled.</p></div>
3386 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>+</code> (plus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a line-feed
3387 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3388 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3389 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a <code>-</code> (minus sign) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, all consecutive
3390 line-feeds immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the
3391 placeholder expands to an empty string.</p></div>
3392 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you add a ` ` (space) after <em>%</em> of a placeholder, a space
3393 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
3394 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.</p></div>
3395 <div class="ulist"><ul>
3396 <li>
3397 <p>
3398 <em>tformat:</em>
3399 </p>
3400 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
3401 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
3402 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
3403 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
3404 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
3405 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
3406 For example:</p></div>
3407 <div class="listingblock">
3408 <div class="content">
3409 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
3410   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
3411 4da45be
3412 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
3413
3414 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
3415   | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
3416 4da45be
3417 7134973</code></pre>
3418 </div></div>
3419 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, any unrecognized string that has a <code>%</code> in it is interpreted
3420 as if it has <code>tformat:</code> in front of it.  For example, these two are
3421 equivalent:</p></div>
3422 <div class="listingblock">
3423 <div class="content">
3424 <pre><code>$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
3425 $ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef</code></pre>
3426 </div></div>
3427 </li>
3428 </ul></div>
3429 </div>
3430 </div>
3431 <div class="sect1">
3432 <h2 id="_raw_output_format">Raw output format</h2>
3433 <div class="sectionbody">
3434 <div class="paragraph"><p>The raw output format from "git-diff-index", "git-diff-tree",
3435 "git-diff-files" and "git diff --raw" are very similar.</p></div>
3436 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands all compare two sets of things; what is
3437 compared differs:</p></div>
3438 <div class="dlist"><dl>
3439 <dt class="hdlist1">
3440 git-diff-index &lt;tree-ish&gt;
3441 </dt>
3442 <dd>
3443 <p>
3444         compares the &lt;tree-ish&gt; and the files on the filesystem.
3445 </p>
3446 </dd>
3447 <dt class="hdlist1">
3448 git-diff-index --cached &lt;tree-ish&gt;
3449 </dt>
3450 <dd>
3451 <p>
3452         compares the &lt;tree-ish&gt; and the index.
3453 </p>
3454 </dd>
3455 <dt class="hdlist1">
3456 git-diff-tree [-r] &lt;tree-ish-1&gt; &lt;tree-ish-2&gt; [&lt;pattern&gt;&#8230;]
3457 </dt>
3458 <dd>
3459 <p>
3460         compares the trees named by the two arguments.
3461 </p>
3462 </dd>
3463 <dt class="hdlist1">
3464 git-diff-files [&lt;pattern&gt;&#8230;]
3465 </dt>
3466 <dd>
3467 <p>
3468         compares the index and the files on the filesystem.
3469 </p>
3470 </dd>
3471 </dl></div>
3472 <div class="paragraph"><p>The "git-diff-tree" command begins its output by printing the hash of
3473 what is being compared. After that, all the commands print one output
3474 line per changed file.</p></div>
3475 <div class="paragraph"><p>An output line is formatted this way:</p></div>
3476 <div class="listingblock">
3477 <div class="content">
3478 <pre><code>in-place edit  :100644 100644 bcd1234 0123456 M file0
3479 copy-edit      :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 C68 file1 file2
3480 rename-edit    :100644 100644 abcd123 1234567 R86 file1 file3
3481 create         :000000 100644 0000000 1234567 A file4
3482 delete         :100644 000000 1234567 0000000 D file5
3483 unmerged       :000000 000000 0000000 0000000 U file6</code></pre>
3484 </div></div>
3485 <div class="paragraph"><p>That is, from the left to the right:</p></div>
3486 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3487 <li>
3488 <p>
3489 a colon.
3490 </p>
3491 </li>
3492 <li>
3493 <p>
3494 mode for "src"; 000000 if creation or unmerged.
3495 </p>
3496 </li>
3497 <li>
3498 <p>
3499 a space.
3500 </p>
3501 </li>
3502 <li>
3503 <p>
3504 mode for "dst"; 000000 if deletion or unmerged.
3505 </p>
3506 </li>
3507 <li>
3508 <p>
3509 a space.
3510 </p>
3511 </li>
3512 <li>
3513 <p>
3514 sha1 for "src"; 0{40} if creation or unmerged.
3515 </p>
3516 </li>
3517 <li>
3518 <p>
3519 a space.
3520 </p>
3521 </li>
3522 <li>
3523 <p>
3524 sha1 for "dst"; 0{40} if deletion, unmerged or "work tree out of sync with the index".
3525 </p>
3526 </li>
3527 <li>
3528 <p>
3529 a space.
3530 </p>
3531 </li>
3532 <li>
3533 <p>
3534 status, followed by optional "score" number.
3535 </p>
3536 </li>
3537 <li>
3538 <p>
3539 a tab or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used.
3540 </p>
3541 </li>
3542 <li>
3543 <p>
3544 path for "src"
3545 </p>
3546 </li>
3547 <li>
3548 <p>
3549 a tab or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used; only exists for C or R.
3550 </p>
3551 </li>
3552 <li>
3553 <p>
3554 path for "dst"; only exists for C or R.
3555 </p>
3556 </li>
3557 <li>
3558 <p>
3559 an LF or a NUL when <code>-z</code> option is used, to terminate the record.
3560 </p>
3561 </li>
3562 </ol></div>
3563 <div class="paragraph"><p>Possible status letters are:</p></div>
3564 <div class="ulist"><ul>
3565 <li>
3566 <p>
3567 A: addition of a file
3568 </p>
3569 </li>
3570 <li>
3571 <p>
3572 C: copy of a file into a new one
3573 </p>
3574 </li>
3575 <li>
3576 <p>
3577 D: deletion of a file
3578 </p>
3579 </li>
3580 <li>
3581 <p>
3582 M: modification of the contents or mode of a file
3583 </p>
3584 </li>
3585 <li>
3586 <p>
3587 R: renaming of a file
3588 </p>
3589 </li>
3590 <li>
3591 <p>
3592 T: change in the type of the file (regular file, symbolic link or submodule)
3593 </p>
3594 </li>
3595 <li>
3596 <p>
3597 U: file is unmerged (you must complete the merge before it can
3598   be committed)
3599 </p>
3600 </li>
3601 <li>
3602 <p>
3603 X: "unknown" change type (most probably a bug, please report it)
3604 </p>
3605 </li>
3606 </ul></div>
3607 <div class="paragraph"><p>Status letters C and R are always followed by a score (denoting the
3608 percentage of similarity between the source and target of the move or
3609 copy).  Status letter M may be followed by a score (denoting the
3610 percentage of dissimilarity) for file rewrites.</p></div>
3611 <div class="paragraph"><p>The sha1 for "dst" is shown as all 0&#8217;s if a file on the filesystem
3612 is out of sync with the index.</p></div>
3613 <div class="paragraph"><p>Example:</p></div>
3614 <div class="listingblock">
3615 <div class="content">
3616 <pre><code>:100644 100644 5be4a4a 0000000 M file.c</code></pre>
3617 </div></div>
3618 <div class="paragraph"><p>Without the <code>-z</code> option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are
3619 quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
3620 (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).  Using <code>-z</code> the filename is output
3621 verbatim and the line is terminated by a NUL byte.</p></div>
3622 </div>
3623 </div>
3624 <div class="sect1">
3625 <h2 id="_diff_format_for_merges">diff format for merges</h2>
3626 <div class="sectionbody">
3627 <div class="paragraph"><p>"git-diff-tree", "git-diff-files" and "git-diff --raw"
3628 can take <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code> option
3629 to generate diff output also for merge commits.  The output differs
3630 from the format described above in the following way:</p></div>
3631 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3632 <li>
3633 <p>
3634 there is a colon for each parent
3635 </p>
3636 </li>
3637 <li>
3638 <p>
3639 there are more "src" modes and "src" sha1
3640 </p>
3641 </li>
3642 <li>
3643 <p>
3644 status is concatenated status characters for each parent
3645 </p>
3646 </li>
3647 <li>
3648 <p>
3649 no optional "score" number
3650 </p>
3651 </li>
3652 <li>
3653 <p>
3654 tab-separated pathname(s) of the file
3655 </p>
3656 </li>
3657 </ol></div>
3658 <div class="paragraph"><p>For <code>-c</code> and <code>--cc</code>, only the destination or final path is shown even
3659 if the file was renamed on any side of history.  With
3660 <code>--combined-all-paths</code>, the name of the path in each parent is shown
3661 followed by the name of the path in the merge commit.</p></div>
3662 <div class="paragraph"><p>Examples for <code>-c</code> and <code>--cc</code> without <code>--combined-all-paths</code>:</p></div>
3663 <div class="listingblock">
3664 <div class="content">
3665 <pre><code>::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM       desc.c
3666 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM       bar.sh
3667 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR       phooey.c</code></pre>
3668 </div></div>
3669 <div class="paragraph"><p>Examples when <code>--combined-all-paths</code> added to either <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code>:</p></div>
3670 <div class="listingblock">
3671 <div class="content">
3672 <pre><code>::100644 100644 100644 fabadb8 cc95eb0 4866510 MM       desc.c  desc.c  desc.c
3673 ::100755 100755 100755 52b7a2d 6d1ac04 d2ac7d7 RM       foo.sh  bar.sh  bar.sh
3674 ::100644 100644 100644 e07d6c5 9042e82 ee91881 RR       fooey.c fuey.c  phooey.c</code></pre>
3675 </div></div>
3676 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that <em>combined diff</em> lists only files which were modified from
3677 all parents.</p></div>
3678 </div>
3679 </div>
3680 <div class="sect1">
3681 <h2 id="generate_patch_text_with_p">Generating patch text with -p</h2>
3682 <div class="sectionbody">
3683 <div class="paragraph"><p>Running
3684 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>,
3685 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
3686 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>,
3687 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>,
3688 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>, or
3689 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
3690 with the <code>-p</code> option produces patch text.
3691 You can customize the creation of patch text via the
3692 <code>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</code> and the <code>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</code> environment variables
3693 (see <a href="git.html">git(1)</a>), and the <code>diff</code> attribute (see <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>).</p></div>
3694 <div class="paragraph"><p>What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
3695 diff format:</p></div>
3696 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3697 <li>
3698 <p>
3699 It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:
3700 </p>
3701 <div class="literalblock">
3702 <div class="content">
3703 <pre><code>diff --git a/file1 b/file2</code></pre>
3704 </div></div>
3705 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> filenames are the same unless rename/copy is
3706 involved.  Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
3707 <code>/dev/null</code> is <em>not</em> used in place of the <code>a/</code> or <code>b/</code> filenames.</p></div>
3708 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a rename/copy is involved, <code>file1</code> and <code>file2</code> show the
3709 name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
3710 the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.</p></div>
3711 </li>
3712 <li>
3713 <p>
3714 It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
3715 </p>
3716 <div class="literalblock">
3717 <div class="content">
3718 <pre><code>old mode &lt;mode&gt;
3719 new mode &lt;mode&gt;
3720 deleted file mode &lt;mode&gt;
3721 new file mode &lt;mode&gt;
3722 copy from &lt;path&gt;
3723 copy to &lt;path&gt;
3724 rename from &lt;path&gt;
3725 rename to &lt;path&gt;
3726 similarity index &lt;number&gt;
3727 dissimilarity index &lt;number&gt;
3728 index &lt;hash&gt;..&lt;hash&gt; &lt;mode&gt;</code></pre>
3729 </div></div>
3730 <div class="paragraph"><p>File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type
3731 and file permission bits.</p></div>
3732 <div class="paragraph"><p>Path names in extended headers do not include the <code>a/</code> and <code>b/</code> prefixes.</p></div>
3733 <div class="paragraph"><p>The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and
3734 the dissimilarity index is the percentage of changed lines.  It
3735 is a rounded down integer, followed by a percent sign.  The
3736 similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal
3737 files, while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old
3738 file made it into the new one.</p></div>
3739 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change.
3740 The &lt;mode&gt; is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise,
3741 separate lines indicate the old and the new mode.</p></div>
3742 </li>
3743 <li>
3744 <p>
3745 Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
3746     the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> (see
3747     <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
3748 </p>
3749 </li>
3750 <li>
3751 <p>
3752 All the <code>file1</code> files in the output refer to files before the
3753     commit, and all the <code>file2</code> files refer to files after the commit.
3754     It is incorrect to apply each change to each file sequentially.  For
3755     example, this patch will swap a and b:
3756 </p>
3757 <div class="literalblock">
3758 <div class="content">
3759 <pre><code>diff --git a/a b/b
3760 rename from a
3761 rename to b
3762 diff --git a/b b/a
3763 rename from b
3764 rename to a</code></pre>
3765 </div></div>
3766 </li>
3767 <li>
3768 <p>
3769 Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
3770     applies.  See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in
3771     <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> for details of how to tailor this to
3772     specific languages.
3773 </p>
3774 </li>
3775 </ol></div>
3776 </div>
3777 </div>
3778 <div class="sect1">
3779 <h2 id="_combined_diff_format">Combined diff format</h2>
3780 <div class="sectionbody">
3781 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any diff-generating command can take the <code>-c</code> or <code>--cc</code> option to
3782 produce a <em>combined diff</em> when showing a merge. This is the default
3783 format when showing merges with <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> or
3784 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>. Note also that you can give suitable
3785 <code>--diff-merges</code> option to any of these commands to force generation of
3786 diffs in a specific format.</p></div>
3787 <div class="paragraph"><p>A "combined diff" format looks like this:</p></div>
3788 <div class="listingblock">
3789 <div class="content">
3790 <pre><code>diff --combined describe.c
3791 index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
3792 --- a/describe.c
3793 +++ b/describe.c
3794 @@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
3795         return (a_date &gt; b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
3796   }
3797
3798 - static void describe(char *arg)
3799  -static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
3800 ++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
3801   {
3802  +      unsigned char sha1[20];
3803  +      struct commit *cmit;
3804         struct commit_list *list;
3805         static int initialized = 0;
3806         struct commit_name *n;
3807
3808  +      if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) &lt; 0)
3809  +              usage(describe_usage);
3810  +      cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
3811  +      if (!cmit)
3812  +              usage(describe_usage);
3813  +
3814         if (!initialized) {
3815                 initialized = 1;
3816                 for_each_ref(get_name);</code></pre>
3817 </div></div>
3818 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3819 <li>
3820 <p>
3821 It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like
3822      this (when the <code>-c</code> option is used):
3823 </p>
3824 <div class="literalblock">
3825 <div class="content">
3826 <pre><code>diff --combined file</code></pre>
3827 </div></div>
3828 <div class="paragraph"><p>or like this (when the <code>--cc</code> option is used):</p></div>
3829 <div class="literalblock">
3830 <div class="content">
3831 <pre><code>diff --cc file</code></pre>
3832 </div></div>
3833 </li>
3834 <li>
3835 <p>
3836 It is followed by one or more extended header lines
3837      (this example shows a merge with two parents):
3838 </p>
3839 <div class="literalblock">
3840 <div class="content">
3841 <pre><code>index &lt;hash&gt;,&lt;hash&gt;..&lt;hash&gt;
3842 mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;..&lt;mode&gt;
3843 new file mode &lt;mode&gt;
3844 deleted file mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;</code></pre>
3845 </div></div>
3846 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>mode &lt;mode&gt;,&lt;mode&gt;..&lt;mode&gt;</code> line appears only if at least one of
3847 the &lt;mode&gt; is different from the rest. Extended headers with
3848 information about detected content movement (renames and
3849 copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
3850 &lt;tree-ish&gt; and are not used by combined diff format.</p></div>
3851 </li>
3852 <li>
3853 <p>
3854 It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:
3855 </p>
3856 <div class="literalblock">
3857 <div class="content">
3858 <pre><code>--- a/file
3859 +++ b/file</code></pre>
3860 </div></div>
3861 <div class="paragraph"><p>Similar to the two-line header for the traditional <em>unified</em> diff
3862 format, <code>/dev/null</code> is used to signal created or deleted
3863 files.</p></div>
3864 <div class="paragraph"><p>However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a
3865 two-line from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
3866 where N is the number of parents in the merge commit:</p></div>
3867 <div class="literalblock">
3868 <div class="content">
3869 <pre><code>--- a/file
3870 --- a/file
3871 --- a/file
3872 +++ b/file</code></pre>
3873 </div></div>
3874 <div class="paragraph"><p>This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is
3875 active, to allow you to see the original name of the file in different
3876 parents.</p></div>
3877 </li>
3878 <li>
3879 <p>
3880 Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from
3881      accidentally feeding it to <code>patch -p1</code>. Combined diff format
3882      was created for review of merge commit changes, and was not
3883      meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the
3884      extended <em>index</em> header:
3885 </p>
3886 <div class="literalblock">
3887 <div class="content">
3888 <pre><code>@@@ &lt;from-file-range&gt; &lt;from-file-range&gt; &lt;to-file-range&gt; @@@</code></pre>
3889 </div></div>
3890 <div class="paragraph"><p>There are (number of parents + 1) <code>@</code> characters in the chunk
3891 header for combined diff format.</p></div>
3892 </li>
3893 </ol></div>
3894 <div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike the traditional <em>unified</em> diff format, which shows two
3895 files A and B with a single column that has <code>-</code> (minus&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;appears in A but removed in B), <code>+</code> (plus&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;missing in A but
3896 added to B), or <code>" "</code> (space&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;unchanged) prefix, this format
3897 compares two or more files file1, file2,&#8230; with one file X, and
3898 shows how X differs from each of fileN.  One column for each of
3899 fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X&#8217;s line is
3900 different from it.</p></div>
3901 <div class="paragraph"><p>A <code>-</code> character in the column N means that the line appears in
3902 fileN but it does not appear in the result.  A <code>+</code> character
3903 in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
3904 and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was
3905 added, from the point of view of that parent).</p></div>
3906 <div class="paragraph"><p>In the above example output, the function signature was changed
3907 from both files (hence two <code>-</code> removals from both file1 and
3908 file2, plus <code>++</code> to mean one line that was added does not appear
3909 in either file1 or file2).  Also, eight other lines are the same
3910 from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with <code>+</code>).</p></div>
3911 <div class="paragraph"><p>When shown by <code>git diff-tree -c</code>, it compares the parents of a
3912 merge commit with the merge result (i.e. file1..fileN are the
3913 parents).  When shown by <code>git diff-files -c</code>, it compares the
3914 two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file
3915 (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka "our version", file2 is stage 3 aka
3916 "their version").</p></div>
3917 </div>
3918 </div>
3919 <div class="sect1">
3920 <h2 id="_other_diff_formats">other diff formats</h2>
3921 <div class="sectionbody">
3922 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--summary</code> option describes newly added, deleted, renamed and
3923 copied files.  The <code>--stat</code> option adds diffstat(1) graph to the
3924 output.  These options can be combined with other options, such as
3925 <code>-p</code>, and are meant for human consumption.</p></div>
3926 <div class="paragraph"><p>When showing a change that involves a rename or a copy, <code>--stat</code> output
3927 formats the pathnames compactly by combining common prefix and suffix of
3928 the pathnames.  For example, a change that moves <code>arch/i386/Makefile</code> to
3929 <code>arch/x86/Makefile</code> while modifying 4 lines will be shown like this:</p></div>
3930 <div class="listingblock">
3931 <div class="content">
3932 <pre><code>arch/{i386 =&gt; x86}/Makefile    |   4 +--</code></pre>
3933 </div></div>
3934 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--numstat</code> option gives the diffstat(1) information but is designed
3935 for easier machine consumption.  An entry in <code>--numstat</code> output looks
3936 like this:</p></div>
3937 <div class="listingblock">
3938 <div class="content">
3939 <pre><code>1       2       README
3940 3       1       arch/{i386 =&gt; x86}/Makefile</code></pre>
3941 </div></div>
3942 <div class="paragraph"><p>That is, from left to right:</p></div>
3943 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3944 <li>
3945 <p>
3946 the number of added lines;
3947 </p>
3948 </li>
3949 <li>
3950 <p>
3951 a tab;
3952 </p>
3953 </li>
3954 <li>
3955 <p>
3956 the number of deleted lines;
3957 </p>
3958 </li>
3959 <li>
3960 <p>
3961 a tab;
3962 </p>
3963 </li>
3964 <li>
3965 <p>
3966 pathname (possibly with rename/copy information);
3967 </p>
3968 </li>
3969 <li>
3970 <p>
3971 a newline.
3972 </p>
3973 </li>
3974 </ol></div>
3975 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>-z</code> output option is in effect, the output is formatted this way:</p></div>
3976 <div class="listingblock">
3977 <div class="content">
3978 <pre><code>1       2       README NUL
3979 3       1       NUL arch/i386/Makefile NUL arch/x86/Makefile NUL</code></pre>
3980 </div></div>
3981 <div class="paragraph"><p>That is:</p></div>
3982 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
3983 <li>
3984 <p>
3985 the number of added lines;
3986 </p>
3987 </li>
3988 <li>
3989 <p>
3990 a tab;
3991 </p>
3992 </li>
3993 <li>
3994 <p>
3995 the number of deleted lines;
3996 </p>
3997 </li>
3998 <li>
3999 <p>
4000 a tab;
4001 </p>
4002 </li>
4003 <li>
4004 <p>
4005 a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
4006 </p>
4007 </li>
4008 <li>
4009 <p>
4010 pathname in preimage;
4011 </p>
4012 </li>
4013 <li>
4014 <p>
4015 a NUL (only exists if renamed/copied);
4016 </p>
4017 </li>
4018 <li>
4019 <p>
4020 pathname in postimage (only exists if renamed/copied);
4021 </p>
4022 </li>
4023 <li>
4024 <p>
4025 a NUL.
4026 </p>
4027 </li>
4028 </ol></div>
4029 <div class="paragraph"><p>The extra <code>NUL</code> before the preimage path in renamed case is to allow
4030 scripts that read the output to tell if the current record being read is
4031 a single-path record or a rename/copy record without reading ahead.
4032 After reading added and deleted lines, reading up to <code>NUL</code> would yield
4033 the pathname, but if that is <code>NUL</code>, the record will show two paths.</p></div>
4034 </div>
4035 </div>
4036 <div class="sect1">
4037 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
4038 <div class="sectionbody">
4039 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
4040 </div>
4041 </div>
4042 </div>
4043 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
4044 <div id="footer">
4045 <div id="footer-text">
4046 Last updated
4047  2023-10-23 14:43:46 PDT
4048 </div>
4049 </div>
4050 </body>
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