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401 </style>
402 </head>
403 <body>
404 <div id="header">
405 <h1>
406 git(1) Manual Page
407 </h1>
408 <h2>NAME</h2>
409 <div class="sectionbody">
410 <p>git -
411 the stupid content tracker
412 </p>
413 </div>
414 </div>
415 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
416 <div class="sectionbody">
417 <div class="verseblock">
418 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git</em> [--version] [--exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
419 [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects]
420 [--bare] [--git-dir=&lt;path&gt;] [--work-tree=&lt;path&gt;]
421 [-c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;]
422 [--help] &lt;command&gt; [&lt;args&gt;]</div>
423 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
424 </div></div>
425 </div>
426 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
427 <div class="sectionbody">
428 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an
429 unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations
430 and full access to internals.</p></div>
431 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a> to get started, then see
432 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a> for a useful minimum set of commands, and
433 "man git-commandname" for documentation of each command. CVS users may
434 also want to read <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>. See
435 the <a href="user-manual.html">Git User&#8217;s Manual</a> for a more in-depth
436 introduction.</p></div>
437 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;command&gt;</em> is either a name of a Git command (see below) or an alias
438 as defined in the configuration file (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
439 <div class="paragraph"><p>Formatted and hyperlinked version of the latest git
440 documentation can be viewed at
441 <tt>http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/</tt>.</p></div>
442 </div>
443 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
444 <div class="sectionbody">
445 <div class="dlist"><dl>
446 <dt class="hdlist1">
447 --version
448 </dt>
449 <dd>
450 <p>
451 Prints the git suite version that the <em>git</em> program came from.
452 </p>
453 </dd>
454 <dt class="hdlist1">
455 --help
456 </dt>
457 <dd>
458 <p>
459 Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
460 commands. If the option <em>--all</em> or <em>-a</em> is given then all
461 available commands are printed. If a git command is named this
462 option will bring up the manual page for that command.
463 </p>
464 <div class="paragraph"><p>Other options are available to control how the manual page is
465 displayed. See <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a> for more information,
466 because <tt>git --help &#8230;</tt> is converted internally into <tt>git
467 help &#8230;</tt>.</p></div>
468 </dd>
469 <dt class="hdlist1">
470 -c &lt;name&gt;=&lt;value&gt;
471 </dt>
472 <dd>
473 <p>
474 Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
475 given will override values from configuration files.
476 The &lt;name&gt; is expected in the same format as listed by
477 <em>git config</em> (subkeys separated by dots).
478 </p>
479 </dd>
480 <dt class="hdlist1">
481 --exec-path[=&lt;path&gt;]
482 </dt>
483 <dd>
484 <p>
485 Path to wherever your core git programs are installed.
486 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
487 environment variable. If no path is given, <em>git</em> will print
488 the current setting and then exit.
489 </p>
490 </dd>
491 <dt class="hdlist1">
492 --html-path
493 </dt>
494 <dd>
495 <p>
496 Print the path, without trailing slash, where git&#8217;s HTML
497 documentation is installed and exit.
498 </p>
499 </dd>
500 <dt class="hdlist1">
501 --man-path
502 </dt>
503 <dd>
504 <p>
505 Print the manpath (see <tt>man(1)</tt>) for the man pages for
506 this version of git and exit.
507 </p>
508 </dd>
509 <dt class="hdlist1">
510 --info-path
511 </dt>
512 <dd>
513 <p>
514 Print the path where the Info files documenting this
515 version of git are installed and exit.
516 </p>
517 </dd>
518 <dt class="hdlist1">
519 -p
520 </dt>
521 <dt class="hdlist1">
522 --paginate
523 </dt>
524 <dd>
525 <p>
526 Pipe all output into <em>less</em> (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
527 output is a terminal. This overrides the <tt>pager.&lt;cmd&gt;</tt>
528 configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section
529 below).
530 </p>
531 </dd>
532 <dt class="hdlist1">
533 --no-pager
534 </dt>
535 <dd>
536 <p>
537 Do not pipe git output into a pager.
538 </p>
539 </dd>
540 <dt class="hdlist1">
541 --git-dir=&lt;path&gt;
542 </dt>
543 <dd>
544 <p>
545 Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by
546 setting the GIT_DIR environment variable. It can be an absolute
547 path or relative path to current working directory.
548 </p>
549 </dd>
550 <dt class="hdlist1">
551 --work-tree=&lt;path&gt;
552 </dt>
553 <dd>
554 <p>
555 Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
556 or a path relative to the current working directory.
557 This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE
558 environment variable and the core.worktree configuration
559 variable (see core.worktree in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
560 more detailed discussion).
561 </p>
562 </dd>
563 <dt class="hdlist1">
564 --bare
565 </dt>
566 <dd>
567 <p>
568 Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
569 environment is not set, it is set to the current working
570 directory.
571 </p>
572 </dd>
573 <dt class="hdlist1">
574 --no-replace-objects
575 </dt>
576 <dd>
577 <p>
578 Do not use replacement refs to replace git objects. See
579 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a> for more information.
580 </p>
581 </dd>
582 </dl></div>
583 </div>
584 <h2 id="_further_documentation">FURTHER DOCUMENTATION</h2>
585 <div class="sectionbody">
586 <div class="paragraph"><p>See the references above to get started using git. The following is
587 probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user.</p></div>
588 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
589 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a> both provide
590 introductions to the underlying git architecture.</p></div>
591 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a> for an overview of recommended workflows.</p></div>
592 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also the <a href="howto-index.html">howto</a> documents for some useful
593 examples.</p></div>
594 <div class="paragraph"><p>The internals are documented in the
595 <a href="technical/api-index.html">GIT API documentation</a>.</p></div>
596 </div>
597 <h2 id="_git_commands">GIT COMMANDS</h2>
598 <div class="sectionbody">
599 <div class="paragraph"><p>We divide git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level
600 ("plumbing") commands.</p></div>
601 </div>
602 <h2 id="_high_level_commands_porcelain">High-level commands (porcelain)</h2>
603 <div class="sectionbody">
604 <div class="paragraph"><p>We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some
605 ancillary user utilities.</p></div>
606 <h3 id="_main_porcelain_commands">Main porcelain commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
607 <div class="dlist"><dl>
608 <dt class="hdlist1">
609 <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>
610 </dt>
611 <dd>
612 <p>
613 Add file contents to the index.
614 </p>
615 </dd>
616 <dt class="hdlist1">
617 <a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a>
618 </dt>
619 <dd>
620 <p>
621 Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.
622 </p>
623 </dd>
624 <dt class="hdlist1">
625 <a href="git-archive.html">git-archive(1)</a>
626 </dt>
627 <dd>
628 <p>
629 Create an archive of files from a named tree.
630 </p>
631 </dd>
632 <dt class="hdlist1">
633 <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a>
634 </dt>
635 <dd>
636 <p>
637 Find by binary search the change that introduced a bug.
638 </p>
639 </dd>
640 <dt class="hdlist1">
641 <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a>
642 </dt>
643 <dd>
644 <p>
645 List, create, or delete branches.
646 </p>
647 </dd>
648 <dt class="hdlist1">
649 <a href="git-bundle.html">git-bundle(1)</a>
650 </dt>
651 <dd>
652 <p>
653 Move objects and refs by archive.
654 </p>
655 </dd>
656 <dt class="hdlist1">
657 <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>
658 </dt>
659 <dd>
660 <p>
661 Checkout a branch or paths to the working tree.
662 </p>
663 </dd>
664 <dt class="hdlist1">
665 <a href="git-cherry-pick.html">git-cherry-pick(1)</a>
666 </dt>
667 <dd>
668 <p>
669 Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.
670 </p>
671 </dd>
672 <dt class="hdlist1">
673 <a href="git-citool.html">git-citool(1)</a>
674 </dt>
675 <dd>
676 <p>
677 Graphical alternative to git-commit.
678 </p>
679 </dd>
680 <dt class="hdlist1">
681 <a href="git-clean.html">git-clean(1)</a>
682 </dt>
683 <dd>
684 <p>
685 Remove untracked files from the working tree.
686 </p>
687 </dd>
688 <dt class="hdlist1">
689 <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>
690 </dt>
691 <dd>
692 <p>
693 Clone a repository into a new directory.
694 </p>
695 </dd>
696 <dt class="hdlist1">
697 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>
698 </dt>
699 <dd>
700 <p>
701 Record changes to the repository.
702 </p>
703 </dd>
704 <dt class="hdlist1">
705 <a href="git-describe.html">git-describe(1)</a>
706 </dt>
707 <dd>
708 <p>
709 Show the most recent tag that is reachable from a commit.
710 </p>
711 </dd>
712 <dt class="hdlist1">
713 <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>
714 </dt>
715 <dd>
716 <p>
717 Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.
718 </p>
719 </dd>
720 <dt class="hdlist1">
721 <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>
722 </dt>
723 <dd>
724 <p>
725 Download objects and refs from another repository.
726 </p>
727 </dd>
728 <dt class="hdlist1">
729 <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>
730 </dt>
731 <dd>
732 <p>
733 Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
734 </p>
735 </dd>
736 <dt class="hdlist1">
737 <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>
738 </dt>
739 <dd>
740 <p>
741 Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.
742 </p>
743 </dd>
744 <dt class="hdlist1">
745 <a href="git-grep.html">git-grep(1)</a>
746 </dt>
747 <dd>
748 <p>
749 Print lines matching a pattern.
750 </p>
751 </dd>
752 <dt class="hdlist1">
753 <a href="git-gui.html">git-gui(1)</a>
754 </dt>
755 <dd>
756 <p>
757 A portable graphical interface to Git.
758 </p>
759 </dd>
760 <dt class="hdlist1">
761 <a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a>
762 </dt>
763 <dd>
764 <p>
765 Create an empty git repository or reinitialize an existing one.
766 </p>
767 </dd>
768 <dt class="hdlist1">
769 <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>
770 </dt>
771 <dd>
772 <p>
773 Show commit logs.
774 </p>
775 </dd>
776 <dt class="hdlist1">
777 <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
778 </dt>
779 <dd>
780 <p>
781 Join two or more development histories together.
782 </p>
783 </dd>
784 <dt class="hdlist1">
785 <a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>
786 </dt>
787 <dd>
788 <p>
789 Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
790 </p>
791 </dd>
792 <dt class="hdlist1">
793 <a href="git-notes.html">git-notes(1)</a>
794 </dt>
795 <dd>
796 <p>
797 Add or inspect object notes.
798 </p>
799 </dd>
800 <dt class="hdlist1">
801 <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>
802 </dt>
803 <dd>
804 <p>
805 Fetch from and merge with another repository or a local branch.
806 </p>
807 </dd>
808 <dt class="hdlist1">
809 <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a>
810 </dt>
811 <dd>
812 <p>
813 Update remote refs along with associated objects.
814 </p>
815 </dd>
816 <dt class="hdlist1">
817 <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>
818 </dt>
819 <dd>
820 <p>
821 Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head.
822 </p>
823 </dd>
824 <dt class="hdlist1">
825 <a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a>
826 </dt>
827 <dd>
828 <p>
829 Reset current HEAD to the specified state.
830 </p>
831 </dd>
832 <dt class="hdlist1">
833 <a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a>
834 </dt>
835 <dd>
836 <p>
837 Revert some existing commits.
838 </p>
839 </dd>
840 <dt class="hdlist1">
841 <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>
842 </dt>
843 <dd>
844 <p>
845 Remove files from the working tree and from the index.
846 </p>
847 </dd>
848 <dt class="hdlist1">
849 <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>
850 </dt>
851 <dd>
852 <p>
853 Summarize <em>git log</em> output.
854 </p>
855 </dd>
856 <dt class="hdlist1">
857 <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>
858 </dt>
859 <dd>
860 <p>
861 Show various types of objects.
862 </p>
863 </dd>
864 <dt class="hdlist1">
865 <a href="git-stash.html">git-stash(1)</a>
866 </dt>
867 <dd>
868 <p>
869 Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.
870 </p>
871 </dd>
872 <dt class="hdlist1">
873 <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a>
874 </dt>
875 <dd>
876 <p>
877 Show the working tree status.
878 </p>
879 </dd>
880 <dt class="hdlist1">
881 <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>
882 </dt>
883 <dd>
884 <p>
885 Initialize, update or inspect submodules.
886 </p>
887 </dd>
888 <dt class="hdlist1">
889 <a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a>
890 </dt>
891 <dd>
892 <p>
893 Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.
894 </p>
895 </dd>
896 <dt class="hdlist1">
897 <a href="gitk.html">gitk(1)</a>
898 </dt>
899 <dd>
900 <p>
901 The git repository browser.
902 </p>
903 </dd>
904 </dl></div>
905 <h3 id="_ancillary_commands">Ancillary Commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
906 <div class="paragraph"><p>Manipulators:</p></div>
907 <div class="dlist"><dl>
908 <dt class="hdlist1">
909 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>
910 </dt>
911 <dd>
912 <p>
913 Get and set repository or global options.
914 </p>
915 </dd>
916 <dt class="hdlist1">
917 <a href="git-fast-export.html">git-fast-export(1)</a>
918 </dt>
919 <dd>
920 <p>
921 Git data exporter.
922 </p>
923 </dd>
924 <dt class="hdlist1">
925 <a href="git-fast-import.html">git-fast-import(1)</a>
926 </dt>
927 <dd>
928 <p>
929 Backend for fast Git data importers.
930 </p>
931 </dd>
932 <dt class="hdlist1">
933 <a href="git-filter-branch.html">git-filter-branch(1)</a>
934 </dt>
935 <dd>
936 <p>
937 Rewrite branches.
938 </p>
939 </dd>
940 <dt class="hdlist1">
941 <a href="git-lost-found.html">git-lost-found(1)</a>
942 </dt>
943 <dd>
944 <p>
945 (deprecated) Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
946 </p>
947 </dd>
948 <dt class="hdlist1">
949 <a href="git-mergetool.html">git-mergetool(1)</a>
950 </dt>
951 <dd>
952 <p>
953 Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts.
954 </p>
955 </dd>
956 <dt class="hdlist1">
957 <a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>
958 </dt>
959 <dd>
960 <p>
961 Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.
962 </p>
963 </dd>
964 <dt class="hdlist1">
965 <a href="git-prune.html">git-prune(1)</a>
966 </dt>
967 <dd>
968 <p>
969 Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.
970 </p>
971 </dd>
972 <dt class="hdlist1">
973 <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>
974 </dt>
975 <dd>
976 <p>
977 Manage reflog information.
978 </p>
979 </dd>
980 <dt class="hdlist1">
981 <a href="git-relink.html">git-relink(1)</a>
982 </dt>
983 <dd>
984 <p>
985 Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
986 </p>
987 </dd>
988 <dt class="hdlist1">
989 <a href="git-remote.html">git-remote(1)</a>
990 </dt>
991 <dd>
992 <p>
993 manage set of tracked repositories.
994 </p>
995 </dd>
996 <dt class="hdlist1">
997 <a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>
998 </dt>
999 <dd>
1000 <p>
1001 Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
1002 </p>
1003 </dd>
1004 <dt class="hdlist1">
1005 <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
1006 </dt>
1007 <dd>
1008 <p>
1009 Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.
1010 </p>
1011 </dd>
1012 <dt class="hdlist1">
1013 <a href="git-repo-config.html">git-repo-config(1)</a>
1014 </dt>
1015 <dd>
1016 <p>
1017 (deprecated) Get and set repository or global options.
1018 </p>
1019 </dd>
1020 </dl></div>
1021 <div class="paragraph"><p>Interrogators:</p></div>
1022 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1023 <dt class="hdlist1">
1024 <a href="git-annotate.html">git-annotate(1)</a>
1025 </dt>
1026 <dd>
1027 <p>
1028 Annotate file lines with commit information.
1029 </p>
1030 </dd>
1031 <dt class="hdlist1">
1032 <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a>
1033 </dt>
1034 <dd>
1035 <p>
1036 Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file.
1037 </p>
1038 </dd>
1039 <dt class="hdlist1">
1040 <a href="git-cherry.html">git-cherry(1)</a>
1041 </dt>
1042 <dd>
1043 <p>
1044 Find commits not merged upstream.
1045 </p>
1046 </dd>
1047 <dt class="hdlist1">
1048 <a href="git-count-objects.html">git-count-objects(1)</a>
1049 </dt>
1050 <dd>
1051 <p>
1052 Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.
1053 </p>
1054 </dd>
1055 <dt class="hdlist1">
1056 <a href="git-difftool.html">git-difftool(1)</a>
1057 </dt>
1058 <dd>
1059 <p>
1060 Show changes using common diff tools.
1061 </p>
1062 </dd>
1063 <dt class="hdlist1">
1064 <a href="git-fsck.html">git-fsck(1)</a>
1065 </dt>
1066 <dd>
1067 <p>
1068 Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
1069 </p>
1070 </dd>
1071 <dt class="hdlist1">
1072 <a href="git-get-tar-commit-id.html">git-get-tar-commit-id(1)</a>
1073 </dt>
1074 <dd>
1075 <p>
1076 Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.
1077 </p>
1078 </dd>
1079 <dt class="hdlist1">
1080 <a href="git-help.html">git-help(1)</a>
1081 </dt>
1082 <dd>
1083 <p>
1084 display help information about git.
1085 </p>
1086 </dd>
1087 <dt class="hdlist1">
1088 <a href="git-instaweb.html">git-instaweb(1)</a>
1089 </dt>
1090 <dd>
1091 <p>
1092 Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.
1093 </p>
1094 </dd>
1095 <dt class="hdlist1">
1096 <a href="git-merge-tree.html">git-merge-tree(1)</a>
1097 </dt>
1098 <dd>
1099 <p>
1100 Show three-way merge without touching index.
1101 </p>
1102 </dd>
1103 <dt class="hdlist1">
1104 <a href="git-rerere.html">git-rerere(1)</a>
1105 </dt>
1106 <dd>
1107 <p>
1108 Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.
1109 </p>
1110 </dd>
1111 <dt class="hdlist1">
1112 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>
1113 </dt>
1114 <dd>
1115 <p>
1116 Pick out and massage parameters.
1117 </p>
1118 </dd>
1119 <dt class="hdlist1">
1120 <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>
1121 </dt>
1122 <dd>
1123 <p>
1124 Show branches and their commits.
1125 </p>
1126 </dd>
1127 <dt class="hdlist1">
1128 <a href="git-verify-tag.html">git-verify-tag(1)</a>
1129 </dt>
1130 <dd>
1131 <p>
1132 Check the GPG signature of tags.
1133 </p>
1134 </dd>
1135 <dt class="hdlist1">
1136 <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a>
1137 </dt>
1138 <dd>
1139 <p>
1140 Show logs with difference each commit introduces.
1141 </p>
1142 </dd>
1143 </dl></div>
1144 <h3 id="_interacting_with_others">Interacting with Others</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1145 <div class="paragraph"><p>These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
1146 people via patch over e-mail.</p></div>
1147 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1148 <dt class="hdlist1">
1149 <a href="git-archimport.html">git-archimport(1)</a>
1150 </dt>
1151 <dd>
1152 <p>
1153 Import an Arch repository into git.
1154 </p>
1155 </dd>
1156 <dt class="hdlist1">
1157 <a href="git-cvsexportcommit.html">git-cvsexportcommit(1)</a>
1158 </dt>
1159 <dd>
1160 <p>
1161 Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
1162 </p>
1163 </dd>
1164 <dt class="hdlist1">
1165 <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>
1166 </dt>
1167 <dd>
1168 <p>
1169 Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
1170 </p>
1171 </dd>
1172 <dt class="hdlist1">
1173 <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a>
1174 </dt>
1175 <dd>
1176 <p>
1177 A CVS server emulator for git.
1178 </p>
1179 </dd>
1180 <dt class="hdlist1">
1181 <a href="git-imap-send.html">git-imap-send(1)</a>
1182 </dt>
1183 <dd>
1184 <p>
1185 Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.
1186 </p>
1187 </dd>
1188 <dt class="hdlist1">
1189 <a href="git-quiltimport.html">git-quiltimport(1)</a>
1190 </dt>
1191 <dd>
1192 <p>
1193 Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.
1194 </p>
1195 </dd>
1196 <dt class="hdlist1">
1197 <a href="git-request-pull.html">git-request-pull(1)</a>
1198 </dt>
1199 <dd>
1200 <p>
1201 Generates a summary of pending changes.
1202 </p>
1203 </dd>
1204 <dt class="hdlist1">
1205 <a href="git-send-email.html">git-send-email(1)</a>
1206 </dt>
1207 <dd>
1208 <p>
1209 Send a collection of patches as emails.
1210 </p>
1211 </dd>
1212 <dt class="hdlist1">
1213 <a href="git-svn.html">git-svn(1)</a>
1214 </dt>
1215 <dd>
1216 <p>
1217 Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and git.
1218 </p>
1219 </dd>
1220 </dl></div>
1221 </div>
1222 <h2 id="_low_level_commands_plumbing">Low-level commands (plumbing)</h2>
1223 <div class="sectionbody">
1224 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although git includes its
1225 own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support
1226 development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains
1227 might start by reading about <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a> and
1228 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>.</p></div>
1229 <div class="paragraph"><p>The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
1230 to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
1231 than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
1232 primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
1233 on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
1234 end user experience.</p></div>
1235 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following description divides
1236 the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in
1237 the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and
1238 compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between
1239 repositories.</p></div>
1240 <h3 id="_manipulation_commands">Manipulation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1241 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1242 <dt class="hdlist1">
1243 <a href="git-apply.html">git-apply(1)</a>
1244 </dt>
1245 <dd>
1246 <p>
1247 Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.
1248 </p>
1249 </dd>
1250 <dt class="hdlist1">
1251 <a href="git-checkout-index.html">git-checkout-index(1)</a>
1252 </dt>
1253 <dd>
1254 <p>
1255 Copy files from the index to the working tree.
1256 </p>
1257 </dd>
1258 <dt class="hdlist1">
1259 <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1260 </dt>
1261 <dd>
1262 <p>
1263 Create a new commit object.
1264 </p>
1265 </dd>
1266 <dt class="hdlist1">
1267 <a href="git-hash-object.html">git-hash-object(1)</a>
1268 </dt>
1269 <dd>
1270 <p>
1271 Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
1272 </p>
1273 </dd>
1274 <dt class="hdlist1">
1275 <a href="git-index-pack.html">git-index-pack(1)</a>
1276 </dt>
1277 <dd>
1278 <p>
1279 Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
1280 </p>
1281 </dd>
1282 <dt class="hdlist1">
1283 <a href="git-merge-file.html">git-merge-file(1)</a>
1284 </dt>
1285 <dd>
1286 <p>
1287 Run a three-way file merge.
1288 </p>
1289 </dd>
1290 <dt class="hdlist1">
1291 <a href="git-merge-index.html">git-merge-index(1)</a>
1292 </dt>
1293 <dd>
1294 <p>
1295 Run a merge for files needing merging.
1296 </p>
1297 </dd>
1298 <dt class="hdlist1">
1299 <a href="git-mktag.html">git-mktag(1)</a>
1300 </dt>
1301 <dd>
1302 <p>
1303 Creates a tag object.
1304 </p>
1305 </dd>
1306 <dt class="hdlist1">
1307 <a href="git-mktree.html">git-mktree(1)</a>
1308 </dt>
1309 <dd>
1310 <p>
1311 Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.
1312 </p>
1313 </dd>
1314 <dt class="hdlist1">
1315 <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a>
1316 </dt>
1317 <dd>
1318 <p>
1319 Create a packed archive of objects.
1320 </p>
1321 </dd>
1322 <dt class="hdlist1">
1323 <a href="git-prune-packed.html">git-prune-packed(1)</a>
1324 </dt>
1325 <dd>
1326 <p>
1327 Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
1328 </p>
1329 </dd>
1330 <dt class="hdlist1">
1331 <a href="git-read-tree.html">git-read-tree(1)</a>
1332 </dt>
1333 <dd>
1334 <p>
1335 Reads tree information into the index.
1336 </p>
1337 </dd>
1338 <dt class="hdlist1">
1339 <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a>
1340 </dt>
1341 <dd>
1342 <p>
1343 Read and modify symbolic refs.
1344 </p>
1345 </dd>
1346 <dt class="hdlist1">
1347 <a href="git-unpack-objects.html">git-unpack-objects(1)</a>
1348 </dt>
1349 <dd>
1350 <p>
1351 Unpack objects from a packed archive.
1352 </p>
1353 </dd>
1354 <dt class="hdlist1">
1355 <a href="git-update-index.html">git-update-index(1)</a>
1356 </dt>
1357 <dd>
1358 <p>
1359 Register file contents in the working tree to the index.
1360 </p>
1361 </dd>
1362 <dt class="hdlist1">
1363 <a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>
1364 </dt>
1365 <dd>
1366 <p>
1367 Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
1368 </p>
1369 </dd>
1370 <dt class="hdlist1">
1371 <a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
1372 </dt>
1373 <dd>
1374 <p>
1375 Create a tree object from the current index.
1376 </p>
1377 </dd>
1378 </dl></div>
1379 <h3 id="_interrogation_commands">Interrogation commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1380 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1381 <dt class="hdlist1">
1382 <a href="git-cat-file.html">git-cat-file(1)</a>
1383 </dt>
1384 <dd>
1385 <p>
1386 Provide content or type and size information for repository objects.
1387 </p>
1388 </dd>
1389 <dt class="hdlist1">
1390 <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>
1391 </dt>
1392 <dd>
1393 <p>
1394 Compares files in the working tree and the index.
1395 </p>
1396 </dd>
1397 <dt class="hdlist1">
1398 <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>
1399 </dt>
1400 <dd>
1401 <p>
1402 Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
1403 </p>
1404 </dd>
1405 <dt class="hdlist1">
1406 <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>
1407 </dt>
1408 <dd>
1409 <p>
1410 Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
1411 </p>
1412 </dd>
1413 <dt class="hdlist1">
1414 <a href="git-for-each-ref.html">git-for-each-ref(1)</a>
1415 </dt>
1416 <dd>
1417 <p>
1418 Output information on each ref.
1419 </p>
1420 </dd>
1421 <dt class="hdlist1">
1422 <a href="git-ls-files.html">git-ls-files(1)</a>
1423 </dt>
1424 <dd>
1425 <p>
1426 Show information about files in the index and the working tree.
1427 </p>
1428 </dd>
1429 <dt class="hdlist1">
1430 <a href="git-ls-remote.html">git-ls-remote(1)</a>
1431 </dt>
1432 <dd>
1433 <p>
1434 List references in a remote repository.
1435 </p>
1436 </dd>
1437 <dt class="hdlist1">
1438 <a href="git-ls-tree.html">git-ls-tree(1)</a>
1439 </dt>
1440 <dd>
1441 <p>
1442 List the contents of a tree object.
1443 </p>
1444 </dd>
1445 <dt class="hdlist1">
1446 <a href="git-merge-base.html">git-merge-base(1)</a>
1447 </dt>
1448 <dd>
1449 <p>
1450 Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
1451 </p>
1452 </dd>
1453 <dt class="hdlist1">
1454 <a href="git-name-rev.html">git-name-rev(1)</a>
1455 </dt>
1456 <dd>
1457 <p>
1458 Find symbolic names for given revs.
1459 </p>
1460 </dd>
1461 <dt class="hdlist1">
1462 <a href="git-pack-redundant.html">git-pack-redundant(1)</a>
1463 </dt>
1464 <dd>
1465 <p>
1466 Find redundant pack files.
1467 </p>
1468 </dd>
1469 <dt class="hdlist1">
1470 <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
1471 </dt>
1472 <dd>
1473 <p>
1474 Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
1475 </p>
1476 </dd>
1477 <dt class="hdlist1">
1478 <a href="git-show-index.html">git-show-index(1)</a>
1479 </dt>
1480 <dd>
1481 <p>
1482 Show packed archive index.
1483 </p>
1484 </dd>
1485 <dt class="hdlist1">
1486 <a href="git-show-ref.html">git-show-ref(1)</a>
1487 </dt>
1488 <dd>
1489 <p>
1490 List references in a local repository.
1491 </p>
1492 </dd>
1493 <dt class="hdlist1">
1494 <a href="git-tar-tree.html">git-tar-tree(1)</a>
1495 </dt>
1496 <dd>
1497 <p>
1498 (deprecated) Create a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
1499 </p>
1500 </dd>
1501 <dt class="hdlist1">
1502 <a href="git-unpack-file.html">git-unpack-file(1)</a>
1503 </dt>
1504 <dd>
1505 <p>
1506 Creates a temporary file with a blob&#8217;s contents.
1507 </p>
1508 </dd>
1509 <dt class="hdlist1">
1510 <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a>
1511 </dt>
1512 <dd>
1513 <p>
1514 Show a git logical variable.
1515 </p>
1516 </dd>
1517 <dt class="hdlist1">
1518 <a href="git-verify-pack.html">git-verify-pack(1)</a>
1519 </dt>
1520 <dd>
1521 <p>
1522 Validate packed git archive files.
1523 </p>
1524 </dd>
1525 </dl></div>
1526 <div class="paragraph"><p>In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
1527 the working tree.</p></div>
1528 <h3 id="_synching_repositories">Synching repositories</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1529 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1530 <dt class="hdlist1">
1531 <a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a>
1532 </dt>
1533 <dd>
1534 <p>
1535 A really simple server for git repositories.
1536 </p>
1537 </dd>
1538 <dt class="hdlist1">
1539 <a href="git-fetch-pack.html">git-fetch-pack(1)</a>
1540 </dt>
1541 <dd>
1542 <p>
1543 Receive missing objects from another repository.
1544 </p>
1545 </dd>
1546 <dt class="hdlist1">
1547 <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>
1548 </dt>
1549 <dd>
1550 <p>
1551 Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.
1552 </p>
1553 </dd>
1554 <dt class="hdlist1">
1555 <a href="git-send-pack.html">git-send-pack(1)</a>
1556 </dt>
1557 <dd>
1558 <p>
1559 Push objects over git protocol to another repository.
1560 </p>
1561 </dd>
1562 <dt class="hdlist1">
1563 <a href="git-update-server-info.html">git-update-server-info(1)</a>
1564 </dt>
1565 <dd>
1566 <p>
1567 Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.
1568 </p>
1569 </dd>
1570 </dl></div>
1571 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
1572 typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1573 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1574 <dt class="hdlist1">
1575 <a href="git-http-fetch.html">git-http-fetch(1)</a>
1576 </dt>
1577 <dd>
1578 <p>
1579 Download from a remote git repository via HTTP.
1580 </p>
1581 </dd>
1582 <dt class="hdlist1">
1583 <a href="git-http-push.html">git-http-push(1)</a>
1584 </dt>
1585 <dd>
1586 <p>
1587 Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.
1588 </p>
1589 </dd>
1590 <dt class="hdlist1">
1591 <a href="git-parse-remote.html">git-parse-remote(1)</a>
1592 </dt>
1593 <dd>
1594 <p>
1595 Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters.
1596 </p>
1597 </dd>
1598 <dt class="hdlist1">
1599 <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a>
1600 </dt>
1601 <dd>
1602 <p>
1603 Receive what is pushed into the repository.
1604 </p>
1605 </dd>
1606 <dt class="hdlist1">
1607 <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>
1608 </dt>
1609 <dd>
1610 <p>
1611 Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.
1612 </p>
1613 </dd>
1614 <dt class="hdlist1">
1615 <a href="git-upload-archive.html">git-upload-archive(1)</a>
1616 </dt>
1617 <dd>
1618 <p>
1619 Send archive back to git-archive.
1620 </p>
1621 </dd>
1622 <dt class="hdlist1">
1623 <a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a>
1624 </dt>
1625 <dd>
1626 <p>
1627 Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.
1628 </p>
1629 </dd>
1630 </dl></div>
1631 <h3 id="_internal_helper_commands">Internal helper commands</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1632 <div class="paragraph"><p>These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
1633 users typically do not use them directly.</p></div>
1634 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1635 <dt class="hdlist1">
1636 <a href="git-check-attr.html">git-check-attr(1)</a>
1637 </dt>
1638 <dd>
1639 <p>
1640 Display gitattributes information.
1641 </p>
1642 </dd>
1643 <dt class="hdlist1">
1644 <a href="git-check-ref-format.html">git-check-ref-format(1)</a>
1645 </dt>
1646 <dd>
1647 <p>
1648 Ensures that a reference name is well formed.
1649 </p>
1650 </dd>
1651 <dt class="hdlist1">
1652 <a href="git-fmt-merge-msg.html">git-fmt-merge-msg(1)</a>
1653 </dt>
1654 <dd>
1655 <p>
1656 Produce a merge commit message.
1657 </p>
1658 </dd>
1659 <dt class="hdlist1">
1660 <a href="git-mailinfo.html">git-mailinfo(1)</a>
1661 </dt>
1662 <dd>
1663 <p>
1664 Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.
1665 </p>
1666 </dd>
1667 <dt class="hdlist1">
1668 <a href="git-mailsplit.html">git-mailsplit(1)</a>
1669 </dt>
1670 <dd>
1671 <p>
1672 Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.
1673 </p>
1674 </dd>
1675 <dt class="hdlist1">
1676 <a href="git-merge-one-file.html">git-merge-one-file(1)</a>
1677 </dt>
1678 <dd>
1679 <p>
1680 The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.
1681 </p>
1682 </dd>
1683 <dt class="hdlist1">
1684 <a href="git-patch-id.html">git-patch-id(1)</a>
1685 </dt>
1686 <dd>
1687 <p>
1688 Compute unique ID for a patch.
1689 </p>
1690 </dd>
1691 <dt class="hdlist1">
1692 <a href="git-peek-remote.html">git-peek-remote(1)</a>
1693 </dt>
1694 <dd>
1695 <p>
1696 (deprecated) List the references in a remote repository.
1697 </p>
1698 </dd>
1699 <dt class="hdlist1">
1700 <a href="git-sh-setup.html">git-sh-setup(1)</a>
1701 </dt>
1702 <dd>
1703 <p>
1704 Common git shell script setup code.
1705 </p>
1706 </dd>
1707 <dt class="hdlist1">
1708 <a href="git-stripspace.html">git-stripspace(1)</a>
1709 </dt>
1710 <dd>
1711 <p>
1712 Filter out empty lines.
1713 </p>
1714 </dd>
1715 </dl></div>
1716 </div>
1717 <h2 id="_configuration_mechanism">Configuration Mechanism</h2>
1718 <div class="sectionbody">
1719 <div class="paragraph"><p>Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), <tt>.git/config</tt> file
1720 is used to hold per-repository configuration options. It is a
1721 simple text file modeled after <tt>.ini</tt> format familiar to some
1722 people. Here is an example:</p></div>
1723 <div class="listingblock">
1724 <div class="content">
1725 <pre><tt>#
1726 # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
1727 #
1728
1729 ; core variables
1730 [core]
1731 ; Don't trust file modes
1732 filemode = false
1733
1734 ; user identity
1735 [user]
1736 name = "Junio C Hamano"
1737 email = "junkio@twinsun.com"</tt></pre>
1738 </div></div>
1739 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
1740 their operation accordingly. See <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> for a
1741 list.</p></div>
1742 </div>
1743 <h2 id="_identifier_terminology">Identifier Terminology</h2>
1744 <div class="sectionbody">
1745 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1746 <dt class="hdlist1">
1747 &lt;object&gt;
1748 </dt>
1749 <dd>
1750 <p>
1751 Indicates the object name for any type of object.
1752 </p>
1753 </dd>
1754 <dt class="hdlist1">
1755 &lt;blob&gt;
1756 </dt>
1757 <dd>
1758 <p>
1759 Indicates a blob object name.
1760 </p>
1761 </dd>
1762 <dt class="hdlist1">
1763 &lt;tree&gt;
1764 </dt>
1765 <dd>
1766 <p>
1767 Indicates a tree object name.
1768 </p>
1769 </dd>
1770 <dt class="hdlist1">
1771 &lt;commit&gt;
1772 </dt>
1773 <dd>
1774 <p>
1775 Indicates a commit object name.
1776 </p>
1777 </dd>
1778 <dt class="hdlist1">
1779 &lt;tree-ish&gt;
1780 </dt>
1781 <dd>
1782 <p>
1783 Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A
1784 command that takes a &lt;tree-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1785 operate on a &lt;tree&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1786 &lt;commit&gt; and &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;tree&gt;.
1787 </p>
1788 </dd>
1789 <dt class="hdlist1">
1790 &lt;commit-ish&gt;
1791 </dt>
1792 <dd>
1793 <p>
1794 Indicates a commit or tag object name. A
1795 command that takes a &lt;commit-ish&gt; argument ultimately wants to
1796 operate on a &lt;commit&gt; object but automatically dereferences
1797 &lt;tag&gt; objects that point at a &lt;commit&gt;.
1798 </p>
1799 </dd>
1800 <dt class="hdlist1">
1801 &lt;type&gt;
1802 </dt>
1803 <dd>
1804 <p>
1805 Indicates that an object type is required.
1806 Currently one of: <tt>blob</tt>, <tt>tree</tt>, <tt>commit</tt>, or <tt>tag</tt>.
1807 </p>
1808 </dd>
1809 <dt class="hdlist1">
1810 &lt;file&gt;
1811 </dt>
1812 <dd>
1813 <p>
1814 Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
1815 root of the tree structure <tt>GIT_INDEX_FILE</tt> describes.
1816 </p>
1817 </dd>
1818 </dl></div>
1819 </div>
1820 <h2 id="_symbolic_identifiers">Symbolic Identifiers</h2>
1821 <div class="sectionbody">
1822 <div class="paragraph"><p>Any git command accepting any &lt;object&gt; can also use the following
1823 symbolic notation:</p></div>
1824 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1825 <dt class="hdlist1">
1826 HEAD
1827 </dt>
1828 <dd>
1829 <p>
1830 indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
1831 contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/HEAD</tt>).
1832 </p>
1833 </dd>
1834 <dt class="hdlist1">
1835 &lt;tag&gt;
1836 </dt>
1837 <dd>
1838 <p>
1839 a valid tag <em>name</em>
1840 (i.e. the contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/&lt;tag&gt;</tt>).
1841 </p>
1842 </dd>
1843 <dt class="hdlist1">
1844 &lt;head&gt;
1845 </dt>
1846 <dd>
1847 <p>
1848 a valid head <em>name</em>
1849 (i.e. the contents of <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/&lt;head&gt;</tt>).
1850 </p>
1851 </dd>
1852 </dl></div>
1853 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
1854 "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.</p></div>
1855 </div>
1856 <h2 id="_file_directory_structure">File/Directory Structure</h2>
1857 <div class="sectionbody">
1858 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see the <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a> document.</p></div>
1859 <div class="paragraph"><p>Read <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more details about each hook.</p></div>
1860 <div class="paragraph"><p>Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
1861 <tt>$GIT_DIR</tt>.</p></div>
1862 </div>
1863 <h2 id="_terminology">Terminology</h2>
1864 <div class="sectionbody">
1865 <div class="paragraph"><p>Please see <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p></div>
1866 </div>
1867 <h2 id="_environment_variables">Environment Variables</h2>
1868 <div class="sectionbody">
1869 <div class="paragraph"><p>Various git commands use the following environment variables:</p></div>
1870 <h3 id="_the_git_repository">The git Repository</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1871 <div class="paragraph"><p>These environment variables apply to <em>all</em> core git commands. Nb: it
1872 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
1873 git so take care if using Cogito etc.</p></div>
1874 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1875 <dt class="hdlist1">
1876 <em>GIT_INDEX_FILE</em>
1877 </dt>
1878 <dd>
1879 <p>
1880 This environment allows the specification of an alternate
1881 index file. If not specified, the default of <tt>$GIT_DIR/index</tt>
1882 is used.
1883 </p>
1884 </dd>
1885 <dt class="hdlist1">
1886 <em>GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY</em>
1887 </dt>
1888 <dd>
1889 <p>
1890 If the object storage directory is specified via this
1891 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
1892 underneath - otherwise the default <tt>$GIT_DIR/objects</tt>
1893 directory is used.
1894 </p>
1895 </dd>
1896 <dt class="hdlist1">
1897 <em>GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES</em>
1898 </dt>
1899 <dd>
1900 <p>
1901 Due to the immutable nature of git objects, old objects can be
1902 archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
1903 specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list
1904 of git object directories which can be used to search for git
1905 objects. New objects will not be written to these directories.
1906 </p>
1907 </dd>
1908 <dt class="hdlist1">
1909 <em>GIT_DIR</em>
1910 </dt>
1911 <dd>
1912 <p>
1913 If the <em>GIT_DIR</em> environment variable is set then it
1914 specifies a path to use instead of the default <tt>.git</tt>
1915 for the base of the repository.
1916 </p>
1917 </dd>
1918 <dt class="hdlist1">
1919 <em>GIT_WORK_TREE</em>
1920 </dt>
1921 <dd>
1922 <p>
1923 Set the path to the working tree. The value will not be
1924 used in combination with repositories found automatically in
1925 a .git directory (i.e. $GIT_DIR is not set).
1926 This can also be controlled by the <em>--work-tree</em> command line
1927 option and the core.worktree configuration variable.
1928 </p>
1929 </dd>
1930 <dt class="hdlist1">
1931 <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>
1932 </dt>
1933 <dd>
1934 <p>
1935 This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths.
1936 If set, it is a list of directories that git should not chdir
1937 up into while looking for a repository directory.
1938 It will not exclude the current working directory or
1939 a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment.
1940 (Useful for excluding slow-loading network directories.)
1941 </p>
1942 </dd>
1943 <dt class="hdlist1">
1944 <em>GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM</em>
1945 </dt>
1946 <dd>
1947 <p>
1948 When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
1949 directory, git tries to find such a directory in the parent
1950 directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it
1951 does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable
1952 can be set to true to tell git not to stop at filesystem
1953 boundaries. Like <em>GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES</em>, this will not affect
1954 an explicit repository directory set via <em>GIT_DIR</em> or on the
1955 command line.
1956 </p>
1957 </dd>
1958 </dl></div>
1959 <h3 id="_git_commits">git Commits</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1960 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1961 <dt class="hdlist1">
1962 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME</em>
1963 </dt>
1964 <dt class="hdlist1">
1965 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL</em>
1966 </dt>
1967 <dt class="hdlist1">
1968 <em>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</em>
1969 </dt>
1970 <dt class="hdlist1">
1971 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_NAME</em>
1972 </dt>
1973 <dt class="hdlist1">
1974 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL</em>
1975 </dt>
1976 <dt class="hdlist1">
1977 <em>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</em>
1978 </dt>
1979 <dt class="hdlist1">
1980 <em>EMAIL</em>
1981 </dt>
1982 <dd>
1983 <p>
1984 see <a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>
1985 </p>
1986 </dd>
1987 </dl></div>
1988 <h3 id="_git_diffs">git Diffs</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
1989 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1990 <dt class="hdlist1">
1991 <em>GIT_DIFF_OPTS</em>
1992 </dt>
1993 <dd>
1994 <p>
1995 Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
1996 number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
1997 This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
1998 value passed on the git diff command line.
1999 </p>
2000 </dd>
2001 <dt class="hdlist1">
2002 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em>
2003 </dt>
2004 <dd>
2005 <p>
2006 When the environment variable <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is set, the
2007 program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation
2008 described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified,
2009 <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 7 parameters:
2010 </p>
2011 <div class="literalblock">
2012 <div class="content">
2013 <pre><tt>path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode</tt></pre>
2014 </div></div>
2015 <div class="paragraph"><p>where:</p></div>
2016 </dd>
2017 <dt class="hdlist1">
2018 &lt;old|new&gt;-file
2019 </dt>
2020 <dd>
2021 <p>
2022 are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the
2023 contents of &lt;old|new&gt;,
2024 </p>
2025 </dd>
2026 <dt class="hdlist1">
2027 &lt;old|new&gt;-hex
2028 </dt>
2029 <dd>
2030 <p>
2031 are the 40-hexdigit SHA1 hashes,
2032 </p>
2033 </dd>
2034 <dt class="hdlist1">
2035 &lt;old|new&gt;-mode
2036 </dt>
2037 <dd>
2038 <p>
2039 are the octal representation of the file modes.
2040 </p>
2041 <div class="paragraph"><p>The file parameters can point at the user&#8217;s working file
2042 (e.g. <tt>new-file</tt> in "git-diff-files"), <tt>/dev/null</tt> (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt>
2043 when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. <tt>old-file</tt> in the
2044 index). <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> should not worry about unlinking the
2045 temporary file --- it is removed when <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> exits.</p></div>
2046 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a path that is unmerged, <em>GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF</em> is called with 1
2047 parameter, &lt;path&gt;.</p></div>
2048 </dd>
2049 </dl></div>
2050 <h3 id="_other">other</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
2051 <div class="dlist"><dl>
2052 <dt class="hdlist1">
2053 <em>GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY</em>
2054 </dt>
2055 <dd>
2056 <p>
2057 A number controlling the amount of output shown by
2058 the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity.
2059 See <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>
2060 </p>
2061 </dd>
2062 <dt class="hdlist1">
2063 <em>GIT_PAGER</em>
2064 </dt>
2065 <dd>
2066 <p>
2067 This environment variable overrides <tt>$PAGER</tt>. If it is set
2068 to an empty string or to the value "cat", git will not launch
2069 a pager. See also the <tt>core.pager</tt> option in
2070 <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2071 </p>
2072 </dd>
2073 <dt class="hdlist1">
2074 <em>GIT_SSH</em>
2075 </dt>
2076 <dd>
2077 <p>
2078 If this environment variable is set then <em>git fetch</em>
2079 and <em>git push</em> will use this command instead
2080 of <em>ssh</em> when they need to connect to a remote system.
2081 The <em>$GIT_SSH</em> command will be given exactly two arguments:
2082 the <em>username@host</em> (or just <em>host</em>) from the URL and the
2083 shell command to execute on that remote system.
2084 </p>
2085 <div class="paragraph"><p>To pass options to the program that you want to list in GIT_SSH
2086 you will need to wrap the program and options into a shell script,
2087 then set GIT_SSH to refer to the shell script.</p></div>
2088 <div class="paragraph"><p>Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your
2089 personal <tt>.ssh/config</tt> file. Please consult your ssh documentation
2090 for further details.</p></div>
2091 </dd>
2092 <dt class="hdlist1">
2093 <em>GIT_ASKPASS</em>
2094 </dt>
2095 <dd>
2096 <p>
2097 If this environment variable is set, then git commands which need to
2098 acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication)
2099 will call this program with a suitable prompt as command line argument
2100 and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the <em>core.askpass</em>
2101 option in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
2102 </p>
2103 </dd>
2104 <dt class="hdlist1">
2105 <em>GIT_FLUSH</em>
2106 </dt>
2107 <dd>
2108 <p>
2109 If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such
2110 as <em>git blame</em> (in incremental mode), <em>git rev-list</em>, <em>git log</em>,
2111 and <em>git whatchanged</em> will force a flush of the output stream
2112 after each commit-oriented record have been flushed. If this
2113 variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done
2114 using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is
2115 not set, git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing
2116 based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not.
2117 </p>
2118 </dd>
2119 <dt class="hdlist1">
2120 <em>GIT_TRACE</em>
2121 </dt>
2122 <dd>
2123 <p>
2124 If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison
2125 is case insensitive), git will print <tt>trace:</tt> messages on
2126 stderr telling about alias expansion, built-in command
2127 execution and external command execution.
2128 If this variable is set to an integer value greater than 1
2129 and lower than 10 (strictly) then git will interpret this
2130 value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the
2131 trace messages into this file descriptor.
2132 Alternatively, if this variable is set to an absolute path
2133 (starting with a <em>/</em> character), git will interpret this
2134 as a file path and will try to write the trace messages
2135 into it.
2136 </p>
2137 </dd>
2138 </dl></div>
2139 </div>
2140 <h2 id="_discussion_a_id_discussion_a">Discussion<a id="Discussion"></a></h2>
2141 <div class="sectionbody">
2142 <div class="paragraph"><p>More detail on the following is available from the
2143 <a href="user-manual.html#git-concepts">git concepts chapter of the
2144 user-manual</a> and <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>.</p></div>
2145 <div class="paragraph"><p>A git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git"
2146 subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other
2147 things, a compressed object database representing the complete history
2148 of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current
2149 contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such
2150 as tags and branch heads.</p></div>
2151 <div class="paragraph"><p>The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which
2152 hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up
2153 directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree
2154 and some number of parent commits.</p></div>
2155 <div class="paragraph"><p>The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or
2156 "version", represents a step in the project&#8217;s history, and each parent
2157 represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one
2158 parent represent merges of independent lines of development.</p></div>
2159 <div class="paragraph"><p>All objects are named by the SHA1 hash of their contents, normally
2160 written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique.
2161 The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing
2162 just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this
2163 purpose.</p></div>
2164 <div class="paragraph"><p>When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for
2165 efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files".</p></div>
2166 <div class="paragraph"><p>Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref
2167 may contain the SHA1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs
2168 with names beginning <tt>ref/head/</tt> contain the SHA1 name of the most
2169 recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA1 names of
2170 tags of interest are stored under <tt>ref/tags/</tt>. A special ref named
2171 <tt>HEAD</tt> contains the name of the currently checked-out branch.</p></div>
2172 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each
2173 path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents
2174 the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The
2175 attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the
2176 corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the
2177 working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may
2178 be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the
2179 content stored in the index.</p></div>
2180 <div class="paragraph"><p>The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages")
2181 for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various
2182 unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.</p></div>
2183 </div>
2184 <h2 id="_authors">Authors</h2>
2185 <div class="sectionbody">
2186 <div class="paragraph"><p>Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
2187 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the git mailing list
2188 &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt;. For a more complete list of contributors, see
2189 <a href="http://git-scm.com/about">http://git-scm.com/about</a>. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the
2190 output of <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a> and <a href="git-blame.html">git-blame(1)</a> can show you
2191 the authors for specific parts of the project.</p></div>
2192 </div>
2193 <h2 id="_reporting_bugs">Reporting Bugs</h2>
2194 <div class="sectionbody">
2195 <div class="paragraph"><p>Report bugs to the Git mailing list &lt;<a href="mailto:git@vger.kernel.org">git@vger.kernel.org</a>&gt; where the
2196 development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be
2197 subscribed to the list to send a message there.</p></div>
2198 </div>
2199 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
2200 <div class="sectionbody">
2201 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>, <a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
2202 <a href="everyday.html">Everyday Git</a>, <a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
2203 <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="gitcore-tutorial.html">gitcore-tutorial(7)</a>,
2204 <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a>,
2205 <a href="gitworkflows.html">gitworkflows(7)</a></p></div>
2206 </div>
2207 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2208 <div class="sectionbody">
2209 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2210 </div>
2211 <div id="footer">
2212 <div id="footer-text">
2213 Last updated 2011-06-01 22:52:21 UTC
2214 </div>
2215 </div>
2216 </body>
2217 </html>
git with Jakub Narębski modifications