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Autogenerated HTML docs for v1.7.7-419-g87009
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569 </head>
570 <body>
571 <div id="header">
572 <h1>
573 git(1) Manual Page
574 </h1>
575 <h2>NAME</h2>
576 <div class="sectionbody">
577 <p>git -
578 the stupid content tracker
579 </p>
580 </div>
581 </div>
582 <div id="content">
583 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
584 <div class="sectionbody">
585 <div class="verseblock">
586 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git</em> [--version] [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
587 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
588 [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;] [--namespace=&lt;name&gt;]
589 [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
590 [--help] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</div>
591 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
592 </div></div>
593 </div>
594 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
595 <div class="sectionbody">
596 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
597 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
598 and full access to internals.</p></div>
599 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
600 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a> for a useful minimum set of commands, and
601 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
602 also want to read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>. See
603 the <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> for a more in-depth
604 introduction.</p></div>
605 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;command&gt;</em> is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
606 as defined in the configuration file (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
607 <div class="paragraph"><p>Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
608 documentation can be viewed at
609 <tt>http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/</tt>.</p></div>
610 </div>
611 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
612 <div class="sectionbody">
613 <div class="dlist"><dl>
614 <dt class="hdlist1">
615 --version
616 </dt>
617 <dd>
618 <p>
619 Prints the git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
620 </p>
621 </dd>
622 <dt class="hdlist1">
623 --help
624 </dt>
625 <dd>
626 <p>
627 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
628 commands. If the option <em>--all</em> or <em>-a</em> is given then all
629 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
630 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
631 </p>
632 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
633 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
634 because <tt>git --help &#8230;</tt> is converted internally into <tt>git
635 help &#8230;</tt>.</p></div>
636 </dd>
637 <dt class="hdlist1">
638 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
639 </dt>
640 <dd>
641 <p>
642 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
643 given will override values from configuration files.
644 The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
645 <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
646 </p>
647 </dd>
648 <dt class="hdlist1">
649 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
650 </dt>
651 <dd>
652 <p>
653 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
654 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
655 environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
656 the current setting and then exit.
657 </p>
658 </dd>
659 <dt class="hdlist1">
660 --html-path
661 </dt>
662 <dd>
663 <p>
664 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git&#8217;s HTML
665 documentation is installed and exit.
666 </p>
667 </dd>
668 <dt class="hdlist1">
669 --man-path
670 </dt>
671 <dd>
672 <p>
673 Print the manpath (see <tt>man(1)</tt>) for the man pages for
674 this version of git and exit.
675 </p>
676 </dd>
677 <dt class="hdlist1">
678 --info-path
679 </dt>
680 <dd>
681 <p>
682 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
683 version of git are installed and exit.
684 </p>
685 </dd>
686 <dt class="hdlist1">
687 -p
688 </dt>
689 <dt class="hdlist1">
690 --paginate
691 </dt>
692 <dd>
693 <p>
694 Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
695 output is a terminal. This overrides the <tt>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</tt>
696 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
697 below).
698 </p>
699 </dd>
700 <dt class="hdlist1">
701 --no-pager
702 </dt>
703 <dd>
704 <p>
705 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
706 </p>
707 </dd>
708 <dt class="hdlist1">
709 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
710 </dt>
711 <dd>
712 <p>
713 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
714 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
715 path or relative path to current working directory.
716 </p>
717 </dd>
718 <dt class="hdlist1">
719 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
720 </dt>
721 <dd>
722 <p>
723 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
724 or a path relative to the current working directory.
725 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
726 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
727 variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
728 more detailed discussion).
729 </p>
730 </dd>
731 <dt class="hdlist1">
732 --namespace=&lt;path&gt;
733 </dt>
734 <dd>
735 <p>
736 Set the git namespace. See <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for more
737 details. Equivalent to setting the <tt>GIT_NAMESPACE</tt> environment
738 variable.
739 </p>
740 </dd>
741 <dt class="hdlist1">
742 --bare
743 </dt>
744 <dd>
745 <p>
746 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
747 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
748 directory.
749 </p>
750 </dd>
751 <dt class="hdlist1">
752 --no-replace-objects
753 </dt>
754 <dd>
755 <p>
756 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
757 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
758 </p>
759 </dd>
760 </dl></div>
761 </div>
762 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
763 <div class="sectionbody">
764 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references above to get started using git. The following is
765 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.</p></div>
766 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
767 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
768 introductions to the underlying git architecture.</p></div>
769 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
770 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
771 examples.</p></div>
772 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
773 <a href="technical/api-index.html">GIT API documentation</a>.</p></div>
774 </div>
775 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
776 <div class="sectionbody">
777 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
778 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
779 </div>
780 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
781 <div class="sectionbody">
782 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
783 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
784 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
785 <div class="dlist"><dl>
786 <dt class="hdlist1">
787 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
788 </dt>
789 <dd>
790 <p>
791 Add file contents to the index.
792 </p>
793 </dd>
794 <dt class="hdlist1">
795 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
796 </dt>
797 <dd>
798 <p>
799 Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
800 </p>
801 </dd>
802 <dt class="hdlist1">
803 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
804 </dt>
805 <dd>
806 <p>
807 Create an archive of files from a named tree.
808 </p>
809 </dd>
810 <dt class="hdlist1">
811 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
812 </dt>
813 <dd>
814 <p>
815 Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug.
816 </p>
817 </dd>
818 <dt class="hdlist1">
819 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
820 </dt>
821 <dd>
822 <p>
823 List, create, or delete branches.
824 </p>
825 </dd>
826 <dt class="hdlist1">
827 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
828 </dt>
829 <dd>
830 <p>
831 Move objects and refs by archive.
832 </p>
833 </dd>
834 <dt class="hdlist1">
835 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
836 </dt>
837 <dd>
838 <p>
839 Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.
840 </p>
841 </dd>
842 <dt class="hdlist1">
843 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
844 </dt>
845 <dd>
846 <p>
847 Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
848 </p>
849 </dd>
850 <dt class="hdlist1">
851 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
852 </dt>
853 <dd>
854 <p>
855 Graphical alternative to git-commit.
856 </p>
857 </dd>
858 <dt class="hdlist1">
859 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
860 </dt>
861 <dd>
862 <p>
863 Remove untracked files from the working tree.
864 </p>
865 </dd>
866 <dt class="hdlist1">
867 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
868 </dt>
869 <dd>
870 <p>
871 Clone a repository into a new directory.
872 </p>
873 </dd>
874 <dt class="hdlist1">
875 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
876 </dt>
877 <dd>
878 <p>
879 Record changes to the repository.
880 </p>
881 </dd>
882 <dt class="hdlist1">
883 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
884 </dt>
885 <dd>
886 <p>
887 Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
888 </p>
889 </dd>
890 <dt class="hdlist1">
891 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
892 </dt>
893 <dd>
894 <p>
895 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
896 </p>
897 </dd>
898 <dt class="hdlist1">
899 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
900 </dt>
901 <dd>
902 <p>
903 Download objects and refs from another repository.
904 </p>
905 </dd>
906 <dt class="hdlist1">
907 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
908 </dt>
909 <dd>
910 <p>
911 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
912 </p>
913 </dd>
914 <dt class="hdlist1">
915 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
916 </dt>
917 <dd>
918 <p>
919 Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
920 </p>
921 </dd>
922 <dt class="hdlist1">
923 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
924 </dt>
925 <dd>
926 <p>
927 Print lines matching a pattern.
928 </p>
929 </dd>
930 <dt class="hdlist1">
931 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
932 </dt>
933 <dd>
934 <p>
935 A portable graphical interface to Git.
936 </p>
937 </dd>
938 <dt class="hdlist1">
939 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
940 </dt>
941 <dd>
942 <p>
943 Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
944 </p>
945 </dd>
946 <dt class="hdlist1">
947 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
948 </dt>
949 <dd>
950 <p>
951 Show commit logs.
952 </p>
953 </dd>
954 <dt class="hdlist1">
955 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
956 </dt>
957 <dd>
958 <p>
959 Join two or more development histories together.
960 </p>
961 </dd>
962 <dt class="hdlist1">
963 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
964 </dt>
965 <dd>
966 <p>
967 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
968 </p>
969 </dd>
970 <dt class="hdlist1">
971 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
972 </dt>
973 <dd>
974 <p>
975 Add or inspect object notes.
976 </p>
977 </dd>
978 <dt class="hdlist1">
979 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
980 </dt>
981 <dd>
982 <p>
983 Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch.
984 </p>
985 </dd>
986 <dt class="hdlist1">
987 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
988 </dt>
989 <dd>
990 <p>
991 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
992 </p>
993 </dd>
994 <dt class="hdlist1">
995 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
996 </dt>
997 <dd>
998 <p>
999 Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head.
1000 </p>
1001 </dd>
1002 <dt class="hdlist1">
1003 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
1004 </dt>
1005 <dd>
1006 <p>
1007 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
1008 </p>
1009 </dd>
1010 <dt class="hdlist1">
1011 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
1012 </dt>
1013 <dd>
1014 <p>
1015 Revert some existing commits.
1016 </p>
1017 </dd>
1018 <dt class="hdlist1">
1019 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
1020 </dt>
1021 <dd>
1022 <p>
1023 Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
1024 </p>
1025 </dd>
1026 <dt class="hdlist1">
1027 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
1028 </dt>
1029 <dd>
1030 <p>
1031 Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
1032 </p>
1033 </dd>
1034 <dt class="hdlist1">
1035 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
1036 </dt>
1037 <dd>
1038 <p>
1039 Show various types of objects.
1040 </p>
1041 </dd>
1042 <dt class="hdlist1">
1043 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
1044 </dt>
1045 <dd>
1046 <p>
1047 Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
1048 </p>
1049 </dd>
1050 <dt class="hdlist1">
1051 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
1052 </dt>
1053 <dd>
1054 <p>
1055 Show the working tree status.
1056 </p>
1057 </dd>
1058 <dt class="hdlist1">
1059 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
1060 </dt>
1061 <dd>
1062 <p>
1063 Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
1064 </p>
1065 </dd>
1066 <dt class="hdlist1">
1067 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
1068 </dt>
1069 <dd>
1070 <p>
1071 Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
1072 </p>
1073 </dd>
1074 <dt class="hdlist1">
1075 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
1076 </dt>
1077 <dd>
1078 <p>
1079 The git repository browser.
1080 </p>
1081 </dd>
1082 </dl></div>
1083 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1084 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
1085 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1086 <dt class="hdlist1">
1087 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
1088 </dt>
1089 <dd>
1090 <p>
1091 Get and set repository or global options.
1092 </p>
1093 </dd>
1094 <dt class="hdlist1">
1095 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
1096 </dt>
1097 <dd>
1098 <p>
1099 Git data exporter.
1100 </p>
1101 </dd>
1102 <dt class="hdlist1">
1103 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
1104 </dt>
1105 <dd>
1106 <p>
1107 Backend for fast Git data importers.
1108 </p>
1109 </dd>
1110 <dt class="hdlist1">
1111 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
1112 </dt>
1113 <dd>
1114 <p>
1115 Rewrite branches.
1116 </p>
1117 </dd>
1118 <dt class="hdlist1">
1119 <a href="git-lost-found.html">git-lost-found(1)</a>
1120 </dt>
1121 <dd>
1122 <p>
1123 (deprecated) Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
1124 </p>
1125 </dd>
1126 <dt class="hdlist1">
1127 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
1128 </dt>
1129 <dd>
1130 <p>
1131 Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
1132 </p>
1133 </dd>
1134 <dt class="hdlist1">
1135 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
1136 </dt>
1137 <dd>
1138 <p>
1139 Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
1140 </p>
1141 </dd>
1142 <dt class="hdlist1">
1143 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
1144 </dt>
1145 <dd>
1146 <p>
1147 Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
1148 </p>
1149 </dd>
1150 <dt class="hdlist1">
1151 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
1152 </dt>
1153 <dd>
1154 <p>
1155 Manage reflog information.
1156 </p>
1157 </dd>
1158 <dt class="hdlist1">
1159 <a href="git-relink.html">git-relink(1)</a>
1160 </dt>
1161 <dd>
1162 <p>
1163 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
1164 </p>
1165 </dd>
1166 <dt class="hdlist1">
1167 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
1168 </dt>
1169 <dd>
1170 <p>
1171 manage set of tracked repositories.
1172 </p>
1173 </dd>
1174 <dt class="hdlist1">
1175 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
1176 </dt>
1177 <dd>
1178 <p>
1179 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1180 </p>
1181 </dd>
1182 <dt class="hdlist1">
1183 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1184 </dt>
1185 <dd>
1186 <p>
1187 Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1188 </p>
1189 </dd>
1190 <dt class="hdlist1">
1191 <a href="git-repo-config.html">git-repo-config(1)</a>
1192 </dt>
1193 <dd>
1194 <p>
1195 (deprecated) Get and set repository or global options.
1196 </p>
1197 </dd>
1198 </dl></div>
1199 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1200 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1201 <dt class="hdlist1">
1202 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1203 </dt>
1204 <dd>
1205 <p>
1206 Annotate file lines with commit information.
1207 </p>
1208 </dd>
1209 <dt class="hdlist1">
1210 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1211 </dt>
1212 <dd>
1213 <p>
1214 Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1215 </p>
1216 </dd>
1217 <dt class="hdlist1">
1218 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
1219 </dt>
1220 <dd>
1221 <p>
1222 Find commits not merged upstream.
1223 </p>
1224 </dd>
1225 <dt class="hdlist1">
1226 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1227 </dt>
1228 <dd>
1229 <p>
1230 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1231 </p>
1232 </dd>
1233 <dt class="hdlist1">
1234 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1235 </dt>
1236 <dd>
1237 <p>
1238 Show changes using common diff tools.
1239 </p>
1240 </dd>
1241 <dt class="hdlist1">
1242 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1243 </dt>
1244 <dd>
1245 <p>
1246 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1247 </p>
1248 </dd>
1249 <dt class="hdlist1">
1250 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
1251 </dt>
1252 <dd>
1253 <p>
1254 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
1255 </p>
1256 </dd>
1257 <dt class="hdlist1">
1258 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1259 </dt>
1260 <dd>
1261 <p>
1262 display help information about git.
1263 </p>
1264 </dd>
1265 <dt class="hdlist1">
1266 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1267 </dt>
1268 <dd>
1269 <p>
1270 Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1271 </p>
1272 </dd>
1273 <dt class="hdlist1">
1274 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1275 </dt>
1276 <dd>
1277 <p>
1278 Show three-way merge without touching index.
1279 </p>
1280 </dd>
1281 <dt class="hdlist1">
1282 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1283 </dt>
1284 <dd>
1285 <p>
1286 Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1287 </p>
1288 </dd>
1289 <dt class="hdlist1">
1290 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
1291 </dt>
1292 <dd>
1293 <p>
1294 Pick out and massage parameters.
1295 </p>
1296 </dd>
1297 <dt class="hdlist1">
1298 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1299 </dt>
1300 <dd>
1301 <p>
1302 Show branches and their commits.
1303 </p>
1304 </dd>
1305 <dt class="hdlist1">
1306 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1307 </dt>
1308 <dd>
1309 <p>
1310 Check the GPG signature of tags.
1311 </p>
1312 </dd>
1313 <dt class="hdlist1">
1314 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1315 </dt>
1316 <dd>
1317 <p>
1318 Show logs with difference each commit introduces.
1319 </p>
1320 </dd>
1321 <dt class="hdlist1">
1322 <a href="gitweb.html">gitweb(1)</a>
1323 </dt>
1324 <dd>
1325 <p>
1326 Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).
1327 </p>
1328 </dd>
1329 </dl></div>
1330 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1331 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1332 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1333 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1334 <dt class="hdlist1">
1335 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1336 </dt>
1337 <dd>
1338 <p>
1339 Import an Arch repository into git.
1340 </p>
1341 </dd>
1342 <dt class="hdlist1">
1343 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1344 </dt>
1345 <dd>
1346 <p>
1347 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1348 </p>
1349 </dd>
1350 <dt class="hdlist1">
1351 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1352 </dt>
1353 <dd>
1354 <p>
1355 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1356 </p>
1357 </dd>
1358 <dt class="hdlist1">
1359 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1360 </dt>
1361 <dd>
1362 <p>
1363 A CVS server emulator for git.
1364 </p>
1365 </dd>
1366 <dt class="hdlist1">
1367 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1368 </dt>
1369 <dd>
1370 <p>
1371 Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1372 </p>
1373 </dd>
1374 <dt class="hdlist1">
1375 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1376 </dt>
1377 <dd>
1378 <p>
1379 Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1380 </p>
1381 </dd>
1382 <dt class="hdlist1">
1383 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1384 </dt>
1385 <dd>
1386 <p>
1387 Generates a summary of pending changes.
1388 </p>
1389 </dd>
1390 <dt class="hdlist1">
1391 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1392 </dt>
1393 <dd>
1394 <p>
1395 Send a collection of patches as emails.
1396 </p>
1397 </dd>
1398 <dt class="hdlist1">
1399 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1400 </dt>
1401 <dd>
1402 <p>
1403 Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git.
1404 </p>
1405 </dd>
1406 </dl></div>
1407 </div>
1408 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1409 <div class="sectionbody">
1410 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although git includes its
1411 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1412 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
1413 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1414 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1415 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1416 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1417 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1418 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
1419 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1420 end user experience.</p></div>
1421 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1422 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1423 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1424 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1425 repositories.</p></div>
1426 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1427 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1428 <dt class="hdlist1">
1429 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1430 </dt>
1431 <dd>
1432 <p>
1433 Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1434 </p>
1435 </dd>
1436 <dt class="hdlist1">
1437 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1438 </dt>
1439 <dd>
1440 <p>
1441 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1442 </p>
1443 </dd>
1444 <dt class="hdlist1">
1445 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1446 </dt>
1447 <dd>
1448 <p>
1449 Create a new commit object.
1450 </p>
1451 </dd>
1452 <dt class="hdlist1">
1453 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1454 </dt>
1455 <dd>
1456 <p>
1457 Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
1458 </p>
1459 </dd>
1460 <dt class="hdlist1">
1461 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1462 </dt>
1463 <dd>
1464 <p>
1465 Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1466 </p>
1467 </dd>
1468 <dt class="hdlist1">
1469 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1470 </dt>
1471 <dd>
1472 <p>
1473 Run a three-way file merge.
1474 </p>
1475 </dd>
1476 <dt class="hdlist1">
1477 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1478 </dt>
1479 <dd>
1480 <p>
1481 Run a merge for files needing merging.
1482 </p>
1483 </dd>
1484 <dt class="hdlist1">
1485 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1486 </dt>
1487 <dd>
1488 <p>
1489 Creates a tag object.
1490 </p>
1491 </dd>
1492 <dt class="hdlist1">
1493 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1494 </dt>
1495 <dd>
1496 <p>
1497 Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1498 </p>
1499 </dd>
1500 <dt class="hdlist1">
1501 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1502 </dt>
1503 <dd>
1504 <p>
1505 Create a packed archive of objects.
1506 </p>
1507 </dd>
1508 <dt class="hdlist1">
1509 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1510 </dt>
1511 <dd>
1512 <p>
1513 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1514 </p>
1515 </dd>
1516 <dt class="hdlist1">
1517 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1518 </dt>
1519 <dd>
1520 <p>
1521 Reads tree information into the index.
1522 </p>
1523 </dd>
1524 <dt class="hdlist1">
1525 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1526 </dt>
1527 <dd>
1528 <p>
1529 Read and modify symbolic refs.
1530 </p>
1531 </dd>
1532 <dt class="hdlist1">
1533 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1534 </dt>
1535 <dd>
1536 <p>
1537 Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1538 </p>
1539 </dd>
1540 <dt class="hdlist1">
1541 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1542 </dt>
1543 <dd>
1544 <p>
1545 Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1546 </p>
1547 </dd>
1548 <dt class="hdlist1">
1549 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1550 </dt>
1551 <dd>
1552 <p>
1553 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1554 </p>
1555 </dd>
1556 <dt class="hdlist1">
1557 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1558 </dt>
1559 <dd>
1560 <p>
1561 Create a tree object from the current index.
1562 </p>
1563 </dd>
1564 </dl></div>
1565 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1566 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1567 <dt class="hdlist1">
1568 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1569 </dt>
1570 <dd>
1571 <p>
1572 Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.
1573 </p>
1574 </dd>
1575 <dt class="hdlist1">
1576 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
1577 </dt>
1578 <dd>
1579 <p>
1580 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
1581 </p>
1582 </dd>
1583 <dt class="hdlist1">
1584 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
1585 </dt>
1586 <dd>
1587 <p>
1588 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
1589 </p>
1590 </dd>
1591 <dt class="hdlist1">
1592 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
1593 </dt>
1594 <dd>
1595 <p>
1596 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
1597 </p>
1598 </dd>
1599 <dt class="hdlist1">
1600 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
1601 </dt>
1602 <dd>
1603 <p>
1604 Output information on each ref.
1605 </p>
1606 </dd>
1607 <dt class="hdlist1">
1608 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
1609 </dt>
1610 <dd>
1611 <p>
1612 Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
1613 </p>
1614 </dd>
1615 <dt class="hdlist1">
1616 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
1617 </dt>
1618 <dd>
1619 <p>
1620 List references in a remote repository.
1621 </p>
1622 </dd>
1623 <dt class="hdlist1">
1624 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
1625 </dt>
1626 <dd>
1627 <p>
1628 List the contents of a tree object.
1629 </p>
1630 </dd>
1631 <dt class="hdlist1">
1632 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
1633 </dt>
1634 <dd>
1635 <p>
1636 Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
1637 </p>
1638 </dd>
1639 <dt class="hdlist1">
1640 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
1641 </dt>
1642 <dd>
1643 <p>
1644 Find symbolic names for given revs.
1645 </p>
1646 </dd>
1647 <dt class="hdlist1">
1648 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
1649 </dt>
1650 <dd>
1651 <p>
1652 Find redundant pack files.
1653 </p>
1654 </dd>
1655 <dt class="hdlist1">
1656 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
1657 </dt>
1658 <dd>
1659 <p>
1660 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
1661 </p>
1662 </dd>
1663 <dt class="hdlist1">
1664 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
1665 </dt>
1666 <dd>
1667 <p>
1668 Show packed archive index.
1669 </p>
1670 </dd>
1671 <dt class="hdlist1">
1672 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
1673 </dt>
1674 <dd>
1675 <p>
1676 List references in a local repository.
1677 </p>
1678 </dd>
1679 <dt class="hdlist1">
1680 <a href="git-tar-tree.html">git-tar-tree(1)</a>
1681 </dt>
1682 <dd>
1683 <p>
1684 (deprecated) Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
1685 </p>
1686 </dd>
1687 <dt class="hdlist1">
1688 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
1689 </dt>
1690 <dd>
1691 <p>
1692 Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
1693 </p>
1694 </dd>
1695 <dt class="hdlist1">
1696 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
1697 </dt>
1698 <dd>
1699 <p>
1700 Show a git logical variable.
1701 </p>
1702 </dd>
1703 <dt class="hdlist1">
1704 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
1705 </dt>
1706 <dd>
1707 <p>
1708 Validate packed git archive files.
1709 </p>
1710 </dd>
1711 </dl></div>
1712 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
1713 the working tree.</p></div>
1714 <h3 id="_synching_repositories">Synching repositories</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1715 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1716 <dt class="hdlist1">
1717 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
1718 </dt>
1719 <dd>
1720 <p>
1721 A really simple server for git repositories.
1722 </p>
1723 </dd>
1724 <dt class="hdlist1">
1725 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
1726 </dt>
1727 <dd>
1728 <p>
1729 Receive missing objects from another repository.
1730 </p>
1731 </dd>
1732 <dt class="hdlist1">
1733 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
1734 </dt>
1735 <dd>
1736 <p>
1737 Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
1738 </p>
1739 </dd>
1740 <dt class="hdlist1">
1741 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
1742 </dt>
1743 <dd>
1744 <p>
1745 Push objects over git protocol to another repository.
1746 </p>
1747 </dd>
1748 <dt class="hdlist1">
1749 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
1750 </dt>
1751 <dd>
1752 <p>
1753 Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
1754 </p>
1755 </dd>
1756 </dl></div>
1757 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
1758 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1759 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1760 <dt class="hdlist1">
1761 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
1762 </dt>
1763 <dd>
1764 <p>
1765 Download from a remote git repository via HTTP.
1766 </p>
1767 </dd>
1768 <dt class="hdlist1">
1769 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
1770 </dt>
1771 <dd>
1772 <p>
1773 Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
1774 </p>
1775 </dd>
1776 <dt class="hdlist1">
1777 <a href="git-parse-remote.html">git-parse-remote(1)</a>
1778 </dt>
1779 <dd>
1780 <p>
1781 Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters.
1782 </p>
1783 </dd>
1784 <dt class="hdlist1">
1785 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
1786 </dt>
1787 <dd>
1788 <p>
1789 Receive what is pushed into the repository.
1790 </p>
1791 </dd>
1792 <dt class="hdlist1">
1793 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
1794 </dt>
1795 <dd>
1796 <p>
1797 Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
1798 </p>
1799 </dd>
1800 <dt class="hdlist1">
1801 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
1802 </dt>
1803 <dd>
1804 <p>
1805 Send archive back to git-archive.
1806 </p>
1807 </dd>
1808 <dt class="hdlist1">
1809 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
1810 </dt>
1811 <dd>
1812 <p>
1813 Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
1814 </p>
1815 </dd>
1816 </dl></div>
1817 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1818 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
1819 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1820 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1821 <dt class="hdlist1">
1822 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
1823 </dt>
1824 <dd>
1825 <p>
1826 Display gitattributes information.
1827 </p>
1828 </dd>
1829 <dt class="hdlist1">
1830 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
1831 </dt>
1832 <dd>
1833 <p>
1834 Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
1835 </p>
1836 </dd>
1837 <dt class="hdlist1">
1838 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
1839 </dt>
1840 <dd>
1841 <p>
1842 Produce a merge commit message.
1843 </p>
1844 </dd>
1845 <dt class="hdlist1">
1846 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
1847 </dt>
1848 <dd>
1849 <p>
1850 Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
1851 </p>
1852 </dd>
1853 <dt class="hdlist1">
1854 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
1855 </dt>
1856 <dd>
1857 <p>
1858 Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
1859 </p>
1860 </dd>
1861 <dt class="hdlist1">
1862 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
1863 </dt>
1864 <dd>
1865 <p>
1866 The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
1867 </p>
1868 </dd>
1869 <dt class="hdlist1">
1870 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
1871 </dt>
1872 <dd>
1873 <p>
1874 Compute unique ID for a patch.
1875 </p>
1876 </dd>
1877 <dt class="hdlist1">
1878 <a href="git-peek-remote.html">git-peek-remote(1)</a>
1879 </dt>
1880 <dd>
1881 <p>
1882 (deprecated) List the references in a remote repository.
1883 </p>
1884 </dd>
1885 <dt class="hdlist1">
1886 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
1887 </dt>
1888 <dd>
1889 <p>
1890 Common git shell script setup code.
1891 </p>
1892 </dd>
1893 <dt class="hdlist1">
1894 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
1895 </dt>
1896 <dd>
1897 <p>
1898 Filter out empty lines.
1899 </p>
1900 </dd>
1901 </dl></div>
1902 </div>
1903 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
1904 <div class="sectionbody">
1905 <div class="paragraph"><p>Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), <tt>.git/config</tt> file
1906 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
1907 simple text file modeled after <tt>.ini</tt> format familiar to some
1908 people. Here is an example:</p></div>
1909 <div class="listingblock">
1910 <div class="content">
1911 <pre><tt>#
1912 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
1913 #
1914
1915 ; core variables
1916 [core]
1917 ; Don't trust file modes
1918 filemode = false
1919
1920 ; user identity
1921 [user]
1922 name = "Junio C Hamano"
1923 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"</tt></pre>
1924 </div></div>
1925 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
1926 their operation accordingly. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
1927 list.</p></div>
1928 </div>
1929 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
1930 <div class="sectionbody">
1931 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1932 <dt class="hdlist1">
1933 &lt;object&gt;
1934 </dt>
1935 <dd>
1936 <p>
1937 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
1938 </p>
1939 </dd>
1940 <dt class="hdlist1">
1941 &lt;blob&gt;
1942 </dt>
1943 <dd>
1944 <p>
1945 Indicates a blob object name.
1946 </p>
1947 </dd>
1948 <dt class="hdlist1">
1949 &lt;tree&gt;
1950 </dt>
1951 <dd>
1952 <p>
1953 Indicates a tree object name.
1954 </p>
1955 </dd>
1956 <dt class="hdlist1">
1957 &lt;commit&gt;
1958 </dt>
1959 <dd>
1960 <p>
1961 Indicates a commit object name.
1962 </p>
1963 </dd>
1964 <dt class="hdlist1">
1965 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
1966 </dt>
1967 <dd>
1968 <p>
1969 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
1970 command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1971 operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1972 &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
1973 </p>
1974 </dd>
1975 <dt class="hdlist1">
1976 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
1977 </dt>
1978 <dd>
1979 <p>
1980 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
1981 command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1982 operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1983 &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
1984 </p>
1985 </dd>
1986 <dt class="hdlist1">
1987 &lt;type&gt;
1988 </dt>
1989 <dd>
1990 <p>
1991 Indicates that an object type is required.
1992 Currently one of: <tt>blob</tt>, <tt>tree</tt>, <tt>commit</tt>, or <tt>tag</tt>.
1993 </p>
1994 </dd>
1995 <dt class="hdlist1">
1996 &lt;file&gt;
1997 </dt>
1998 <dd>
1999 <p>
2000 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
2001 root of the tree structure <tt>GIT_INDEX_FILE</tt> describes.
2002 </p>
2003 </dd>
2004 </dl></div>
2005 </div>
2006 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
2007 <div class="sectionbody">
2008 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
2009 symbolic notation:</p></div>
2010 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2011 <dt class="hdlist1">
2012 HEAD
2013 </dt>
2014 <dd>
2015 <p>
2016 indicates the head of the current branch.
2017 </p>
2018 </dd>
2019 <dt class="hdlist1">
2020 &lt;tag&gt;
2021 </dt>
2022 <dd>
2023 <p>
2024 a valid tag <em>name</em>
2025 (i.e. a <tt>refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</tt> reference).
2026 </p>
2027 </dd>
2028 <dt class="hdlist1">
2029 &lt;head&gt;
2030 </dt>
2031 <dd>
2032 <p>
2033 a valid head <em>name</em>
2034 (i.e. a <tt>refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</tt> reference).
2035 </p>
2036 </dd>
2037 </dl></div>
2038 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
2039 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
2040 </div>
2041 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
2042 <div class="sectionbody">
2043 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
2044 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
2045 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
2046 <tt>$GIT_DIR</tt>.</p></div>
2047 </div>
2048 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
2049 <div class="sectionbody">
2050 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
2051 </div>
2052 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
2053 <div class="sectionbody">
2054 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various git commands use the following environment variables:</p></div>
2055 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The git Repository</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2056 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core git commands. Nb: it
2057 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
2058 git so take care if using Cogito etc.</p></div>
2059 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2060 <dt class="hdlist1">
2061 <em>GIT_INDEX_FILE</em>
2062 </dt>
2063 <dd>
2064 <p>
2065 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
2066 index file. If not specified, the default of <tt>$GIT_DIR/index</tt>
2067 is used.
2068 </p>
2069 </dd>
2070 <dt class="hdlist1">
2071 <em>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</em>
2072 </dt>
2073 <dd>
2074 <p>
2075 If the object storage directory is specified via this
2076 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
2077 underneath - otherwise the default <tt>$GIT_DIR/objects</tt>
2078 directory is used.
2079 </p>
2080 </dd>
2081 <dt class="hdlist1">
2082 <em>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</em>
2083 </dt>
2084 <dd>
2085 <p>
2086 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
2087 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
2088 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
2089 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
2090 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
2091 </p>
2092 </dd>
2093 <dt class="hdlist1">
2094 <em>GIT_DIR</em>
2095 </dt>
2096 <dd>
2097 <p>
2098 If the <em>GIT_DIR</em> environment variable is set then it
2099 specifies a path to use instead of the default <tt>.git</tt>
2100 for the base of the repository.
2101 </p>
2102 </dd>
2103 <dt class="hdlist1">
2104 <em>GIT_WORK_TREE</em>
2105 </dt>
2106 <dd>
2107 <p>
2108 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
2109 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
2110 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
2111 This can also be controlled by the <em>--work-tree</em> command line
2112 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
2113 </p>
2114 </dd>
2115 <dt class="hdlist1">
2116 <em>GIT_NAMESPACE</em>
2117 </dt>
2118 <dd>
2119 <p>
2120 Set the git namespace; see <a href="gitnamespaces.html">gitnamespaces(7)</a> for details.
2121 The <em>--namespace</em> command-line option also sets this value.
2122 </p>
2123 </dd>
2124 <dt class="hdlist1">
2125 <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>
2126 </dt>
2127 <dd>
2128 <p>
2129 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
2130 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
2131 up into while looking for a repository directory.
2132 It will not exclude the current working directory or
2133 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
2134 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
2135 </p>
2136 </dd>
2137 <dt class="hdlist1">
2138 <em>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</em>
2139 </dt>
2140 <dd>
2141 <p>
2142 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
2143 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
2144 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
2145 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
2146 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
2147 boundaries. Like <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>, this will not affect
2148 an explicit repository directory set via <em>GIT_DIR</em> or on the
2149 command line.
2150 </p>
2151 </dd>
2152 </dl></div>
2153 <h3 id="_git_commits">git Commits</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2154 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2155 <dt class="hdlist1">
2156 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</em>
2157 </dt>
2158 <dt class="hdlist1">
2159 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</em>
2160 </dt>
2161 <dt class="hdlist1">
2162 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</em>
2163 </dt>
2164 <dt class="hdlist1">
2165 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</em>
2166 </dt>
2167 <dt class="hdlist1">
2168 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</em>
2169 </dt>
2170 <dt class="hdlist1">
2171 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</em>
2172 </dt>
2173 <dt class="hdlist1">
2174 <em>EMAIL</em>
2175 </dt>
2176 <dd>
2177 <p>
2178 see <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
2179 </p>
2180 </dd>
2181 </dl></div>
2182 <h3 id="_git_diffs">git Diffs</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2183 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2184 <dt class="hdlist1">
2185 <em>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</em>
2186 </dt>
2187 <dd>
2188 <p>
2189 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
2190 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
2191 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
2192 value passed on the git diff command line.
2193 </p>
2194 </dd>
2195 <dt class="hdlist1">
2196 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em>
2197 </dt>
2198 <dd>
2199 <p>
2200 When the environment variable <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is set, the
2201 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
2202 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
2203 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 7 parameters:
2204 </p>
2205 <div class="literalblock">
2206 <div class="content">
2207 <pre><tt>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</tt></pre>
2208 </div></div>
2209 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
2210 </dd>
2211 <dt class="hdlist1">
2212 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
2213 </dt>
2214 <dd>
2215 <p>
2216 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
2217 contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
2218 </p>
2219 </dd>
2220 <dt class="hdlist1">
2221 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
2222 </dt>
2223 <dd>
2224 <p>
2225 are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
2226 </p>
2227 </dd>
2228 <dt class="hdlist1">
2229 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
2230 </dt>
2231 <dd>
2232 <p>
2233 are the octal representation of the file modes.
2234 </p>
2235 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
2236 (e.g. <tt>new-file</tt> in "git-diff-files"), <tt>/dev/null</tt> (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt>
2237 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt> in the
2238 index). <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> should not worry about unlinking the
2239 temporary file --- it is removed when <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> exits.</p></div>
2240 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 1
2241 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
2242 </dd>
2243 </dl></div>
2244 <h3 id="_other">other</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2245 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2246 <dt class="hdlist1">
2247 <em>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</em>
2248 </dt>
2249 <dd>
2250 <p>
2251 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
2252 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
2253 See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
2254 </p>
2255 </dd>
2256 <dt class="hdlist1">
2257 <em>GIT_PAGER</em>
2258 </dt>
2259 <dd>
2260 <p>
2261 This environment variable overrides <tt>$PAGER</tt>. If it is set
2262 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
2263 a pager. See also the <tt>core.pager</tt> option in
2264 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2265 </p>
2266 </dd>
2267 <dt class="hdlist1">
2268 <em>GIT_SSH</em>
2269 </dt>
2270 <dd>
2271 <p>
2272 If this environment variable is set then <em>git fetch</em>
2273 and <em>git push</em> will use this command instead
2274 of <em>ssh</em> when they need to connect to a remote system.
2275 The <em>$GIT_SSH</em> command will be given exactly two arguments:
2276 the <em>username@host</em> (or just <em>host</em>) from the URL and the
2277 shell command to execute on that remote system.
2278 </p>
2279 <div class="paragraph"><p>To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
2280 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
2281 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.</p></div>
2282 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
2283 personal <tt>.ssh/config</tt> file. Please consult your ssh documentation
2284 for further details.</p></div>
2285 </dd>
2286 <dt class="hdlist1">
2287 <em>GIT_ASKPASS</em>
2288 </dt>
2289 <dd>
2290 <p>
2291 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
2292 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
2293 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
2294 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <em>core.askpass</em>
2295 option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2296 </p>
2297 </dd>
2298 <dt class="hdlist1">
2299 <em>GIT_FLUSH</em>
2300 </dt>
2301 <dd>
2302 <p>
2303 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
2304 as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
2305 and <em>git whatchanged</em> will force a flush of the output stream
2306 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
2307 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
2308 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
2309 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
2310 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
2311 </p>
2312 </dd>
2313 <dt class="hdlist1">
2314 <em>GIT_TRACE</em>
2315 </dt>
2316 <dd>
2317 <p>
2318 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
2319 is case insensitive), git will print <tt>trace:</tt> messages on
2320 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
2321 execution and external command execution.
2322 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
2323 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
2324 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
2325 trace messages into this file descriptor.
2326 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
2327 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), git will interpret this
2328 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
2329 into it.
2330 </p>
2331 </dd>
2332 </dl></div>
2333 </div>
2334 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
2335 <div class="sectionbody">
2336 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
2337 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
2338 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
2339 <div class="paragraph"><p>A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
2340 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
2341 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
2342 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
2343 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
2344 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
2345 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
2346 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
2347 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
2348 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
2349 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
2350 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
2351 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
2352 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
2353 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
2354 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
2355 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
2356 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
2357 purpose.</p></div>
2358 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
2359 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
2360 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
2361 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
2362 with names beginning <tt>ref/head/</tt> contain the SHA1 name of the most
2363 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
2364 tags of interest are stored under <tt>ref/tags/</tt>. A special ref named
2365 <tt>HEAD</tt> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
2366 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
2367 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
2368 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
2369 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
2370 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
2371 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
2372 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
2373 content stored in the index.</p></div>
2374 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
2375 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
2376 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
2377 </div>
2378 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
2379 <div class="sectionbody">
2380 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
2381 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
2382 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;. For a more complete list of contributors, see
2383 <a href="http://git-scm.com/about">http://git-scm.com/about</a>. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
2384 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
2385 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
2386 </div>
2387 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
2388 <div class="sectionbody">
2389 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
2390 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
2391 subscribed to the list to send a message there.</p></div>
2392 </div>
2393 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
2394 <div class="sectionbody">
2395 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
2396 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
2397 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
2398 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
2399 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
2400 </div>
2401 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2402 <div class="sectionbody">
2403 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2404 </div>
2405 </div>
2406 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
2407 <div id="footer">
2408 <div id="footer-text">
2409 Last updated 2011-09-30 14:39:21 PDT
2410 </div>
2411 </div>
2412 </body>
2413 </html>
git with Jakub Narębski modifications