[netcore] Implement Thread.GetCurrentProcessorId (#18450)

[mono-project.git] / mono / metadata / domain.c

/**
 * \file
 * MonoDomain functions
 *
 * Author:
 *      Dietmar Maurer (dietmar@ximian.com)
 *      Patrik Torstensson
 *
 * Copyright 2001-2003 Ximian, Inc (http://www.ximian.com)
 * Copyright 2004-2009 Novell, Inc (http://www.novell.com)
 * Copyright 2011-2012 Xamarin, Inc (http://www.xamarin.com)
 * Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
 */

#include <config.h>
#include <glib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <mono/metadata/gc-internals.h>

#include <mono/utils/atomic.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-compiler.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-logger-internals.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-membar.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-counters.h>
#include <mono/utils/hazard-pointer.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-tls.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-mmap.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-threads.h>
#include <mono/metadata/object.h>
#include <mono/metadata/object-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/domain-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/class-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/class-init.h>
#include <mono/metadata/debug-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/assembly-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/exception.h>
#include <mono/metadata/metadata-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/appdomain.h>
#include <mono/metadata/mono-config.h>
#include <mono/metadata/mono-hash-internals.h>
#include <mono/metadata/threads-types.h>
#include <mono/metadata/runtime.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32mutex.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32semaphore.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32event.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32process.h>
#include <mono/metadata/w32file.h>
#include <mono/metadata/threads.h>
#include <mono/metadata/profiler-private.h>
#include <mono/metadata/coree.h>
#include <mono/utils/mono-experiments.h>
#include "external-only.h"
#include "mono/utils/mono-tls-inline.h"

//#define DEBUG_DOMAIN_UNLOAD 1

#define GET_APPDOMAIN    mono_tls_get_domain
#define SET_APPDOMAIN(x) do { \
        MonoThreadInfo *info; \
        mono_tls_set_domain (x); \
        info = mono_thread_info_current (); \
        if (info) \
                mono_thread_info_tls_set (info, TLS_KEY_DOMAIN, (x));   \
} while (FALSE)

#define GET_APPCONTEXT() (mono_thread_internal_current ()->current_appcontext)
#define SET_APPCONTEXT(x) MONO_OBJECT_SETREF_INTERNAL (mono_thread_internal_current (), current_appcontext, (x))

static guint16 appdomain_list_size = 0;
static guint16 appdomain_next = 0;
static MonoDomain **appdomains_list = NULL;
static MonoImage *exe_image;
static gboolean debug_domain_unload;

gboolean mono_dont_free_domains;

#define mono_appdomains_lock() mono_coop_mutex_lock (&appdomains_mutex)
#define mono_appdomains_unlock() mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&appdomains_mutex)
static MonoCoopMutex appdomains_mutex;

static MonoDomain *mono_root_domain = NULL;

/* some statistics */
static int max_domain_code_size = 0;
static int max_domain_code_alloc = 0;
static int total_domain_code_alloc = 0;

/* AppConfigInfo: Information about runtime versions supported by an 
 * aplication.
 */
typedef struct {
        GSList *supported_runtimes;
        char *required_runtime;
        int configuration_count;
        int startup_count;
} AppConfigInfo;

static const MonoRuntimeInfo *current_runtime = NULL;

#define NOT_AVAIL {0xffffU,0xffffU,0xffffU,0xffffU}

/* This is the list of runtime versions supported by this JIT.
 */
static const MonoRuntimeInfo supported_runtimes[] = {
        {"v4.0.30319","4.5", { {4,0,0,0}, {10,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0}, {4,0,0,0} } },
        {"mobile",    "2.1", { {2,0,5,0}, {10,0,0,0}, {2,0,5,0}, {2,0,5,0}, {4,0,0,0} } },
        {"moonlight", "2.1", { {2,0,5,0}, { 9,0,0,0}, {3,5,0,0}, {3,0,0,0}, NOT_AVAIL } },
};

#undef NOT_AVAIL


/* The stable runtime version */
#define DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION "v4.0.30319"

/* Callbacks installed by the JIT */
static MonoCreateDomainFunc create_domain_hook;
static MonoFreeDomainFunc free_domain_hook;

/* AOT cache configuration */
static MonoAotCacheConfig aot_cache_config;

static GSList*
get_runtimes_from_exe (const char *exe_file, MonoImage **exe_image);

static const MonoRuntimeInfo*
get_runtime_by_version (const char *version);

static void
mono_domain_alcs_destroy (MonoDomain *domain);

static void
mono_domain_alcs_lock (MonoDomain *domain);

static void
mono_domain_alcs_unlock (MonoDomain *domain);

static void
mono_domain_create_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain);

static LockFreeMempool*
lock_free_mempool_new (void)
{
        return g_new0 (LockFreeMempool, 1);
}

static void
lock_free_mempool_free (LockFreeMempool *mp)
{
        LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk, *next;

        chunk = mp->chunks;
        while (chunk) {
                next = (LockFreeMempoolChunk *)chunk->prev;
                mono_vfree (chunk, mono_pagesize (), MONO_MEM_ACCOUNT_DOMAIN);
                chunk = next;
        }
        g_free (mp);
}

/*
 * This is async safe
 */
static LockFreeMempoolChunk*
lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (LockFreeMempool *mp, int len)
{
        LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk, *prev;
        int size;

        size = mono_pagesize ();
        while (size - sizeof (LockFreeMempoolChunk) < len)
                size += mono_pagesize ();
        chunk = (LockFreeMempoolChunk *)mono_valloc (0, size, MONO_MMAP_READ|MONO_MMAP_WRITE, MONO_MEM_ACCOUNT_DOMAIN);
        g_assert (chunk);
        chunk->mem = (guint8 *)ALIGN_PTR_TO ((char*)chunk + sizeof (LockFreeMempoolChunk), 16);
        chunk->size = ((char*)chunk + size) - (char*)chunk->mem;
        chunk->pos = 0;

        /* Add to list of chunks lock-free */
        while (TRUE) {
                prev = mp->chunks;
                if (mono_atomic_cas_ptr ((volatile gpointer*)&mp->chunks, chunk, prev) == prev)
                        break;
        }
        chunk->prev = prev;

        return chunk;
}

/*
 * This is async safe
 */
static gpointer
lock_free_mempool_alloc0 (LockFreeMempool *mp, guint size)
{
        LockFreeMempoolChunk *chunk;
        gpointer res;
        int oldpos;

        // FIXME: Free the allocator

        size = ALIGN_TO (size, 8);
        chunk = mp->current;
        if (!chunk) {
                chunk = lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (mp, size);
                mono_memory_barrier ();
                /* Publish */
                mp->current = chunk;
        }

        /* The code below is lock-free, 'chunk' is shared state */
        oldpos = mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&chunk->pos, size);
        if (oldpos + size > chunk->size) {
                chunk = lock_free_mempool_chunk_new (mp, size);
                g_assert (chunk->pos + size <= chunk->size);
                res = chunk->mem;
                chunk->pos += size;
                mono_memory_barrier ();
                mp->current = chunk;
        } else {
                res = (char*)chunk->mem + oldpos;
        }

        return res;
}

void
mono_install_create_domain_hook (MonoCreateDomainFunc func)
{
        create_domain_hook = func;
}

void
mono_install_free_domain_hook (MonoFreeDomainFunc func)
{
        free_domain_hook = func;
}

gboolean
mono_string_equal_internal (MonoString *s1, MonoString *s2)
{
        int l1 = mono_string_length_internal (s1);
        int l2 = mono_string_length_internal (s2);

        if (s1 == s2)
                return TRUE;
        if (l1 != l2)
                return FALSE;

        return memcmp (mono_string_chars_internal (s1), mono_string_chars_internal (s2), l1 * 2) == 0;
}

/**
 * mono_string_equal:
 * \param s1 First string to compare
 * \param s2 Second string to compare
 *
 * Compares two \c MonoString* instances ordinally for equality.
 *
 * \returns FALSE if the strings differ.
 */
gboolean
mono_string_equal (MonoString *s1, MonoString *s2)
{
        MONO_EXTERNAL_ONLY (gboolean, mono_string_equal_internal (s1, s2));
}

guint
mono_string_hash_internal (MonoString *s)
{
        const gunichar2 *p = mono_string_chars_internal (s);
        int i, len = mono_string_length_internal (s);
        guint h = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                h = (h << 5) - h + *p;
                p++;
        }

        return h;       
}

/**
 * mono_string_hash:
 * \param s the string to hash
 *
 * Compute the hash for a \c MonoString*
 * \returns the hash for the string.
 */
guint
mono_string_hash (MonoString *s)
{
        MONO_EXTERNAL_ONLY (guint, mono_string_hash_internal (s));
}

static gboolean
mono_ptrarray_equal (gpointer *s1, gpointer *s2)
{
        int len = GPOINTER_TO_INT (s1 [0]);
        if (len != GPOINTER_TO_INT (s2 [0]))
                return FALSE;

        return memcmp (s1 + 1, s2 + 1, len * sizeof(gpointer)) == 0; 
}

static guint
mono_ptrarray_hash (gpointer *s)
{
        int i;
        int len = GPOINTER_TO_INT (s [0]);
        guint hash = 0;
        
        for (i = 1; i < len; i++)
                hash += GPOINTER_TO_UINT (s [i]);

        return hash;    
}

//g_malloc on sgen and mono_gc_alloc_fixed on boehm
static void*
gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (size_t size)
{
        if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
                return g_malloc0 (size);
        else
                return mono_gc_alloc_fixed (size, MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain List");
}

static void
gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (void *ptr)
{
        if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
                g_free (ptr);
        else
                mono_gc_free_fixed (ptr);
}
/*
 * Allocate an id for domain and set domain->domain_id.
 * LOCKING: must be called while holding appdomains_mutex.
 * We try to assign low numbers to the domain, so it can be used
 * as an index in data tables to lookup domain-specific info
 * with minimal memory overhead. We also try not to reuse the
 * same id too quickly (to help debugging).
 */
static int
domain_id_alloc (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        int id = -1, i;
        if (!appdomains_list) {
                appdomain_list_size = 2;
                appdomains_list = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));

        }
        for (i = appdomain_next; i < appdomain_list_size; ++i) {
                if (!appdomains_list [i]) {
                        id = i;
                        break;
                }
        }
        if (id == -1) {
                for (i = 0; i < appdomain_next; ++i) {
                        if (!appdomains_list [i]) {
                                id = i;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
        if (id == -1) {
                MonoDomain **new_list;
                int new_size = appdomain_list_size * 2;
                if (new_size >= (1 << 16))
                        g_assert_not_reached ();
                id = appdomain_list_size;
                new_list = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (new_size * sizeof (void*));
                memcpy (new_list, appdomains_list, appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
                gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomains_list);
                appdomains_list = new_list;
                appdomain_list_size = new_size;
        }
        domain->domain_id = id;
        appdomains_list [id] = domain;
        appdomain_next++;
        if (appdomain_next > appdomain_list_size)
                appdomain_next = 0;
        return id;
}

static gsize domain_gc_bitmap [sizeof(MonoDomain)/4/32 + 1];
static MonoGCDescriptor domain_gc_desc = MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL;
static guint32 domain_shadow_serial = 0L;

/**
 * mono_domain_create:
 *
 * Creates a new application domain, the unmanaged representation
 * of the actual domain.
 *
 * Application domains provide an isolation facilty for assemblies.   You
 * can load assemblies and execute code in them that will not be visible
 * to other application domains. This is a runtime-based virtualization
 * technology.
 *
 * It is possible to unload domains, which unloads the assemblies and
 * data that was allocated in that domain.
 *
 * When a domain is created a mempool is allocated for domain-specific
 * structures, along a dedicated code manager to hold code that is
 * associated with the domain.
 *
 * \returns New initialized \c MonoDomain, with no configuration or assemblies
 * loaded into it.
 */
MonoDomain *
mono_domain_create (void)
{
        MonoDomain *domain;
        guint32 shadow_serial;
  
        mono_appdomains_lock ();
        shadow_serial = domain_shadow_serial++;
  
        if (!domain_gc_desc) {
                unsigned int i, bit = 0;
                for (i = G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoDomain, MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_OBJECT); i < G_STRUCT_OFFSET (MonoDomain, MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED); i += sizeof (gpointer)) {
                        bit = i / sizeof (gpointer);
                        domain_gc_bitmap [bit / 32] |= (gsize) 1 << (bit % 32);
                }
                domain_gc_desc = mono_gc_make_descr_from_bitmap ((gsize*)domain_gc_bitmap, bit + 1);
        }
        mono_appdomains_unlock ();

        if (!mono_gc_is_moving ())
                domain = (MonoDomain *)mono_gc_alloc_fixed (sizeof (MonoDomain), MONO_GC_DESCRIPTOR_NULL, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain Structure");
        else
                domain = (MonoDomain *)mono_gc_alloc_fixed (sizeof (MonoDomain), domain_gc_desc, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, NULL, "Domain Structure");

        domain->shadow_serial = shadow_serial;
        domain->domain = NULL;
        domain->setup = NULL;
        domain->friendly_name = NULL;
        domain->search_path = NULL;

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_loading, (domain));

        domain->mp = mono_mempool_new ();
        domain->code_mp = mono_code_manager_new ();
        domain->lock_free_mp = lock_free_mempool_new ();
        domain->env = mono_g_hash_table_new_type_internal ((GHashFunc)mono_string_hash_internal, (GCompareFunc)mono_string_equal_internal, MONO_HASH_KEY_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, domain, "Domain Environment Variable Table");
        domain->domain_assemblies = NULL;
        domain->assembly_bindings = NULL;
        domain->assembly_bindings_parsed = FALSE;
        domain->class_vtable_array = g_ptr_array_new ();
        domain->proxy_vtable_hash = g_hash_table_new ((GHashFunc)mono_ptrarray_hash, (GCompareFunc)mono_ptrarray_equal);
        mono_jit_code_hash_init (&domain->jit_code_hash);
        domain->ldstr_table = mono_g_hash_table_new_type_internal ((GHashFunc)mono_string_hash_internal, (GCompareFunc)mono_string_equal_internal, MONO_HASH_KEY_VALUE_GC, MONO_ROOT_SOURCE_DOMAIN, domain, "Domain String Pool Table");
        domain->num_jit_info_table_duplicates = 0;
        domain->jit_info_table = mono_jit_info_table_new (domain);
        domain->jit_info_free_queue = NULL;
        domain->finalizable_objects_hash = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);
        domain->ftnptrs_hash = g_hash_table_new (mono_aligned_addr_hash, NULL);

        mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->lock);

        mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->assemblies_lock);
        mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->jit_code_hash_lock);
        mono_os_mutex_init_recursive (&domain->finalizable_objects_hash_lock);

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_coop_mutex_init (&domain->alcs_lock);
#endif

        mono_appdomains_lock ();
        domain_id_alloc (domain);
        mono_appdomains_unlock ();

#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_atomic_inc_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_appdomains);
        mono_atomic_inc_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_total_appdomains);
#endif

        mono_debug_domain_create (domain);

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_domain_create_default_alc (domain);
#endif

        if (create_domain_hook)
                create_domain_hook (domain);

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_loaded, (domain));
        
        return domain;
}

/**
 * mono_init_internal:
 * 
 * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
 * structure.
 * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
 * If exe_filename is not NULL, the method will determine the required runtime
 * from the exe configuration file or the version PE field.
 * If runtime_version is not NULL, that runtime version will be used.
 * Either exe_filename or runtime_version must be provided.
 *
 * Returns: the initial domain.
 */
static MonoDomain *
mono_init_internal (const char *filename, const char *exe_filename, const char *runtime_version)
{
        static MonoDomain *domain = NULL;
        MonoAssembly *ass = NULL;
        MonoImageOpenStatus status = MONO_IMAGE_OK;
        GSList *runtimes = NULL;

#ifdef DEBUG_DOMAIN_UNLOAD
        debug_domain_unload = TRUE;
#endif

        if (domain)
                g_assert_not_reached ();

#if defined(HOST_WIN32) && G_HAVE_API_SUPPORT(HAVE_CLASSIC_WINAPI_SUPPORT)
        /* Avoid system error message boxes. */
        SetErrorMode (SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS | SEM_NOOPENFILEERRORBOX);
#endif

#ifndef HOST_WIN32
        mono_w32handle_init ();
        mono_w32handle_namespace_init ();
#endif

        mono_w32mutex_init ();
        mono_w32semaphore_init ();
        mono_w32event_init ();
        mono_w32process_init ();
        mono_w32file_init ();

#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_perfcounters_init ();
#endif
        mono_counters_init ();

        mono_counters_register ("Max native code in a domain", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &max_domain_code_size);
        mono_counters_register ("Max code space allocated in a domain", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &max_domain_code_alloc);
        mono_counters_register ("Total code space allocated", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_JIT, &total_domain_code_alloc);

        mono_counters_register ("Max HashTable Chain Length", MONO_COUNTER_INT|MONO_COUNTER_METADATA, &mono_g_hash_table_max_chain_length);

        mono_gc_base_init ();
        mono_thread_info_attach ();

        mono_coop_mutex_init_recursive (&appdomains_mutex);

        mono_metadata_init ();
        mono_images_init ();
        mono_assemblies_init ();
        mono_classes_init ();
        mono_loader_init ();
        mono_reflection_init ();
        mono_runtime_init_tls ();
        mono_icall_init ();

        domain = mono_domain_create ();
        mono_root_domain = domain;

        SET_APPDOMAIN (domain);

#if defined(ENABLE_EXPERIMENT_null)
        if (mono_experiment_enabled (MONO_EXPERIMENT_null))
                g_warning ("null experiment enabled");
#endif

        /* Get a list of runtimes supported by the exe */
        if (exe_filename != NULL) {
                /*
                 * This function will load the exe file as a MonoImage. We need to close it, but
                 * that would mean it would be reloaded later. So instead, we save it to
                 * exe_image, and close it during shutdown.
                 */
                runtimes = get_runtimes_from_exe (exe_filename, &exe_image);
#ifdef HOST_WIN32
                if (!exe_image) {
                        exe_image = mono_assembly_open_from_bundle (mono_domain_default_alc (domain), exe_filename, NULL, FALSE);
                        if (!exe_image)
                                exe_image = mono_image_open (exe_filename, NULL);
                }
                mono_fixup_exe_image (exe_image);
#endif
        } else if (runtime_version != NULL) {
                const MonoRuntimeInfo* rt = get_runtime_by_version (runtime_version);
                if (rt != NULL)
                        runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)rt);
        }

        if (runtimes == NULL) {
                const MonoRuntimeInfo *default_runtime = get_runtime_by_version (DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
                g_assert (default_runtime);
                runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)default_runtime);
                if (runtime_version != NULL)
                        g_print ("WARNING: The requested runtime version \"%s\" is unavailable.\n", runtime_version);
                else
                        g_print ("WARNING: The runtime version supported by this application is unavailable.\n");
                g_print ("Using default runtime: %s\n", default_runtime->runtime_version); 
        }

        /* The selected runtime will be the first one for which there is a mscrolib.dll */
        GSList *tmp = runtimes;
        while (tmp != NULL) {
                current_runtime = (MonoRuntimeInfo*)tmp->data;
                g_assert (current_runtime);
                ass = mono_assembly_load_corlib (current_runtime, &status);
                if (status != MONO_IMAGE_OK && status != MONO_IMAGE_ERROR_ERRNO)
                        break;
                tmp = tmp->next;
        }

        g_slist_free (runtimes);
        
        if ((status != MONO_IMAGE_OK) || (ass == NULL)) {
                switch (status){
                case MONO_IMAGE_ERROR_ERRNO: {
                        char *corlib_file = g_build_filename (mono_assembly_getrootdir (), "mono", current_runtime->framework_version, "mscorlib.dll", (const char*)NULL);
                        g_print ("The assembly mscorlib.dll was not found or could not be loaded.\n");
                        g_print ("It should have been installed in the `%s' directory.\n", corlib_file);
                        g_free (corlib_file);
                        break;
                }
                case MONO_IMAGE_IMAGE_INVALID:
                        g_print ("The file %s/mscorlib.dll is an invalid CIL image\n",
                                 mono_assembly_getrootdir ());
                        break;
                case MONO_IMAGE_MISSING_ASSEMBLYREF:
                        g_print ("Missing assembly reference in %s/mscorlib.dll\n",
                                 mono_assembly_getrootdir ());
                        break;
                case MONO_IMAGE_OK:
                        /* to suppress compiler warning */
                        break;
                }
                
                exit (1);
        }
        mono_defaults.corlib = mono_assembly_get_image_internal (ass);

        mono_defaults.object_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Object");

        mono_defaults.void_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Void");

        mono_defaults.boolean_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Boolean");

        mono_defaults.byte_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Byte");

        mono_defaults.sbyte_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "SByte");

        mono_defaults.int16_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int16");

        mono_defaults.uint16_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt16");

        mono_defaults.int32_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int32");

        mono_defaults.uint32_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt32");

        mono_defaults.uint_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UIntPtr");

        mono_defaults.int_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "IntPtr");

        mono_defaults.int64_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Int64");

        mono_defaults.uint64_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "UInt64");

        mono_defaults.single_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Single");

        mono_defaults.double_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Double");

        mono_defaults.char_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Char");

        mono_defaults.string_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "String");

        mono_defaults.enum_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Enum");

        mono_defaults.array_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Array");

        mono_defaults.delegate_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Delegate");

        mono_defaults.multicastdelegate_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "MulticastDelegate");

#ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_defaults.manualresetevent_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "ManualResetEvent");
#endif

        mono_defaults.typehandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeTypeHandle");

        mono_defaults.methodhandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeMethodHandle");

        mono_defaults.fieldhandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeFieldHandle");

        mono_defaults.systemtype_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Type");

        mono_defaults.runtimetype_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeType");

        mono_defaults.exception_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Exception");

        mono_defaults.threadabortexception_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "ThreadAbortException");

        mono_defaults.thread_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "Thread");

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        /* There is only one thread class */
        mono_defaults.internal_thread_class = mono_defaults.thread_class;
#else
        mono_defaults.internal_thread_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "InternalThread");
#endif

        mono_defaults.appdomain_class = mono_class_get_appdomain_class ();

#ifndef DISABLE_REMOTING
        mono_defaults.transparent_proxy_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies", "TransparentProxy");

        mono_defaults.real_proxy_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Proxies", "RealProxy");

        mono_defaults.marshalbyrefobject_class =  mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "MarshalByRefObject");

        mono_defaults.iremotingtypeinfo_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting", "IRemotingTypeInfo");

#endif

        /* FIXME pretty sure this is wrong and netcore has messages... */
#ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_defaults.mono_method_message_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging", "MonoMethodMessage");
#endif

        mono_defaults.field_info_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Reflection", "FieldInfo");

        mono_defaults.method_info_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Reflection", "MethodInfo");

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_defaults.stack_frame_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Diagnostics", "MonoStackFrame");
#else
        mono_defaults.stack_frame_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Diagnostics", "StackFrame");
#endif

        mono_defaults.marshal_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Runtime.InteropServices", "Marshal");

        mono_defaults.typed_reference_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "TypedReference");

        mono_defaults.argumenthandle_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "RuntimeArgumentHandle");

        mono_defaults.monitor_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "Monitor");
        /*
        Not using GENERATE_TRY_GET_CLASS_WITH_CACHE_DECL as this type is heavily checked by sgen when computing finalization.
        */
        mono_defaults.critical_finalizer_object = mono_class_try_load_from_name (mono_defaults.corlib,
                        "System.Runtime.ConstrainedExecution", "CriticalFinalizerObject");

        mono_assembly_load_friends (ass);

        mono_defaults.attribute_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Attribute");

        mono_class_init_internal (mono_defaults.array_class);
        mono_defaults.generic_nullable_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System", "Nullable`1");
        mono_defaults.generic_ilist_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IList`1");
        mono_defaults.generic_ireadonlylist_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IReadOnlyList`1");
        mono_defaults.generic_ienumerator_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Collections.Generic", "IEnumerator`1");

#ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
        MonoClass *threadpool_wait_callback_class = mono_class_load_from_name (
                mono_defaults.corlib, "System.Threading", "_ThreadPoolWaitCallback");

        ERROR_DECL (error);
        mono_defaults.threadpool_perform_wait_callback_method = mono_class_get_method_from_name_checked (
                threadpool_wait_callback_class, "PerformWaitCallback", 0, 0, error);
        mono_error_assert_ok (error);
#endif

        domain->friendly_name = g_path_get_basename (filename);

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_name, (domain, domain->friendly_name));

        return domain;
}

/**
 * mono_init:
 * 
 * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
 * structure.
 *
 * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
 * The runtime is initialized using the default runtime version.
 *
 * Returns: the initial domain.
 */
MonoDomain *
mono_init (const char *domain_name)
{
        return mono_init_internal (domain_name, NULL, DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
}

/**
 * mono_init_from_assembly:
 * \param domain_name name to give to the initial domain
 * \param filename filename to load on startup
 *
 * Used by the runtime, users should use mono_jit_init instead.
 *
 * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the mono_defaults
 * structure.
 * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
 * The runtime is initialized using the runtime version required by the
 * provided executable. The version is determined by looking at the exe 
 * configuration file and the version PE field)
 *
 * \returns the initial domain.
 */
MonoDomain *
mono_init_from_assembly (const char *domain_name, const char *filename)
{
        return mono_init_internal (domain_name, filename, NULL);
}

/**
 * mono_init_version:
 * 
 * Used by the runtime, users should use \c mono_jit_init instead.
 * 
 * Creates the initial application domain and initializes the \c mono_defaults
 * structure.
 *
 * This function is guaranteed to not run any IL code.
 * The runtime is initialized using the provided rutime version.
 *
 * \returns the initial domain.
 */
MonoDomain *
mono_init_version (const char *domain_name, const char *version)
{
        return mono_init_internal (domain_name, NULL, version);
}

/**
 * mono_cleanup:
 *
 * Cleans up all metadata modules. 
 */
void
mono_cleanup (void)
{
        mono_close_exe_image ();

        mono_thread_info_cleanup ();

        mono_defaults.corlib = NULL;

        mono_config_cleanup ();
        mono_loader_cleanup ();
        mono_classes_cleanup ();
        mono_assemblies_cleanup ();
        mono_debug_cleanup ();
        mono_images_cleanup ();
        mono_metadata_cleanup ();

        mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&appdomains_mutex);

        mono_w32process_cleanup ();
        mono_w32file_cleanup ();
}

void
mono_close_exe_image (void)
{
        if (exe_image)
                mono_image_close (exe_image);
}

/**
 * mono_get_root_domain:
 *
 * The root AppDomain is the initial domain created by the runtime when it is
 * initialized.  Programs execute on this AppDomain, but can create new ones
 * later.   Currently there is no unmanaged API to create new AppDomains, this
 * must be done from managed code.
 *
 * Returns: the root appdomain, to obtain the current domain, use mono_domain_get ()
 */
MonoDomain*
mono_get_root_domain (void)
{
        return mono_root_domain;
}

/**
 * mono_domain_get:
 *
 * This method returns the value of the current \c MonoDomain that this thread
 * and code are running under.   To obtain the root domain use
 * \c mono_get_root_domain API.
 *
 * \returns the current domain
 */
MonoDomain *
mono_domain_get ()
{
        return GET_APPDOMAIN ();
}

void
mono_domain_unset (void)
{
        SET_APPDOMAIN (NULL);
}

void
mono_domain_set_internal_with_options (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean migrate_exception)
{
        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;
        MonoInternalThread *thread;

        if (mono_domain_get () == domain)
                return;

        SET_APPDOMAIN (domain);
        SET_APPCONTEXT (domain->default_context);

        if (migrate_exception) {
                thread = mono_thread_internal_current ();
                if (!thread->abort_exc)
                        return;

                g_assert (thread->abort_exc->object.vtable->domain != domain);
                MONO_OBJECT_SETREF_INTERNAL (thread, abort_exc, mono_get_exception_thread_abort ());
                g_assert (thread->abort_exc->object.vtable->domain == domain);
        }
}

/**
 * mono_domain_foreach:
 * \param func function to invoke with the domain data
 * \param user_data user-defined pointer that is passed to the supplied \p func fo reach domain
 *
 * Use this method to safely iterate over all the loaded application
 * domains in the current runtime.   The provided \p func is invoked with a
 * pointer to the \c MonoDomain and is given the value of the \p user_data
 * parameter which can be used to pass state to your called routine.
 */
void
mono_domain_foreach (MonoDomainFunc func, gpointer user_data)
{
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        int i, size;
        MonoDomain **copy;

        /*
         * Create a copy of the data to avoid calling the user callback
         * inside the lock because that could lead to deadlocks.
         * We can do this because this function is not perf. critical.
         */
        mono_appdomains_lock ();
        size = appdomain_list_size;
        copy = (MonoDomain **)gc_alloc_fixed_non_heap_list (appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
        memcpy (copy, appdomains_list, appdomain_list_size * sizeof (void*));
        mono_appdomains_unlock ();

        for (i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
                if (copy [i])
                        func (copy [i], user_data);
        }

        gc_free_fixed_non_heap_list (copy);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
}

/* FIXME: maybe we should integrate this with mono_assembly_open? */
/**
 * mono_domain_assembly_open:
 * \param domain the application domain
 * \param name file name of the assembly
 */
MonoAssembly *
mono_domain_assembly_open (MonoDomain *domain, const char *name)
{
        MonoAssembly *result;
        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        result = mono_domain_assembly_open_internal (domain, mono_domain_default_alc (domain), name);
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return result;
}

// Uses the domain on legacy mono and the ALC on current
MonoAssembly *
mono_domain_assembly_open_internal (MonoDomain *domain, MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc, const char *name)
{
        MonoDomain *current;
        MonoAssembly *ass;
        GSList *tmp;

        MONO_REQ_GC_UNSAFE_MODE;

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_alc_assemblies_lock (alc);
        for (tmp = alc->loaded_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                if (strcmp (name, ass->aname.name) == 0) {
                        mono_alc_assemblies_unlock (alc);
                        return ass;
                }
        }
        mono_alc_assemblies_unlock (alc);
#else
        mono_domain_assemblies_lock (domain);
        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                if (strcmp (name, ass->aname.name) == 0) {
                        mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
                        return ass;
                }
        }
        mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
#endif

        MonoAssemblyOpenRequest req;
        mono_assembly_request_prepare_open (&req, MONO_ASMCTX_DEFAULT, alc);
        if (domain != mono_domain_get ()) {
                current = mono_domain_get ();

                mono_domain_set_fast (domain, FALSE);
                ass = mono_assembly_request_open (name, &req, NULL);
                mono_domain_set_fast (current, FALSE);
        } else {
                ass = mono_assembly_request_open (name, &req, NULL);
        }

        return ass;
}

static void
unregister_vtable_reflection_type (MonoVTable *vtable)
{
        MonoObject *type = (MonoObject *)vtable->type;

        if (type->vtable->klass != mono_defaults.runtimetype_class)
                MONO_GC_UNREGISTER_ROOT_IF_MOVING (vtable->type);
}

/**
 * mono_domain_free:
 * \param domain the domain to release
 * \param force if TRUE, it allows the root domain to be released (used at shutdown only).
 *
 * This releases the resources associated with the specific domain.
 * This is a low-level function that is invoked by the AppDomain infrastructure
 * when necessary.
 *
 * In theory, this is dead code on netcore and thus does not need to be ALC-aware.
 */
void
mono_domain_free (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean force)
{
        int code_size, code_alloc;
        GSList *tmp;
        gpointer *p;

        if ((domain == mono_root_domain) && !force) {
                g_warning ("cant unload root domain");
                return;
        }

        if (mono_dont_free_domains)
                return;

        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_unloading, (domain));

        mono_debug_domain_unload (domain);

        /* must do this early as it accesses fields and types */
        if (domain->special_static_fields) {
                mono_alloc_special_static_data_free (domain->special_static_fields);
                g_hash_table_destroy (domain->special_static_fields);
                domain->special_static_fields = NULL;
        }

        /*
         * We must destroy all these hash tables here because they
         * contain references to managed objects belonging to the
         * domain.  Once we let the GC clear the domain there must be
         * no more such references, or we'll crash if a collection
         * occurs.
         */
        mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->ldstr_table);
        domain->ldstr_table = NULL;

        mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->env);
        domain->env = NULL;

        mono_reflection_cleanup_domain (domain);

        /* This must be done before type_hash is freed */
        if (domain->class_vtable_array) {
                int i;
                for (i = 0; i < domain->class_vtable_array->len; ++i)
                        unregister_vtable_reflection_type ((MonoVTable *)g_ptr_array_index (domain->class_vtable_array, i));
        }

        if (domain->type_hash) {
                mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->type_hash);
                domain->type_hash = NULL;
        }
        if (domain->type_init_exception_hash) {
                mono_g_hash_table_destroy (domain->type_init_exception_hash);
                domain->type_init_exception_hash = NULL;
        }

        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                mono_assembly_release_gc_roots (ass);
        }

        /* Have to zero out reference fields since they will be invalidated by the clear_domain () call below */
        for (p = (gpointer*)&domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_OBJECT; p < (gpointer*)&domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED; ++p)
                *p = NULL;

        /* This needs to be done before closing assemblies */
        mono_gc_clear_domain (domain);

        /* Close dynamic assemblies first, since they have no ref count */
        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                if (!ass->image || !image_is_dynamic (ass->image))
                        continue;
                mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, MONO_TRACE_ASSEMBLY, "Unloading domain %s[%p], assembly %s[%p], ref_count=%d", domain->friendly_name, domain, ass->aname.name, ass, ass->ref_count);
                if (!mono_assembly_close_except_image_pools (ass))
                        tmp->data = NULL;
        }

        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                if (!ass)
                        continue;
                if (!ass->image || image_is_dynamic (ass->image))
                        continue;
                mono_trace (G_LOG_LEVEL_INFO, MONO_TRACE_ASSEMBLY, "Unloading domain %s[%p], assembly %s[%p], ref_count=%d", domain->friendly_name, domain, ass->aname.name, ass, ass->ref_count);
                if (!mono_assembly_close_except_image_pools (ass))
                        tmp->data = NULL;
        }

        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                MonoAssembly *ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                if (ass)
                        mono_assembly_close_finish (ass);
        }
        g_slist_free (domain->domain_assemblies);
        domain->domain_assemblies = NULL;

        /* 
         * Send this after the assemblies have been unloaded and the domain is still in a 
         * usable state.
         */
        MONO_PROFILER_RAISE (domain_unloaded, (domain));

        if (free_domain_hook)
                free_domain_hook (domain);

        /* FIXME: free delegate_hash_table when it's used */
        if (domain->search_path) {
                g_strfreev (domain->search_path);
                domain->search_path = NULL;
        }
        domain->create_proxy_for_type_method = NULL;
        domain->private_invoke_method = NULL;
        domain->default_context = NULL;
        domain->out_of_memory_ex = NULL;
        domain->null_reference_ex = NULL;
        domain->stack_overflow_ex = NULL;
        domain->ephemeron_tombstone = NULL;
        domain->entry_assembly = NULL;

        g_free (domain->friendly_name);
        domain->friendly_name = NULL;
        g_ptr_array_free (domain->class_vtable_array, TRUE);
        domain->class_vtable_array = NULL;
        g_hash_table_destroy (domain->proxy_vtable_hash);
        domain->proxy_vtable_hash = NULL;
        mono_internal_hash_table_destroy (&domain->jit_code_hash);

        /*
         * There might still be jit info tables of this domain which
         * are not freed.  Since the domain cannot be in use anymore,
         * this will free them.
         */
        mono_thread_hazardous_try_free_all ();
        if (domain->aot_modules)
                mono_jit_info_table_free (domain->aot_modules);
        g_assert (domain->num_jit_info_table_duplicates == 0);
        mono_jit_info_table_free (domain->jit_info_table);
        domain->jit_info_table = NULL;
        g_assert (!domain->jit_info_free_queue);

        /* collect statistics */
        code_alloc = mono_code_manager_size (domain->code_mp, &code_size);
        total_domain_code_alloc += code_alloc;
        max_domain_code_alloc = MAX (max_domain_code_alloc, code_alloc);
        max_domain_code_size = MAX (max_domain_code_size, code_size);

        if (debug_domain_unload) {
                mono_mempool_invalidate (domain->mp);
                mono_code_manager_invalidate (domain->code_mp);
        } else {
#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
                /* FIXME: use an explicit subtraction method as soon as it's available */
                mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, -1 * mono_mempool_get_allocated (domain->mp));
#endif
                mono_mempool_destroy (domain->mp);
                domain->mp = NULL;
                mono_code_manager_destroy (domain->code_mp);
                domain->code_mp = NULL;
        }
        lock_free_mempool_free (domain->lock_free_mp);
        domain->lock_free_mp = NULL;

        g_hash_table_destroy (domain->finalizable_objects_hash);
        domain->finalizable_objects_hash = NULL;
        if (domain->generic_virtual_cases) {
                g_hash_table_destroy (domain->generic_virtual_cases);
                domain->generic_virtual_cases = NULL;
        }
        if (domain->ftnptrs_hash) {
                g_hash_table_destroy (domain->ftnptrs_hash);
                domain->ftnptrs_hash = NULL;
        }
        if (domain->method_to_dyn_method) {
                g_hash_table_destroy (domain->method_to_dyn_method);
                domain->method_to_dyn_method = NULL;
        }

        mono_domain_alcs_destroy (domain);

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&domain->alcs_lock);
#endif

        mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->finalizable_objects_hash_lock);
        mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->assemblies_lock);
        mono_os_mutex_destroy (&domain->jit_code_hash_lock);

        mono_coop_mutex_destroy (&domain->lock);

        domain->setup = NULL;

        if (mono_gc_is_moving ())
                mono_gc_deregister_root ((char*)&(domain->MONO_DOMAIN_FIRST_GC_TRACKED));

        mono_appdomains_lock ();
        appdomains_list [domain->domain_id] = NULL;
        mono_appdomains_unlock ();

        mono_gc_free_fixed (domain);

#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_atomic_dec_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_appdomains);
#endif

        if (domain == mono_root_domain)
                mono_root_domain = NULL;
}

/**
 * mono_domain_get_by_id:
 * \param domainid the ID
 * \returns the domain for a specific domain id.
 */
MonoDomain * 
mono_domain_get_by_id (gint32 domainid) 
{
        MonoDomain * domain;

        MONO_ENTER_GC_UNSAFE;
        mono_appdomains_lock ();
        if (domainid < appdomain_list_size)
                domain = appdomains_list [domainid];
        else
                domain = NULL;
        mono_appdomains_unlock ();
        MONO_EXIT_GC_UNSAFE;
        return domain;
}

/**
 * mono_domain_get_id:
 *
 * A domain ID is guaranteed to be unique for as long as the domain
 * using it is alive. It may be reused later once the domain has been
 * unloaded.
 *
 * \returns The unique ID for \p domain.
 */
gint32
mono_domain_get_id (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        return domain->domain_id;
}

/**
 * mono_domain_get_friendly_name:
 *
 * The returned string's lifetime is the same as \p domain's. Consider
 * copying it if you need to store it somewhere.
 *
 * \returns The friendly name of \p domain. Can be NULL if not yet set.
 */
const char *
mono_domain_get_friendly_name (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        return domain->friendly_name;
}

/*
 * mono_domain_alloc:
 *
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */
gpointer
(mono_domain_alloc) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
{
        gpointer res;

        mono_domain_lock (domain);
#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, size);
#endif
        res = mono_mempool_alloc (domain->mp, size);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);

        return res;
}

/*
 * mono_domain_alloc0:
 *
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */
gpointer
(mono_domain_alloc0) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
{
        gpointer res;

        mono_domain_lock (domain);
#ifndef DISABLE_PERFCOUNTERS
        mono_atomic_fetch_add_i32 (&mono_perfcounters->loader_bytes, size);
#endif
        res = mono_mempool_alloc0 (domain->mp, size);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);

        return res;
}

gpointer
(mono_domain_alloc0_lock_free) (MonoDomain *domain, guint size)
{
        return lock_free_mempool_alloc0 (domain->lock_free_mp, size);
}

/*
 * mono_domain_code_reserve:
 *
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */
void*
(mono_domain_code_reserve) (MonoDomain *domain, int size)
{
        gpointer res;

        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        res = mono_code_manager_reserve (domain->code_mp, size);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);

        return res;
}

/*
 * mono_domain_code_reserve_align:
 *
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */
void*
(mono_domain_code_reserve_align) (MonoDomain *domain, int size, int alignment)
{
        gpointer res;

        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        res = mono_code_manager_reserve_align (domain->code_mp, size, alignment);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);

        return res;
}

/*
 * mono_domain_code_commit:
 *
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */
void
mono_domain_code_commit (MonoDomain *domain, void *data, int size, int newsize)
{
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        mono_code_manager_commit (domain->code_mp, data, size, newsize);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
}

/*
 * mono_domain_code_foreach:
 * Iterate over the code thunks of the code manager of @domain.
 * 
 * The @func callback MUST not take any locks. If it really needs to, it must respect
 * the locking rules of the runtime: http://www.mono-project.com/Mono:Runtime:Documentation:ThreadSafety 
 * LOCKING: Acquires the domain lock.
 */

void
mono_domain_code_foreach (MonoDomain *domain, MonoCodeManagerFunc func, void *user_data)
{
        mono_domain_lock (domain);
        mono_code_manager_foreach (domain->code_mp, func, user_data);
        mono_domain_unlock (domain);
}

/**
 * mono_context_set:
 */
void 
mono_context_set (MonoAppContext * new_context)
{
        SET_APPCONTEXT (new_context);
}

void
mono_context_set_handle (MonoAppContextHandle new_context)
{
        SET_APPCONTEXT (MONO_HANDLE_RAW (new_context));
}

/**
 * mono_context_get:
 *
 * Returns: the current Mono Application Context.
 */
MonoAppContext * 
mono_context_get (void)
{
        return GET_APPCONTEXT ();
}

/**
 * mono_context_get_handle:
 *
 * Returns: the current Mono Application Context.
 */
MonoAppContextHandle
mono_context_get_handle (void)
{
        return MONO_HANDLE_NEW (MonoAppContext, GET_APPCONTEXT ());
}

/**
 * mono_context_get_id:
 * \param context the context to operate on.
 *
 * Context IDs are guaranteed to be unique for the duration of a Mono
 * process; they are never reused.
 *
 * \returns The unique ID for \p context.
 */
gint32
mono_context_get_id (MonoAppContext *context)
{
        return context->context_id;
}

/**
 * mono_context_get_domain_id:
 * \param context the context to operate on.
 * \returns The ID of the domain that \p context was created in.
 */
gint32
mono_context_get_domain_id (MonoAppContext *context)
{
        return context->domain_id;
}

/**
 * mono_get_corlib:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoImage* for the \c mscorlib.dll assembly
 * \returns The \c MonoImage for mscorlib.dll
 */
MonoImage*
mono_get_corlib (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.corlib;
}

/**
 * mono_get_object_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Object .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Object type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_object_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.object_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_byte_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Byte .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Byte type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_byte_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.byte_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_void_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Void .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Void type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_void_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.void_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_boolean_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Boolean .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Boolean type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_boolean_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.boolean_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_sbyte_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.SByte.
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.SByte type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_sbyte_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.sbyte_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_int16_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int16 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int16 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_int16_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.int16_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_uint16_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt16 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt16 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_uint16_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.uint16_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_int32_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int32 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int32 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_int32_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.int32_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_uint32_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt32 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt32 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_uint32_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.uint32_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_intptr_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.IntPtr .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.IntPtr type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_intptr_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.int_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_uintptr_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UIntPtr .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UIntPtr type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_uintptr_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.uint_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_int64_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Int64 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Int64 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_int64_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.int64_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_uint64_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.UInt64 .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.UInt64 type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_uint64_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.uint64_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_single_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Single  (32-bit floating points).
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Single type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_single_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.single_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_double_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Double  (64-bit floating points).
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Double type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_double_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.double_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_char_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Char .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Char type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_char_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.char_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_string_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.String .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.String type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_string_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.string_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_enum_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Enum .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Enum type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_enum_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.enum_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_array_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Array .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Array type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_array_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.array_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_thread_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Threading.Thread .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c System.Threading.Thread type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_thread_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.thread_class;
}

/**
 * mono_get_exception_class:
 * Use this function to get the \c MonoClass* that the runtime is using for \c System.Exception .
 * \returns The \c MonoClass* for the \c  type.
 */
MonoClass*
mono_get_exception_class (void)
{
        return mono_defaults.exception_class;
}


static char* get_attribute_value (const gchar **attribute_names, 
                                        const gchar **attribute_values, 
                                        const char *att_name)
{
        int n;
        for (n=0; attribute_names[n] != NULL; n++) {
                if (strcmp (attribute_names[n], att_name) == 0)
                        return g_strdup (attribute_values[n]);
        }
        return NULL;
}

static void start_element (GMarkupParseContext *context, 
                           const gchar         *element_name,
                           const gchar        **attribute_names,
                           const gchar        **attribute_values,
                           gpointer             user_data,
                           GError             **gerror)
{
        AppConfigInfo* app_config = (AppConfigInfo*) user_data;
        
        if (strcmp (element_name, "configuration") == 0) {
                app_config->configuration_count++;
                return;
        }
        if (strcmp (element_name, "startup") == 0) {
                app_config->startup_count++;
                return;
        }
        
        if (app_config->configuration_count != 1 || app_config->startup_count != 1)
                return;
        
        if (strcmp (element_name, "requiredRuntime") == 0) {
                app_config->required_runtime = get_attribute_value (attribute_names, attribute_values, "version");
        } else if (strcmp (element_name, "supportedRuntime") == 0) {
                char *version = get_attribute_value (attribute_names, attribute_values, "version");
                app_config->supported_runtimes = g_slist_append (app_config->supported_runtimes, version);
        }
}

static void end_element   (GMarkupParseContext *context,
                           const gchar         *element_name,
                           gpointer             user_data,
                           GError             **gerror)
{
        AppConfigInfo* app_config = (AppConfigInfo*) user_data;
        
        if (strcmp (element_name, "configuration") == 0) {
                app_config->configuration_count--;
        } else if (strcmp (element_name, "startup") == 0) {
                app_config->startup_count--;
        }
}

static const GMarkupParser 
mono_parser = {
        start_element,
        end_element,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        NULL
};

static AppConfigInfo *
app_config_parse (const char *exe_filename)
{
        AppConfigInfo *app_config;
        GMarkupParseContext *context;
        char *text;
        gsize len;
        const char *bundled_config;
        char *config_filename;

        bundled_config = mono_config_string_for_assembly_file (exe_filename);

        if (bundled_config) {
                text = g_strdup (bundled_config);
                len = strlen (text);
        } else {
                config_filename = g_strconcat (exe_filename, ".config", (const char*)NULL);

                if (!g_file_get_contents (config_filename, &text, &len, NULL)) {
                        g_free (config_filename);
                        return NULL;
                }
                g_free (config_filename);
        }

        app_config = g_new0 (AppConfigInfo, 1);

        context = g_markup_parse_context_new (&mono_parser, (GMarkupParseFlags)0, app_config, NULL);
        if (g_markup_parse_context_parse (context, text, len, NULL)) {
                g_markup_parse_context_end_parse (context, NULL);
        }
        g_markup_parse_context_free (context);
        g_free (text);
        return app_config;
}

static void 
app_config_free (AppConfigInfo* app_config)
{
        char *rt;
        GSList *list = app_config->supported_runtimes;
        while (list != NULL) {
                rt = (char*)list->data;
                g_free (rt);
                list = g_slist_next (list);
        }
        g_slist_free (app_config->supported_runtimes);
        g_free (app_config->required_runtime);
        g_free (app_config);
}


static const MonoRuntimeInfo*
get_runtime_by_version (const char *version)
{
        int n;
        int max = G_N_ELEMENTS (supported_runtimes);
        int vlen;

        if (!version)
                return NULL;

        for (n=0; n<max; n++) {
                if (strcmp (version, supported_runtimes[n].runtime_version) == 0)
                        return &supported_runtimes[n];
        }
        
        vlen = strlen (version);
        if (vlen >= 4 && version [1] - '0' >= 4) {
                for (n=0; n<max; n++) {
                        if (strncmp (version, supported_runtimes[n].runtime_version, 4) == 0)
                                return &supported_runtimes[n];
                }
        }
        
        return NULL;
}

static GSList*
get_runtimes_from_exe (const char *file, MonoImage **out_image)
{
        AppConfigInfo* app_config;
        char *version;
        const MonoRuntimeInfo* runtime = NULL;
        MonoImage *image = NULL;
        GSList *runtimes = NULL;
        
        app_config = app_config_parse (file);
        
        if (app_config != NULL) {
                /* Check supportedRuntime elements, if none is supported, fail.
                 * If there are no such elements, look for a requiredRuntime element.
                 */
                if (app_config->supported_runtimes != NULL) {
                        GSList *list = app_config->supported_runtimes;
                        while (list != NULL) {
                                version = (char*) list->data;
                                runtime = get_runtime_by_version (version);
                                if (runtime != NULL)
                                        runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
                                list = g_slist_next (list);
                        }
                        runtimes = g_slist_reverse (runtimes);
                        app_config_free (app_config);
                        return runtimes;
                }
                
                /* Check the requiredRuntime element. This is for 1.0 apps only. */
                if (app_config->required_runtime != NULL) {
                        const MonoRuntimeInfo* runtime = get_runtime_by_version (app_config->required_runtime);
                        if (runtime != NULL)
                                runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
                        app_config_free (app_config);
                        return runtimes;
                }
                app_config_free (app_config);
        }
        
        /* Look for a runtime with the exact version */
        image = mono_assembly_open_from_bundle (mono_domain_default_alc (mono_domain_get ()), file, NULL, FALSE);

        if (image == NULL)
                image = mono_image_open (file, NULL);

        if (image == NULL) {
                /* The image is wrong or the file was not found. In this case return
                 * a default runtime and leave to the initialization method the work of
                 * reporting the error.
                 */
                runtime = get_runtime_by_version (DEFAULT_RUNTIME_VERSION);
                runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
                return runtimes;
        }

        *out_image = image;

        runtime = get_runtime_by_version (image->version);
        if (runtime != NULL)
                runtimes = g_slist_prepend (runtimes, (gpointer)runtime);
        return runtimes;
}


/**
 * mono_get_runtime_info:
 *
 * Returns: the version of the current runtime instance.
 */
const MonoRuntimeInfo*
mono_get_runtime_info (void)
{
        return current_runtime;
}

/**
 * mono_framework_version:
 *
 * Return the major version of the framework curently executing.
 */
int
mono_framework_version (void)
{
        return current_runtime->framework_version [0] - '0';
}

void
mono_enable_debug_domain_unload (gboolean enable)
{
        debug_domain_unload = enable;
}

MonoAotCacheConfig *
mono_get_aot_cache_config (void)
{
        return &aot_cache_config;
}

void
mono_domain_lock (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        mono_locks_coop_acquire (&domain->lock, DomainLock);
}

void
mono_domain_unlock (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        mono_locks_coop_release (&domain->lock, DomainLock);
}

GPtrArray*
mono_domain_get_assemblies (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean refonly)
{
        GSList *tmp;
        GPtrArray *assemblies;
        MonoAssembly *ass;

        assemblies = g_ptr_array_new ();
        mono_domain_assemblies_lock (domain);
        for (tmp = domain->domain_assemblies; tmp; tmp = tmp->next) {
                ass = (MonoAssembly *)tmp->data;
                gboolean ass_ref_only = mono_asmctx_get_kind (&ass->context) == MONO_ASMCTX_REFONLY;
                if (refonly != ass_ref_only)
                        continue;
                if (ass->corlib_internal)
                        continue;
                g_ptr_array_add (assemblies, ass);
        }
        mono_domain_assemblies_unlock (domain);
        return assemblies;
}

MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
mono_domain_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain)
{
#ifndef ENABLE_NETCORE
        return NULL;
#else
        return domain->default_alc;
#endif
}

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
static inline void
mono_domain_alcs_lock (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        mono_coop_mutex_lock (&domain->alcs_lock);
}

static inline void
mono_domain_alcs_unlock (MonoDomain *domain)
{
        mono_coop_mutex_unlock (&domain->alcs_lock);
}
#endif


static MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
create_alc (MonoDomain *domain, gboolean is_default)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc = NULL;

        mono_domain_alcs_lock (domain);
        if (is_default && domain->default_alc)
                goto leave;

        alc = g_new0 (MonoAssemblyLoadContext, 1);
        mono_alc_init (alc, domain);

        domain->alcs = g_slist_prepend (domain->alcs, alc);
        if (is_default)
                domain->default_alc = alc;
leave:
        mono_domain_alcs_unlock (domain);
        return alc;
#else
        return NULL;
#endif
}

void
mono_domain_create_default_alc (MonoDomain *domain)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        if (domain->default_alc)
                return;
        create_alc (domain, TRUE);
#endif
}

#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
MonoAssemblyLoadContext *
mono_domain_create_individual_alc (MonoDomain *domain, uint32_t this_gchandle, gboolean collectible, MonoError *error)
{
        g_assert (!collectible); /* TODO: implement collectible ALCs */
        MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc = create_alc (domain, FALSE);
        alc->gchandle = this_gchandle;
        return alc;
}
#endif

static void
mono_alc_free (MonoAssemblyLoadContext *alc)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_alc_cleanup (alc);
        g_free (alc);
#endif
}

void
mono_domain_alcs_destroy (MonoDomain *domain)
{
#ifdef ENABLE_NETCORE
        mono_domain_alcs_lock (domain);
        GSList *alcs = domain->alcs;
        domain->alcs = NULL;
        domain->default_alc = NULL;
        mono_domain_alcs_unlock (domain);

        for (GSList *iter = alcs; iter; iter = g_slist_next (iter)) {
                mono_alc_free ((MonoAssemblyLoadContext*)iter->data);
        }
#endif
}