read-cache: speed up has_dir_name (part 2)

read-cache: speed up has_dir_name (part 2)

Teach has_dir_name() to see if the path of the new item
is greater than the last path in the index array before
attempting to search for it.

has_dir_name() is looking for file/directory collisions
in the index and has to consider each sub-directory
prefix in turn.  This can cause multiple binary searches
for each path.

During operations like checkout, merge_working_tree()
populates the new index in sorted order, so we expect
to be able to append in many cases.

This commit is part 2 of 2.  This commit handles the
additional possible short-cuts as we look at each
sub-directory prefix.

The net-net gains for add_index_entry_with_check() and
both had_dir_name() commits are best seen for very
large repos.

Here are results for an INFLATED version of linux.git
with 1M files.

$ GIT_PERF_REPO=/mnt/test/linux_inflated.git/ ./run upstream/base HEAD ./p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
Test                                                            upstream/base      HEAD
0006.2: read-tree br_base br_ballast (1043893)                  3.79(3.63+0.15)    2.68(2.52+0.15) -29.3%
0006.3: switch between br_base br_ballast (1043893)             7.55(6.58+0.44)    6.03(4.60+0.43) -20.1%
0006.4: switch between br_ballast br_ballast_plus_1 (1043893)   10.84(9.26+0.59)   8.44(7.06+0.65) -22.1%
0006.5: switch between aliases (1043893)                        10.93(9.39+0.58)   10.24(7.04+0.63) -6.3%

Here are results for a synthetic repo with 4.2M files.

$ GIT_PERF_REPO=~/work/gfw/t/perf/repos/gen-many-files-10.4.3.git/ ./run HEAD~3 HEAD ./p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
Test                                                            HEAD~3               HEAD
0006.2: read-tree br_base br_ballast (4194305)                  29.96(19.26+10.50)   23.76(13.42+10.12) -20.7%
0006.3: switch between br_base br_ballast (4194305)             56.95(36.08+16.83)   45.54(25.94+15.68) -20.0%
0006.4: switch between br_ballast br_ballast_plus_1 (4194305)   90.94(51.50+31.52)   78.22(39.39+30.70) -14.0%
0006.5: switch between aliases (4194305)                        93.72(51.63+34.09)   77.94(39.00+30.88) -16.8%

Results for medium repos (like linux.git) are mixed and have
more variance (probably do to disk IO unrelated to this test.

$ GIT_PERF_REPO=/mnt/test/linux.git/ ./run HEAD~3 HEAD ./p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
Test                                                          HEAD~3             HEAD
0006.2: read-tree br_base br_ballast (57994)                  0.25(0.21+0.03)    0.20(0.17+0.02) -20.0%
0006.3: switch between br_base br_ballast (57994)             10.67(6.06+2.92)   10.51(5.94+2.91) -1.5%
0006.4: switch between br_ballast br_ballast_plus_1 (57994)   0.59(0.47+0.16)    0.52(0.40+0.13) -11.9%
0006.5: switch between aliases (57994)                        0.59(0.44+0.17)    0.51(0.38+0.14) -13.6%

$ GIT_PERF_REPO=/mnt/test/linux.git/ ./run HEAD~3 HEAD ./p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
Test                                                          HEAD~3             HEAD
0006.2: read-tree br_base br_ballast (57994)                  0.24(0.21+0.02)    0.21(0.18+0.02) -12.5%
0006.3: switch between br_base br_ballast (57994)             10.42(5.98+2.91)   10.66(5.86+3.09) +2.3%
0006.4: switch between br_ballast br_ballast_plus_1 (57994)   0.59(0.49+0.13)    0.53(0.37+0.16) -10.2%
0006.5: switch between aliases (57994)                        0.59(0.43+0.17)    0.50(0.37+0.14) -15.3%

Results for smaller repos (like git.git) are not significant.
$ ./run HEAD~3 HEAD ./p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
Test                                                         HEAD~3            HEAD
0006.2: read-tree br_base br_ballast (3043)                  0.01(0.00+0.00)   0.01(0.00+0.00) +0.0%
0006.3: switch between br_base br_ballast (3043)             0.31(0.17+0.11)   0.29(0.19+0.08) -6.5%
0006.4: switch between br_ballast br_ballast_plus_1 (3043)   0.03(0.02+0.00)   0.03(0.02+0.00) +0.0%
0006.5: switch between aliases (3043)                        0.03(0.02+0.00)   0.03(0.02+0.00) +0.0%

Signed-off-by: Jeff Hostetler <jeffhost@microsoft.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>