implement some resilience against pack corruptions

implement some resilience against pack corruptions

We should be able to fall back to loose objects or alternative packs when
a pack becomes corrupted.  This is especially true when an object exists
in one pack only as a delta but its base object is corrupted.  Currently
there is no way to retrieve the former object even if the later is
available in another pack or loose.

This patch allows for a delta to be resolved (with a performance cost)
using a base object from a source other than the pack where that delta
is located.  Same thing for non-delta objects: rather than failing
outright, a search is made in other packs or used loose when the
currently active pack has it but corrupted.

Of course git will become extremely noisy with error messages when that
happens.  However, if the operation succeeds nevertheless, a simple
'git repack -a -f -d' will "fix" the corrupted repository given that all
corrupted objects have a good duplicate somewhere in the object store,
possibly manually copied from another source.

Signed-off-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@cam.org>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>