[reflection] Check whether a pointer is valid before dereferencing (#19842)

[reflection] Check whether a pointer is valid before dereferencing (#19842)

`Xamarin.Android` native runtime calls `mono_reflection_type_from_name`
and passes `NULL` as the `image` parameter.  The parameter is then
propagated all the way to `_mono_reflection_get_type_from_info` where,
in case the assembly isn't loaded yet, it is used to obtain base
directory of the assembly.  However, since the `image` parameter is
`NULL` in our case, attempt to dereference it causes a segfault:

    libc    : Fatal signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 1 (SEGV_MAPERR), fault addr 0x4c0 in tid 11029 (ompanyname.app3), pid 11029 (ompanyname.app3)
    crash_dump64: obtaining output fd from tombstoned, type: kDebuggerdTombstone
    /system/bin/tombstoned: received crash request for pid 11029
    crash_dump64: performing dump of process 11029 (target tid = 11029)
    DEBUG   : *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
    DEBUG   : Build fingerprint: 'google/sdk_gphone_x86_64/generic_x86_64:10/QSR1.190920.001/5891938:user/release-keys'
    DEBUG   : Revision: '0'
    DEBUG   : ABI: 'x86_64'
    DEBUG   : Timestamp: 2020-05-25 14:45:29+0200
    DEBUG   : pid: 11029, tid: 11029, name: ompanyname.app3  >>> com.companyname.app3 <<<
    DEBUG   : uid: 10134
    DEBUG   : signal 11 (SIGSEGV), code 1 (SEGV_MAPERR), fault addr 0x4c0
    DEBUG   : Cause: null pointer dereference
    DEBUG   :     rax 000000000000002f  rbx 0000000000000001  rcx 0000000000000000  rdx 0000000000000030
    DEBUG   :     r8  0000000000000003  r9  000000000013e2e2  r10 0173eed800000000  r11 0000000000000206
    DEBUG   :     r12 0000000000000000  r13 00007478530343c0  r14 00007478075eda33  r15 000074780763efb0
    DEBUG   :     rdi 0000000000000000  rsi 00007478e2cb14d0
    DEBUG   :     rbp 00007ffef3a35680  rsp 00007ffef3a355d0  rip 0000747807a4066a
    DEBUG   :
    DEBUG   : backtrace:
    DEBUG   :       #00 pc 00000000003ba66a  /data/app/com.companyname.app3-aQUF6Ge6_v-WaLb5i8Q7vw==/lib/x86_64/libmonosgen-2.0.so (_mono_reflection_get_type_from_info+474)
    DEBUG   :       #01 pc 00000000003ba3d1  /data/app/com.companyname.app3-aQUF6Ge6_v-WaLb5i8Q7vw==/lib/x86_64/libmonosgen-2.0.so (mono_reflection_type_from_name_checked+321)
    DEBUG   :       #02 pc 00000000003ba26d  /data/app/com.companyname.app3-aQUF6Ge6_v-WaLb5i8Q7vw==/lib/x86_64/libmonosgen-2.0.so (mono_reflection_type_from_name+125)
    DEBUG   :       #03 pc 000000000000ddb5  /data/app/com.companyname.app3-aQUF6Ge6_v-WaLb5i8Q7vw==/lib/x86_64/libmonodroid.so (xamarin::android::internal::EmbeddedAssemblies::typemap_java_to_managed(char const*)+389) (BuildId: 9952f1cfe0d910ae631abc73479f88eef34fd71d)
    DEBUG   :       #04 pc 000000000000def3  /data/app/com.companyname.app3-aQUF6Ge6_v-WaLb5i8Q7vw==/lib/x86_64/libmonodroid.so (xamarin::android::internal::EmbeddedAssemblies::typemap_java_to_managed(_MonoString*)+99) (BuildId: 9952f1cfe0d910ae631abc73479f88eef34fd71d)
    DEBUG   :       #05 pc 0000000000069532  <anonymous:5ad25000>

Even though this happens in `Xamarin.Android`, the error may occur for
any embedding application which passes `NULL` for the `image` parameter
in situation when the assembly isn't in memory yet.

Co-authored-by: Marek Habersack <grendel@twistedcode.net>