s4:scripting/python: always treat the highwatermark as opaque (bug #9508)

[Samba/gebeck_regimport.git] / lib / talloc / talloc_guide.txt

Using talloc in Samba4
======================

.. contents::

Andrew Tridgell
August 2009

The most current version of this document is available at
   http://samba.org/ftp/unpacked/talloc/talloc_guide.txt

If you are used to the "old" talloc from Samba3 before 3.0.20 then please read
this carefully, as talloc has changed a lot. With 3.0.20 (or 3.0.14?) the
Samba4 talloc has been ported back to Samba3, so this guide applies to both.

The new talloc is a hierarchical, reference counted memory pool system
with destructors. Quite a mouthful really, but not too bad once you
get used to it.

Perhaps the biggest change from Samba3 is that there is no distinction
between a "talloc context" and a "talloc pointer". Any pointer
returned from talloc() is itself a valid talloc context. This means
you can do this::

  struct foo *X = talloc(mem_ctx, struct foo);
  X->name = talloc_strdup(X, "foo");

and the pointer X->name would be a "child" of the talloc context "X"
which is itself a child of "mem_ctx". So if you do talloc_free(mem_ctx)
then it is all destroyed, whereas if you do talloc_free(X) then just X
and X->name are destroyed, and if you do talloc_free(X->name) then
just the name element of X is destroyed.

If you think about this, then what this effectively gives you is an
n-ary tree, where you can free any part of the tree with
talloc_free().

If you find this confusing, then I suggest you run the testsuite to
watch talloc in action. You may also like to add your own tests to
testsuite.c to clarify how some particular situation is handled.


Performance
-----------

All the additional features of talloc() over malloc() do come at a
price. We have a simple performance test in Samba4 that measures
talloc() versus malloc() performance, and it seems that talloc() is
about 4% slower than malloc() on my x86 Debian Linux box. For Samba,
the great reduction in code complexity that we get by using talloc
makes this worthwhile, especially as the total overhead of
talloc/malloc in Samba is already quite small.


talloc API
----------

The following is a complete guide to the talloc API. Read it all at
least twice.

Multi-threading
---------------

talloc itself does not deal with threads. It is thread-safe (assuming  
the underlying "malloc" is), as long as each thread uses different  
memory contexts.
If two threads use the same context then they need to synchronize in
order to be safe. In particular:
- when using talloc_enable_leak_report(), giving directly NULL as a  
parent context implicitly refers to a hidden "null context" global  
variable, so this should not be used in a multi-threaded environment  
without proper synchronization ;
- the context returned by talloc_autofree_context() is also global so  
shouldn't be used by several threads simultaneously without  
synchronization.

talloc and shared objects
-------------------------

talloc can be used in shared objects. Special care needs to be taken
to never use talloc_autofree_context() in code that might be loaded
with dlopen() and unloaded with dlclose(), as talloc_autofree_context()
internally uses atexit(3). Some platforms like modern Linux handles
this fine, but for example FreeBSD does not deal well with dlopen()
and atexit() used simultaneously: dlclose() does not clean up the list
of atexit-handlers, so when the program exits the code that was
registered from within talloc_autofree_context() is gone, the program
crashes at exit.


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(type *)talloc(const void *context, type);

The talloc() macro is the core of the talloc library. It takes a
memory context and a type, and returns a pointer to a new area of
memory of the given type.

The returned pointer is itself a talloc context, so you can use it as
the context argument to more calls to talloc if you wish.

The returned pointer is a "child" of the supplied context. This means
that if you talloc_free() the context then the new child disappears as
well. Alternatively you can free just the child.

The context argument to talloc() can be NULL, in which case a new top
level context is created. 


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void *talloc_size(const void *context, size_t size);

The function talloc_size() should be used when you don't have a
convenient type to pass to talloc(). Unlike talloc(), it is not type
safe (as it returns a void *), so you are on your own for type checking.

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(typeof(ptr)) talloc_ptrtype(const void *ctx, ptr);

The talloc_ptrtype() macro should be used when you have a pointer and
want to allocate memory to point at with this pointer. When compiling
with gcc >= 3 it is typesafe. Note this is a wrapper of talloc_size()
and talloc_get_name() will return the current location in the source file.
and not the type.

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int talloc_free(void *ptr);

The talloc_free() function frees a piece of talloc memory, and all its
children. You can call talloc_free() on any pointer returned by
talloc().

The return value of talloc_free() indicates success or failure, with 0
returned for success and -1 for failure. A possible failure condition
is if the pointer had a destructor attached to it and the destructor
returned -1. See talloc_set_destructor() for details on
destructors. Likewise, if "ptr" is NULL, then the function will make
no modifications and returns -1.

From version 2.0 and onwards, as a special case, talloc_free() is
refused on pointers that have more than one parent associated, as talloc
would have no way of knowing which parent should be removed. This is
different from older versions in the sense that always the reference to
the most recently established parent has been destroyed. Hence to free a
pointer that has more than one parent please use talloc_unlink().

To help you find problems in your code caused by this behaviour, if
you do try and free a pointer with more than one parent then the
talloc logging function will be called to give output like this:

  ERROR: talloc_free with references at some_dir/source/foo.c:123
        reference at some_dir/source/other.c:325
        reference at some_dir/source/third.c:121

Please see the documentation for talloc_set_log_fn() and
talloc_set_log_stderr() for more information on talloc logging
functions.

talloc_free() operates recursively on its children.

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void talloc_free_children(void *ptr);

The talloc_free_children() walks along the list of all children of a
talloc context and talloc_free()s only the children, not the context
itself.

A NULL argument is handled as no-op.

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void *talloc_reference(const void *context, const void *ptr);

The talloc_reference() function makes "context" an additional parent
of "ptr".

The return value of talloc_reference() is always the original pointer
"ptr", unless talloc ran out of memory in creating the reference in
which case it will return NULL (each additional reference consumes
around 48 bytes of memory on intel x86 platforms).

If "ptr" is NULL, then the function is a no-op, and simply returns NULL.

After creating a reference you can free it in one of the following
ways:

  - you can talloc_free() any parent of the original pointer. That
    will reduce the number of parents of this pointer by 1, and will
    cause this pointer to be freed if it runs out of parents.

  - you can talloc_free() the pointer itself if it has at maximum one
    parent. This behaviour has been changed since the release of version
    2.0. Further informations in the description of "talloc_free".

For more control on which parent to remove, see talloc_unlink()


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int talloc_unlink(const void *context, const void *ptr);

The talloc_unlink() function removes a specific parent from ptr. The
context passed must either be a context used in talloc_reference()
with this pointer, or must be a direct parent of ptr. 

Note that if the parent has already been removed using talloc_free()
then this function will fail and will return -1.  Likewise, if "ptr"
is NULL, then the function will make no modifications and return -1.

You can just use talloc_free() instead of talloc_unlink() if there
is at maximum one parent. This behaviour has been changed since the
release of version 2.0. Further informations in the description of
"talloc_free".

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void talloc_set_destructor(const void *ptr, int (*destructor)(void *));

The function talloc_set_destructor() sets the "destructor" for the
pointer "ptr". A destructor is a function that is called when the
memory used by a pointer is about to be released. The destructor
receives the pointer as an argument, and should return 0 for success
and -1 for failure.

The destructor can do anything it wants to, including freeing other
pieces of memory. A common use for destructors is to clean up
operating system resources (such as open file descriptors) contained
in the structure the destructor is placed on.

You can only place one destructor on a pointer. If you need more than
one destructor then you can create a zero-length child of the pointer
and place an additional destructor on that.

To remove a destructor call talloc_set_destructor() with NULL for the
destructor.

If your destructor attempts to talloc_free() the pointer that it is
the destructor for then talloc_free() will return -1 and the free will
be ignored. This would be a pointless operation anyway, as the
destructor is only called when the memory is just about to go away.


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
int talloc_increase_ref_count(const void *ptr);

The talloc_increase_ref_count(ptr) function is exactly equivalent to:

  talloc_reference(NULL, ptr);

You can use either syntax, depending on which you think is clearer in
your code.

It returns 0 on success and -1 on failure.

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size_t talloc_reference_count(const void *ptr);

Return the number of references to the pointer.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void talloc_set_name(const void *ptr, const char *fmt, ...);

Each talloc pointer has a "name". The name is used principally for
debugging purposes, although it is also possible to set and get the
name on a pointer in as a way of "marking" pointers in your code.

The main use for names on pointer is for "talloc reports". See
talloc_report() and talloc_report_full() for details. Also see
talloc_enable_leak_report() and talloc_enable_leak_report_full().

The talloc_set_name() function allocates memory as a child of the
pointer. It is logically equivalent to:
  talloc_set_name_const(ptr, talloc_asprintf(ptr, fmt, ...));

Note that multiple calls to talloc_set_name() will allocate more
memory without releasing the name. All of the memory is released when
the ptr is freed using talloc_free().


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void talloc_set_name_const(const void *ptr, const char *name);

The function talloc_set_name_const() is just like talloc_set_name(),
but it takes a string constant, and is much faster. It is extensively
used by the "auto naming" macros, such as talloc_p().

This function does not allocate any memory. It just copies the
supplied pointer into the internal representation of the talloc
ptr. This means you must not pass a name pointer to memory that will
disappear before the ptr is freed with talloc_free().


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_named(const void *context, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...);

The talloc_named() function creates a named talloc pointer. It is
equivalent to:

   ptr = talloc_size(context, size);
   talloc_set_name(ptr, fmt, ....);


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_named_const(const void *context, size_t size, const char *name);

This is equivalent to::

   ptr = talloc_size(context, size);
   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, name);


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
const char *talloc_get_name(const void *ptr);

This returns the current name for the given talloc pointer. See
talloc_set_name() for details.


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_init(const char *fmt, ...);

This function creates a zero length named talloc context as a top
level context. It is equivalent to::

  talloc_named(NULL, 0, fmt, ...);


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_new(void *ctx);

This is a utility macro that creates a new memory context hanging
off an exiting context, automatically naming it "talloc_new: __location__"
where __location__ is the source line it is called from. It is
particularly useful for creating a new temporary working context.


=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
(type *)talloc_realloc(const void *context, void *ptr, type, count);

The talloc_realloc() macro changes the size of a talloc
pointer. The "count" argument is the number of elements of type "type"
that you want the resulting pointer to hold. 

talloc_realloc() has the following equivalences::

  talloc_realloc(context, NULL, type, 1) ==> talloc(context, type);
  talloc_realloc(context, NULL, type, N) ==> talloc_array(context, type, N);
  talloc_realloc(context, ptr, type, 0)  ==> talloc_free(ptr);

The "context" argument is only used if "ptr" is NULL, otherwise it is
ignored.

talloc_realloc() returns the new pointer, or NULL on failure. The call
will fail either due to a lack of memory, or because the pointer has
more than one parent (see talloc_reference()).


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void *talloc_realloc_size(const void *context, void *ptr, size_t size);

the talloc_realloc_size() function is useful when the type is not 
known so the typesafe talloc_realloc() cannot be used.


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void *talloc_steal(const void *new_ctx, const void *ptr);

The talloc_steal() function changes the parent context of a talloc
pointer. It is typically used when the context that the pointer is
currently a child of is going to be freed and you wish to keep the
memory for a longer time. 

The talloc_steal() function returns the pointer that you pass it. It
does not have any failure modes.

NOTE: It is possible to produce loops in the parent/child relationship
if you are not careful with talloc_steal(). No guarantees are provided
as to your sanity or the safety of your data if you do this.

talloc_steal (new_ctx, NULL) will return NULL with no sideeffects.

Note that if you try and call talloc_steal() on a pointer that has
more than one parent then the result is ambiguous. Talloc will choose
to remove the parent that is currently indicated by talloc_parent()
and replace it with the chosen parent. You will also get a message
like this via the talloc logging functions:

  WARNING: talloc_steal with references at some_dir/source/foo.c:123
        reference at some_dir/source/other.c:325
        reference at some_dir/source/third.c:121

To unambiguously change the parent of a pointer please see the
function talloc_reparent(). See the talloc_set_log_fn() documentation
for more information on talloc logging.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_reparent(const void *old_parent, const void *new_parent, const void *ptr);

The talloc_reparent() function changes the parent context of a talloc
pointer. It is typically used when the context that the pointer is
currently a child of is going to be freed and you wish to keep the
memory for a longer time.

The talloc_reparent() function returns the pointer that you pass it. It
does not have any failure modes.

The difference between talloc_reparent() and talloc_steal() is that
talloc_reparent() can specify which parent you wish to change. This is
useful when a pointer has multiple parents via references.

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
void *talloc_parent(const void *ptr);

The talloc_parent() function returns the current talloc parent. This
is usually the pointer under which this memory was originally created,
but it may have changed due to a talloc_steal() or talloc_reparent()

=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
size_t talloc_total_size(const void *ptr);

The talloc_total_size() function returns the total size in bytes used
by this pointer and all child pointers. Mostly useful for debugging.

Passing NULL is allowed, but it will only give a meaningful result if
talloc_enable_leak_report() or talloc_enable_leak_report_full() has
been called.


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size_t talloc_total_blocks(const void *ptr);

The talloc_total_blocks() function returns the total memory block
count used by this pointer and all child pointers. Mostly useful for
debugging.

Passing NULL is allowed, but it will only give a meaningful result if
talloc_enable_leak_report() or talloc_enable_leak_report_full() has
been called.

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void talloc_report_depth_cb(const void *ptr, int depth, int max_depth,
                            void (*callback)(const void *ptr,
                                             int depth, int max_depth,
                                             int is_ref,
                                             void *priv),
                            void *priv);

This provides a more flexible reports than talloc_report(). It
will recursively call the callback for the entire tree of memory
referenced by the pointer. References in the tree are passed with
is_ref = 1 and the pointer that is referenced.

You can pass NULL for the pointer, in which case a report is
printed for the top level memory context, but only if
talloc_enable_leak_report() or talloc_enable_leak_report_full()
has been called.

The recursion is stopped when depth >= max_depth.
max_depth = -1 means only stop at leaf nodes.


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void talloc_report_depth_file(const void *ptr, int depth, int max_depth, FILE *f);

This provides a more flexible reports than talloc_report(). It
will let you specify the depth and max_depth.


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void talloc_report(const void *ptr, FILE *f);

The talloc_report() function prints a summary report of all memory
used by ptr. One line of report is printed for each immediate child of
ptr, showing the total memory and number of blocks used by that child.

You can pass NULL for the pointer, in which case a report is printed
for the top level memory context, but only if
talloc_enable_leak_report() or talloc_enable_leak_report_full() has
been called.


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void talloc_report_full(const void *ptr, FILE *f);

This provides a more detailed report than talloc_report(). It will
recursively print the entire tree of memory referenced by the
pointer. References in the tree are shown by giving the name of the
pointer that is referenced.

You can pass NULL for the pointer, in which case a report is printed
for the top level memory context, but only if
talloc_enable_leak_report() or talloc_enable_leak_report_full() has
been called.


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void talloc_enable_leak_report(void);

This enables calling of talloc_report(NULL, stderr) when the program
exits. In Samba4 this is enabled by using the --leak-report command
line option.

For it to be useful, this function must be called before any other
talloc function as it establishes a "null context" that acts as the
top of the tree. If you don't call this function first then passing
NULL to talloc_report() or talloc_report_full() won't give you the
full tree printout.

Here is a typical talloc report:

talloc report on 'null_context' (total 267 bytes in 15 blocks)
        libcli/auth/spnego_parse.c:55  contains     31 bytes in   2 blocks
        libcli/auth/spnego_parse.c:55  contains     31 bytes in   2 blocks
        iconv(UTF8,CP850)              contains     42 bytes in   2 blocks
        libcli/auth/spnego_parse.c:55  contains     31 bytes in   2 blocks
        iconv(CP850,UTF8)              contains     42 bytes in   2 blocks
        iconv(UTF8,UTF-16LE)           contains     45 bytes in   2 blocks
        iconv(UTF-16LE,UTF8)           contains     45 bytes in   2 blocks


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void talloc_enable_leak_report_full(void);

This enables calling of talloc_report_full(NULL, stderr) when the
program exits. In Samba4 this is enabled by using the
--leak-report-full command line option.

For it to be useful, this function must be called before any other
talloc function as it establishes a "null context" that acts as the
top of the tree. If you don't call this function first then passing
NULL to talloc_report() or talloc_report_full() won't give you the
full tree printout.

Here is a typical full report:

full talloc report on 'root' (total 18 bytes in 8 blocks)
    p1                             contains     18 bytes in   7 blocks (ref 0)
        r1                             contains     13 bytes in   2 blocks (ref 0)
            reference to: p2
        p2                             contains      1 bytes in   1 blocks (ref 1)
        x3                             contains      1 bytes in   1 blocks (ref 0)
        x2                             contains      1 bytes in   1 blocks (ref 0)
        x1                             contains      1 bytes in   1 blocks (ref 0)


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void talloc_enable_null_tracking(void);

This enables tracking of the NULL memory context without enabling leak
reporting on exit. Useful for when you want to do your own leak
reporting call via talloc_report_null_full();

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void talloc_disable_null_tracking(void);

This disables tracking of the NULL memory context.

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(type *)talloc_zero(const void *ctx, type);

The talloc_zero() macro is equivalent to::

  ptr = talloc(ctx, type);
  if (ptr) memset(ptr, 0, sizeof(type));


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void *talloc_zero_size(const void *ctx, size_t size)

The talloc_zero_size() function is useful when you don't have a known type


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void *talloc_memdup(const void *ctx, const void *p, size_t size);

The talloc_memdup() function is equivalent to::

  ptr = talloc_size(ctx, size);
  if (ptr) memcpy(ptr, p, size);


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char *talloc_strdup(const void *ctx, const char *p);

The talloc_strdup() function is equivalent to::

  ptr = talloc_size(ctx, strlen(p)+1);
  if (ptr) memcpy(ptr, p, strlen(p)+1);

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the passed
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)

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char *talloc_strndup(const void *t, const char *p, size_t n);

The talloc_strndup() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
library function strndup()

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the passed
string. This is equivalent to:
   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)

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char *talloc_append_string(const void *t, char *orig, const char *append);

The talloc_append_string() function appends the given formatted
string to the given string.

This function sets the name of the new pointer to the new
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)

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char *talloc_vasprintf(const void *t, const char *fmt, va_list ap);

The talloc_vasprintf() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
library function vasprintf()

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the new
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)


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char *talloc_asprintf(const void *t, const char *fmt, ...);

The talloc_asprintf() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
library function asprintf()

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the new
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)


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char *talloc_asprintf_append(char *s, const char *fmt, ...);

The talloc_asprintf_append() function appends the given formatted
string to the given string.
Use this variant when the string in the current talloc buffer may
have been truncated in length.

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the new
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)


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char *talloc_asprintf_append_buffer(char *s, const char *fmt, ...);

The talloc_asprintf_append() function appends the given formatted 
string to the end of the currently allocated talloc buffer.
Use this variant when the string in the current talloc buffer has
not been changed.

This functions sets the name of the new pointer to the new
string. This is equivalent to::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, ptr)


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((type *)talloc_array(const void *ctx, type, unsigned int count);

The talloc_array() macro is equivalent to::

  (type *)talloc_size(ctx, sizeof(type) * count);

except that it provides integer overflow protection for the multiply,
returning NULL if the multiply overflows.


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void *talloc_array_size(const void *ctx, size_t size, unsigned int count);

The talloc_array_size() function is useful when the type is not
known. It operates in the same way as talloc_array(), but takes a size
instead of a type.

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(typeof(ptr)) talloc_array_ptrtype(const void *ctx, ptr, unsigned int count);

The talloc_ptrtype() macro should be used when you have a pointer to an array
and want to allocate memory of an array to point at with this pointer. When compiling
with gcc >= 3 it is typesafe. Note this is a wrapper of talloc_array_size()
and talloc_get_name() will return the current location in the source file.
and not the type.

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void *talloc_realloc_fn(const void *ctx, void *ptr, size_t size);

This is a non-macro version of talloc_realloc(), which is useful 
as libraries sometimes want a ralloc function pointer. A realloc()
implementation encapsulates the functionality of malloc(), free() and
realloc() in one call, which is why it is useful to be able to pass
around a single function pointer.


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void *talloc_autofree_context(void);

This is a handy utility function that returns a talloc context
which will be automatically freed on program exit. This can be used
to reduce the noise in memory leak reports.


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void *talloc_check_name(const void *ptr, const char *name);

This function checks if a pointer has the specified name. If it does
then the pointer is returned. It it doesn't then NULL is returned.


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(type *)talloc_get_type(const void *ptr, type);

This macro allows you to do type checking on talloc pointers. It is
particularly useful for void* private pointers. It is equivalent to
this::

   (type *)talloc_check_name(ptr, #type)


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talloc_set_type(const void *ptr, type);

This macro allows you to force the name of a pointer to be of a
particular type. This can be used in conjunction with
talloc_get_type() to do type checking on void* pointers.

It is equivalent to this::

   talloc_set_name_const(ptr, #type)

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talloc_get_size(const void *ctx);

This function lets you know the amount of memory allocated so far by
this context. It does NOT account for subcontext memory.
This can be used to calculate the size of an array.

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void *talloc_find_parent_byname(const void *ctx, const char *name);

Find a parent memory context of the current context that has the given
name. This can be very useful in complex programs where it may be
difficult to pass all information down to the level you need, but you
know the structure you want is a parent of another context.

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(type *)talloc_find_parent_bytype(ctx, type);

Like talloc_find_parent_byname() but takes a type, making it typesafe.

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void talloc_set_log_fn(void (*log_fn)(const char *message));

This function sets a logging function that talloc will use for
warnings and errors. By default talloc will not print any warnings or
errors.

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void talloc_set_log_stderr(void)

This sets the talloc log function to write log messages to stderr.